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Kulkarni PS, Potey AV, Bharati S, Kunhihitlu A, Narasimha B, Yallapa S, Dharmadhikari A, Gavade V, Kamat CD, Mallya A, Sarma AD, Goel S, Pisal SS, Poonawalla CS, Venkatesan R, Jones E, Flaxman A, Kim YC, Pollard AJ. The safety and immunogenicity of a bivalent conjugate vaccine against Salmonella enterica Typhi and Paratyphi A in healthy Indian adults: a phase 1, randomised, active-controlled, double-blind trial. Lancet 2024; 403:1554-1562. [PMID: 38555928 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(24)00249-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enteric fever caused by Salmonella enterica Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi A is an important public health problem, especially in low-income and middle-income countries with limited access to safe water and sanitation. We present results from, to our knowledge, the first ever human study of a bivalent paratyphoid A-typhoid conjugate vaccine (Sii-PTCV). METHODS In this double-blind phase 1 study, 60 healthy Indian adults were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive a single intramuscular dose of either Sii-PTCV or typhoid conjugate vaccine (Typbar-TCV). Safety was assessed by observing solicited adverse events for 1 week, unsolicited events for 1 month, and serious adverse events (SAEs) over 6 months. Immunogenicity at 1 month and 6 months was assessed by measuring anti-capsular polysaccharide antigen Vi (anti-Vi) IgG and IgA against Salmonella Typhi and anti-lipopolysaccharide (LPS) IgG against Salmonella Paratyphi A by ELISA, and functional antibodies using serum bactericidal assay (SBA) against Salmonella Paratyphi A. This study is registered with Clinical Trial Registry-India (CTRI/2022/06/043608) and is completed. FINDINGS 60 participants were enrolled. Of these 60 participants, 57 (95%) participants were male and three (5%) participants were female. Solicited adverse events were observed in 27 (90%) of 30 participants who received Sii-PTCV and 26 (87%) of 30 participants who received Typbar-TCV. The most common local solicited event was pain in 27 (90%) participants who received Sii-PTCV and in 23 (77%) participants who received Typbar-TCV. The most common solicited systemic event was myalgia in five (17%) participants who received Sii-PTCV, whereas four (13%) participants who received Typbar-TCV had myalgia and four (13%) had headache. No vaccine-related unsolicited adverse events or SAEs were reported. The seroconversion rates on day 29 were 96·7% (95% CI 82·8-99·9) with Sii-PTCV and 100·0% (88·4-100·0) with Typbar-TCV for anti-Vi IgG; 93·3% (77·9-99·2) with Sii-PTCV and 100·0% (88·4-100·0) with Typbar-TCV for anti-Vi IgA; 100·0% (88·4-100·0) with Sii-PTCV and 3·3% (0·1-17·2) with Typbar-TCV for anti-LPS (paratyphoid); and 93·3% (77·9-99·2) with Sii-PTCV and 0% (0·0-11·6) with Typbar-TCV for SBA titres (paratyphoid). Paratyphoid anti-LPS immune responses were sustained at day 181. INTERPRETATION Sii-PTCV was safe and immunogenic for both typhoid and paratyphoid antigens indicating its potential for providing comprehensive protection against enteric fever. FUNDING Serum Institute of India.
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Shakya M, Pollard AJ. Typhoid conjugate vaccines: a step towards typhoid control. Lancet Glob Health 2024; 12:e535-e536. [PMID: 38485415 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(24)00055-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Mila Shakya
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit Nepal, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Lalitpur 44700, Nepal.
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Pediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
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Chakraborty S, Dutta P, Pal A, Chakraborty S, Banik G, Halder P, Gope A, Miyoshi SI, Das S. Intranasal immunization of mice with chimera of Salmonella Typhi protein elicits protective intestinal immunity. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:24. [PMID: 38321067 PMCID: PMC10847434 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00812-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Development of safe, highly effective and affordable enteric fever vaccines is a global health priority. Live, oral typhoid vaccines induce strong mucosal immunity and long-term protection, but safety remains a concern. In contrast, efficacy wears off rapidly for injectable, polysaccharide-based vaccines, which elicit poor mucosal response. We previously reported Salmonella Typhi outer membrane protein, T2544 as a potential candidate for bivalent (S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi A) vaccine development. Here, we show that intranasal immunization with a subunit vaccine (chimera of T2544 and cholera toxin B subunit) induced strong systemic and intestinal mucosal immunity and protection from S. Typhi challenge in a mouse model. CTB-T2544 augmented gut-homing receptor expression on lymphocytes that produced Th1 and Th17 cytokines, secretory IgA in stool that inhibited bacterial motility and epithelial attachment, antibody recall response and affinity maturation with increased number of follicular helper T cells and CD4+ central and effector memory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suparna Chakraborty
- Division of Clinical Medicine, ICMR- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, C.I.T. Road, Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata, 700 010, India
| | - Pujarini Dutta
- Division of Clinical Medicine, ICMR- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, C.I.T. Road, Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata, 700 010, India
- Department of Pediatrics, Steele Children's Research Center, University of Arizona, Tuscon, AZ, USA
| | - Ananda Pal
- Division of Clinical Medicine, ICMR- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, C.I.T. Road, Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata, 700 010, India
| | - Swarnali Chakraborty
- Division of Clinical Medicine, ICMR- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, C.I.T. Road, Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata, 700 010, India
| | - George Banik
- BD Biosciences, INDIA, Smart works Business Center, Victoria Park, 37/2 GN Block, Sector 5, Saltlake City, Kolkata, 700091, India
| | - Prolay Halder
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, C.I.T. Road, Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata, 700 010, India
| | - Animesh Gope
- Division of Clinical Medicine, ICMR- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, C.I.T. Road, Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata, 700 010, India
| | - Shin-Ichi Miyoshi
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
- Collaborative Research Center of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases at Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, 700010, India
| | - Santasabuj Das
- Division of Clinical Medicine, ICMR- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, C.I.T. Road, Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata, 700 010, India.
- ICMR-National Institute of Occupational Health, Meghaninagar, Ahmedabad, 3800016, Gujarat, India.
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Meiring JE, Khanam F, Basnyat B, Charles RC, Crump JA, Debellut F, Holt KE, Kariuki S, Mugisha E, Neuzil KM, Parry CM, Pitzer VE, Pollard AJ, Qadri F, Gordon MA. Typhoid fever. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2023; 9:71. [PMID: 38097589 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-023-00480-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Typhoid fever is an invasive bacterial disease associated with bloodstream infection that causes a high burden of disease in Africa and Asia. Typhoid primarily affects individuals ranging from infants through to young adults. The causative organism, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi is transmitted via the faecal-oral route, crossing the intestinal epithelium and disseminating to systemic and intracellular sites, causing an undifferentiated febrile illness. Blood culture remains the practical reference standard for diagnosis of typhoid fever, where culture testing is available, but novel diagnostic modalities are an important priority under investigation. Since 2017, remarkable progress has been made in defining the global burden of both typhoid fever and antimicrobial resistance; in understanding disease pathogenesis and immunological protection through the use of controlled human infection; and in advancing effective vaccination programmes through strategic multipartner collaboration and targeted clinical trials in multiple high-incidence priority settings. This Primer thus offers a timely update of progress and perspective on future priorities for the global scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Meiring
- Division of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine and Population Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Farhana Khanam
- International Centre for Diarrhoel Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Buddha Basnyat
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Richelle C Charles
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John A Crump
- Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Kathryn E Holt
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Samuel Kariuki
- Centre for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Emmanuel Mugisha
- Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, PATH, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kathleen M Neuzil
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christopher M Parry
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Education, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, UK
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Virginia E Pitzer
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases and Public Health Modelling Unit, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Firdausi Qadri
- International Centre for Diarrhoel Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Melita A Gordon
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Programme, Blantyre, Malawi.
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
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Ouedraogo A, Diarra A, Nébié I, Barry N, Kabore JM, Tiono AB, Datta S, Liang Y, Mayo I, Oshinsky JJ, Tracy JK, Girmay T, Pasetti MF, Jamka LP, Neuzil KM, Sirima SB, Laurens MB. Durable Anti-Vi IgG and IgA Antibody Responses in 15-Month-Old Children Vaccinated With Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine in Burkina Faso. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2023; 12:513-518. [PMID: 37589596 PMCID: PMC10533206 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piad058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
We assessed anti-Vi IgG/IgA responses to typhoid conjugate vaccine (TCV) in children enrolled in a double-blind randomized controlled, phase 2 trial in Burkina Faso. Anti-Vi IgG seroconversion and anti-Vi IgA titers were higher in TCV than control recipients at 30-35 months post-vaccination. TCV induces durable immunity in Burkinabe children vaccinated at 15 months.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amidou Diarra
- Groupe de Recherche Action en Santé, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Issa Nébié
- Groupe de Recherche Action en Santé, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Nouhoun Barry
- Groupe de Recherche Action en Santé, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Alfred B Tiono
- Groupe de Recherche Action en Santé, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Shrimati Datta
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Liang
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ifayet Mayo
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jennifer J Oshinsky
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - J Kathleen Tracy
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tsion Girmay
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Marcela F Pasetti
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Leslie P Jamka
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kathleen M Neuzil
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Matthew B Laurens
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Zhu H, Chelysheva I, Cross DL, Blackwell L, Jin C, Gibani MM, Jones E, Hill J, Trück J, Kelly DF, Blohmke CJ, Pollard AJ, O’Connor D. Molecular correlates of vaccine-induced protection against typhoid fever. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e169676. [PMID: 37402153 PMCID: PMC10425215 DOI: 10.1172/jci169676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDTyphoid fever is caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and poses a substantial public health burden worldwide. Vaccines have been developed based on the surface Vi-capsular polysaccharide of S. Typhi; these include a plain-polysaccharide-based vaccine, ViPS, and a glycoconjugate vaccine, ViTT. To understand immune responses to these vaccines and their vaccine-induced immunological protection, molecular signatures were analyzed using bioinformatic approaches.METHODSBulk RNA-Seq data were generated from blood samples obtained from adult human volunteers enrolled in a vaccine trial, who were then challenged with S. Typhi in a controlled human infection model (CHIM). These data were used to conduct differential gene expression analyses, gene set and modular analyses, B cell repertoire analyses, and time-course analyses at various post-vaccination and post-challenge time points between participants receiving ViTT, ViPS, or a control meningococcal vaccine.RESULTSTranscriptomic responses revealed strong differential molecular signatures between the 2 typhoid vaccines, mostly driven by the upregulation in humoral immune signatures, including selective usage of immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region (IGHV) genes and more polarized clonal expansions. We describe several molecular correlates of protection against S. Typhi infection, including clusters of B cell receptor (BCR) clonotypes associated with protection, with known binders of Vi-polysaccharide among these.CONCLUSIONThe study reports a series of contemporary analyses that reveal the transcriptomic signatures after vaccination and infectious challenge, while identifying molecular correlates of protection that may inform future vaccine design and assessment.TRIAL REGISTRATIONClinicalTrials.gov NCT02324751.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henderson Zhu
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Irina Chelysheva
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah L. Cross
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Luke Blackwell
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Celina Jin
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Malick M. Gibani
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Jones
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Hill
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Johannes Trück
- Division of Immunology, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dominic F. Kelly
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Christoph J. Blohmke
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel O’Connor
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
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McCann N, Emary K, Singh N, Mclean F, Camara S, Jones E, Kim YC, Liu X, Greenland M, Conlin K, Hill J, Verheul M, Robinson H, Angus B, Ramasamy MN, Levine MM, Pollard AJ. Accelerating clinical development of a live attenuated vaccine against Salmonella Paratyphi A (VASP): study protocol for an observer-participant-blind randomised control trial of a novel oral vaccine using a human challenge model of Salmonella Paratyphi A infection in healthy adult volunteers. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e068966. [PMID: 37225278 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-068966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This is the first efficacy study of an oral live attenuated vaccine against Salmonella Paratyphi A using a human challenge model of paratyphoid infection. S. Paratyphi A is responsible for 3.3 million cases of enteric fever every year, with over 19 000 deaths. Although improvements to sanitation and access to clean water are vital to reduce the burden of this condition, vaccination offers a cost-effective, medium-term solution. Efficacy trials of potential S. Paratyphi vaccine candidates in the field are unlikely to be feasible given the large number of participants required. Human challenge models therefore offer a unique, cost-effective solution to test efficacy of such vaccines. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This is an observer-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial phase I/II of the oral live-attenuated vaccine against S. Paratyphi A, CVD 1902. Volunteers will be randomised 1:1 to receive two doses of CVD 1902 or placebo, 14 days apart. One month following second vaccination all volunteers will ingest S. Paratyphi A bacteria with a bicarbonate buffer solution. They will be reviewed daily in the following 14 days and diagnosed with paratyphoid infection if the predefined microbiological or clinical diagnostic criteria are met. All participants will be treated with antibiotics on diagnosis, or at day 14 postchallenge if not diagnosed. The vaccine efficacy will be determined by comparing the relative attack rate, that is, the proportion of those diagnosed with paratyphoid infection, in the vaccine and placebo groups. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethical approval for this study has been obtained from the Berkshire Medical Research Ethics Committee (REC ref 21/SC/0330). The results will be disseminated via publication in a peer-reviewed journal and presentation at international conferences. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ISRCTN15485902.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naina McCann
- Department of Paediatrics, Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Katherine Emary
- Department of Paediatrics, Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Nisha Singh
- Department of Paediatrics, Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Florence Mclean
- Department of Paediatrics, Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Susana Camara
- Department of Paediatrics, Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Elizabeth Jones
- Department of Paediatrics, Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Young Chan Kim
- Department of Paediatrics, Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Xinxue Liu
- Department of Paediatrics, Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Melanie Greenland
- Department of Paediatrics, Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Kerry Conlin
- Department of Paediatrics, Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Jennifer Hill
- Department of Paediatrics, Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Marije Verheul
- Department of Paediatrics, Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Hannah Robinson
- Department of Paediatrics, Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Brian Angus
- Department of Paediatrics, Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Maheshi N Ramasamy
- Department of Paediatrics, Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Myron M Levine
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- Department of Paediatrics, Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
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Allen JC, Toapanta FR, Baliban SM, Sztein MB, Tennant SM. Reduced immunogenicity of a live Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium vaccine in aged mice. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1190339. [PMID: 37207226 PMCID: PMC10188964 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1190339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) is responsible for a high burden of foodborne infections and deaths worldwide. In the United States, NTS infections are the leading cause of hospitalizations and deaths due to foodborne illnesses, and older adults (≥65 years) are disproportionately affected by Salmonella infections. Due to this public health concern, we have developed a live attenuated vaccine, CVD 1926 (I77 ΔguaBA ΔclpP ΔpipA ΔhtrA), against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, a common serovar of NTS. Little is known about the effect of age on oral vaccine responses, and due to the decline in immune function with age, it is critical to evaluate vaccine candidates in older age groups during early product development. Methods In this study, adult (six-to-eight-week-old) and aged (18-month-old) C57BL/6 mice received two doses of CVD 1926 (109 CFU/dose) or PBS perorally, and animals were evaluated for antibody and cell-mediated immune responses. A separate set of mice were immunized and then pre-treated with streptomycin and challenged orally with 108 CFU of wild-type S. Typhimurium SL1344 at 4 weeks postimmunization. Results Compared to PBS-immunized mice, adult mice immunized with CVD 1926 had significantly lower S. Typhimurium counts in the spleen, liver, and small intestine upon challenge. In contrast, there were no differences in bacterial loads in the tissues of vaccinated versus PBS aged mice. Aged mice exhibited reduced Salmonella-specific antibody titers in the serum and feces following immunization with CVD 1926 compared to adult mice. In terms of T cell responses (T-CMI), immunized adult mice showed an increase in the frequency of IFN-γ- and IL-2-producing splenic CD4 T cells, IFN-γ- and TNF-α-producing Peyer's Patch (PP)-derived CD4 T cells, and IFN-γ- and TNF-α-producing splenic CD8 T cells compared to adult mice administered PBS. In contrast, in aged mice, T-CMI responses were similar in vaccinated versus PBS mice. CVD 1926 elicited significantly more PP-derived multifunctional T cells in adult compared to aged mice. Conclusion These data suggest that our candidate live attenuated S. Typhimurium vaccine, CVD 1926, may not be sufficiently protective or immunogenic in older humans and that mucosal responses to live-attenuated vaccines decrease with increasing age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C. Allen
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Franklin R. Toapanta
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Scott M. Baliban
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Marcelo B. Sztein
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Sharon M. Tennant
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Khanam F, Babu G, Rahman N, Liu X, Rajib NH, Ahmed SU, Hossen MI, Biswas PK, Kelly S, Thesis-Nyland K, Mujadidi Y, McMillan NAJ, Pollard AJ, Clemens JD, Qadri F. Immune responses in children after vaccination with a typhoid Vi-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine in Bangladesh. Vaccine 2023; 41:3137-3140. [PMID: 37061369 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
A cluster-randomized trial of Vi-TT was conducted in Dhaka, Bangladesh, using JE vaccine as the control. A subset of 1,500 children were randomly selected on 2:1 basis (Vi-TT vs JE) to assess immune response. Blood was collected before vaccination, and on days 28, 545 and 730 post-vaccination and plasma anti-Vi-IgG response was measured. A robust, persistent antibody response was induced after single dose of Vi-TT, even after 2 years of vaccination. While there is no accepted serological antibody threshold of protection, analyzing the antibodies of children who received Vi-TT provides evidence that may later be useful in predicting population protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhana Khanam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Menzies Health Institute Queensland and School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Golap Babu
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Nazia Rahman
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Xinxue Liu
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nazmul Hasan Rajib
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shams Uddin Ahmed
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Ismail Hossen
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Sarah Kelly
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine Thesis-Nyland
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Yama Mujadidi
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel A J McMillan
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland and School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - John D Clemens
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea; UCLA Fielding, School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1772, USA
| | - Firdausi Qadri
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
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10
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Li K, Dodds M, Spreng RL, Abraha M, Huntwork RHC, Dahora LC, Nyanhete T, Dutta S, Wille-Reece U, Jongert E, Ewer KJ, Hill AVS, Jin C, Hill J, Pollard AJ, Munir Alam S, Tomaras GD, Dennison SM. A tool for evaluating heterogeneity in avidity of polyclonal antibodies. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1049673. [PMID: 36875126 PMCID: PMC9978818 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1049673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Diversity in specificity of polyclonal antibody (pAb) responses is extensively investigated in vaccine efficacy or immunological evaluations, but the heterogeneity in antibody avidity is rarely probed as convenient tools are lacking. Here we have developed a polyclonal antibodies avidity resolution tool (PAART) for use with label-free techniques, such as surface plasmon resonance and biolayer interferometry, that can monitor pAb-antigen interactions in real time to measure dissociation rate constant (kd ) for defining avidity. PAART utilizes a sum of exponentials model to fit the dissociation time-courses of pAb-antigens interactions and resolve multiple kd contributing to the overall dissociation. Each kd value of pAb dissociation resolved by PAART corresponds to a group of antibodies with similar avidity. PAART is designed to identify the minimum number of exponentials required to explain the dissociation course and guards against overfitting of data by parsimony selection of best model using Akaike information criterion. Validation of PAART was performed using binary mixtures of monoclonal antibodies of same specificity but differing in kd of the interaction with their epitope. We applied PAART to examine the heterogeneity in avidities of pAb from malaria and typhoid vaccinees, and individuals living with HIV-1 that naturally control the viral load. In many cases, two to three kd were dissected indicating the heterogeneity of pAb avidities. We showcase examples of affinity maturation of vaccine induced pAb responses at component level and enhanced resolution of heterogeneity in avidity when antigen-binding fragments (Fab) are used instead of polyclonal IgG antibodies. The utility of PAART can be manifold in examining circulating pAb characteristics and could inform vaccine strategies aimed to guide the host humoral immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Li
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Michael Dodds
- Integrated Drug Development, Certara, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Rachel L. Spreng
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Milite Abraha
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Richard H. C. Huntwork
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Lindsay C. Dahora
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Tinashe Nyanhete
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Sheetij Dutta
- Structural Vaccinology Lab, Malaria Biologics Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Ulrike Wille-Reece
- PATH's Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, Washington, DC, United States
| | | | - Katie J. Ewer
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian V. S. Hill
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Center, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Celina Jin
- Oxford Vaccine Group and Department of Pediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Hill
- Oxford Vaccine Group and Department of Pediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Pollard
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Center, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Vaccine Group and Department of Pediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - S. Munir Alam
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Georgia D. Tomaras
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - S. Moses Dennison
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
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11
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Choy RKM, Bourgeois AL, Ockenhouse CF, Walker RI, Sheets RL, Flores J. Controlled Human Infection Models To Accelerate Vaccine Development. Clin Microbiol Rev 2022; 35:e0000821. [PMID: 35862754 PMCID: PMC9491212 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00008-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The timelines for developing vaccines against infectious diseases are lengthy, and often vaccines that reach the stage of large phase 3 field trials fail to provide the desired level of protective efficacy. The application of controlled human challenge models of infection and disease at the appropriate stages of development could accelerate development of candidate vaccines and, in fact, has done so successfully in some limited cases. Human challenge models could potentially be used to gather critical information on pathogenesis, inform strain selection for vaccines, explore cross-protective immunity, identify immune correlates of protection and mechanisms of protection induced by infection or evoked by candidate vaccines, guide decisions on appropriate trial endpoints, and evaluate vaccine efficacy. We prepared this report to motivate fellow scientists to exploit the potential capacity of controlled human challenge experiments to advance vaccine development. In this review, we considered available challenge models for 17 infectious diseases in the context of the public health importance of each disease, the diversity and pathogenesis of the causative organisms, the vaccine candidates under development, and each model's capacity to evaluate them and identify correlates of protective immunity. Our broad assessment indicated that human challenge models have not yet reached their full potential to support the development of vaccines against infectious diseases. On the basis of our review, however, we believe that describing an ideal challenge model is possible, as is further developing existing and future challenge models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K. M. Choy
- PATH, Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - A. Louis Bourgeois
- PATH, Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Richard I. Walker
- PATH, Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Jorge Flores
- PATH, Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, Seattle, Washington, USA
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12
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Sztein MB, Booth JS. Controlled human infectious models, a path forward in uncovering immunological correlates of protection: Lessons from enteric fevers studies. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:983403. [PMID: 36204615 PMCID: PMC9530043 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.983403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteric infectious diseases account for more than a billion disease episodes yearly worldwide resulting in approximately 2 million deaths, with children under 5 years old and the elderly being disproportionally affected. Enteric pathogens comprise viruses, parasites, and bacteria; the latter including pathogens such as Salmonella [typhoidal (TS) and non-typhoidal (nTS)], cholera, Shigella and multiple pathotypes of Escherichia coli (E. coli). In addition, multi-drug resistant and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) strains (e.g., S. Typhi H58 strain) of enteric bacteria are emerging; thus, renewed efforts to tackle enteric diseases are required. Many of these entero-pathogens could be controlled by oral or parenteral vaccines; however, development of new, effective vaccines has been hampered by lack of known immunological correlates of protection (CoP) and limited knowledge of the factors contributing to protective responses. To fully comprehend the human response to enteric infections, an invaluable tool that has recently re-emerged is the use of controlled human infection models (CHIMs) in which participants are challenged with virulent wild-type (wt) organisms. CHIMs have the potential to uncover immune mechanisms and identify CoP to enteric pathogens, as well as to evaluate the efficacy of therapeutics and vaccines in humans. CHIMs have been used to provide invaluable insights in the pathogenesis, host-pathogen interaction and evaluation of vaccines. Recently, several Oxford typhoid CHIM studies have been performed to assess the role of multiple cell types (B cells, CD8+ T, Tregs, MAIT, Monocytes and DC) during S. Typhi infection. One of the key messages that emerged from these studies is that baseline antigen-specific responses are important in that they can correlate with clinical outcomes. Additionally, volunteers who develop typhoid disease (TD) exhibit higher levels and more activated cell types (e.g., DC and monocytes) which are nevertheless defective in discrete signaling pathways. Future critical aspects of this research will involve the study of immune responses to enteric infections at the site of entry, i.e., the intestinal mucosa. This review will describe our current knowledge of immunity to enteric fevers caused byS. Typhi and S. Paratyphi A, with emphasis on the contributions of CHIMs to uncover the complex immunological responses to these organisms and provide insights into the determinants of protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo B. Sztein
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Marcelo B. Sztein,
| | - Jayaum S. Booth
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Jayaum S. Booth,
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13
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Xie L, Ming L, Ding M, Deng L, Liu M, Cong Y. Paratyphoid Fever A: Infection and Prevention. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:945235. [PMID: 35875577 PMCID: PMC9304857 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.945235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteric fever is caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A, B, and C. While S. Typhi remains the primary causative agent of enteric fever, S. Paratyphi A is responsible for an increasing portion of enteric fever incidence. However, the current available vaccines for enteric fever are all developed from S. Typhi, and lack adequate cross immune protection against paratyphoid fever A. Therefore, paratyphoid A vaccines are urgently needed. The present paper reviews the latest progresses in pathogenesis, global burden, infection features of paratyphoid fever A, as well as the status of vaccine development, highlighting the necessity for the development of vaccines against paratyphoid fever A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xie
- Precision Medicine Center, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Lan Ming
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Manlin Ding
- Precision Medicine Center, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Luxin Deng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Miao Liu
- Precision Medicine Center, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yanguang Cong
- Precision Medicine Center, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yanguang Cong,
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14
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Clarkson KA, Porter CK, Talaat KR, Kapulu MC, Chen WH, Frenck RW, Bourgeois AL, Kaminski RW, Martin LB. Shigella-Controlled Human Infection Models: Current and Future Perspectives. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2022. [PMID: 35616717 DOI: 10.1007/82_2021_248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Shigella-controlled human infection models (CHIMs) are an invaluable tool utilized by the vaccine community to combat one of the leading global causes of infectious diarrhea, which affects infants, children and adults regardless of socioeconomic status. The impact of shigellosis disproportionately affects children in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) resulting in cognitive and physical stunting, perpetuating a cycle that must be halted. Shigella-CHIMs not only facilitate the early evaluation of enteric countermeasures and up-selection of the most promising products but also provide insight into mechanisms of infection and immunity that are not possible utilizing animal models or in vitro systems. The greater understanding of shigellosis obtained in CHIMs builds and empowers the development of new generation solutions to global health issues which are unattainable in the conventional laboratory and clinical settings. Therefore, refining, mining and expansion of safe and reproducible infection models hold the potential to create effective means to end diarrheal disease and associated co-morbidities associated with Shigella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen A Clarkson
- Department of Diarrheal Disease Research, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
| | - Chad K Porter
- Enteric Disease Department, Naval Medical Research Center, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
| | - Kawsar R Talaat
- Center for Immunization Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 North Broadway Street Hampton House, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Melissa C Kapulu
- Department of Biosciences, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi County Hospital, Off Bofa Road, Kilifi, 80108, Kenya
| | - Wilbur H Chen
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Robert W Frenck
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - A Louis Bourgeois
- PATH Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, 455 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20001, USA
| | - Robert W Kaminski
- Department of Diarrheal Disease Research, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
| | - Laura B Martin
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100, Siena, Italy.
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15
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Dahora LC, Verheul MK, Williams KL, Jin C, Stockdale L, Cavet G, Giladi E, Hill J, Kim D, Leung Y, Bobay BG, Spicer LD, Sawant S, Rijpkema S, Dennison SM, Alam SM, Pollard AJ, Tomaras GD. Salmonella Typhi Vi capsule prime-boost vaccination induces convergent and functional antibody responses. Sci Immunol 2021; 6:eabj1181. [PMID: 34714686 PMCID: PMC9960181 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abj1181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Vaccine development to prevent Salmonella Typhi infections has accelerated over the past decade, resulting in licensure of new vaccines, which use the Vi polysaccharide (Vi PS) of the bacterium conjugated to an unrelated carrier protein as the active component. Antibodies elicited by these vaccines are important for mediating protection against typhoid fever. However, the characteristics of protective and functional Vi antibodies are unknown. In this study, we investigated the human antibody repertoire, avidity maturation, epitope specificity, and function after immunization with a single dose of Vi-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine (Vi-TT) and after a booster with plain Vi PS (Vi-PS). The Vi-TT prime induced an IgG1-dominant response, whereas the Vi-TT prime followed by the Vi-PS boost induced IgG1 and IgG2 antibody production. B cells from recipients who received both prime and boost showed evidence of convergence, with shared V gene usage and CDR3 characteristics. The detected Vi antibodies showed heterogeneous avidity ranging from 10 μM to 500 pM, with no evidence of affinity maturation after the boost. Vi-specific antibodies mediated Fc effector functions, which correlated with antibody dissociation kinetics but not with association kinetics. We identified antibodies induced by prime and boost vaccines that recognized subdominant epitopes, indicated by binding to the de–O-acetylated Vi backbone. These antibodies also mediated Fc-dependent functions, such as complement deposition and monocyte phagocytosis. Defining strategies on how to broaden epitope targeting for S. Typhi Vi and enriching for antibody Fc functions that protect against typhoid fever will advance the design of high-efficacy Vi vaccines for protection across diverse populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay C. Dahora
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Corresponding author. (L.C.D.); (G.D.T.)
| | - Marije K. Verheul
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Pediatrics, University of Oxford and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Center, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Celina Jin
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Pediatrics, University of Oxford and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Center, Oxford, UK
| | - Lisa Stockdale
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Pediatrics, University of Oxford and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Center, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Jennifer Hill
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Pediatrics, University of Oxford and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Center, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Benjamin G. Bobay
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Radiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Duke University NMR Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Leonard D. Spicer
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Radiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Duke University NMR Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sheetal Sawant
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sjoerd Rijpkema
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, UK
| | - S. Moses Dennison
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - S. Munir Alam
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Andrew J. Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Pediatrics, University of Oxford and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Center, Oxford, UK
| | - Georgia D. Tomaras
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Corresponding author. (L.C.D.); (G.D.T.)
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16
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Vadrevu KM, Raju D, Rani S, Reddy S, Sarangi V, Ella R, Javvaji B, Mahantshetty NS, Battu S, Levine MM. Persisting antibody responses to Vi polysaccharide-tetanus toxoid conjugate (Typbar TCV®) vaccine up to 7 years following primary vaccination of children < 2 years of age with, or without, a booster vaccination. Vaccine 2021; 39:6682-6690. [PMID: 34625288 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.07.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum IgG anti-Vi titers attained by 327 children 6-23 months of age immunized with Vi polysaccharide-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine (Typbar TCV®), of whom 193/327 received a booster dose 2 years post-primary vaccination, were previously reported. METHODS Anti-Vi IgG in boosted and unboosted children 3, 5, and 7 years post-primary immunization were monitored using three different enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs): Vacczyme™ kit ELISA (all specimens); "Szu" ELISA (all specimens), and National Institute of Biological Standards NIBSC ELISA (subset). Endpoints analyzed included: persisting seroconversion (titer remaining ≥ 4-fold above baseline), geometric mean titer (GMT), geometric mean-fold rise post-vaccination, and percent exhibiting putative protective anti-Vi level (≥2 µgSzu/ml) using Szu method and National Institutes of Health IgG reference standard. In assessing the persistence of elevated anti-Vi titers stimulated by Typbar-TCV®, four subgroups were compared based on whether or not the initially enrolled children were boosted on day 720 and whether they provided serum on all key timepoints, or if they missed one or more timepoints: i) Among boosted participants, an "All Specimens Cohort" (ASC) comprised 86 children who provided sera on days 42, 720 (booster), 762 (42 days post-booster), 1095, 1825 and 2555, to define kinetics of the Vi antibody response in a fully compliant cohort of boosted children monitored over seven years; ii) Among non-boosted subjects, a compliant All Specimens Cohort of 25 children provided sera on days 0, 42, 720, 1095, 1825, and 2555; iii) Among boosted children, an "Any Available Specimen" (AAS) subgroup consisted of boosted children who provided sera on days 0, 42, and 720 days and also on one or more of days 762, 1095, 1825, or 2555 but not on all those time points; iv) Among the non-boosted subjects, there was also an Any Available Specimen subgroup of 47 children who provided sera on days 0 and 42, of whom 41 subsequently contributed sera on one or more of days 1095, 1825 and 2555. RESULTS Vacczyme™ GMTs among boosted ASC children (N = 86) increased significantly on day 762, and remained 32-fold, 14-fold, and 10-fold over baseline at 3, 5 and 7 years; among unboosted ASC children (N = 25), GMTs remained 21-fold, 8-fold and 5-fold over baseline, respectively. Post-primary vaccination, 72% and 44% of unboosted ASC subjects (N = 25) exhibited persisting seroconversion by Vacczyme™ at 5 and 7 years, respectively; the corresponding numbers for ASC boosted subjects were 84% and 71%. Amongst the four sub-groups, boosted subjects showed higher prevalence of persisting seroconversion at most time points with the gap widening by 7th year, though not statistically significant (except 3rd year). Tested by Szu and also NIBSC ELISAs, 92-100% of unboosted ASC children showed persisting seroconversion at 7 years with 100% also exceeding the Szu protective threshold. CONCLUSION To extend protection, administering a booster of Typbar TCV® to children ∼5 years after their primary dose, i.e., coinciding with school entry, may be advisable. Typbar TCV® is presently the only WHO pre-qualified Vi conjugate vaccine with reported efficacy, effectiveness, and long-term immunogenicity findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dugyala Raju
- Bharat Biotech International Limited, Genome Valley, Shameerpet, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sandhya Rani
- Bharat Biotech International Limited, Genome Valley, Shameerpet, Hyderabad, India
| | - Siddharth Reddy
- Bharat Biotech International Limited, Genome Valley, Shameerpet, Hyderabad, India
| | - Vamshi Sarangi
- Bharat Biotech International Limited, Genome Valley, Shameerpet, Hyderabad, India
| | - Raches Ella
- Bharat Biotech International Limited, Genome Valley, Shameerpet, Hyderabad, India.
| | | | | | | | - Myron M Levine
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
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17
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Shakya M, Voysey M, Theiss-Nyland K, Colin-Jones R, Pant D, Adhikari A, Tonks S, Mujadidi YF, O'Reilly P, Mazur O, Kelly S, Liu X, Maharjan A, Dahal A, Haque N, Pradhan A, Shrestha S, Joshi M, Smith N, Hill J, Clarke J, Stockdale L, Jones E, Lubinda T, Bajracharya B, Dongol S, Karkey A, Baker S, Dougan G, Pitzer VE, Neuzil KM, Shrestha S, Basnyat B, Pollard AJ. Efficacy of typhoid conjugate vaccine in Nepal: final results of a phase 3, randomised, controlled trial. LANCET GLOBAL HEALTH 2021; 9:e1561-e1568. [PMID: 34678198 PMCID: PMC8551681 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(21)00346-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Typhoid fever is a major public health problem in low-resource settings. Vaccination can help curb the disease and might reduce transmission. We have previously reported an interim analysis of the efficacy of typhoid conjugate vaccine (TCV) in Nepali children. Here we report the final results after 2 years of follow-up. METHODS We did a participant-masked and observer-masked individually randomised trial in Lalitpur, Nepal, in which 20 019 children aged 9 months to younger than 16 years were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive a single dose of TCV (Typbar TCV, Bharat Biotech International, India) or capsular group A meningococcal conjugate vaccine (MenA). Participants were followed up until April 9, 2020. The primary outcome was blood culture-confirmed typhoid fever. Cases were captured via passive surveillance and active telephone surveillance followed by medical record review. The trial is registered at ISRCTN registry, ISRCTN43385161 and is ongoing. FINDINGS From Nov 20, 2017, to April 9, 2018, of 20 119 children screened, 20 019 participants were randomly assigned to receive TCV or MenA vaccine. There were 75 cases of blood culture-confirmed typhoid fever included in the analysis (13 in the TCV group and 62 in the MenA group) over the 2-year period. The protective efficacy of TCV against blood culture-confirmed typhoid fever at 2 years was 79·0% (95% CI 61·9-88·5; p<0·0001). The incidence of typhoid fever was 72 (95% CI 38-123) cases per 100 000 person-years in the TCV group and 342 (95% CI 262-438) cases per 100 000 person-years in the MenA group. Adverse events occurring within the first 7 days post-vaccination were reported previously. INTERPRETATION The final results of this randomised, controlled trial are in keeping with the results of our published interim analysis. There is no evidence of waning protection over a 2-year period. These findings add further support for the WHO recommendations on control of enteric fever. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mila Shakya
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Lalitpur, Nepal.
| | - Merryn Voysey
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Katherine Theiss-Nyland
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Rachel Colin-Jones
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Dikshya Pant
- Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Patan Hospital, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Anup Adhikari
- Nepal Family Development Foundation, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Susan Tonks
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Yama F Mujadidi
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Peter O'Reilly
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Olga Mazur
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah Kelly
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Xinxue Liu
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Archana Maharjan
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Ashata Dahal
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Naheeda Haque
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Anisha Pradhan
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Suchita Shrestha
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Manij Joshi
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Nicola Smith
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Jennifer Hill
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Jenny Clarke
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Lisa Stockdale
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Elizabeth Jones
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Timothy Lubinda
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Sabina Dongol
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Abhilasha Karkey
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Stephen Baker
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gordan Dougan
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Virginia E Pitzer
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | | | - Buddha Basnyat
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Lalitpur, Nepal; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
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18
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Porter CK, Talaat KR, Isidean SD, Kardinaal A, Chakraborty S, Gutiérrez RL, Sack DA, Bourgeois AL. The Controlled Human Infection Model for Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2021. [PMID: 34669040 DOI: 10.1007/82_2021_242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The controlled human infection model (CHIM) for enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) has been instrumental in defining ETEC as a causative agent of acute watery diarrhea, providing insights into disease pathogenesis and resistance to illness, and enabling preliminary efficacy evaluations for numerous products including vaccines, immunoprophylactics, and drugs. Over a dozen strains have been evaluated to date, with a spectrum of clinical signs and symptoms that appear to replicate the clinical illness seen with naturally occurring ETEC. Recent advancements in the ETEC CHIM have enhanced the characterization of clinical, immunological, and microbiological outcomes. It is anticipated that omics-based technologies applied to ETEC CHIMs will continue to broaden our understanding of host-pathogen interactions and facilitate the development of primary and secondary prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad K Porter
- Enteric Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA.
| | - Kawsar R Talaat
- Center for Immunization Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Sandra D Isidean
- Enteric Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD, 20817, USA
| | - Alwine Kardinaal
- NIZO Food Research, Ede, P.O. Box 20, 6710 BA EDE, Kernhemseweg 2, 6718 ZB EDE, The Netherlands
| | - Subhra Chakraborty
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Ramiro L Gutiérrez
- Enteric Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
| | - David A Sack
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - A Louis Bourgeois
- PATH|Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, 455 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Suite 1000, Washington, DC, 20001, USA
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19
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Bentley T, Jones E, Jin C, Moore M, Gardner J, Hill J, Pollard AJ. Persistence of Antibody After a Vi-Tetanus Toxoid Conjugate Vaccine and Effect of Boosting With a Plain Polysaccharide Vaccine on Vi Antibody and Antigen-Specific B Cells. FRONTIERS IN TROPICAL DISEASES 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fitd.2021.709745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundSalmonella enterica serovar Typhi is estimated to cause 9 to 13 million cases of typhoid fever annually. Typhoid conjugate vaccines represent a promising prophylactic measure to prevent disease, but there are few data assessing persistence of immunity. The effect of a Vi polysaccharide booster vaccine in individuals previously vaccinated with the Vi-tetanus toxoid typhoid conjugate vaccine has not been assessed previously.MethodsThirty five healthy adult volunteers received a single dose of the Vi conjugate vaccine (Vi-TT) and 37 received a single dose of Vi polysaccharide vaccine (Vi-PS) prior to oral challenge with live S. Typhi bacteria as part of a randomised controlled, phase 2b study. In addition to data previously published showing persistence of Vi IgG and IgA antibodies for 7 months after Vi vaccination, titres were measured at intervals until 13 months post-vaccination. Ten participants who received Vi-TT (both challenged and unchallenged) were re-vaccinated with Vi-PS at an interval of 19-23 months post-prime. Anti-Vi IgG and IgA titres, and Vi-specific antibody secreting cells and memory B cells were measured at seven days and one month post-boost.FindingsVi IgG and IgA antibody titres remained significantly elevated above baseline levels 13 months after priming with Vi-TT, with a 4-fold rise retained in 90% and 88% of recipients (Vi IgG and IgA, respectively). Anti-Vi IgG and IgA antibody titres were found to persist at higher levels in participants who received a single dose of Vi-TT than in those who received Vi-PS. No significant boost in Vi-antibody titre was observed in response to oral challenge with S. Typhi bacteria, one month after vaccination. Following a Vi-PS booster vaccination in those previously vaccinated with Vi-TT, anti-Vi IgG and IgA titres were significantly elevated, with similar titres observed at one month post-boost compared with one month after primary vaccination. The frequency of Vi-specific IgA antibody secreting cells increased significantly 7 days post-boost compared with pre-boost. No memory B cell response was observed following Vi-PS booster vaccination.InterpretationStrong persistence of anti-Vi IgG and IgA following Vi-TT vaccination suggests that the conjugate vaccine may offer durable protection, supporting its use in endemic settings.
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20
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Johnson M, Stockdale L, de Haan N, Wuhrer M, Nouta J, Koeleman CAM, Clarke J, Marinou S, Shakya M, Colin-Jones R, Theiss-Nyland K, Voysey M, Jin C, Pant D, Jones E, Kelly S, Dongol S, Karkey A, Shrestha S, Basnyat B, Hill J, Pollard AJ. Association of Antibody-Dependent Neutrophil Phagocytosis With Distinct Antibody Glycosylation Profiles Following Typhoid Vaccination. FRONTIERS IN TROPICAL DISEASES 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fitd.2021.742804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Typhoid Vi-conjugate vaccines (Vi-TCV) have been developed to control typhoid fever in children in endemic regions. Previously, in a human challenge model of typhoid, Vi-TCV was administered prior to deliberate ingestion of Salmonella Typhi by healthy adult volunteers in the UK. Vi-specific antibody-dependent neutrophil phagocytosis (ADNP) was associated with protection against enteric fever in this model, but it is not known if ADNP is induced by vaccination of children. We measured ADNP in a cohort of Nepalese children receiving a Vi-TCV in a field study to investigate whether functional antibody responses were also present in children in an endemic setting. Furthermore, we investigated relationships between the functional antibody measures and other properties of the antibody response, including Vi-IgG and IgA titres, and Fc region glycosylation. Antibody-dependent neutrophil phagocytosis significantly increased in children aged 9 months to 15 years between the day of vaccination and 28 days following administration of Vi-TCV (D28). The magnitude of ADNP was also comparable with the levels of ADNP induced by plasma from vaccinated UK adults. Neither IgG nor IgA antibody titres significantly correlated with ADNP scores at D28; however, increased vaccine-induced ADNP was associated with decreased levels of IgG1 sialylation. These data suggest that vaccination with Vi-TCV produces functional antibody responses in children, which associate with specific glycosylation patterns of the Fc region.
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21
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Seaton KE, Spreng RL, Abraha M, Reichartz M, Rojas M, Feely F, Huntwork RHC, Dutta S, Mudrak SV, Alam SM, Gregory S, Jongert E, Coccia M, Ulloa-Montoya F, Wille-Reece U, Tomaras GD, Dennison SM. Subclass and avidity of circumsporozoite protein specific antibodies associate with protection status against malaria infection. NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6:110. [PMID: 34462438 PMCID: PMC8405700 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-021-00372-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
RTS,S/AS01 is an advanced pre-erythrocytic malaria vaccine candidate with demonstrated vaccine efficacy up to 86.7% in controlled human malaria infection (CHMI) studies; however, reproducible immune correlates of protection (CoP) are elusive. To identify candidates of humoral correlates of vaccine mediated protection, we measured antibody magnitude, subclass, and avidity for Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) circumsporozoite protein (CSP) by multiplex assays in two CHMI studies with varying RTS,S/AS01B vaccine dose and timing regimens. Central repeat (NANP6) IgG1 magnitude correlated best with protection status in univariate analyses and was the most predictive for protection in a multivariate model. NANP6 IgG3 magnitude, CSP IgG1 magnitude, and total serum antibody dissociation phase area-under-the-curve for NANP6, CSP, NPNA3, and N-interface binding were also associated with protection status in the regimen adjusted univariate analysis. Identification of multiple immune response features that associate with protection status, such as antibody subclasses, fine specificity and avidity reported here may accelerate development of highly efficacious vaccines against P. falciparum.
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Grants
- OPP1151372, OPP12109388 Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation)
- OPP1151372, OPP12109388 Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation)
- OPP1151372, OPP12109388 Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation)
- OPP1151372, OPP12109388 Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation)
- OPP1151372, OPP12109388 Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation)
- OPP1151372, OPP12109388 Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation)
- OPP1151372, OPP12109388 Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation)
- OPP1151372, OPP12109388 Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation)
- OPP1151372, OPP12109388 Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation)
- OPP1151372, OPP12109388 Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation)
- OPP1151372, OPP12109388 Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation)
- Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation)
- United States Department of Defense | United States Army | Army Medical Command | Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR)
- PATH Malaria Vaccine Initiative
- GlaxoSmithKline (GlaxoSmithKline plc.)
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly E Seaton
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, USA.
- Duke Center for Human Systems Immunology, Durham, NC, USA.
- Duke University Department of Surgery, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Rachel L Spreng
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, USA.
- Duke Center for Human Systems Immunology, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Milite Abraha
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Center for Human Systems Immunology, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke University Department of Surgery, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Matthew Reichartz
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Center for Human Systems Immunology, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke University Department of Surgery, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Frederick Feely
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Center for Human Systems Immunology, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke University Department of Surgery, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Richard H C Huntwork
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Center for Human Systems Immunology, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke University Department of Surgery, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sheetij Dutta
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Sarah V Mudrak
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Center for Human Systems Immunology, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke University Department of Surgery, Durham, NC, USA
| | - S Munir Alam
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke University Department of Pathology, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Scott Gregory
- PATH's Malaria Vaccine Initiative, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | | | - Ulrike Wille-Reece
- PATH's Malaria Vaccine Initiative, Washington, DC, USA
- GSK, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, USA.
- Duke Center for Human Systems Immunology, Durham, NC, USA.
- Duke University Department of Surgery, Durham, NC, USA.
- Duke University Department of Immunology, Durham, NC, USA.
- Duke University Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - S Moses Dennison
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, USA.
- Duke Center for Human Systems Immunology, Durham, NC, USA.
- Duke University Department of Surgery, Durham, NC, USA.
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22
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Shigella-Specific Immune Profiles Induced after Parenteral Immunization or Oral Challenge with Either Shigella flexneri 2a or Shigella sonnei. mSphere 2021; 6:e0012221. [PMID: 34259559 PMCID: PMC8386581 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00122-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Shigella spp. are a leading cause of diarrhea-associated global morbidity and mortality. Development and widespread implementation of an efficacious vaccine remain the best option to reduce Shigella-specific morbidity. Unfortunately, the lack of a well-defined correlate of protection for shigellosis continues to hinder vaccine development efforts. Shigella controlled human infection models (CHIM) are often used in the early stages of vaccine development to provide preliminary estimates of vaccine efficacy; however, CHIMs also provide the opportunity to conduct in-depth immune response characterizations pre- and postvaccination or pre- and postinfection. In the current study, principal-component analyses were used to examine immune response data from two recent Shigella CHIMs in order to characterize immune response profiles associated with parenteral immunization, oral challenge with Shigella flexneri 2a, or oral challenge with Shigella sonnei. Although parenteral immunization induced an immune profile characterized by robust systemic antibody responses, it also included mucosal responses. Interestingly, oral challenge with S. flexneri 2a induced a distinctively different profile compared to S. sonnei, characterized by a relatively balanced systemic and mucosal response. In contrast, S. sonnei induced robust increases in mucosal antibodies with no differences in systemic responses across shigellosis outcomes postchallenge. Furthermore, S. flexneri 2a challenge induced significantly higher levels of intestinal inflammation compared to S. sonnei, suggesting that both serotypes may also differ in how they trigger induction and activation of innate immunity. These findings could have important implications for Shigella vaccine development as protective immune mechanisms may differ across Shigella serotypes. IMPORTANCE Although immune correlates of protection have yet to be defined for shigellosis, prior studies have demonstrated that Shigella infection provides protection against reinfection in a serotype-specific manner. Therefore, it is likely that subjects with moderate to severe disease post-oral challenge would be protected from a homologous rechallenge, and investigating immune responses in these subjects may help identify immune markers associated with the development of protective immunity. This is the first study to describe distinct innate and adaptive immune profiles post-oral challenge with two different Shigella serotypes. Analyses conducted here provide essential insights into the potential of different immune mechanisms required to elicit protective immunity, depending on the Shigella serotype. Such differences could have significant impacts on vaccine design and development within the Shigella field and should be further investigated across multiple Shigella serotypes.
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23
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Jones E, Jin C, Stockdale L, Dold C, Pollard AJ, Hill J. A Salmonella Typhi Controlled Human Infection Study for Assessing Correlation between Bactericidal Antibodies and Protection against Infection Induced by Typhoid Vaccination. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9071394. [PMID: 34203328 PMCID: PMC8304662 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9071394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vi-polysaccharide conjugate vaccines are efficacious against typhoid fever in children living in endemic settings, their recent deployment is a promising step in the control of typhoid fever. However, there is currently no accepted correlate of protection. IgG and IgA antibodies generated in response to Vi conjugate or Vi plain polysaccharide vaccination are important but there are no definitive protective titre thresholds. We adapted a luminescence-based serum bactericidal activity (SBA) for use with S. Typhi and assessed whether bactericidal antibodies induced by either Vi tetanus toxoid conjugate (Vi-TT) or Vi plain polysaccharide (Vi-PS) were associated with protection in a controlled human infection model of typhoid fever. Both Vi-PS and Vi-TT induced significant increase in SBA titre after 28 days (Vi-PS; p < 0.0001, Vi-TT; p = 0.003), however higher SBA titre at the point of challenge did not correlate with protection from infection or reduced symptom severity. We cannot eliminate the role of SBA as part of a multifactorial immune response which protects against infection, however, our results do not support a strong role for SBA as a mechanism of Vi vaccine mediated protection in the CHIM setting.
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24
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J Barton A, Hill J, J Blohmke C, J Pollard A. Host restriction, pathogenesis and chronic carriage of typhoidal Salmonella. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 45:6159486. [PMID: 33733659 PMCID: PMC8498562 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuab014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
While conjugate vaccines against typhoid fever have recently been recommended by the World Health Organization for deployment, the lack of a vaccine against paratyphoid, multidrug resistance and chronic carriage all present challenges for the elimination of enteric fever. In the past decade, the development of in vitro and human challenge models has resulted in major advances in our understanding of enteric fever pathogenesis. In this review, we summarise these advances, outlining mechanisms of host restriction, intestinal invasion, interactions with innate immunity and chronic carriage, and discuss how this knowledge may progress future vaccines and antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber J Barton
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK.,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX4 2PG, UK.,Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Jennifer Hill
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK.,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX4 2PG, UK
| | - Christoph J Blohmke
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK.,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX4 2PG, UK
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK.,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX4 2PG, UK
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25
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Rivero-Calle I, Gómez-Rial J, Bont L, Gessner BD, Kohn M, Dagan R, Payne DC, Bruni L, Pollard AJ, García-Sastre A, Faustman DL, Osterhaus A, Butler R, Giménez Sánchez F, Álvarez F, Kaforou M, Bello X, Martinón-Torres F. TIPICO X: report of the 10th interactive infectious disease workshop on infectious diseases and vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:759-772. [PMID: 32755474 PMCID: PMC7996078 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1788301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
TIPICO is an expert meeting and workshop that aims to provide the most recent evidence in the field of infectious diseases and vaccination. The 10th Interactive Infectious Disease TIPICO workshop took place in Santiago de Compostela, Spain, on November 21-22, 2019. Cutting-edge advances in vaccination against respiratory syncytial virus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, rotavirus, human papillomavirus, Neisseria meningitidis, influenza virus, and Salmonella Typhi were discussed. Furthermore, heterologous vaccine effects were updated, including the use of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine as potential treatment for type 1 diabetes. Finally, the workshop also included presentations and discussion on emergent virus and zoonoses, vaccine resilience, building and sustaining confidence in vaccination, approaches to vaccine decision-making, pros and cons of compulsory vaccination, the latest advances in decoding infectious diseases by RNA gene signatures, and the application of big data approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Rivero-Calle
- Translational Paediatrics and Infectious Diseases, Department of Paediatrics, Hospital Clínico Universitario De Santiago De Compostela, Santiago De Compostela, Spain
- Genetics, Vaccines and Infections Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto De Investigación Sanitaria De Santiago, Universidad De Santiago De Compostela, Santiago De Compostela, Spain
| | - Jose Gómez-Rial
- Genetics, Vaccines and Infections Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto De Investigación Sanitaria De Santiago, Universidad De Santiago De Compostela, Santiago De Compostela, Spain
| | - Louis Bont
- Wilhelmina’s Children’s Hospital University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Melvin Kohn
- Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Medical Affairs, Global Medical and Scientific Affairs, Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Ron Dagan
- The Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Daniel C. Payne
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Laia Bruni
- Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Institut Català d’Oncologia (ICO) - IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrew J. Pollard
- Oxford Vaccines Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Denise L. Faustman
- The Immunobiology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Albert Osterhaus
- Artemis One Health, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Research Center Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, Hannover, Germany
| | - Robb Butler
- WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Myrsini Kaforou
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Xabier Bello
- Genetics, Vaccines and Infections Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto De Investigación Sanitaria De Santiago, Universidad De Santiago De Compostela, Santiago De Compostela, Spain
| | - Federico Martinón-Torres
- Translational Paediatrics and Infectious Diseases, Department of Paediatrics, Hospital Clínico Universitario De Santiago De Compostela, Santiago De Compostela, Spain
- Genetics, Vaccines and Infections Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto De Investigación Sanitaria De Santiago, Universidad De Santiago De Compostela, Santiago De Compostela, Spain
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26
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Tomic A, Tomic I, Waldron L, Geistlinger L, Kuhn M, Spreng RL, Dahora LC, Seaton KE, Tomaras G, Hill J, Duggal NA, Pollock RD, Lazarus NR, Harridge SD, Lord JM, Khatri P, Pollard AJ, Davis MM. SIMON: Open-Source Knowledge Discovery Platform. PATTERNS (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 2:100178. [PMID: 33511368 PMCID: PMC7815964 DOI: 10.1016/j.patter.2020.100178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Data analysis and knowledge discovery has become more and more important in biology and medicine with the increasing complexity of biological datasets, but the necessarily sophisticated programming skills and in-depth understanding of algorithms needed pose barriers to most biologists and clinicians to perform such research. We have developed a modular open-source software, SIMON, to facilitate the application of 180+ state-of-the-art machine-learning algorithms to high-dimensional biomedical data. With an easy-to-use graphical user interface, standardized pipelines, and automated approach for machine learning and other statistical analysis methods, SIMON helps to identify optimal algorithms and provides a resource that empowers non-technical and technical researchers to identify crucial patterns in biomedical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Tomic
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK,Institute of Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA,Corresponding author
| | - Ivan Tomic
- Deep Medicine, Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK,Corresponding author
| | - Levi Waldron
- Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA,Institute for Implementation Science and Population Health, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ludwig Geistlinger
- Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA,Institute for Implementation Science and Population Health, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | - Kelly E. Seaton
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Georgia Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jennifer Hill
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Niharika A. Duggal
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham Research Labs, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ross D. Pollock
- Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, King's College London, UK
| | - Norman R. Lazarus
- Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, King's College London, UK
| | | | - Janet M. Lord
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham Research Labs, Birmingham, UK,NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Purvesh Khatri
- Institute of Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA,Center for Biomedical Informatics Research, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Andrew J. Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mark M. Davis
- Institute of Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA,Corresponding author
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27
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Cross DL, Verheul MK, Leipold MD, Obermoser G, Jin C, Jones E, Starr JS, Mohorianu I, Blohmke CJ, Maecker HT, Napolitani G, Hill J, Pollard AJ. Vi-Vaccinations Induce Heterogeneous Plasma Cell Responses That Associate With Protection From Typhoid Fever. Front Immunol 2020; 11:574057. [PMID: 33424833 PMCID: PMC7793947 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.574057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Vi-polysaccharide conjugate vaccines are efficacious against cases of typhoid fever; however, an absolute correlate of protection is not established. In this study, we investigated the leukocyte response to a Vi-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine (Vi-TT) in comparison with a plain polysaccharide vaccine (Vi-PS) in healthy adults subsequently challenged with Salmonella Typhi. Immunological responses and their association with challenge outcome was assessed by mass cytometry and Vi-ELISpot assay. Immunization induced significant expansion of plasma cells in both vaccines with modest T follicular helper cell responses detectable after Vi-TT only. The Vi-specific IgG and IgM B cell response was considerably greater in magnitude in Vi-TT recipients. Intriguingly, a significant increase in a subset of IgA+ plasma cells expressing mucosal migratory markers α4β7 and CCR10 was observed in both vaccine groups, suggesting a gut-tropic, mucosal response is induced by Vi-vaccination. The total plasma cell response was significantly associated with protection against typhoid fever in Vi-TT vaccinees but not Vi-PS. IgA+ plasma cells were not significantly associated with protection for either vaccine, although a trend is seen for Vi-PS. Conversely, the IgA- fraction of the plasma cell response was only associated with protection in Vi-TT. In summary, these data indicate that a phenotypically heterogeneous response including both gut-homing and systemic antibody secreting cells may be critical for protection induced by Vi-TT vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah L Cross
- The Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Marije K Verheul
- The Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Michael D Leipold
- The Human Immune Monitoring Center, Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Gerlinde Obermoser
- The Human Immune Monitoring Center, Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Celina Jin
- The Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Jones
- The Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua S Starr
- The Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Irina Mohorianu
- The Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Christoph J Blohmke
- The Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Holden T Maecker
- The Human Immune Monitoring Center, Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Giorgio Napolitani
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Hill
- The Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- The Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
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28
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Jin C, Hill J, Gunn BM, Yu WH, Dahora LC, Jones E, Johnson M, Gibani MM, Spreng RL, Alam SM, Nebykova A, Juel HB, Dennison SM, Seaton KE, Fallon JK, Tomaras GD, Alter G, Pollard AJ. Vi-specific serological correlates of protection for typhoid fever. J Exp Med 2020; 218:211531. [PMID: 33180929 PMCID: PMC7668386 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20201116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Typhoid Vi vaccines have been shown to be efficacious in children living in endemic regions; however, a widely accepted correlate of protection remains to be established. We applied a systems serology approach to identify Vi-specific serological correlates of protection using samples obtained from participants enrolled in an experimental controlled human infection study. Participants were vaccinated with Vi-tetanus toxoid conjugate (Vi-TT) or unconjugated Vi-polysaccharide (Vi-PS) vaccines and were subsequently challenged with Salmonella Typhi bacteria. Multivariate analyses identified distinct protective signatures for Vi-TT and Vi-PS vaccines in addition to shared features that predicted protection across both groups. Vi IgA quantity and avidity correlated with protection from S. Typhi infection, whereas higher fold increases in Vi IgG responses were associated with reduced disease severity. Targeted antibody-mediated functional responses, particularly neutrophil phagocytosis, were also identified as important components of the protective signature. These humoral markers could be used to evaluate and develop efficacious Vi-conjugate vaccines and assist with accelerating vaccine availability to typhoid-endemic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celina Jin
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Pediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Jennifer Hill
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Pediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Bronwyn M Gunn
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
| | - Wen-Han Yu
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
| | - Lindsay C Dahora
- Departments of Immunology, Surgery, and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Elizabeth Jones
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Pediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Mari Johnson
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Pediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Malick M Gibani
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Pediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Rachel L Spreng
- Departments of Immunology, Surgery, and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - S Munir Alam
- Departments of Immunology, Surgery, and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Anna Nebykova
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Pediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Helene B Juel
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Pediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - S Moses Dennison
- Departments of Immunology, Surgery, and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Kelly E Seaton
- Departments of Immunology, Surgery, and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Jonathan K Fallon
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Departments of Immunology, Surgery, and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Pediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
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29
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Fix A, Kirkwood CD, Steele D, Flores J. Next-generation rotavirus vaccine developers meeting: Summary of a meeting sponsored by PATH and the bill & melinda gates foundation (19-20 June 2019, Geneva). Vaccine 2020; 38:8247-8254. [PMID: 33234304 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite the contribution of currently licensed live, oral rotavirus vaccines (LORVs) to alleviating the burden of severe disease and death from rotavirus gastroenteritis, those vaccines have proven less efficacious in resource-limited settings than in high- and middle-income countries. It has been proposed that the residual burden of rotavirus disease might be overcome with parenterally administered vaccines, or next-generation rotavirus vaccines (NGRV). To better define the progress of development of these vaccines, a meeting of vaccine developers and manufacturers engaged in NGRV research and development was convened in Geneva in June 2019. Several NRGVs are in various stages of preclinical development, and two have already entered clinical testing. The vaccine platforms include subunit protein, inactivated whole virus, virus-like particle and RNA-based vaccines. Meeting participants included groups involved in NGRV development, scientists investigating correlates of protection of rotavirus vaccines, and representatives of international organizations with insight into considerations for vaccine introduction. This report summarizes the presentations shared at the meeting.
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30
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Antibodies and Protection in Systemic Salmonella Infections: Do We Still Have More Questions than Answers? Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00219-20. [PMID: 32601109 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00219-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella causes grave systemic infections in humans and other animals and provides a paradigm for other diseases in which the bacteria have both intracellular and extracellular lifestyles. New generations of vaccines rely on the essential contribution of the antibody responses for their protection. The quality, antigen specificity, and functions associated with antibody responses to this pathogen have been elusive for a long time. Recent approaches that combine studies in humans and genetically manipulated experimental models and that exploit awareness of the location and within-host life cycle of the pathogen are shedding light on how humoral immunity to Salmonella operates. However, this area of research remains full of controversy and discrepancies. The overall scenario indicates that antibodies are essential for resistance against systemic Salmonella infections and can express the highest protective function when operating in conjunction with cell-mediated immunity. Antigen specificity, isotype profile, Fc-gamma receptor usage, and complement activation are all intertwined factors that still arcanely influence antibody-mediated protection to Salmonella.
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31
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Dash N, Rose W. Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine: Is It Time for It To Be in the National Immunization Schedule? Indian Pediatr 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13312-020-1886-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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