1
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Wang Y, Heymann F, Peiseler M. Intravital imaging: dynamic insights into liver immunity in health and disease. Gut 2024; 73:1364-1375. [PMID: 38777574 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2023-331739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Inflammation is a critical component of most acute and chronic liver diseases. The liver is a unique immunological organ with a dense vascular network, leading to intense crosstalk between tissue-resident immune cells, passenger leucocytes and parenchymal cells. During acute and chronic liver diseases, the multifaceted immune response is involved in disease promoting and repair mechanisms, while upholding core liver immune functions. In recent years, single-cell technologies have unravelled a previously unknown heterogeneity of immune cells, reshaping the complexity of the hepatic immune response. However, inflammation is a dynamic biological process, encompassing various immune cells, orchestrated in temporal and spatial dimensions, and driven by multiorgan signals. Intravital microscopy (IVM) has emerged as a powerful tool to investigate immunity by visualising the dynamic interplay between different immune cells and their surroundings within a near-natural environment. In this review, we summarise the experimental considerations to perform IVM and highlight recent technological developments. Furthermore, we outline the unique contributions of IVM to our understanding of liver immunity. Through the lens of liver disease, we discuss novel immune-mediated disease mechanisms uncovered by imaging-based studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Wang
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Felix Heymann
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Moritz Peiseler
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité, Berlin, Germany
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2
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Huang F, Lyu B, Xie F, Li F, Xing Y, Han Z, Lai J, Ma J, Zou Y, Zeng H, Xu Z, Gao P, Luo Y, Bolund L, Tong G, Fengping X. From gut to liver: unveiling the differences of intestinal microbiota in NAFL and NASH patients. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1366744. [PMID: 38638907 PMCID: PMC11024258 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1366744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is increasingly recognized for its global prevalence and potential progression to more severe liver diseases such as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). The gut microbiota plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of NAFLD, yet the detailed characteristics and ecological alterations of gut microbial communities during the progression from non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) to NASH remain poorly understood. Methods: In this study, we conducted a comparative analysis of gut microbiota composition in individuals with NAFL and NASH to elucidate differences and characteristics. We utilized 16S rRNA sequencing to compare the intestinal gut microbiota among a healthy control group (65 cases), NAFL group (64 cases), and NASH group (53 cases). Random forest machine learning and database validation methods were employed to analyze the data. Results: Our findings indicate a significant decrease in the diversity of intestinal flora during the progression of NAFLD (p < 0.05). At the phylum level, high abundances of Bacteroidetes and Fusobacteria were observed in both NAFL and NASH patients, whereas Firmicutes were less abundant. At the genus level, a significant decrease in Prevotella expression was seen in the NAFL group (AUC 0.738), whereas an increase in the combination of Megamonas and Fusobacterium was noted in the NASH group (AUC 0.769). Furthermore, KEGG pathway analysis highlighted significant disturbances in various types of glucose metabolism pathways in the NASH group compared to the NAFL group, as well as notably compromised flavonoid and flavonol biosynthesis functions. The study uncovers distinct microbiota characteristics and microecological changes within the gut during the transition from NAFL to NASH, providing insights that could facilitate the discovery of novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets for NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Furong Huang
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
- Department of Hepatology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Sanming Project of Medicine in Shenzhen, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bo Lyu
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- BGI Cell, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fanci Xie
- The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
- People's Hospital of Longhua, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fang Li
- BGI, Shenzhen, China
- Qingdao-Europe Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, BGI Research, Qingdao, China
- Lars Bolund Institute of Regenerative Medicine, BGI-Qingdao, BGI Research, Qingdao, China
| | - Yufeng Xing
- Department of Hepatology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Sanming Project of Medicine in Shenzhen, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhiyi Han
- Department of Hepatology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Sanming Project of Medicine in Shenzhen, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianping Lai
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | | | - Yuanqiang Zou
- BGI, Shenzhen, China
- Qingdao-Europe Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, BGI Research, Qingdao, China
| | - Hua Zeng
- Department of Hepatology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Sanming Project of Medicine in Shenzhen, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhe Xu
- BGI, Shenzhen, China
- Qingdao-Europe Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, BGI Research, Qingdao, China
- Lars Bolund Institute of Regenerative Medicine, BGI-Qingdao, BGI Research, Qingdao, China
| | - Pan Gao
- BGI, Shenzhen, China
- Qingdao-Europe Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, BGI Research, Qingdao, China
- Lars Bolund Institute of Regenerative Medicine, BGI-Qingdao, BGI Research, Qingdao, China
| | - Yonglun Luo
- Department of Sanming Project of Medicine in Shenzhen, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- BGI Cell, Shenzhen, China
- BGI, Shenzhen, China
- Qingdao-Europe Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, BGI Research, Qingdao, China
- Lars Bolund Institute of Regenerative Medicine, BGI-Qingdao, BGI Research, Qingdao, China
| | - Lars Bolund
- Department of Sanming Project of Medicine in Shenzhen, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- BGI Cell, Shenzhen, China
- BGI, Shenzhen, China
- Qingdao-Europe Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, BGI Research, Qingdao, China
- Lars Bolund Institute of Regenerative Medicine, BGI-Qingdao, BGI Research, Qingdao, China
| | - Guangdong Tong
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
- Department of Hepatology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Sanming Project of Medicine in Shenzhen, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xu Fengping
- Department of Sanming Project of Medicine in Shenzhen, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- BGI Cell, Shenzhen, China
- BGI, Shenzhen, China
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3
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Parola M, Pinzani M. Liver fibrosis in NAFLD/NASH: from pathophysiology towards diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Mol Aspects Med 2024; 95:101231. [PMID: 38056058 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2023.101231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis, as an excess deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) components, results from chronic liver injury as well as persistent activation of inflammatory response and of fibrogenesis. Liver fibrosis is a major determinant for chronic liver disease (CLD) progression and in the last two decades our understanding on the major molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the fibrogenic progression of CLD has dramatically improved, boosting pre-clinical studies and clinical trials designed to find novel therapeutic approaches. From these studies several critical concepts have emerged, starting to reveal the complexity of the pro-fibrotic microenvironment which involves very complex, dynamic and interrelated interactions between different hepatic and extrahepatic cell populations. This review will offer first a recapitulation of established and novel pathophysiological basic principles and concepts by intentionally focus the attention on NAFLD/NASH, a metabolic-related form of CLD with a high impact on the general population and emerging as a leading cause of CLD worldwide. NAFLD/NASH-related pro-inflammatory and profibrogenic mechanisms will be analysed as well as novel information on cells, mediators and signalling pathways which have taken advantage from novel methodological approaches and techniques (single cell genomics, imaging mass cytometry, novel in vitro two- and three-dimensional models, etc.). We will next offer an overview on recent advancement in diagnostic and prognostic tools, including serum biomarkers and polygenic scores, to support the analysis of liver biopsies. Finally, this review will provide an analysis of current and emerging therapies for the treatment of NAFLD/NASH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Parola
- Dept. Clinical and Biological Sciences, Unit of Experimental Medicine and Clinical Pathology, University of Torino, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125, Torino, Italy.
| | - Massimo Pinzani
- UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Division of Medicine - Royal Free Hospital, London, NW32PF, United Kingdom.
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4
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Gabalski MA, Smith KR, Hix J, Zinn KR. Comparisons of 3D printed materials for biomedical imaging applications. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2023; 24:2273803. [PMID: 38415266 PMCID: PMC10898812 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2023.2273803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
In biomedical imaging, it is desirable that custom-made accessories for restraint, anesthesia, and monitoring can be easily cleaned and not interfere with the imaging quality or analyses. With the rise of 3D printing as a form of rapid prototyping or manufacturing for imaging tools and accessories, it is important to understand which printable materials are durable and not likely to interfere with imaging applications. Here, 15 3D printable materials were evaluated for radiodensity, optical properties, simulated wear, and capacity for repeated cleaning and disinfection. Materials that were durable, easily cleaned, and not expected to interfere with CT, PET, or optical imaging applications were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell A Gabalski
- Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Kylie R Smith
- Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Jeremy Hix
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Radiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Advanced Molecular Imaging Facility, Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Kurt R Zinn
- Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Radiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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5
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Li D, Janmey PA, Wells RG. Local fat content determines global and local stiffness in livers with simple steatosis. FASEB Bioadv 2023; 5:251-261. [PMID: 37287868 PMCID: PMC10242205 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2022-00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Fat accumulation during liver steatosis precedes inflammation and fibrosis in fatty liver diseases, and is associated with disease progression. Despite a large body of evidence that liver mechanics play a major role in liver disease progression, the effect of fat accumulation by itself on liver mechanics remains unclear. Thus, we conducted ex vivo studies of liver mechanics in rodent models of simple steatosis to isolate and examine the mechanical effects of intrahepatic fat accumulation, and found that fat accumulation softens the liver. Using a novel adaptation of microindentation to permit association of local mechanics with microarchitectural features, we found evidence that the softening of fatty liver results from local softening of fatty regions rather than uniform softening of the liver. These results suggest that fat accumulation itself exerts a softening effect on liver tissue. This, along with the localized heterogeneity of softening within the liver, has implications in what mechanical mechanisms are involved in the progression of liver steatosis to more severe pathologies and disease. Finally, the ability to examine and associate local mechanics with microarchitectural features is potentially applicable to the study of the role of heterogeneous mechanical microenvironments in both other liver pathologies and other organ systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Li
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- NSF Science and Technology Center for Engineering MechanoBiologyUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Paul A. Janmey
- NSF Science and Technology Center for Engineering MechanoBiologyUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Institute for Medicine and EngineeringUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of PhysiologyUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Rebecca G. Wells
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- NSF Science and Technology Center for Engineering MechanoBiologyUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
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6
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Nababan SHH, Lesmana CRA. Portal Hypertension in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: From Pathogenesis to Clinical Practice. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2022; 10:979-985. [PMID: 36304507 PMCID: PMC9547264 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2021.00593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Portal hypertension in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) mostly occur in cirrhotic stage. However, several experimental and clinical studies showed evidence of portal hypertension in NAFLD without significant or advance fibrosis. This early development of portal hypertension in NAFLD is associated with liver sinusoidal contraction by hepatocellular lipid accumulation and ballooning, which is also accompanied by capillarization and dysfunction of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells. Both of these impaired mechanical and molecular components can cause an increase in intrahepatic vascular resistance which lead to the increase of portal pressure in the absence of significant liver fibrosis. Extrahepatic factors such as insulin resistance and gut dysbiosis may also contribute to liver sinusoidal endothelial dysfunction and early portal hypertension in NAFLD. The clinical impact of early portal hypertension in NAFLD is still unclear. However, clinical tools for diagnosis and monitoring of portal hypertension in NAFLD are being investigated to predict high-risk patients and to guide therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saut Horas H. Nababan
- Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Medical Faculty Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Center, MRCCC Siloam Semanggi Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Cosmas Rinaldi Adithya Lesmana
- Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Medical Faculty Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Center, MRCCC Siloam Semanggi Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Digestive Disease & GI Oncology Center, Medistra Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Correspondence to: Cosmas Rinaldi Adithya Lesmana, Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Dr Cipto Mangunkusomo National General Hospital Medical Faculty Universitas Indonesia, Jl. Diponegoro No.71 Jakarta 10430, Indonesia. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9992-9968. Tel: +62-21-31900924, Fax: +62-21-3918842, E-mail: mailto:
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7
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Immune mechanisms linking metabolic injury to inflammation and fibrosis in fatty liver disease - novel insights into cellular communication circuits. J Hepatol 2022; 77:1136-1160. [PMID: 35750137 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2022.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most prevalent chronic liver disease and is emerging as the leading cause of cirrhosis, liver transplantation and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). NAFLD is a metabolic disease that is considered the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome; however, during the evolution of NAFLD from steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), to more advanced stages of NASH with liver fibrosis, the immune system plays an integral role. Triggers for inflammation are rooted in hepatic (lipid overload, lipotoxicity, oxidative stress) and extrahepatic (gut-liver axis, adipose tissue, skeletal muscle) systems, resulting in unique immune-mediated pathomechanisms in NAFLD. In recent years, the implementation of single-cell RNA-sequencing and high dimensional multi-omics (proteogenomics, lipidomics) and spatial transcriptomics have tremendously advanced our understanding of the complex heterogeneity of various liver immune cell subsets in health and disease. In NAFLD, several emerging inflammatory mechanisms have been uncovered, including profound macrophage heterogeneity, auto-aggressive T cells, the role of unconventional T cells and platelet-immune cell interactions, potentially yielding novel therapeutics. In this review, we will highlight the recent discoveries related to inflammation in NAFLD, discuss the role of immune cell subsets during the different stages of the disease (including disease regression) and integrate the multiple systems driving inflammation. We propose a refined concept by which the immune system contributes to all stages of NAFLD and discuss open scientific questions arising from this paradigm shift that need to be unravelled in the coming years. Finally, we discuss novel therapeutic approaches to target the multiple triggers of inflammation, including combination therapy via nuclear receptors (FXR agonists, PPAR agonists).
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8
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Lee CG, Lee SJ, Park S, Choi SE, Song MW, Lee HW, Kim HJ, Kang Y, Lee KW, Kim HM, Kwak JY, Lee IJ, Jeon JY. In Vivo Two-Photon Imaging Analysis of Dynamic Degradation of Hepatic Lipid Droplets in MS-275-Treated Mouse Liver. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179978. [PMID: 36077368 PMCID: PMC9456374 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of hepatic lipid droplets (LDs) is a hallmark of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Appropriate degradation of hepatic LDs and oxidation of complete free fatty acids (FFAs) are important for preventing the development of NAFLD. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) is involved in the impaired lipid metabolism seen in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice. Here, we evaluated the effect of MS-275, an inhibitor of HDAC1/3, on the degradation of hepatic LDs and FFA oxidation in HFD-induced NAFLD mice. To assess the dynamic degradation of hepatic LDs and FFA oxidation in fatty livers of MS-275-treated HFD C57BL/6J mice, an intravital two-photon imaging system was used and biochemical analysis was performed. The MS-275 improved hepatic metabolic alterations in HFD-induced fatty liver by increasing the dynamic degradation of hepatic LDs and the interaction between LDs and lysozyme in the fatty liver. Numerous peri-droplet mitochondria, lipolysis, and lipophagy were observed in the MS-275-treated mouse fatty liver. Biochemical analysis revealed that the lipolysis and autophagy pathways were activated in MS-275 treated mouse liver. In addition, MS-275 reduced the de novo lipogenesis, but increased the mitochondrial oxidation and the expression levels of oxidation-related genes, such as PPARa, MCAD, CPT1b, and FGF21. Taken together, these results suggest that MS-275 stimulates the degradation of hepatic LDs and mitochondrial free fatty acid oxidation, thus protecting against HFD-induced NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Gun Lee
- Department of Medical Genetics, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Soo-Jin Lee
- Three-Dimensional Immune System Imaging Core Facility, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Seokho Park
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, The Graduate School, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Sung-E Choi
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Min-Woo Song
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Hyo Won Lee
- Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Hae Jin Kim
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Yup Kang
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Kwan Woo Lee
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Hwan Myung Kim
- Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Jong-Young Kwak
- Three-Dimensional Immune System Imaging Core Facility, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.-Y.K.); (J.Y.J.); Tel.: +82-31-219-4487 (J.-Y.K.); +82-31-219-7459 (J.Y.J.); Fax: +82-31-219-5069 (J.-Y.K.); +82-31-219-4497 (J.Y.J.)
| | - In-Jeong Lee
- Three-Dimensional Immune System Imaging Core Facility, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Ja Young Jeon
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.-Y.K.); (J.Y.J.); Tel.: +82-31-219-4487 (J.-Y.K.); +82-31-219-7459 (J.Y.J.); Fax: +82-31-219-5069 (J.-Y.K.); +82-31-219-4497 (J.Y.J.)
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9
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Kandhi R, Variya B, Ramanathan S, Ilangumaran S. An improved method for isolation and flow cytometric characterization of intrahepatic leukocytes from fatty and fibrotic liver tissues. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2022; 306:1011-1030. [PMID: 35848859 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Flow cytometry is an imperative tool to characterize alterations in a wide range of immune cell populations during inflammatory conditions and disease states that affect the liver such as the obesity-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and liver fibrosis. Identification and quantification of immune cell subsets from the liver is critically dependent on efficient isolation of intrahepatic leukocytes. The isolation of leukocytes from fatty and fibrotic livers and processing the cells for flow cytometry can be challenging with respect to cell yields, purity and most importantly, the level of autofluorescence resulting from fat deposition. Here, we describe an efficient method for isolating intrahepatic leukocytes from mice fed with high fat diet and propose a strategy to alleviate autofluorescence during phenotyping by multicolor flowcytometry. We also describe a gating strategy for robust identification of granulocytes, pro-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory and transitional state monocyte subsets, dendritic cells, B cell, T lymphocyte subpopulations and NK cell subsets. Overall, the procedures described here will allow simultaneous processing of several samples while ensuring reproducible cell isolation and efficient noise reduction required for reliable characterization of intrahepatic leukocytes from the fatty liver tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajani Kandhi
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Bhavesh Variya
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Sheela Ramanathan
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Subburaj Ilangumaran
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
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10
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Wang Y, Wang J. Intravital Imaging of Inflammatory Response in Liver Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:922041. [PMID: 35837329 PMCID: PMC9274191 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.922041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The healthy liver requires a strictly controlled crosstalk between immune and nonimmune cells to maintain its function and homeostasis. A well-conditioned immune system can effectively recognize and clear noxious stimuli by a self-limited, small-scale inflammatory response. This regulated inflammatory process enables the liver to cope with daily microbial exposure and metabolic stress, which is beneficial for hepatic self-renewal and tissue remodeling. However, the failure to clear noxious stimuli or dysregulation of immune response can lead to uncontrolled liver inflammation, liver dysfunction, and severe liver disease. Numerous highly dynamic circulating immune cells and sessile resident immune and parenchymal cells interact and communicate with each other in an incredibly complex way to regulate the inflammatory response in both healthy and diseased liver. Intravital imaging is a powerful tool to visualize individual cells in vivo and has been widely used for dissecting the behavior and interactions between various cell types in the complex architecture of the liver. Here, we summarize some new findings obtained with the use of intravital imaging, which enhances our understanding of the complexity of immune cell behavior, cell–cell interaction, and spatial organization during the physiological and pathological liver inflammatory response.
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11
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Lanzhang Granules Ameliorate Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by Regulating the PPAR α Signaling Pathway. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:1124901. [PMID: 35035496 PMCID: PMC8759917 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1124901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background There is still a lack of effective therapeutic drugs for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) to date. In this study, we applied mouse model experiments to clarify the effect of Chinese herbal medicine “Lanzhang Granules (LZG)” on NAFLD and further explore the potential mechanism to provide an alternative method for NAFLD treatment. Methods Male C57BL/6J mice were fed with a high-fat diet (HFD) for twenty-two weeks to induce the NAFLD model. LZG intervention was then performed by gavage daily for another eight weeks. At the end of the treatment, serum and liver tissues were collected. Serum biochemical indexes, insulin levels, and liver histopathology were measured to assess the effect of LZG on NAFLD. The liver tissues were then analyzed by RNA sequence for differentially expressed genes and signaling pathways. Results were further analyzed by Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) networks between the LZG and model groups. The selected different genes and signaling pathways were further verified by RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. Moreover, alpha mouse liver 12 (AML12) cells with lipid accumulation induced by fatty acid were treated with LZG, Fenofibrate (PPARα agonist), or Gw6471 (PPARα antagonist) to confirm the potential pharmacological mechanism. Results LZG was found to downregulate liver weight, body weight, liver index, and serum levels of ALT, AST, and serum lipid in HFD-induced NAFLD mice. HE and Oil Red O staining showed the improvement of hepatic steatosis and inflammatory infiltration in the mice with LZG treatment. The homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index indicated that LZG improved the insulin resistance of NAFLD mice. The RNA sequencing and PPI analysis confirmed the role of LZG in lipid metabolism regulation and identified the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) signaling pathway as one of the major underlying mechanisms. Western blot and RT-PCR results verified the regulatory effect of LZG on the PPARα pathway, including the upregulation of PPARα, acyl-coenzyme A oxidase 1 (ACOX1), and enoyl-CoA hydratase and 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (EHHADH) and the downregulation of TNFα. In vitro experiments showed the effect of LZG in improving lipid accumulation and cell viability in AML12 cells induced by fatty acids, which were alleviated by Gw6471 coincubation. Gw6471could also reverse the transcription of PPAR target genes ACOX1 and EHHADH, which were upregulated by LZG treatment. Conclusion LZG can improve NAFLD in mice or cell models. A major underlying mechanism may be the regulation of the PPARα signaling pathway to improve lipid metabolism and inhibit the inflammatory response. This study will help to promote the clinical application of LZG for the treatment of NAFLD.
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Turk M, Biernaskie J, Mahoney DJ, Jenne CN. Intravital Microscopy Techniques to Image Wound Healing in Mouse Skin. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2440:165-180. [PMID: 35218539 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2051-9_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The ability to visualize biological phenomenon has driven scientific interest and advancement over the centuries. Although many methods and assays provide a detailed snapshot of a physiology, the ability to track such processes in real time has expanded the breadth of questions that can be interrogated in the laboratory. Intravital Microscopy (IVM) is a dynamic and powerful way to investigate both the homeostatic and host response to either therapeutic or pathological intervention using live animals. In this technique, animal models, (often mice) are anesthetized, and the organ of interest surgically exteriorized. The animal containing fluorescent labels (either endogenous, or conjugated to antibodies/proteins) will then be placed on a high-powered laser scanning microscope, where the labeled cells or structures can be observed in their natural environment. Complex behavioral data and interactions can be captured in a temporal manner, providing a plethora of information that will help researchers make conclusions on a more systemic level, rather than isolating only part the response. As the technology advances, a greater number of imaging modality options can be utilized, and more diverse research questions can be addressed. The goal of this chapter is to highlight IVM as a technique and help instruct new users on how to choose the proper modalities, and by using imaging of a skin wound in mice as a model, provide troubleshooting strategies, technical advice, and considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison Turk
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Jeff Biernaskie
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Douglas J Mahoney
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Calgary, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Craig N Jenne
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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Almishri W, Davis RP, Shaheen AA, Altonsy MO, Jenne CN, Swain MG. The Antidepressant Mirtazapine Rapidly Shifts Hepatic B Cell Populations and Functional Cytokine Signatures in the Mouse. Front Immunol 2021; 12:622537. [PMID: 33841403 PMCID: PMC8027111 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.622537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction B cells are important regulators of both adaptive and innate immunity. The normal liver contains significant numbers of B cells, and their numbers increase dramatically in immune-mediated liver diseases. Our previous observations suggest a hepatoprotective effect of the antidepressant mirtazapine in human and experimental immune-mediated liver disease. Therefore, we performed a series of experiments to determine the impact of mirtazapine treatment on hepatic B cell homeostasis, as reflected by B cell number, trafficking and phenotype using flow cytometry (FCM) and intravital microscopy (IVM) analysis. Mirtazapine treatment rapidly induced a significant reduction in total hepatic B cell numbers, paralleled by a compositional shift in the predominant hepatic B cell subtype from B2 to B1. This shift in hepatic B cells induced by mirtazapine treatment was associated with a striking increase in total hepatic levels of the chemokine CXCL10, and increased production of CXCL10 by hepatic macrophages and dendritic cells. Furthermore, mirtazapine treatment led to an upregulation of CXCR3, the cognate chemokine receptor for CXCL10, on hepatic B cells that remained in the liver post-mirtazapine. A significant role for CXCR3 in the hepatic retention of B cells post-mirtazapine was confirmed using CXCR3 receptor blockade. In addition, B cells remaining in the liver post-mirtazapine produced lower amounts of the proinflammatory Th1-like cytokines IFNγ, TNFα, and IL-6, and increased amounts of the Th2-like cytokine IL-4, after stimulation in vitro. Conclusion Mirtazapine treatment rapidly alters hepatic B cell populations, enhancing hepatic retention of CXCR3-expressing innate-like B cells that generate a more anti-inflammatory cytokine profile. Mirtazapine-induced hepatic B cell shifts could potentially represent a novel therapeutic approach to immune-mediated liver diseases characterized by B cell driven pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wagdi Almishri
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
| | - Rachelle P Davis
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Abdel-Aziz Shaheen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Mohammed O Altonsy
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Craig N Jenne
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Mark G Swain
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Joshi SS, Davis RP, Ma MM, Tam E, Cooper CL, Ramji A, Kelly EM, Jayakumar S, Swain MG, Jenne CN, Coffin CS. Reduced immune responses to hepatitis B primary vaccination in obese individuals with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6:9. [PMID: 33431890 PMCID: PMC7801497 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-020-00266-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and cirrhosis are associated with poor hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccine responses, but vaccine efficacy has not been assessed in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Sixty-eight HBV-naïve adults with NAFLD were enrolled through the Canadian HBV network and completed three-dose HBV or HBV/HAV vaccine (Engerix-B®, or Twinrix®, GlaxoSmithKline). Anti-HBs titers were measured at 1-3 months post third dose. In 31/68 subjects enrolled at the coordinating-site, T-cell proliferation and follicular T-helper cells (pTFH) were assessed using PBMC. Immune response was also studied in NAFLD mice. NAFLD patients were stratified as low-risk-obesity, BMI < 35 (N = 40) vs. medium-high-risk obesity, BMI > 35 (N = 28). Anti-HBs titers were lower in medium/high-risk obesity, 385 IU/L ± 79 vs. low-risk obesity class, 642 IU/L ± 68.2, p = 0.02. High-risk obesity cases, N = 14 showed lower vaccine-specific-CD3+ CD4+ T-cell response compared to low-risk obesity patients, N = 17, p = 0.02. Low vaccine responders showed dysfunctional pTFH. NAFLD mice showed lower anti-HBs levels and T-cell response vs. controls. In conclusion, we report here that obese individuals with NAFLD exhibit decreased HBV vaccine-specific immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivali S Joshi
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Rachelle P Davis
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Mang M Ma
- University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Edward Tam
- Pacific Gastroenterology Associates, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Alnoor Ramji
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Erin M Kelly
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Saumya Jayakumar
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Mark G Swain
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Craig N Jenne
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Carla S Coffin
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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Li L, Zeng Z. Live Imaging of Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses in the Liver. Front Immunol 2020; 11:564768. [PMID: 33042143 PMCID: PMC7527534 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.564768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune response in the liver is determined by the spatial organization and cellular dynamics of hepatic immune cells. The liver vasculature accommodates abundant tissue-resident innate immune cells, such as Kupffer cells, natural killer cells, and natural killer T cells, to ensure efficient intravascular immunosurveillance. The fenestrated sinusoids also allow direct contact between circulating T cells and non-canonical antigen-presenting cells, such as hepatocytes, to instruct adaptive immune responses. Distinct cellular behaviors are exploited by liver immune cells to exert proper functions. Intravital imaging enables real-time visualization of individual immune cell in living animals, representing a powerful tool in dissecting the spatiotemporal features of intrahepatic immune cells during steady state and liver diseases. This review summarizes current advances in liver immunology prompted by in vivo imaging, with a particular focus on liver-resident innate immune cells and hepatic T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Zhutian Zeng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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