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Carnicelli V, De Dominicis N, Scipioni L, Fava M, Fanti F, Cinque B, Leuti A, Angelucci CB, Lizzi AR, Giacominelli-Stuffler R, Flati V, Sergi M, Compagnone D, Sardanelli AM, Tisi A, Oddi S, Maccarrone M. Protective effects of fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibition in UVB-activated microglia. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2024; 1869:159524. [PMID: 38857757 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2024.159524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a hallmark of several neurodegenerative disorders that has been extensively studied in recent years. Microglia, the primary immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), are key players in this physiological process, demonstrating a remarkable adaptability in responding to various stimuli in the eye and the brain. Within the complex network of neuroinflammatory signals, the fatty acid N-ethanolamines, in particular N-arachidonylethanolamine (anandamide, AEA), emerged as crucial regulators of microglial activity under both physiological and pathological states. In this study, we interrogated for the first time the impact of the signaling of these bioactive lipids on microglial cell responses to a sub-lethal acute UVB radiation, a physical stressor responsible of microglia reactivity in either the retina or the brain. To this end, we developed an in vitro model using mouse microglial BV-2 cells. Upon 24 h of UVB exposure, BV-2 cells showed elevated oxidative stress markers and, cyclooxygenase (COX-2) expression, enhanced phagocytic and chemotactic activities, along with an altered immune profiling. Notably, UVB exposure led to a selective increase in expression and activity of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), the main enzyme responsible for degradation of fatty acid ethanolamides. Pharmacological FAAH inhibition via URB597 counteracted the effects of UVB exposure, decreasing tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and nitric oxide (NO) release and reverting reactive oxidative species (ROS), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-10 (IL-10) levels to the control levels. Our findings support the potential of enhanced fatty acid amide signaling in mitigating UVB-induced cellular damage, paving the way to further exploration of these lipids in light-induced immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Carnicelli
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Noemi De Dominicis
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy; Department of Physics, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Lucia Scipioni
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy; European Center for Brain Research/IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Marina Fava
- Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Federico Fanti
- Department of Bioscience and Technology for Agriculture, Food and Environment, Campus Universitario di Coste Sant'Agostino, University of Teramo, Italy
| | - Benedetta Cinque
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Alessandro Leuti
- European Center for Brain Research/IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143 Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Anna Rita Lizzi
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | | | - Vincenzo Flati
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Manuel Sergi
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Dario Compagnone
- Department of Bioscience and Technology for Agriculture, Food and Environment, Campus Universitario di Coste Sant'Agostino, University of Teramo, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Sardanelli
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience 'DiBraiN', University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70121 Bari, Italy
| | - Annamaria Tisi
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Sergio Oddi
- European Center for Brain Research/IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143 Rome, Italy; Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
| | - Mauro Maccarrone
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy; European Center for Brain Research/IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143 Rome, Italy.
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2
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Jin Y, Cai D, Mo L, Jing G, Zeng L, Cheng H, Guo Q, Dai M, Wang Y, Chen J, Chen G, Li X, Shi S. Multifunctional nanogel loaded with cerium oxide nanozyme and CX3CL1 protein: Targeted immunomodulation and retinal protection in uveitis rat model. Biomaterials 2024; 309:122617. [PMID: 38788457 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2024.122617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Effectively addressing retinal issues represents a pivotal aspect of blindness-related diseases. Novel approaches involving reducing inflammation and rebalancing the immune response are paramount in the treatment of these conditions. This study delves into the potential of a nanogel system comprising polyethylenimine-benzene boric acid-hyaluronic acid (PEI-PBA-HA). We have evaluated the collaborative impact of cerium oxide nanozyme and chemokine CX3CL1 protein for targeted immunomodulation and retinal protection in uveitis models. Our nanogel system specifically targets the posterior segment of the eyes. The synergistic effect in this area reduces oxidative stress and hampers the activation of microglia, thereby alleviating the pathological immune microenvironment. This multifaceted drug delivery system disrupts the cycle of oxidative stress, inflammation, and immune response, suppressing initial immune cells and limiting local retinal structural damage induced by excessive immune reactions. Our research sheds light on interactions within retinal target cells, providing a promising avenue for the development of efficient and innovative drug delivery platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Jin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 270 Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
| | - Danyang Cai
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 270 Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
| | - Lihua Mo
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 270 Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
| | - Gaosa Jing
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 270 Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
| | - Li Zeng
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 270 Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
| | - Hui Cheng
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 270 Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
| | - Qi Guo
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 270 Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
| | - Mali Dai
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 270 Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 270 Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
| | - Jinrun Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 270 Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
| | - Guojun Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 0B1, Canada; Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 0B1, Canada.
| | - Xingyi Li
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 270 Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
| | - Shuai Shi
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 270 Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
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3
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Yang T, Wang W, Xie L, Chen S, Ye X, Shen S, Chen H, Qi L, Cui Z, Xiong W, Guo Y, Chen J. Investigating retinal explant models cultured in static and perfused systems to test the performance of exosomes secreted from retinal organoids. J Neurosci Methods 2024; 408:110181. [PMID: 38823594 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2024.110181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ex vivo cultures of retinal explants are appropriate models for translational research. However, one of the difficult problems of retinal explants ex vivo culture is that their nutrient supply needs cannot be constantly met. NEW METHOD This study evaluated the effect of perfused culture on the survival of retinal explants, addressing the challenge of insufficient nutrition in static culture. Furthermore, exosomes secreted from retinal organoids (RO-Exos) were stained with PKH26 to track their uptake in retinal explants to mimic the efficacy of exosomal drugs in vivo. RESULTS We found that the retinal explants cultured with perfusion exhibited significantly higher viability, increased NeuN+ cells, and reduced apoptosis compared to the static culture group at Days Ex Vivo (DEV) 4, 7, and 14. The perfusion-cultured retinal explants exhibited reduced mRNA markers for gliosis and microglial activation, along with lower expression of GFAP and Iba1, as revealed by immunostaining. Additionally, RNA-sequencing analysis showed that perfusion culture mainly upregulated genes associated with visual perception and photoreceptor cell maintenance while downregulating the immune system process and immune response. RO-Exos promoted the uptake of PKH26-labelled exosomes and the growth of retinal explants in perfusion culture. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS Our perfusion culture system can provide a continuous supply of culture medium to achieve steady-state equilibrium in retinal explant culture. Compared to traditional static culture, it better preserves the vitality, provides better neuroprotection, and reduces glial activation. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a promising ex vivo model for further studies on degenerative retinal diseases and drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Qingyuan Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, China
| | - Wenxuan Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linyao Xie
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sihui Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiuhong Ye
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuhao Shen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hang Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Qi
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Qingyuan Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, China
| | - Zekai Cui
- Aier Eye Institute, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yonglong Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Jiansu Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Institute of Ophthalmology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Aier Eye Institute, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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4
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Vujosevic S, Lupidi M, Donati S, Astarita C, Gallinaro V, Pilotto E. Role of inflammation in diabetic macular edema and neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Surv Ophthalmol 2024:S0039-6257(24)00080-8. [PMID: 39029747 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2024.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
Diabetic macular edema (DME) and neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) are multifactorial disorders that affect the macula and cause significant vision loss. Although inflammation and neoangiogenesis are hallmarks of DME and nAMD, respectively, they share some biochemical mediators. While inflammation is a trigger for the processes that lead to the development of DME, in nAMD inflammation seems to be the consequence of retinal pigment epithelium and Bruch membrane alterations. These pathophysiologic differences may be the key issue that justifies the difference in treatment strategies. Vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors have changed the treatment of both diseases, however, many patients with DME fail to achieve the established therapeutic goals. From a clinical perspective, targeting inflammatory pathways with intravitreal corticosteroids has been proven to be effective in patients with DME. On the contrary, the clinical relevance of addressing inflammation in patients with nAMD has not been proven yet. We explore the role and implication of inflammation in the development of nAMD and DME and its therapeutical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stela Vujosevic
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Eye Clinic, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Lupidi
- Eye Clinic, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Simone Donati
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria of Varese, Varese, Italy
| | - Carlo Astarita
- AbbVie S.r.l., SR 148 Pontina, Campoverde, LT 04011, Italy
| | | | - Elisabetta Pilotto
- Department of Neuroscience-Ophthalmology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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McNamee SM, Akula M, Love Z, Nasraty N, Nystuen K, Singh P, Upadhyay AK, DeAngelis MM, Haider NB. Evaluating therapeutic potential of NR2E3 doses in the rd7 mouse model of retinal degeneration. Sci Rep 2024; 14:16490. [PMID: 39019967 PMCID: PMC11254931 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-67095-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Retinitis Pigmentosa is a leading cause of severe vision loss. Retinitis Pigmentosa can present with a broad range of phenotypes impacted by disease age of onset, severity, and progression. This variation is influenced both by different gene mutations as well as unique variants within the same gene. Mutations in the nuclear hormone receptor 2 family e, member 3 are associated with several forms of retinal degeneration, including Retinitis Pigmentosa. In our previous studies we demonstrated that subretinal administration of one Nr2e3 dose attenuated retinal degeneration in rd7 mice for at least 3 months. Here we expand the studies to evaluate the efficacy and longitudinal impact of the NR2E3 therapeutic by examining three different doses administered at early or intermediate stages of retinal degeneration in the rd7 mice. Our study revealed retinal morphology was significantly improved 6 months post for all doses in the early-stage treatment groups and for the low and mid doses in the intermediate stage treatment groups. Similarly, photoreceptor function was significantly improved in the early stage for all doses and intermediate stage low and mid dose groups 6 months post treatment. This study demonstrated efficacy in multiple doses of NR2E3 therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon M McNamee
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Monica Akula
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Zoe Love
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Neelaab Nasraty
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Kaden Nystuen
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Margaret M DeAngelis
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Neena B Haider
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02138, USA.
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6
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Liao C, Chen S, Chen X, Yi W, Fan Y, Chen Y, Ye T, Chen Y. Inhibition of JNK ameliorates rod photoreceptor degeneration in a mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa. FEBS Lett 2024. [PMID: 39010325 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is an inherited eye disease that causes progressive vision loss. Microglial activation and inflammation play essential roles in photoreceptor degeneration in RP, although the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we examined the progressive degeneration of photoreceptors in rd1 mice, a mouse model of RP. We investigated the molecular changes in various retinal cells in rd1 mice using single-cell RNA sequencing and found that potentiation of JNK signaling is associated with photoreceptor degeneration in RP. Moreover, inflammation-related molecules, which function downstream of JNK, are elevated in RP. Furthermore, inhibiting JNK alleviates microglial activation and rescues photoreceptor degeneration in rd1 mice. Thus, our findings suggest that targeting JNK is a promising approach for slowing RP progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Liao
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Brain Diseases, Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shuai Chen
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Brain Diseases, Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen College of Advanced Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuxu Chen
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Brain Diseases, Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen College of Advanced Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wanying Yi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Disease and Drug Development, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, China
| | - Yingying Fan
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Brain Diseases, Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuewen Chen
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Brain Diseases, Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen College of Advanced Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Disease and Drug Development, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, China
| | - Tao Ye
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Brain Diseases, Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen College of Advanced Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Disease and Drug Development, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Brain Diseases, Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen College of Advanced Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Disease and Drug Development, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, China
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7
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Grether U, Foxton RH, Gruener S, Korn C, Kimbara A, Osterwald A, Zirwes E, Uhles S, Thoele J, Colé N, Rogers-Evans M, Röver S, Nettekoven M, Martin RE, Adam JM, Fingerle J, Bissantz C, Guba W, Alker A, Szczesniak AM, Porter RF, Toguri TJ, Revelant F, Poirier A, Perret C, Winther L, Caruso A, Fezza F, Maccarrone M, Kelly MEM, Fauser S, Ullmer C. RG7774 (Vicasinabin), an orally bioavailable cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2R) agonist, decreases retinal vascular permeability, leukocyte adhesion, and ocular inflammation in animal models. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1426446. [PMID: 39070793 PMCID: PMC11272598 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1426446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Preclinical studies suggest that cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2R) activation has a therapeutic effect in animal models on chronic inflammation and vascular permeability, which are key pathological features of diabetic retinopathy (DR). A novel CB2R agonist, triazolopyrimidine RG7774, was generated through lead optimization of a high-throughput screening hit. The aim of this study was to characterize the pharmacology, absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination, and toxicity (ADMET) profile of RG7774, and to explore its potential for managing the key pathological features associated with retinal disease in rodents. Methods The in vitro pharmacology of RG7774 was investigated for CB2R binding and receptor activation using recombinant human and mouse CB2R expression in Chinese hamster ovary cells, and endogenous CB2R expression in human Jurkat cells, and rat and mouse spleen cells. The ADMET profile was evaluated and the effects of RG7774 on retinal permeability, leukocyte adhesion, and choroidal neovascularization (CNV) were investigated in rodent models of retinal disease. Pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters and the exposure-response relationship were characterized in healthy animals and in animals with laser-induced CNV. Results RG7774 was found to be a potent (EC50: 2.8 nM and Ki: 51.3 nM), selective, and full CB2R agonist with no signs of cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1R) binding or activation. The ligand showed a favorable ADMET profile and exhibited systemic and ocular exposure after oral delivery. Functional potency in vitro translated from recombinant to endogenous expression systems. In vivo, orally administered RG7774 reduced retinal permeability and leukocyte adhesion in rodents with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced uveitis and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced DR, and reduced lesion areas in rats with laser-induced CNV with an ED50 of 0.32 mg/kg. Anatomically, RG7774 reduced the migration of retinal microglia to retinal lesions. Discussion RG7774 is a novel, highly selective, and orally bioavailable CB2R agonist, with an acceptable systemic and ocular PK profile, and beneficial effects on retinal vascular permeability, leukocyte adhesion, and ocular inflammation in rodent animal models. Results support the development of RG7774 as a potential treatment for retinal diseases with similar pathophysiologies as addressed by the animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Grether
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Richard H. Foxton
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Gruener
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Korn
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Atsushi Kimbara
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anja Osterwald
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth Zirwes
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Uhles
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Janina Thoele
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nadine Colé
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mark Rogers-Evans
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Röver
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Nettekoven
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rainer E. Martin
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Michel Adam
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jürgen Fingerle
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Caterina Bissantz
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Guba
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - André Alker
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anna M. Szczesniak
- Departments of Pharmacology, Anesthesia, Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Ross F. Porter
- Departments of Pharmacology, Anesthesia, Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Tom J. Toguri
- Departments of Pharmacology, Anesthesia, Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Franco Revelant
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Agnès Poirier
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Camille Perret
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lotte Winther
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Antonello Caruso
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Filomena Fezza
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Maccarrone
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
- European Center for Brain Research (CERC), Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Melanie E. M. Kelly
- Departments of Pharmacology, Anesthesia, Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Sascha Fauser
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Ullmer
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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8
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Diemler CA, MacLean M, Heuer SE, Hewes AA, Marola OJ, Libby RT, Howell GR. Microglia depletion leads to increased susceptibility to ocular hypertension-dependent glaucoma. Front Aging Neurosci 2024; 16:1396443. [PMID: 39015474 PMCID: PMC11250491 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2024.1396443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, microglia have been highlighted for playing integral roles in neurodegenerative diseases, like glaucoma. To better understand the role of microglia during chronic ocular hypertension, we depleted microglia from aged (9-12 months old) DBA/2 J (D2) mice, which exhibit age-related increases in intraocular pressure, using a dietary CSF1R antagonist, PLX5622. Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) somas were counted, and optic nerve cross-sections stained and assessed for glaucomatous damage. Sustained administration of dietary PLX5622 significantly reduced the numbers of retinal microglia. Dietary PLX5622 did not lead to changes in intraocular pressure in D2 or normotensive DBA/2 J-Gpnmb+ (D2-Gpnmb+ ) control mice. While PLX5622-treated D2-Gpnmb+ did not develop optic nerve damage, PLX5622-treated D2 mice showed a significant increase in moderate-to-severe optic nerve damage compared to D2 mice fed a control diet. In conclusion, global reduction of microglia exacerbated glaucomatous neurodegeneration in D2 mice suggesting microglia play an overall beneficial role in protecting from ocular hypertension associated RGC loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory A. Diemler
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States
| | | | - Sarah E. Heuer
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | | | - Richard T. Libby
- Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Gareth R. Howell
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States
- Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
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9
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Lebon C, Malaise D, Rimbert N, Billet M, Ramasamy G, Villaret J, Pouzoulet F, Matet A, Behar-Cohen F. Role of inflammation in a rat model of radiation retinopathy. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:162. [PMID: 38915029 PMCID: PMC11197380 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03151-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Radiation retinopathy (RR) is a major side effect of ocular tumor treatment by plaque brachytherapy or proton beam therapy. RR manifests as delayed and progressive microvasculopathy, ischemia and macular edema, ultimately leading to vision loss, neovascular glaucoma, and, in extreme cases, secondary enucleation. Intravitreal anti-VEGF agents, steroids and laser photocoagulation have limited effects on RR. The role of retinal inflammation and its contribution to the microvascular damage occurring in RR remain incompletely understood. To explore cellular and vascular events after irradiation, we analyzed their time course at 1 week, 1 month and 6 months after rat eyes received 45 Gy X-beam photons. Müller glial cells, astrocytes and microglia were rapidly activated, and these markers of retinal inflammation persisted for 6 months after irradiation. This was accompanied by early cell death in the outer retina, which persisted at later time points, leading to retinal thinning. A delayed loss of small retinal capillaries and retinal hypoxia were observed after 6 months, indicating inner blood‒retinal barrier (BRB) alteration but without cell death in the inner retina. Moreover, activated microglial cells invaded the entire retina and surrounded retinal vessels, suggesting the role of inflammation in vascular alteration and in retinal cell death. Radiation also triggered early and persistent invasion of the retinal pigment epithelium by microglia and macrophages, contributing to outer BRB disruption. This study highlights the role of progressive and long-lasting inflammatory mechanisms in RR development and demonstrates the relevance of this rat model to investigate human pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Lebon
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM UMRS 1138, Sorbonne Université, Physiopathology of Ocular Diseases: Therapeutic Innovations, 15 rue de l'école de Médecine, Paris, 75006, France
| | - Denis Malaise
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM UMRS 1138, Sorbonne Université, Physiopathology of Ocular Diseases: Therapeutic Innovations, 15 rue de l'école de Médecine, Paris, 75006, France
- Ocular Oncology Department, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Nicolas Rimbert
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM UMRS 1138, Sorbonne Université, Physiopathology of Ocular Diseases: Therapeutic Innovations, 15 rue de l'école de Médecine, Paris, 75006, France
| | - Manon Billet
- Translational Research Department, Experimental Radiotherapy Platform, Institut Curie, Université Paris Saclay, 15 Rue Georges Clemenceau, Orsay, 91400, France
| | - Gabriel Ramasamy
- Translational Research Department, Experimental Radiotherapy Platform, Institut Curie, Université Paris Saclay, 15 Rue Georges Clemenceau, Orsay, 91400, France
| | - Jérémie Villaret
- Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, Paris, 75012, France
- Centre Rétine Gallien, Bordeaux, 33000, France
| | - Frédéric Pouzoulet
- Translational Research Department, Experimental Radiotherapy Platform, Institut Curie, Université Paris Saclay, 15 Rue Georges Clemenceau, Orsay, 91400, France
| | - Alexandre Matet
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM UMRS 1138, Sorbonne Université, Physiopathology of Ocular Diseases: Therapeutic Innovations, 15 rue de l'école de Médecine, Paris, 75006, France.
- Ocular Oncology Department, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, Paris, 75005, France.
- Université Paris Cité, 15 rue de l'école de Médecine, Paris, 75006, France.
| | - Francine Behar-Cohen
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM UMRS 1138, Sorbonne Université, Physiopathology of Ocular Diseases: Therapeutic Innovations, 15 rue de l'école de Médecine, Paris, 75006, France.
- Assistance Publique, Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, 27 rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, Ophtalmopole, Paris, 75014, France.
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10
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Stone ML, Lee HH, Levine E. Agarose disk electroporation method for ex vivo retinal tissue cultured at the air-liquid interface reveals electrical stimulus-induced cell cycle reentry in retinal cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.12.21.572865. [PMID: 38187784 PMCID: PMC10769434 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.21.572865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
It is advantageous to culture the ex vivo murine retina along with many other tissue types at the air-liquid interface. However, gene delivery to these cultures can be challenging. Electroporation is a fast and robust method of gene delivery, but typically requires submergence in a liquid buffer to allow electric current flow. We have developed a submergence-free electroporation technique using an agarose disk that allows for efficient gene delivery to the ex vivo murine retina. This method advances our ability to use ex vivo retinal tissue for genetic studies and can easily be adapted for any tissue cultured at an air-liquid interface. We found an increased ability to transfected Muller glia at 14 days ex vivo and an increase in BrdU incorporation in Muller glia following electrical stimulation. Use of this method has revealed valuable insights on the state of ex vivo retinal tissues and the effects of electrical stimulation on retinal cells.
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11
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Li D, Chang J, Wang Y, Du X, Xu J, Cui J, Zhang T, Chen Y. Hyperoside mitigates photoreceptor degeneration in part by targeting cGAS and suppressing DNA-induced microglial activation. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2024; 12:76. [PMID: 38755736 PMCID: PMC11097432 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-024-01793-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Activated microglia play an important role in driving photoreceptor degeneration-associated neuroinflammation in the retina. Controlling pro-inflammatory activation of microglia holds promise for mitigating the progression of photoreceptor degeneration. Our previous study has demonstrated that pre-light damage treatment of hyperoside, a naturally occurring flavonol glycoside with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, prevents photooxidative stress-induced photoreceptor degeneration and neuroinflammatory responses in the retina. However, the direct impact of hyperoside on microglia-mediated neuroinflammation during photoreceptor degeneration remains unknown. Upon verifying the anti-inflammatory effects of hyperoside in LPS-stimulated BV-2 cells, our results here further demonstrated that post-light damage hyperoside treatment mitigated the loss of photoreceptors and attenuated the functional decline of the retina. Meanwhile, post-light damage hyperoside treatment lowered neuroinflammatory responses and dampened microglial activation in the illuminated retinas. With respect to microglial activation, hyperoside mitigated the pro-inflammatory responses in DNA-stimulated BV-2 cells and lowered DNA-stimulated production of 2'3'-cGAMP in BV-2 cells. Moreover, hyperoside was shown to directly interact with cGAS and suppress the enzymatic activity of cGAS in a cell-free system. In conclusion, the current study suggests for the first time that the DNA sensor cGAS is a direct target of hyperoside. Hyperoside is effective at mitigating DNA-stimulated cGAS-mediated pro-inflammatory activation of microglia, which likely contributes to the therapeutic effects of hyperoside at curtailing neuroinflammation and alleviating neuroinflammation-instigated photoreceptor degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daijin Li
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China
| | - Jie Chang
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China
| | - Yujue Wang
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China
| | - Xiaoye Du
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China
- Clinical Research Institute of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China
- Clinical Research Institute of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China
| | - Jingang Cui
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China
- Clinical Research Institute of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China
| | - Teng Zhang
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China
- Clinical Research Institute of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China.
- Clinical Research Institute of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China.
- Laboratory of Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China.
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12
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Tang Q, Buonfiglio F, Böhm EW, Zhang L, Pfeiffer N, Korb CA, Gericke A. Diabetic Retinopathy: New Treatment Approaches Targeting Redox and Immune Mechanisms. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:594. [PMID: 38790699 PMCID: PMC11117924 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13050594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) represents a severe complication of diabetes mellitus, characterized by irreversible visual impairment resulting from microvascular abnormalities. Since the global prevalence of diabetes continues to escalate, DR has emerged as a prominent area of research interest. The development and progression of DR encompass a complex interplay of pathological and physiological mechanisms, such as high glucose-induced oxidative stress, immune responses, vascular endothelial dysfunction, as well as damage to retinal neurons. Recent years have unveiled the involvement of genomic and epigenetic factors in the formation of DR mechanisms. At present, extensive research explores the potential of biomarkers such as cytokines, molecular and cell therapies, antioxidant interventions, and gene therapy for DR treatment. Notably, certain drugs, such as anti-VEGF agents, antioxidants, inhibitors of inflammatory responses, and protein kinase C (PKC)-β inhibitors, have demonstrated promising outcomes in clinical trials. Within this context, this review article aims to introduce the recent molecular research on DR and highlight the current progress in the field, with a particular focus on the emerging and experimental treatment strategies targeting the immune and redox signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Tang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (F.B.); (E.W.B.); (L.Z.); (N.P.); (C.A.K.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Adrian Gericke
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (F.B.); (E.W.B.); (L.Z.); (N.P.); (C.A.K.)
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13
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Mackiewicz J, Tomczak J, Lisek M, Sakowicz A, Guo F, Boczek T. NFATc4 Knockout Promotes Neuroprotection and Retinal Ganglion Cell Regeneration After Optic Nerve Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04129-0. [PMID: 38639863 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04129-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), neurons transmitting visual information via the optic nerve, fail to regenerate their axons after injury. The progressive loss of RGC function underlies the pathophysiology of glaucoma and other optic neuropathies, often leading to irreversible blindness. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify the regulators of RGC survival and the regenerative program. In this study, we investigated the role of the family of transcription factors known as nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT), which are expressed in the retina; however, their role in RGC survival after injury is unknown. Using the optic nerve crush (ONC) model, widely employed to study optic neuropathies and central nervous system axon injury, we found that NFATc4 is specifically but transiently up-regulated in response to mechanical injury. In the injured retina, NFATc4 immunolocalized primarily to the ganglionic cell layer. Utilizing NFATc4-/- and NFATc3-/- mice, we demonstrated that NFATc4, but not NFATc3, knockout increased RGC survival, improved retina function, and delayed axonal degeneration. Microarray screening data, along with decreased immunostaining of cleaved caspase-3, revealed that NFATc4 knockout was protective against ONC-induced degeneration by suppressing pro-apoptotic signaling. Finally, we used lentiviral-mediated NFATc4 delivery to the retina of NFATc4-/- mice and reversed the pro-survival effect of NFATc4 knockout, conclusively linking the enhanced survival of injured RGCs to NFATc4-dependent mechanisms. In summary, this study is the first to demonstrate that NFATc4 knockout may confer transient RGC neuroprotection and decelerate axonal degeneration after injury, providing a potent therapeutic strategy for optic neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Mackiewicz
- Department of Molecular Neurochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Julia Tomczak
- Department of Molecular Neurochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Malwina Lisek
- Department of Molecular Neurochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Agata Sakowicz
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Feng Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Tomasz Boczek
- Department of Molecular Neurochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
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14
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Li J, Shen H, Guo LW. Transmembrane protein TMEM97 and epigenetic reader BAHCC1 constitute an axis that supports pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. Cell Signal 2024; 116:111069. [PMID: 38290642 PMCID: PMC10997414 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2024.111069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Pro-inflammatory cytokine production by the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a key etiology in retinal degenerative diseases, yet the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. TMEM97 is a scarcely studied transmembrane protein recently implicated in retinal degeneration. BAH domain coiled coil 1 (BAHCC1) is a newly discovered histone code reader involved in oncogenesis. A role for TMEM97 and BAHCC1 in RPE inflammation was not known. Here we found that they constitute a novel axis regulating pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in RPE cells. Transcriptomic analysis using a TMEM97-/- ARPE19 human cell line and the validation via TMEM97 loss- and gain-of-function revealed a profound role of TMEM97 in promoting the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, notably IL1β and CCL2, and unexpectedly BAHCC1 as well. Moreover, co-immunoprecipitation indicated an association between the TMEM97 and BAHCC1 proteins. While TMEM97 ablation decreased and its overexpression increased NFκB (p50, p52, p65), the master transcription factor for pro-inflammatory cytokines, silencing BAHCC1 down-regulated NFκB and downstream pro-inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, in an RPE-damage retinal degeneration mouse model, immunofluorescence illustrated down-regulation of IL1β and CCL2 total proteins and suppression of glial activation in the retina of Tmem97-/- mice compared to Tmem97+/+ mice. Thus, TMEM97 is a novel determinant of pro-inflammatory cytokine expression acting via a previously unknown TMEM97- > BAHCC1- > NFκB cascade. SYNOPSIS: Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) inflammation can lead to blindness. We identify here a previously uncharacterized cascade that underlies RPE cell production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Specifically, transmembrane protein TMEM97 positively regulates the recently discovered histone code reader BAHCC1, which in turn enhances pro-inflammatory cytokine expression via the transcription factor NFκB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Division of Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Hongtao Shen
- Division of Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Lian-Wang Guo
- Division of Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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15
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Diemler CA, MacLean M, Heuer SE, Hewes AA, Marola OJ, Libby RT, Howell GR. Microglia Depletion leads to Increased Susceptibility to Ocular Hypertension-Dependent Glaucoma. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.05.583529. [PMID: 38496398 PMCID: PMC10942367 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.05.583529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, microglia have been highlighted for playing integral roles in neurodegenerative diseases, like glaucoma. To better understand the role of microglia during chronic ocular hypertension, we depleted microglia from aged (9-12 months old) DBA/2J (D2) mice, which exhibit age-related increases in intraocular pressure, using a dietary CSF1R antagonist, PLX5622. Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) somas were counted, and optic nerve cross-sections stained and assessed for glaucomatous damage. Sustained administration of dietary PLX5622 significantly reduced the numbers of retinal microglia. Dietary PLX5622 did not lead to changes in intraocular pressure in D2 or normotensive DBA/2J-Gpnmb+ (D2-Gpnmb+) control mice. While PLX5622-treated D2-Gpnmb+ did not develop optic nerve damage, PLX5622-treated D2 mice showed a significant increase in moderate-to-severe optic nerve damage compared to D2 mice fed a control diet. In conclusion, global reduction of microglia exacerbated glaucomatous neurodegeneration in D2 mice suggesting microglia play an overall beneficial role in protecting from ocular hypertension associated RGC loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory A. Diemler
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME
| | | | - Sarah E. Heuer
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | | | | | - Richard T. Libby
- Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - Gareth R. Howell
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME
- Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
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16
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Shahror RA, Morris CA, Mohammed AA, Wild M, Zaman B, Mitchell CD, Phillips PH, Rusch NJ, Shosha E, Fouda AY. Role of myeloid cells in ischemic retinopathies: recent advances and unanswered questions. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:65. [PMID: 38454477 PMCID: PMC10918977 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03058-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Myeloid cells including microglia and macrophages play crucial roles in retinal homeostasis by clearing cellular debris and regulating inflammation. These cells are activated in several blinding ischemic retinal diseases including diabetic retinopathy, where they may exert both beneficial and detrimental effects on neurovascular function and angiogenesis. Myeloid cells impact the progression of retinal pathologies and recent studies suggest that targeting myeloid cells is a promising therapeutic strategy to mitigate diabetic retinopathy and other ischemic retinal diseases. This review summarizes the recent advances in our understanding of the role of microglia and macrophages in retinal diseases and focuses on the effects of myeloid cells on neurovascular injury and angiogenesis in ischemic retinopathies. We highlight gaps in knowledge and advocate for a more detailed understanding of the role of myeloid cells in retinal ischemic injury to fully unlock the potential of targeting myeloid cells as a therapeutic strategy for retinal ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami A Shahror
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), 4301 West Markham Street, Slot 611, BIOMED-1, B306, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Carol A Morris
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), 4301 West Markham Street, Slot 611, BIOMED-1, B306, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Aya A Mohammed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), 4301 West Markham Street, Slot 611, BIOMED-1, B306, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Melissa Wild
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), 4301 West Markham Street, Slot 611, BIOMED-1, B306, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Bushra Zaman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), 4301 West Markham Street, Slot 611, BIOMED-1, B306, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Christian D Mitchell
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), 4301 West Markham Street, Slot 611, BIOMED-1, B306, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Paul H Phillips
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvey & Bernice Jones Eye Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Nancy J Rusch
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), 4301 West Markham Street, Slot 611, BIOMED-1, B306, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Esraa Shosha
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), 4301 West Markham Street, Slot 611, BIOMED-1, B306, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Abdelrahman Y Fouda
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), 4301 West Markham Street, Slot 611, BIOMED-1, B306, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
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17
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Yu C, Lad EM, Mathew R, Shiraki N, Littleton S, Chen Y, Hou J, Schlepckow K, Degan S, Chew L, Amason J, Kalnitsky J, Bowes Rickman C, Proia AD, Colonna M, Haass C, Saban DR. Microglia at sites of atrophy restrict the progression of retinal degeneration via galectin-3 and Trem2. J Exp Med 2024; 221:e20231011. [PMID: 38289348 PMCID: PMC10826045 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20231011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Outer retinal degenerations, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), are characterized by photoreceptor and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) atrophy. In these blinding diseases, macrophages accumulate at atrophic sites, but their ontogeny and niche specialization remain poorly understood, especially in humans. We uncovered a unique profile of microglia, marked by galectin-3 upregulation, at atrophic sites in mouse models of retinal degeneration and human AMD. In disease models, conditional deletion of galectin-3 in microglia led to phagocytosis defects and consequent augmented photoreceptor death, RPE damage, and vision loss, indicating protective roles. Mechanistically, Trem2 signaling orchestrated microglial migration to atrophic sites and induced galectin-3 expression. Moreover, pharmacologic Trem2 agonization led to heightened protection but in a galectin-3-dependent manner. In elderly human subjects, we identified this highly conserved microglial population that expressed galectin-3 and Trem2. This population was significantly enriched in the macular RPE-choroid of AMD subjects. Collectively, our findings reveal a neuroprotective population of microglia and a potential therapeutic target for mitigating retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Eleonora M. Lad
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Rose Mathew
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Nobuhiko Shiraki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sejiro Littleton
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jinchao Hou
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kai Schlepckow
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Simone Degan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Lindsey Chew
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Joshua Amason
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Joan Kalnitsky
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Catherine Bowes Rickman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Alan D. Proia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Pathology, Campbell University Jerry M. Wallace School of Osteopathic Medicine, Lillington, NC, USA
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Christian Haass
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Munich, Munich, Germany
- Chair of Metabolic Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel R. Saban
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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18
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Venugopal D, Vishwakarma S, Sharma N, Kaur I, Samavedi S. Evaluating the protective effects of dexamethasone and electrospun mesh combination on primary human mixed retinal cells under hyperglycemic stress. Int J Pharm 2024; 651:123768. [PMID: 38176477 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.123768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is a leading cause of neurodegeneration and vision loss in hyperglycemia-associated conditions such as diabetic retinopathy. Corticosteroid injections are widely used for treatment but suffer from limitations such as rapid drug clearance, short drug half-lives and frequent administration. While drug release from biomaterial carriers can overcome these shortcomings, evaluating the combined effects of corticosteroids and polymeric matrices under hyperglycemic stress is an important step towards aiding translation. In this study, we investigated the effects of dexamethasone (DEX) and electrospun mesh combination on primary human mixed retinal cells under normal and hyperglycemic culture conditions. DEX-incorporated poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) meshes were prepared and characterized for architecture, chemistry, drug distribution and in vitro release. The meshes exhibited cumulative in vitro drug release of 39.5 % over 2 months at a near constant rate. Under normal culture conditions, DEX-PLGA meshes promoted significantly higher viability of mixed retinal cells than the control groups but without adverse phenotypic activation. Under hyperglycemic conditions, DEX supplementation resulted in higher viability than the control, although the highest viability was achieved only when DEX was added to cells cultured on PLGA fibers. The combination of DEX and PLGA fibers also promoted higher mRNA expression of the antioxidant GSH under hyperglycemia. Importantly, the largest reduction in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines viz., MMP-9, IL-6, IL-8 and VEGF-R1 was observed for the DEX and PLGA combination. Our study reveals a combined effect of DEX and electrospun fibers in combating hyperglycemia-driven pro-inflammatory responses, which can aid the development of DEX-loaded electrospun implants for diabetes-driven retinal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhivya Venugopal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, India
| | - Sushma Vishwakarma
- Prof Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India; Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Neha Sharma
- Prof Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India; Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Inderjeet Kaur
- Prof Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India.
| | - Satyavrata Samavedi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, India.
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19
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Laudenberg N, Kinuthia UM, Langmann T. Microglia depletion/repopulation does not affect light-induced retinal degeneration in mice. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1345382. [PMID: 38288111 PMCID: PMC10822957 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1345382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Reactive microglia are a hallmark of age-related retinal degenerative diseases including age-related macular degeneration (AMD). These cells are capable of secreting neurotoxic substances that may aggravate inflammation that leads to loss of photoreceptors and impaired vision. Despite their role in driving detrimental inflammation, microglia also play supporting roles in the retina as they are a crucial cellular component of the regulatory innate immune system. In this study, we used the colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R)-antagonist PLX3397 to investigate the effects of microglia depletion and repopulation in a mouse model of acute retinal degeneration that mimics some aspects of dry AMD. Our main goal was to investigate whether microglia depletion and repopulation affects the outcome of light-induced retinal degeneration. We found that microglia depletion effectively decreased the expression of several key pro-inflammatory factors but was unable to influence the extent of retinal degeneration as determined by optical coherence tomography (OCT) and histology. Interestingly, we found prominent cell debris accumulation in the outer retina under conditions of microglia depletion, presumably due to the lack of efficient phagocytosis that could not be compensated by the retinal pigment epithelium. Moreover, our in vivo experiments showed that renewal of retinal microglia by repopulation did also not prevent rapid microglia activation or preserve photoreceptor death under conditions of light damage. We conclude that microglia ablation strongly reduces the expression of pro-inflammatory factors but cannot prevent photoreceptor loss in the light-damage paradigm of retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Laudenberg
- Laboratory for Experimental Immunology of the Eye, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Urbanus Muthai Kinuthia
- Laboratory for Experimental Immunology of the Eye, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Langmann
- Laboratory for Experimental Immunology of the Eye, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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20
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Yang P, Mustafi D, Pepple KL. Immunology of Retinitis Pigmentosa and Gene Therapy-Associated Uveitis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2024; 14:a041305. [PMID: 37037600 PMCID: PMC10562523 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
The underlying immune state of inherited retinal degenerations (IRDs) and retinitis pigmentosa (RP) has been an emerging area of interest, wherein the consequences have never been greater given the widespread recognition of gene therapy-associated uveitis (GTU) in gene therapy clinical trials. Whereas some evidence suggests that the adaptive immune system may play a role, the majority of studies indicate that the innate immune system is likely the primary driver of neuroinflammation in RP. During retinal degeneration, discrete mechanisms activate resident microglia and promote infiltrating macrophages that can either be protective or detrimental to photoreceptor cell death. This persistent stimulation of innate immunity, overlaid by the introduction of viral antigens as part of gene therapy, has the potential to trigger a complex microglia/macrophage-driven proinflammatory state. A better understanding of the immune pathophysiology in IRD and GTU will be necessary to improve the success of developing novel treatments for IRDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Yang
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregan 97239, USA
| | - Debarshi Mustafi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Roger and Karalis Johnson Retina Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Kathryn L Pepple
- Department of Ophthalmology, Roger and Karalis Johnson Retina Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
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21
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Upreti S, Nag TC, Ghosh MP. Trolox aids coenzyme Q 10 in neuroprotection against NMDA induced damage via upregulation of VEGF in rat model of glutamate excitotoxicity. Exp Eye Res 2024; 238:109740. [PMID: 38056553 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate induced damage to retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) requires tight physiological regulation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Previously, studies have demonstrated the neuroprotective abilities of antioxidants like coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) and vitamin E analogs like α-tocopherol against neuropathies resulting from NMDA insult, but have failed to shed light on the effect of CoQ10 and trolox, a hydrophilic analog of vitamin E, on glaucomatous neurodegeneration. In the current study, we wanted to investigate whether the combined effect of trolox with CoQ10 could alleviate NMDA-induced death of retinal cells while also trying to elucidate the underlying mechanism in relation to the yet unexplained role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in NMDA-mediated excitotoxicity. After successful NMDA-induced degeneration, we followed it up with the treatment of combination of Trolox and CoQ10. The structural damage by NMDA was repaired significantly and retina retained structural integrity comparable to levels of control in the treatment group of Trolox and CoQ10. Detection of ROS generation after NMDA insult showed that together, Trolox and CoQ10 could significantly bring down the high levels of free radicals while also rescuing mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). A significant increase in NMDA receptor Grin2A by CoQ10 alone as well as by CoQ10 and trolox was accompanied by a lowered Grin2B receptor expression, suggesting neuroprotective action of Trolox and CoQ10. Subsequently, lowered VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 receptor expression by NMDA treatment also recovered when subjected to combined treatment of Trolox and CoQ10. Western blot analyses also indicated the same whereby Trolox and CoQ10 could increase the diminished levels of phosphorylated VEGFR2. Immunofluorescence studies also indicated a positive correlation between recovered VEGFR2 and NMDAR2A levels and diminished levels of NMDAR2D, confirming the results obtained by RT-PCR analysis. This is the first report in our knowledge that demonstrates the efficacy of trolox in combination with CoQ10 highlighting the importance of maintaining VEGF levels that are lowered in ocular diseases due to NMDA-related toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Upreti
- Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics Lab, Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, 201313, India.
| | - Tapas Chandra Nag
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India.
| | - Madhumita P Ghosh
- Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics Lab, Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, 201313, India.
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22
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Cole JD, McDaniel JA, Nilak J, Ban A, Rodriguez C, Hameed Z, Grannonico M, Netland PA, Yang H, Provencio I, Liu X. Characterization of neural damage and neuroinflammation in Pax6 small-eye mice. Exp Eye Res 2024; 238:109723. [PMID: 37979905 PMCID: PMC10843716 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Aniridia is a panocular condition characterized by a partial or complete loss of the iris. It manifests various developmental deficits in both the anterior and posterior segments of the eye, leading to a progressive vision loss. The homeobox gene PAX6 plays an important role in ocular development and mutations of PAX6 have been the main causative factors for aniridia. In this study, we assessed how Pax6-haploinsufficiency affects retinal morphology and vision of Pax6Sey mice using in vivo and ex vivo metrics. We used mice of C57BL/6 and 129S1/Svlmj genetic backgrounds to examine the variable severity of symptoms as reflected in human aniridia patients. Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) was observed in Pax6Sey mice starting from post-natal day 20 (P20). Correspondingly, visual acuity showed a steady age-dependent decline in Pax6Sey mice, though these phenotypes were less severe in the 129S1/Svlmj mice. Local retinal damage with layer disorganization was assessed at P30 and P80 in the Pax6Sey mice. Interestingly, we also observed a greater number of activated Iba1+ microglia and GFAP + astrocytes in the Pax6Sey mice than in littermate controls, suggesting a possible neuroinflammatory response to Pax6 deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Cole
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - John A McDaniel
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Joelle Nilak
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Ashley Ban
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Carlos Rodriguez
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Zuhaad Hameed
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Marta Grannonico
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Peter A Netland
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Hu Yang
- Linda and Bipin Doshi Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, USA
| | - Ignacio Provencio
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Program in Fundamental Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
| | - Xiaorong Liu
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Program in Fundamental Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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23
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Santos KO, Filho DMP, Ventura TMO, Thomassian LTG, Macedo AG, Buzalaf MAR, Braga AS, Faria MH, Magalhães AC. Salivary proteomic profile of response to different resistance training protocols: A case report. Cell Biochem Funct 2024; 42:e3936. [PMID: 38269522 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Resistance training (RT) with blood flow restriction (BFR) or high intensity (HI) are effective to increase muscle mass. To understand this effect, techniques known as "omics" are used to identify possible biomarkers. This study analyzed the salivary proteomic profile of healthy individuals trained before and after two RT protocols both designed with eight exercises for upper- and lower-limbs, one performed at low percentage of one-maximum repetition (%1RM) with BFR technique, and other at high %1RM (HI) without BRF technique. Four healthy males between 18 and 28 years participated in the study. Stimulated saliva was collected before (BBFR/BHI) and immediately after (ABFR/AHI) the two RT protocols. All protein-related processing was performed using label-free proteomic. The difference in expression between groups was expressed as p < .05 for downregulated proteins and 1-p > .95 for upregulated proteins. There was difference in salivary flow between ABFR and BBFR (p = .005). For HI, 87 proteins were found after the practice and 119 before. Three hemoglobin isoforms were increased in AHI compared with BHI. In the BFR comparison, 105 proteins were identified after (ABFR) and 70 before (BBFR). Among those increased ABFR, we highlight five hemoglobin isoforms and Deleted in malignant brain tumors 1 protein. Between ABFR and AHI, 17 isoforms of histones, Transaldolase, Transketolase, Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and Antileukoproteinase were decreased ABFR. For HI, there was an increase in proteins related to oxidative stress and metabolism of the musculoskeletal system, compared with BFR. HI seems to induce higher anabolic signaling to muscle mass increase and antiatherosclerotic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Oliveira Santos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dalton Muller Pessôa Filho
- Post-graduate Program in Human Development and Technology, Bioscience Institute (IB), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, School of Sciences (FC), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Anderson Geremias Macedo
- Post-graduate Program in Human Development and Technology, Bioscience Institute (IB), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
- Pos-Graduation Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Institute of Motricity Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Santa Clara Campus, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marília Afonso Rabelo Buzalaf
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aline Silva Braga
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Murilo Henrique Faria
- Human Movement Research Laboratory (MOVI-LAB), Department of Physical Education, School of Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Magalhães
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
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24
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Yang Z, Liu Y, Chen X, Huang S, Li Y, Ye G, Cao X, Su W, Zhuo Y. Empagliflozin targets Mfn1 and Opa1 to attenuate microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in retinal ischemia and reperfusion injury. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:296. [PMID: 38082266 PMCID: PMC10714482 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02982-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroinflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction play crucial roles in retinal ischemia and reperfusion (IR) injury. Recent studies have identified mitochondrial function as a promising target for immunomodulation. Empagliflozin (EMPA), an anti-diabetic drug, has exhibited great potential as both an anti-inflammatory agent and a protector of mitochondrial health. This study aimed to assess the therapeutic efficacy of EMPA in retinal IR injury. METHODS To evaluate the protective effects of EMPA, the drug was injected into the vitreous body of mice post-retinal IR. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) analysis was conducted to uncover the underlying mechanisms, and the results were further validated through in vivo and in vitro experiments. RESULTS EMPA effectively protected retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) from IR injury by attenuating local retinal inflammation. The scRNA-seq analysis revealed that EMPA downregulated the nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat containing protein 3 (NLRP3) signaling pathway and restored mitochondrial dynamics by upregulating the expression of mitochondrial fusion-related genes, Mitofusin 1 (Mfn1) and optic atrophy 1 (Opa1). These findings were further corroborated by Western blotting. In vitro experiments provided additional insights, demonstrating that EMPA suppressed lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cell inflammation and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Moreover, EMPA enhanced mitochondrial fusion, neutralized mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS), and restored mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) in BV2 microglia. Notably, genetic ablation of Mfn1 or Opa1 abolished the anti-inflammatory effects of EMPA. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight the positive contribution of Mfn1 and Opa1 to the anti-inflammatory therapeutic effect of EMPA. By restoring mitochondrial dynamics, EMPA effectively mitigates microglia-mediated neuroinflammation and prevents RGC loss in retinal IR injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenlan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Yidan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Xuhao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Shaofen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Yangyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Guitong Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Xu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Wenru Su
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
| | - Yehong Zhuo
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
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25
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Scalabrino ML, Thapa M, Wang T, Sampath AP, Chen J, Field GD. Late gene therapy limits the restoration of retinal function in a mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8256. [PMID: 38086857 PMCID: PMC10716155 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44063-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa is an inherited photoreceptor degeneration that begins with rod loss followed by cone loss. This cell loss greatly diminishes vision, with most patients becoming legally blind. Gene therapies are being developed, but it is unknown how retinal function depends on the time of intervention. To uncover this dependence, we utilize a mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa capable of artificial genetic rescue. This model enables a benchmark of best-case gene therapy by removing variables that complicate answering this question. Complete genetic rescue was performed at 25%, 50%, and 70% rod loss (early, mid and late, respectively). Early and mid treatment restore retinal output to near wild-type levels. Late treatment retinas exhibit continued, albeit slowed, loss of sensitivity and signal fidelity among retinal ganglion cells, as well as persistent gliosis. We conclude that gene replacement therapies delivered after 50% rod loss are unlikely to restore visual function to normal. This is critical information for administering gene therapies to rescue vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda L Scalabrino
- Stein Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Mishek Thapa
- Stein Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Tian Wang
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alapakkam P Sampath
- Stein Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jeannie Chen
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Greg D Field
- Stein Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
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26
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Chen J, Chen DF, Cho KS. The Role of Gut Microbiota in Glaucoma Progression and Other Retinal Diseases. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2023; 193:1662-1668. [PMID: 37490970 PMCID: PMC10616709 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2023.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
As a rapidly growing field, microbiota research offers novel approaches to promoting ocular health and treating major retinal diseases, such as glaucoma. Gut microbiota changes throughout life; however, certain patterns of population changes have been increasingly associated with specific diseases. It has been well established that a disrupted microbiome contributes to central nervous system diseases, including Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, multiple sclerosis, and glioma, suggesting a prominent role of microbiome in neurodegenerative diseases. This review summarizes the progress in identifying significant changes in the microbial composition of patients with glaucoma by compiling studies on the association between microbiota and disease progression. Of interest is the relationship between increased Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma, increased taurocholic acid, decreased glutathione, and a reduction in retinal ganglion cell survival. Connecting these microbes to specific metabolites sheds light on the pathogenic mechanism and novel treatment strategies. In summary, the current review synthesizes the findings of several studies investigating the effects of shifting bacterial population in retinal diseases, particularly glaucoma, with the aim to identify the current direction of treatment and help direct future endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dong Feng Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Kin-Sang Cho
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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27
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Rayner CL, Bottle SE, Martyn AP, Barnett NL. Preserving Retinal Structure and Function with the Novel Nitroxide Antioxidant, DCTEIO. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:3402-3419. [PMID: 37450210 PMCID: PMC10514139 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-03978-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a major contributor to progressive neurodegenerative disease and may be a key target for the development of novel preventative and therapeutic strategies. Nitroxides have been successfully utilised to study changes in redox status (biological probes) and modulate radical-induced oxidative stress. This study investigates the efficacy of DCTEIO (5,6-dicarboxy-1,1,3,3-tetraethyllisoindolin-2-yloxyl), a stable, kinetically-persistent, nitroxide-based antioxidant, as a retinal neuroprotectant. The preservation of retinal function following an acute ischaemic/reperfusion (I/R) insult in the presence of DCTEIO was quantified by electroretinography (ERG). Inflammatory responses in retinal glia were analysed by GFAP and IBA-1 immunohistochemistry, and retinal integrity assessed by histology. A nitroxide probe combined with flow cytometry provided a rapid technique to assess oxidative stress and the mitigation offered by antioxidant compounds in cultured 661W photoreceptor cells. DCTEIO protected the retina from I/R-induced damage, maintaining retinal function. Histological analysis showed preservation of retinal integrity with reduced disruption and disorganisation of the inner and outer nuclear layers. I/R injury upregulated GFAP expression, indicative of retinal stress, which was significantly blunted by DCTEIO. The number of 'activated' microglia, particularly in the outer retina, in response to cellular stress was also significantly reduced by DCTEIO, potentially suggesting reduced inflammasome activation and cell death. DCTEIO mitigated oxidative stress in 661W retinal cell cultures, in a dose-dependent fashion. Together these findings demonstrate the potential of DCTEIO as a neuroprotective therapeutic for degenerative diseases of the CNS that involve an ROS-mediated component, including those of the retina e.g. age-related macular degeneration and glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassie L Rayner
- Clem Jones Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, 14 University Drive, Robina, Gold Coast, QLD, 4226, Australia
- Queensland Eye Institute, South Brisbane, QLD, 4101, Australia
| | - Steven E Bottle
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Alexander P Martyn
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Cancer and Ageing Research Program (CARP), Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Nigel L Barnett
- Clem Jones Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, 14 University Drive, Robina, Gold Coast, QLD, 4226, Australia.
- Queensland Eye Institute, South Brisbane, QLD, 4101, Australia.
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Dharmarajan S, Carrillo C, Qi Z, Wilson JM, Baucum AJ, Sorenson CM, Sheibani N, Belecky-Adams TL. Retinal inflammation in murine models of type 1 and type 2 diabetes with diabetic retinopathy. Diabetologia 2023; 66:2170-2185. [PMID: 37670018 PMCID: PMC10541343 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-023-05995-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The loss of pericytes surrounding the retinal vasculature in early diabetic retinopathy underlies changes to the neurovascular unit that lead to more destructive forms of the disease. However, it is unclear which changes lead to loss of retinal pericytes. This study investigated the hypothesis that chronic increases in one or more inflammatory factors mitigate the signalling pathways needed for pericyte survival. METHODS Loss of pericytes and levels of inflammatory markers at the mRNA and protein levels were investigated in two genetic models of diabetes, Ins2Akita/+ (a model of type 1 diabetes) and Leprdb/db (a model of type 2 diabetes), at early stages of diabetic retinopathy. In addition, changes that accompany gliosis and the retinal vasculature were determined. Finally, changes in retinal pericytes chronically incubated with vehicle or increasing amounts of IFNγ were investigated to determine the effects on pericyte survival. The numbers of pericytes, microglia, astrocytes and endothelial cells in retinal flatmounts were determined by immunofluorescence. Protein and mRNA levels of inflammatory factors were determined using multiplex ELISAs and quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). The effects of IFNγ on the murine retinal pericyte survival-related platelet-derived growth factor receptor β (PDGFRβ) signalling pathway were investigated by western blot analysis. Finally, the levels of cell death-associated protein kinase C isoform delta (PKCδ) and cleaved caspase 3 (CC3) in pericytes were determined by western blot analysis and immunocytochemistry. RESULTS The essential findings of this study were that both type 1 and 2 diabetes were accompanied by a similar progression of retinal pericyte loss, as well as gliosis. However, inflammatory factor expression was dissimilar in the two models of diabetes, with peak expression occurring at different ages for each model. Retinal vascular changes were more severe in the type 2 diabetes model. Chronic incubation of murine retinal pericytes with IFNγ decreased PDGFRβ signalling and increased the levels of active PKCδ and CC3. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION We conclude that retinal inflammation is involved in and sustains pericyte loss as diabetic retinopathy progresses. Moreover, IFNγ plays a critical role in reducing pericyte survival in the retina by reducing activation of the PDGFRβ signalling pathway and increasing PKCδ levels and pericyte apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subramanian Dharmarajan
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Casandra Carrillo
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Zhonghua Qi
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jonathan M Wilson
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Anthony J Baucum
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Christine M Sorenson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Nader Sheibani
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Teri L Belecky-Adams
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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29
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Douglas VP, Douglas KAA, Iannaccone A. Microbiome and Inherited Retinal Degenerations. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2023; 193:1669-1674. [PMID: 37024045 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2023.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Inherited retinal degenerations (IRDs) represent a genetically and clinically heterogeneous group of progressive and visually debilitating disorders that can lead to irreversible visual loss. Our understanding of IRD pathogenesis at both the genetic and cellular levels has increased tremendously over the past two decades, but the exact pathogenic mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Enhanced understanding of the pathophysiology of these diseases can result in new treatment targets. Alterations in the human gut microbiome play a key role in the pathogenesis of many ocular and nonocular diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration, neurologic and metabolic disorders, and autoimmune conditions. The gut microbiome regulates the susceptibility of mice to develop experimental autoimmune uveitis, a model for autoimmune disease of the posterior portion of the eye elicited by the systemic response to retinal antigens. Because of the mounting evidence in favor of a role for local and systemic inflammatory and autoimmune-mediated components to IRD pathogenesis, this review presents the current knowledge of gut microbiome in IRDs and discusses the association between possible changes in gut microbiome and pathogenesis of these diseases, with special attention to their possible contribution to the inflammatory underpinnings of IRDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian P Douglas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Athens Naval Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos A A Douglas
- 1st Department of Ophthalmology, "G. Gennimatas" General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Alessandro Iannaccone
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke Eye Center, Durham, North Carolina.
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30
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García-Bermúdez MY, Vohra R, Freude K, van Wijngaarden P, Martin K, Thomsen MS, Aldana BI, Kolko M. Potential Retinal Biomarkers in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15834. [PMID: 37958816 PMCID: PMC10649108 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) represents a major diagnostic challenge, as early detection is crucial for effective intervention. This review examines the diagnostic challenges facing current AD evaluations and explores the emerging field of retinal alterations as early indicators. Recognizing the potential of the retina as a noninvasive window to the brain, we emphasize the importance of identifying retinal biomarkers in the early stages of AD. However, the examination of AD is not without its challenges, as the similarities shared with other retinal diseases introduce complexity in the search for AD-specific markers. In this review, we address the relevance of using the retina for the early diagnosis of AD and the complex challenges associated with the search for AD-specific retinal biomarkers. We provide a comprehensive overview of the current landscape and highlight avenues for progress in AD diagnosis by retinal examination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rupali Vohra
- Eye Translational Research Unit, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Ophthalmology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Kristine Freude
- Group of Stem Cell Models and Embryology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Peter van Wijngaarden
- Center for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia
- Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Keith Martin
- Center for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia
- Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Maj Schneider Thomsen
- Neurobiology Research and Drug Delivery, Department of Health, Science and Technology, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Blanca Irene Aldana
- Neurometabolism Research Group, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Miriam Kolko
- Eye Translational Research Unit, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Ophthalmology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark
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31
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García-Arroyo R, Domènech EB, Herrera-Úbeda C, Asensi MA, Núñez de Arenas C, Cuezva JM, Garcia-Fernàndez J, Pallardó FV, Mirra S, Marfany G. Exacerbated response to oxidative stress in the Retinitis Pigmentosa Cerkl KD/KO mouse model triggers retinal degeneration pathways upon acute light stress. Redox Biol 2023; 66:102862. [PMID: 37660443 PMCID: PMC10491808 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The retina is particularly vulnerable to genetic and environmental alterations that generate oxidative stress and cause cellular damage in photoreceptors and other retinal neurons, eventually leading to cell death. CERKL (CERamide Kinase-Like) mutations cause Retinitis Pigmentosa and Cone-Rod Dystrophy in humans, two disorders characterized by photoreceptor degeneration and progressive vision loss. CERKL is a resilience gene against oxidative stress, and its overexpression protects cells from oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. Besides, CERKL contributes to stress granule-formation and regulates mitochondrial dynamics in the retina. Using the CerklKD/KO albino mouse model, which recapitulates the human disease, we aimed to study the impact of Cerkl knockdown on stress response and activation of photoreceptor death mechanisms upon light/oxidative stress. After acute light injury, we assessed immediate or late retinal stress response, by combining both omic and non-omic approaches. Our results show that Cerkl knockdown increases ROS levels and causes a basal exacerbated stress state in the retina, through alterations in glutathione metabolism and stress granule production, overall compromising an adequate response to additional oxidative damage. As a consequence, several cell death mechanisms are triggered in CerklKD/KO retinas after acute light stress. Our studies indicate that Cerkl gene is a pivotal player in regulating light-challenged retinal homeostasis and shed light on how mutations in CERKL lead to blindness by dysregulation of the basal oxidative stress response in the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío García-Arroyo
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona - Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IBUB-IRSJD), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena B Domènech
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona - Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IBUB-IRSJD), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Herrera-Úbeda
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona - Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IBUB-IRSJD), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel A Asensi
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain; Department of Physiology, University of Valencia-INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Cristina Núñez de Arenas
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain; Departament of Molecular Biology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Cuezva
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain; Departament of Molecular Biology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Garcia-Fernàndez
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona - Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IBUB-IRSJD), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Federico V Pallardó
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain; Department of Physiology, University of Valencia-INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Serena Mirra
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona - Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IBUB-IRSJD), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Gemma Marfany
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona - Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IBUB-IRSJD), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.
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32
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Bhat M, Shirzad S, Fofana ARK, Gobeil F, Couture R, Vaucher E. Prevention of Inflammation, Neovascularization, and Retinal Dysfunction by Kinin B 1 Receptor Antagonism in a Mouse Model of Age-Related Macular Degeneration. J Clin Med 2023; 12:6213. [PMID: 37834856 PMCID: PMC10573521 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12196213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The kallikrein-kinin system (KKS) contributes to vascular inflammation and neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration (AMD), particularly via the kinin B1 receptor (B1R). The aim of the present study was to determine the protective effects of the topical administration of the B1R antagonist (R-954) on inflammation, neovascularization, and retinal dysfunction in a murine model of neovascular AMD. Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) was induced in C57BL6 mice using an argon laser. A treatment with ocular drops of R-954 (100 μg/15 μL, twice daily in both eyes), or vehicle, was started immediately on day 0, for 7, 14, or 21 days. CNV, invasive microglia, and B1R immunoreactive glial cells, as well as electroretinography alterations, were observed within the retina and choroid of the CNV group but not in the control group. The staining of B1R was abolished by R-954 treatment as well as the proliferation of microglia. R-954 treatment prevented the CNV development (volume: 20 ± 2 vs. 152 ± 5 × 104 µm3 in R-954 vs. saline treatment). R-954 also significantly decreased photoreceptor and bipolar cell dysfunction (a-wave amplitude: -47 ± 20 vs. -34 ± 14 µV and b-wave amplitude: 101 ± 27 vs. 64 ± 17 µV in R-954 vs. saline treatment, day 7) as well as angiogenesis tufts in the retina. These results suggest that self-administration of R-954 by eye-drop treatment could be a promising therapy in AMD to preserve retinal health and vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menakshi Bhat
- School of Optometry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1P1, Canada; (M.B.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada;
| | - Shima Shirzad
- School of Optometry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1P1, Canada; (M.B.)
| | | | - Fernand Gobeil
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada;
| | - Réjean Couture
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada;
| | - Elvire Vaucher
- School of Optometry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1P1, Canada; (M.B.)
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33
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Soucy JR, Aguzzi EA, Cho J, Gilhooley MJ, Keuthan C, Luo Z, Monavarfeshani A, Saleem MA, Wang XW, Wohlschlegel J, Baranov P, Di Polo A, Fortune B, Gokoffski KK, Goldberg JL, Guido W, Kolodkin AL, Mason CA, Ou Y, Reh TA, Ross AG, Samuels BC, Welsbie D, Zack DJ, Johnson TV. Retinal ganglion cell repopulation for vision restoration in optic neuropathy: a roadmap from the RReSTORe Consortium. Mol Neurodegener 2023; 18:64. [PMID: 37735444 PMCID: PMC10514988 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-023-00655-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death in glaucoma and other optic neuropathies results in irreversible vision loss due to the mammalian central nervous system's limited regenerative capacity. RGC repopulation is a promising therapeutic approach to reverse vision loss from optic neuropathies if the newly introduced neurons can reestablish functional retinal and thalamic circuits. In theory, RGCs might be repopulated through the transplantation of stem cell-derived neurons or via the induction of endogenous transdifferentiation. The RGC Repopulation, Stem Cell Transplantation, and Optic Nerve Regeneration (RReSTORe) Consortium was established to address the challenges associated with the therapeutic repair of the visual pathway in optic neuropathy. In 2022, the RReSTORe Consortium initiated ongoing international collaborative discussions to advance the RGC repopulation field and has identified five critical areas of focus: (1) RGC development and differentiation, (2) Transplantation methods and models, (3) RGC survival, maturation, and host interactions, (4) Inner retinal wiring, and (5) Eye-to-brain connectivity. Here, we discuss the most pertinent questions and challenges that exist on the path to clinical translation and suggest experimental directions to propel this work going forward. Using these five subtopic discussion groups (SDGs) as a framework, we suggest multidisciplinary approaches to restore the diseased visual pathway by leveraging groundbreaking insights from developmental neuroscience, stem cell biology, molecular biology, optical imaging, animal models of optic neuropathy, immunology & immunotolerance, neuropathology & neuroprotection, materials science & biomedical engineering, and regenerative neuroscience. While significant hurdles remain, the RReSTORe Consortium's efforts provide a comprehensive roadmap for advancing the RGC repopulation field and hold potential for transformative progress in restoring vision in patients suffering from optic neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Soucy
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass. Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Erika A Aguzzi
- The Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, England, UK
| | - Julie Cho
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Michael James Gilhooley
- The Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, England, UK
- Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, England, UK
| | - Casey Keuthan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ziming Luo
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Aboozar Monavarfeshani
- Center for Brain Science and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Meher A Saleem
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Health System, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Xue-Wei Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Petr Baranov
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass. Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Adriana Di Polo
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- University of Montreal Hospital Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Brad Fortune
- Discoveries in Sight Research Laboratories, Devers Eye Institute and Legacy Research Institute, Legacy Health, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Kimberly K Gokoffski
- Department of Ophthalmology, Roski Eye Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Goldberg
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - William Guido
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Alex L Kolodkin
- The Solomon H Snyder, Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Carol A Mason
- Departments of Pathology and Cell Biology, Neuroscience, and Ophthalmology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yvonne Ou
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Thomas A Reh
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ahmara G Ross
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Brian C Samuels
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Callahan Eye Hospital, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Derek Welsbie
- Shiley Eye Institute and Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Donald J Zack
- Glaucoma Center of Excellence, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21287 MD, USA
- Departments of Neuroscience, Molecular Biology & Genetics, and Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Thomas V Johnson
- Departments of Neuroscience, Molecular Biology & Genetics, and Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Cellular & Molecular Medicine Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21287 MD, USA.
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Abstract
Because the central nervous system is largely nonrenewing, neurons and their synapses must be maintained over the lifetime of an individual to ensure circuit function. Age is a dominant risk factor for neural diseases, and declines in nervous system function are a common feature of aging even in the absence of disease. These alterations extend to the visual system and, in particular, to the retina. The retina is a site of clinically relevant age-related alterations but has also proven to be a uniquely approachable system for discovering principles that govern neural aging because it is well mapped, contains diverse neuron types, and is experimentally accessible. In this article, we review the structural and molecular impacts of aging on neurons within the inner and outer retina circuits. We further discuss the contribution of non-neuronal cell types and systems to retinal aging outcomes. Understanding how and why the retina ages is critical to efforts aimed at preventing age-related neural decline and restoring neural function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Zhu
- Department of Neuroscience, Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA;
| | - Sharma Pooja Tarachand
- Department of Neuroscience, Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA;
| | - Qudrat Abdulwahab
- Department of Neuroscience, Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA;
| | - Melanie A Samuel
- Department of Neuroscience, Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA;
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35
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Conedera FM, Runnels JM, Stein JV, Alt C, Enzmann V, Lin CP. Assessing the role of T cells in response to retinal injury to uncover new therapeutic targets for the treatment of retinal degeneration. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:206. [PMID: 37689689 PMCID: PMC10492418 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02867-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinal degeneration is a disease affecting the eye, which is an immune-privileged site because of its anatomical and physiological properties. Alterations in retinal homeostasis-because of injury, disease, or aging-initiate inflammatory cascades, where peripheral leukocytes (PL) infiltrate the parenchyma, leading to retinal degeneration. So far, research on PL's role in retinal degeneration was limited to observing a few cell types at specific times or sectioning the tissue. This restricted our understanding of immune cell interactions and response duration. METHODS In vivo microscopy in preclinical mouse models can overcome these limitations enabling the spatio-temporal characterization of PL dynamics. Through in vivo imaging, we assessed structural and fluorescence changes in response to a focal injury at a defined location over time. We also utilized minimally invasive techniques, pharmacological interventions, and knockout (KO) mice to determine the role of PL in local inflammation. Furthermore, we investigated PL abundance and localization during retinal degeneration in human eyes by histological analysis to assess to which extent our preclinical study translates to human retinal degeneration. RESULTS We demonstrate that PL, especially T cells, play a detrimental role during retinal injury response. In mice, we observed the recruitment of helper and cytotoxic T cells in the parenchyma post-injury, and T cells also resided in the macula and peripheral retina in pathological conditions in humans. Additionally, we found that the pharmacological PL reduction and genetic depletion of T-cells reduced injured areas in murine retinas and rescued the blood-retina barrier (BRB) integrity. Both conditions promoted morphological changes of Cx3cr1+ cells, including microglial cells, toward an amoeboid phenotype during injury response. Interestingly, selective depletion of CD8+ T cells accelerated recovery of the BRB compared to broader depletions. After anti-CD8 treatment, the retinal function improved, concomitant to a beneficial immune response. CONCLUSIONS Our data provide novel insights into the adaptive immune response to retinal injury in mice and human retinal degeneration. Such information is fundamental to understanding retinal disorders and developing therapeutics to modulate immune responses to retinal degeneration safely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica M Conedera
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Judith M Runnels
- Center for Systems Biology and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jens V Stein
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Clemens Alt
- Center for Systems Biology and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Volker Enzmann
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland.
- Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Charles P Lin
- Center for Systems Biology and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Chang J, Wang Y, Xu J, Du X, Cui J, Zhang T, Chen Y. Ginsenoside Re Mitigates Photooxidative Stress-Mediated Photoreceptor Degeneration and Retinal Inflammation. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2023; 18:397-412. [PMID: 37326907 PMCID: PMC10577105 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-023-10073-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Loss of photoreceptors is the central pathology accountable for irreversible vision impairment in patients with photoreceptor degenerative disorders. Currently, mechanisms-based pharmacological therapies protecting photoreceptors from degenerative progression remain clinically unavailable. Photooxidative stress plays a pivotal role in initiating the degenerative cascade in photoreceptors. Meanwhile, photoreceptor degeneration interacts closely with neurotoxic inflammatory responses primarily mediated by aberrantly activated microglia in the retina. Thus, therapies with anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties have been actively investigated for their pharmacological value in controlling photoreceptor degeneration. In the current study, we examined the pharmacological potentials of ginsenoside Re (Re), a naturally occurring antioxidant with anti-inflammatory activities, in photooxidative stress-mediated photoreceptor degeneration. Our results demonstrate that Re attenuates photooxidative stress and associated lipid peroxidation in the retina. Furthermore, Re treatment preserves the morphological and functional integrity of the retina, counteracts photooxidative stress-induced perturbation of the retinal gene expression profiles and mitigates photoreceptor degeneration-associated neuroinflammatory responses and microglia activation in the retina. Lastly, Re partially antagonizes the deleterious effects of photooxidative stress on müller cells, verifying its beneficial impact on retina homeostasis. In conclusion, the work here provides experimental evidence supporting novel pharmacological implications of Re in attenuating photooxidative stress-mediated photoreceptor degeneration and ensuing neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chang
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China
| | - Yujue Wang
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China
- Clinical Research Institute of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China
| | - Xiaoye Du
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China
- Clinical Research Institute of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China
| | - Jingang Cui
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China
- Clinical Research Institute of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China
| | - Teng Zhang
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China
- Clinical Research Institute of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China.
- Clinical Research Institute of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China.
- Laboratory of Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China.
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Díaz-Lezama N, Kajtna J, Wu J, Ayten M, Koch SF. Microglial and macroglial dynamics in a model of retinitis pigmentosa. Vision Res 2023; 210:108268. [PMID: 37295269 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2023.108268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In retinal degenerative diseases, such as retinitis pigmentosa (RP), the characteristic photoreceptor cell death is associated with changes of microglia and macroglia cells. Gene therapy, a promising treatment option for RP, is based on the premise that glial cell remodeling does not impact vision rescue. However, the dynamics of glial cells after treatment at late disease stages are not well understood. Here, we tested the reversibility of specific RP glia phenotypes in a Pde6b-deficient RP gene therapy mouse model. We demonstrated an increased number of activated microglia, retraction of microglial processes, reactive gliosis of Müller cells, astrocyte remodelling and an upregulation of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in response to photoreceptor degeneration. Importantly, these changes returned to normal following rod rescue at late disease stages. These results suggest that therapeutic approaches restore the homeostasis between photoreceptors and glial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nundehui Díaz-Lezama
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Jacqueline Kajtna
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Jiou Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Monika Ayten
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Susanne F Koch
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany.
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Ramsay E, Lajunen T, Bhattacharya M, Reinisalo M, Rilla K, Kidron H, Terasaki T, Urtti A. Selective drug delivery to the retinal cells: Biological barriers and avenues. J Control Release 2023; 361:1-19. [PMID: 37481214 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Retinal drug delivery is a challenging, but important task, because most retinal diseases are still without any proper therapy. Drug delivery to the retina is hampered by the anatomical and physiological barriers resulting in minimal bioavailability after topical ocular and systemic administrations. Intravitreal injections are current method-of-choice in retinal delivery, but these injections show short duration of action for small molecules and low target bioavailability for many protein, gene based drugs and nanomedicines. State-of-art delivery systems are based on prolonged retention, controlled drug release and physical features (e.g. size and charge). However, drug delivery to the retina is not cell-specific and these approaches do not facilitate intracellular delivery of modern biological drugs (e.g. intracellular proteins, RNA based medicines, gene editing). In this focused review we highlight biological factors and mechanisms that form the basis for the selective retinal drug delivery systems in the future. Therefore, we are presenting current knowledge related to retinal membrane transporters, receptors and targeting ligands in relation to nanomedicines, conjugates, extracellular vesicles, and melanin binding. These issues are discussed in the light of retinal structure and cell types as well as future prospects in the field. Unlike in some other fields of targeted drug delivery (e.g. cancer research), selective delivery technologies have been rarely studied, even though cell targeted delivery may be even more feasible after local administration into the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Ramsay
- Drug Research Programme, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tatu Lajunen
- Drug Research Programme, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland; School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 C, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Madhushree Bhattacharya
- Drug Research Programme, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mika Reinisalo
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 C, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kirsi Rilla
- School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 C, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Heidi Kidron
- Drug Research Programme, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tetsuya Terasaki
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 C, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Arto Urtti
- Drug Research Programme, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland; School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 C, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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Tan Y, Huang J, Li D, Zou C, Liu D, Qin B. Single-cell RNA sequencing in dissecting microenvironment of age-related macular degeneration: Challenges and perspectives. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 90:102030. [PMID: 37549871 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness in individuals over the age of 50 years, yet its etiology and pathogenesis largely remain uncovered. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) technologies are recently developed and have a number of advantages over conventional bulk RNA sequencing techniques in uncovering the heterogeneity of complex microenvironments containing numerous cell types and cell communications during various biological processes. In this review, we summarize the latest discovered cellular components and regulatory mechanisms during AMD development revealed by scRNA-seq. In addition, we discuss the main challenges and future directions in exploring the pathophysiology of AMD equipped with single-cell technologies. Our review underscores the importance of multimodal single-cell platforms (such as single-cell spatiotemporal multi-omics and single-cell exosome omics) as new approaches for basic and clinical AMD research in identifying biomarker, characterizing cellular responses to drug treatment and environmental stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Tan
- Shenzhen Aier Eye Hospital, Aier Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianguo Huang
- Shenzhen Aier Eye Hospital, Aier Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Deshuang Li
- Shenzhen Aier Eye Hospital, Aier Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chang Zou
- Shenzhen Aier Eye Hospital, Aier Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China; Shenzhen Aier Ophthalmic Technology Institute, Shenzhen, China; School of Life and Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Kong Hong, Shenzhen 518000, Guangdong, China.
| | - Dongcheng Liu
- Shenzhen Aier Eye Hospital, Aier Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China; Shenzhen Aier Ophthalmic Technology Institute, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Bo Qin
- Shenzhen Aier Eye Hospital, Aier Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China; Shenzhen Aier Ophthalmic Technology Institute, Shenzhen, China; Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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40
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Li D, Xu J, Chang J, Wang Y, Du X, Wu H, Cui J, Wang P, Zhang T, Chen Y. Hyperoside protects against oxidative stress-mediated photoreceptor degeneration: therapeutic potentials for photoreceptor degenerative diseases. J Transl Med 2023; 21:569. [PMID: 37620913 PMCID: PMC10463396 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04459-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photoreceptor degeneration underpinned by oxidative stress-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death leads to progressive and irreversible vision impairment. Drug treatments that protect against photoreceptor degeneration are currently available in the clinical settings. It has been shown that hyperoside, a flavonol glycoside, protects against neuronal loss in part by suppressing oxidative stress and maintaining the functional integrity of mitochondria. However, whether hyperoside protects against photoreceptor degeneration remains unknown. METHODS To address the pharmacological potentials of hyperoside against oxidative stress-mediated photoreceptor degeneration on molecular, cellular, structural and functional levels, multiple in vitro and in vivo methodologies were employed in the current study, including live-cell imaging, optical coherence tomography, electroretinography, histological/immunohistochemical examinations, transmission electron microscopy, RNA-sequencing and real-time qPCR. RESULTS The in vitro results demonstrate that hyperoside suppresses oxidative stress-mediated photoreceptor cell death in part by mitigating mitochondrial dysfunction. The in vivo results reveal that hyperoside protects against photooxidative stress-induced photoreceptor morphological, functional and ultrastructural degeneration. Meanwhile, hyperoside treatment offsets the deleterious impact of photooxidative stress on multiple molecular pathways implicated in the pathogenesis of photoreceptor degeneration. Lastly, hyperoside attenuates photoreceptor degeneration-associated microglial inflammatory activation and reactive Müller cell gliosis. CONCLUSIONS All things considered, the present study demonstrates for the first time that hyperoside attenuates oxidative stress-induced photoreceptor mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death. The photoreceptor-intrinsic protective effects of hyperoside are corroborated by hyperoside-conferred protection against photooxidative stress-mediated photoreceptor degeneration and perturbation in retinal homeostasis, warranting further evaluation of hyperoside as a photoreceptor protective agent for the treatment of related photoreceptor degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daijin Li
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China
- Clinical Research Institute of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China
| | - Jie Chang
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China
| | - Yujue Wang
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China
| | - Xiaoye Du
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China
- Clinical Research Institute of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China
| | - Hanhan Wu
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China
| | - Jingang Cui
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China
- Clinical Research Institute of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China
| | - Peiwei Wang
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China
- Clinical Research Institute of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China
| | - Teng Zhang
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China
- Clinical Research Institute of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China.
- Clinical Research Institute of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China.
- Laboratory of Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China.
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Aredo B, Kumar A, Chen B, Xing C, Ufret-Vincenty RL. Single Cell RNA Sequencing Analysis of Mouse Retina Identifies a Subpopulation of Muller Glia Involved in Retinal Recovery From Injury in the FCD-LIRD Model. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:2. [PMID: 37526616 PMCID: PMC10399600 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.11.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Although retinal light injury models have been useful in understanding aspects of retinal degeneration and retinal oxidative stress, information on retinal recovery from oxidative/photoinflammatory retinal injury is scarce. The fundus camera-delivered light-induced retinal degeneration model is a simple and reproducible retinal light injury model developed to recapitulate not only the retinal degeneration aspect, but also the retinal recovery from injury. In this study, we used the fundus camera-delivered light-induced retinal degeneration model to perform cell type-specific analyses of the acute and subacute retinal responses to light injury. Methods C57BL/6J eyes were collected before or after light injury (4 hours, 48 hours, and day 5). Retina samples were processed into single-cell suspensions. Droplet-based encapsulation of single cells was performed to generate libraries for sequencing. Results Gene expression analysis generated 23 clusters encompassing all known major retinal cell populations. Using unbiased analyses, we identified genes and pathways that were significantly altered in each cell type after light injury, including some cellular processes suggestive of activation of pathways for retinal recovery (e.g., synaptogenesis signaling, ephrin receptor signaling, and Reelin signaling in neurons). More importantly, our data show that a subpopulation of Muller glia cells may play an important role in the cellular recovery process. Conclusions This work identifies acute and subacute cell type-specific responses to retinal photo-oxidative injury. A subpopulation of Muller glia seems to initiate the cellular recovery process. A better understanding of these responses may be helpful in identifying therapeutic approaches to minimize retinal damage and maximize recovery after exposure to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogale Aredo
- Department of Ophthalmology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States
| | - Chao Xing
- McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States
- Department of Bioinformatics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States
- Department of Population and Data Sciences, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States
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Wasilewska I, Majewski Ł, Adamek-Urbańska D, Mondal SS, Baranykova S, Gupta RK, Bielecki D, Winata CL, Kuznicki J. Lack of Stim2 Affects Vision-Dependent Behavior and Sensitivity to Hypoxia. Zebrafish 2023; 20:146-159. [PMID: 37590563 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2022.0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Stromal interaction molecules (STIMs) are endoplasmic reticulum-resident proteins that regulate Ca2+ homeostasis and signaling by store-operated calcium entry (SOCE). The different properties and functions of STIM1 and STIM2 have been described mostly based on work in vitro. STIM2 knockout mice do not survive until adulthood. Therefore, we generated and characterized stim2a and stim2b double-knockout zebrafish. The (stim2a;stim2b)-/- zebrafish did not have any apparent morphological phenotype. However, RNA sequencing revealed 1424 differentially expressed genes. One of the most upregulated genes was annexin A3a, which is a marker of activated microglia. This corresponded well to an increase in Neutral Red staining in the in vivo imaging of the (stim2a;stim2b)-/- zebrafish brain. The lack of Stim2 decreased zebrafish survival under low oxygen conditions. Behavioral tests, such as the visual-motor response test and dark-light preference test, indicated that (stim2a;stim2b)-/- larvae might have problems with vision. This was consistent with the downregulation of many genes that are related to light perception. The periodic acid-Schiff staining of retina sections from adult zebrafish revealed alterations of the stratum pigmentosum, suggesting the involvement of a Stim2-dependent process in visual perception. Altogether, these data reveal new functions for Stim2 in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iga Wasilewska
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Łukasz Majewski
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dobrochna Adamek-Urbańska
- Department of Ichthyology and Biotechnology in Aquaculture, Institute of Animal Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Shamba S Mondal
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sofiia Baranykova
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rishikesh K Gupta
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dominik Bielecki
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Cecilia L Winata
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Kuznicki
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Al-Nawaiseh S, Krötz C, Rickmann A, Strack C, Germann A, von Briesen H, Szurman P, Schulz A, Stanzel BV. A rabbit model for outer retinal atrophy caused by surgical RPE removal. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2023; 261:2265-2280. [PMID: 36976356 PMCID: PMC10368565 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-023-06014-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We aimed to establish a rabbit model with retinal atrophy induced by an iatrogenic retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) removal, for future testing of the efficacy and safety of cell therapy strategies. METHODS A localized detachment of the retina from the RPE/choroid layer was created in 18 pigmented rabbits. The RPE was removed by scraping with a custom-made extendable loop instrument. The resulting RPE wound was observed over a time course of 12 weeks with optical coherence tomography and angiography. After 4 days (group 1) and 12 weeks (group 2), histology was done and staining with hematoxylin and eosin, as well as immunofluorescence performed to further investigate the effects of debridement on the RPE and the overlying retina. RESULTS Already after 4 days, we observed a closure of the RPE wound by proliferating RPE and microglia/macrophage cells forming a multilayered clump. This pattern continued over the observation time course of 12 weeks, whereby the inner and outer nuclear layer of the retina became atrophic. No neovascularization was observed in the angiograms or histology. The observed changes were limited to the site of the former RPE wound. CONCLUSIONS Localized surgical RPE removal induced an adjacent progressive retinal atrophy. Altering the natural course of this model may serve as a basis to test RPE cell therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Al-Nawaiseh
- Eye Clinic Sulzbach, Knappschaft Hospital Saar, Sulzbach/Saar, Germany
| | - Christina Krötz
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Sulzbach/Saar, Germany
| | | | - Claudine Strack
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Anja Germann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Sulzbach/Saar, Germany
| | - Hagen von Briesen
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Sulzbach/Saar, Germany
| | - Peter Szurman
- Eye Clinic Sulzbach, Knappschaft Hospital Saar, Sulzbach/Saar, Germany
- Klaus Heimann Eye Research Institute (KHERI), Sulzbach/Saar, Germany
| | - André Schulz
- Eye Clinic Sulzbach, Knappschaft Hospital Saar, Sulzbach/Saar, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Sulzbach/Saar, Germany
- Klaus Heimann Eye Research Institute (KHERI), Sulzbach/Saar, Germany
| | - Boris V Stanzel
- Eye Clinic Sulzbach, Knappschaft Hospital Saar, Sulzbach/Saar, Germany.
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Sulzbach/Saar, Germany.
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
- Klaus Heimann Eye Research Institute (KHERI), Sulzbach/Saar, Germany.
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Móvio MI, de Lima-Vasconcellos TH, Dos Santos GB, Echeverry MB, Colombo E, Mattos LS, Resende RR, Kihara AH. Retinal organoids from human-induced pluripotent stem cells: From studying retinal dystrophies to early diagnosis of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 144:77-86. [PMID: 36210260 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have provided new methods to study neurodegenerative diseases. In addition to their wide application in neuronal disorders, hiPSCs technology can also encompass specific conditions, such as inherited retinal dystrophies. The possibility of evaluating alterations related to retinal disorders in 3D organoids increases the truthfulness of in vitro models. Moreover, both Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) have been described as causing early retinal alterations, generating beta-amyloid protein accumulation, or affecting dopaminergic amacrine cells. This review addresses recent advances and future perspectives obtained from in vitro modeling of retinal diseases, focusing on retinitis pigmentosa (RP). Additionally, we depicted the possibility of evaluating changes related to AD and PD in retinal organoids obtained from potential patients long before the onset of the disease, constituting a valuable tool in early diagnosis. With this, we pointed out prospects in the study of retinal dystrophies and early diagnosis of AD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marília Inês Móvio
- Laboratório de Neurogenética, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Marcela Bermudez Echeverry
- Centro de Matemática, Computação e Cognição, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil
| | - Elisabetta Colombo
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Leonardo S Mattos
- Biomedical Robotics Laboratory, Department of Advanced Robotics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | - Rodrigo Ribeiro Resende
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Hiroaki Kihara
- Laboratório de Neurogenética, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil; Centro de Matemática, Computação e Cognição, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil.
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Yu C, Lad EM, Mathew R, Littleton S, Chen Y, Schlepckow K, Degan S, Chew L, Amason J, Kalnitsky J, Rickman CB, Proia AD, Colonna M, Haass C, Saban DR. Microglia at Sites of Atrophy Restrict the Progression of Retinal Degeneration via Galectin-3 and Trem2 Interactions. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.19.549403. [PMID: 37502831 PMCID: PMC10370087 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.19.549403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Degenerative diseases of the outer retina, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), are characterized by atrophy of photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). In these blinding diseases, macrophages are known to accumulate ectopically at sites of atrophy, but their ontogeny and functional specialization within this atrophic niche remain poorly understood, especially in the human context. Here, we uncovered a transcriptionally unique profile of microglia, marked by galectin-3 upregulation, at atrophic sites in mouse models of retinal degeneration and in human AMD. Using disease models, we found that conditional deletion of galectin-3 in microglia led to defects in phagocytosis and consequent augmented photoreceptor death, RPE damage and vision loss, suggestive of a protective role. Mechanistically, Trem2 signaling orchestrated the migration of microglial cells to sites of atrophy, and there, induced galectin-3 expression. Moreover, pharmacologic Trem2 agonization led to heightened protection, but only in a galectin-3-dependent manner, further signifying the functional interdependence of these two molecules. Likewise in elderly human subjects, we identified a highly conserved population of microglia at the transcriptomic, protein and spatial levels, and this population was enriched in the macular region of postmortem AMD subjects. Collectively, our findings reveal an atrophy-associated specialization of microglia that restricts the progression of retinal degeneration in mice and further suggest that these protective microglia are conserved in AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine; Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Eleonora M Lad
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine; Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Rose Mathew
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine; Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Sejiro Littleton
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine; Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Immunology, Duke University; Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kai Schlepckow
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich; 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Simone Degan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine; Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Lindsey Chew
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine; Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Joshua Amason
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine; Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Joan Kalnitsky
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine; Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Catherine Bowes Rickman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine; Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University; Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Alan D Proia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine; Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine; Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Pathology, Campbell University Jerry M. Wallace School of Osteopathic Medicine, Lillington, NC 27546, USA
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Christian Haass
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich; 81377 Munich, Germany
- Chair of Metabolic Biochemistry, Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; 81377 Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel R Saban
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine; Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Immunology, Duke University; Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Theune WC, Frost MP, Trakhtenberg EF. Transcriptomic profiling of retinal cells reveals a subpopulation of microglia/macrophages expressing Rbpms marker of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) that confound identification of RGCs. Brain Res 2023; 1811:148377. [PMID: 37121423 PMCID: PMC10246437 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) by scRNA-seq is emerging as a state-of-the-art method for studying RGC biology and subtypes, as well as for studying the mechanisms of neuroprotection and axon regeneration in the central nervous system (CNS). Rbpms has been established as a pan-RGC marker, and Spp1 has been established as an αRGC type and macrophage marker. Here, we analyzed by scRNA-seq retinal microglia and macrophages, and found Rbpms+ subpopulations of retinal microglia/macrophages, which pose a potential pitfall in scRNA-seq studies involving RGCs. We performed comparative analysis of cellular identity of the presumed RGC cells isolated in recent scRNA-seq studies, and found that Rbpms+ microglia/macrophages confounded identification of RGCs. We also showed using immunohistological analysis that, Rbpms protein localizes to stress granules in a subpopulation of retinal microglia after optic nerve injury, which was further supported by bioinformatics analysis identifying stress granule-associated genes enriched in the Rbpms+ microglia/macrophages. Our findings suggest that the identification of Rbpms+ RGCs by immunostaining after optic nerve injury should exclude cells in which Rbpms signal is restricted to a subcellular granule, and include only those cells in which the Rbpms signal is labeling cell soma diffusely. Finally, we provide solutions for circumventing this potential pitfall of Rbpms-expressing microglia/macrophages in scRNA-seq studies, by including in RGC and αRGC selection criteria other pan-RGC and αRGC markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C Theune
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Matthew P Frost
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Ephraim F Trakhtenberg
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
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Qi Y, Liu L, Liang D, Tang S, Yu X, Ye H, Chen N. Bujing Yishi tablets alleviate photoreceptor cells death via the P2X7R/CX3CL1/CX3CR1 pathway in Retinitis Pigmentosa rats. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 115:154828. [PMID: 37116386 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) refers to a group of progressive photoreceptor degenerative diseases. The activation of microglia has been reported to play an important role in the photoreceptor degeneration in RP retinal. Bujing Yishi tablets (BJYS), a Chinese herbal medicine, has been used to treat retinal diseases in China with desirable effect in improving visual function. However, the mechanisms underlying the efficacy of BJYS treatment in RP are not yet fully understood. PURPOSE Based on the preliminary experiments, this study aimed to investigate the therapeutic mechanism involved in treating N-Methyl-N-Nitrosourea (MNU)-induced retinal degeneration of RP with BJYS. METHODS To explore the efficacy of BJYS, a rat experimental RP model was established through intraperitoneal injection of MNU (50 mg/kg). Two experiment was carried out. After the treatment, we conducted H&E, TUNEL, retinal cytokine levels and IBA-1 expression in microglia to confirm the impact on RP model. The specific mechanism of action of BJYS tablet was assessed by western blot, real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and immunofluorescence to determine the mRNA and protein expression levels involved in clarifying the effectiveness of BJYS exerted through P2X7R/CX3CL1/CX3CR1 pathway. RESULTS Significant alleviation of retinal morphological structure and photoreceptor degeneration by BJYS treatment was observed in the retinal of MNU-induced RP rats, BJYS prevented the reduction of ONL thickness and decreased the level of apoptotic cells in ONL. It also inhibited microglia overactivation and reduced retinal levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α. In addition, BJYS decreased the protein expression and mRNA expression of P2X7, CX3CL1 and CX3CR1 and reduced the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK. CONCLUSION In summary, this study suggested that BJYS treatment could alleviate photoreceptors degeneration of RP by inhibiting microglia overactivation and inflammation through the P2X7R/CX3CL1/CX3CR1 pathway. These effects suggest that BJYS tablets may serve as a promising oral therapeutic agent for RP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Qi
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Postdoctoral Research Station of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lu Liu
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Dan Liang
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Shiyun Tang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoyi Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Hejiang Ye
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China..
| | - Nianzhi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound in Medicine and Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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48
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Mawambo G, Oubaha M, Ichiyama Y, Blot G, Crespo-Garcia S, Dejda A, Binet F, Diaz-Marin R, Sawchyn C, Sergeev M, Juneau R, Kaufman RJ, Affar EB, Mallette FA, Wilson AM, Sapieha P. HIF1α-dependent hypoxia response in myeloid cells requires IRE1α. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:145. [PMID: 37344842 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02793-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular adaptation to low oxygen tension triggers primitive pathways that ensure proper cell function. Conditions of hypoxia and low glucose are characteristic of injured tissues and hence successive waves of inflammatory cells must be suited to function under low oxygen tension and metabolic stress. While Hypoxia-Inducible Factor (HIF)-1α has been shown to be essential for the inflammatory response of myeloid cells by regulating the metabolic switch to glycolysis, less is known about how HIF1α is triggered in inflammation. Here, we demonstrate that cells of the innate immune system require activity of the inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α/XBP1) axis in order to initiate HIF1α-dependent production of cytokines such as IL1β, IL6 and VEGF-A. Knockout of either HIF1α or IRE1α in myeloid cells ameliorates vascular phenotypes in a model of retinal pathological angiogenesis driven by sterile inflammation. Thus, pathways associated with ER stress, in partnership with HIF1α, may co-regulate immune adaptation to low oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Mawambo
- Department of Biochemistry, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, Université de Montréal, 5415 De L'Assomption Boulevard, Montréal, QC, H1T 2M4, Canada
| | - Malika Oubaha
- Department of Biochemistry, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, Université de Montréal, 5415 De L'Assomption Boulevard, Montréal, QC, H1T 2M4, Canada
- Départment de Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec À Montréal (UQAM), Montréal, QC, H2X 1L4, Canada
| | - Yusuke Ichiyama
- Department of Ophthalmology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H1T 2M4, Canada
| | - Guillaume Blot
- Department of Biochemistry, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, Université de Montréal, 5415 De L'Assomption Boulevard, Montréal, QC, H1T 2M4, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H1T 2M4, Canada
| | - Sergio Crespo-Garcia
- Department of Biochemistry, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, Université de Montréal, 5415 De L'Assomption Boulevard, Montréal, QC, H1T 2M4, Canada
- School of Optometry, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, H3T1P1, Canada
| | - Agnieszka Dejda
- Department of Biochemistry, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, Université de Montréal, 5415 De L'Assomption Boulevard, Montréal, QC, H1T 2M4, Canada
| | - François Binet
- Department of Biochemistry, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, Université de Montréal, 5415 De L'Assomption Boulevard, Montréal, QC, H1T 2M4, Canada
| | - Roberto Diaz-Marin
- Department of Biochemistry, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, Université de Montréal, 5415 De L'Assomption Boulevard, Montréal, QC, H1T 2M4, Canada
| | - Christina Sawchyn
- Department of Biochemistry, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, Université de Montréal, 5415 De L'Assomption Boulevard, Montréal, QC, H1T 2M4, Canada
| | - Mikhail Sergeev
- Department of Biochemistry, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, Université de Montréal, 5415 De L'Assomption Boulevard, Montréal, QC, H1T 2M4, Canada
| | - Rachel Juneau
- Department of Biochemistry, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, Université de Montréal, 5415 De L'Assomption Boulevard, Montréal, QC, H1T 2M4, Canada
| | - Randal J Kaufman
- Degenerative Diseases Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - El Bachir Affar
- Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Frédérick A Mallette
- Department of Biochemistry, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, Université de Montréal, 5415 De L'Assomption Boulevard, Montréal, QC, H1T 2M4, Canada
| | - Ariel M Wilson
- Department of Biochemistry, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, Université de Montréal, 5415 De L'Assomption Boulevard, Montréal, QC, H1T 2M4, Canada
| | - Przemyslaw Sapieha
- Department of Biochemistry, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, Université de Montréal, 5415 De L'Assomption Boulevard, Montréal, QC, H1T 2M4, Canada.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H1T 2M4, Canada.
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Lin AC, Park SJ, Daniels GA, Borooah S. Pigmentary retinopathy associated with immune therapy for advanced cutaneous melanoma. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep 2023; 30:101849. [PMID: 37131528 PMCID: PMC10149182 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajoc.2023.101849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To describe a case of bilateral retinal pigmentary changes in the setting of immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy (ICIT). Observations A 69-year-old man with a history of advanced cutaneous melanoma was started on combination ICIT with nivolumab and ipilimumab and stereotactic body radiation therapy. Soon after, he developed photopsias and nyctalopia with findings of discrete retinal pigmentary changes bilaterally. Initial visual acuities were 20/20 and 20/30 in the right and left eye, respectively. Multi-modal imaging revealed sub-retinal deposits with progressive changes in pigmentation and autofluorescence, associated with decreased peripheral fields on formal perimetry. A full-field electroretinogram revealed attenuated and delayed a- and b-waves. Positive serum retinal autoantibodies were identified. The patient developed left-sided optic nerve edema and center-involving cystoid macular edema which improved after treatment with sub-tenon's triamcinolone. Conclusions The use of ICIT has greatly expanded in oncologic practice with subsequent increases in immune related adverse events that pose significant systemic and ophthalmologic morbidities. We propose that the new retinal pigmentary changes seen in this case are the sequelae of an autoimmune inflammatory response against pigmented cells. This adds to the rare side effects that may occur after ICIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C. Lin
- Shiley Eye Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Soo J. Park
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Gregory A. Daniels
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Shyamanga Borooah
- Shiley Eye Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Corresponding author. 9415 Campus Point Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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Si Z, Zheng Y, Zhao J. The Role of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Phagocytosis and Autophagy. Biomolecules 2023; 13:901. [PMID: 37371481 DOI: 10.3390/biom13060901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) causes vision loss in the elderly population. Dry AMD leads to the formation of Drusen, while wet AMD is characterized by cell proliferation and choroidal angiogenesis. The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) plays a key role in AMD pathogenesis. In particular, helioreceptor renewal depends on outer segment phagocytosis of RPE cells, while RPE autophagy can protect cells from oxidative stress damage. However, when the oxidative stress burden is too high and homeostasis is disturbed, the phagocytosis and autophagy functions of RPE become damaged, leading to AMD development and progression. Hence, characterizing the roles of RPE cell phagocytosis and autophagy in the pathogenesis of AMD can inform the development of potential therapeutic targets to prevent irreversible RPE and photoreceptor cell death, thus protecting against AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibo Si
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, China
| | - Yajuan Zheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, China
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