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Yang L, Hui Y, Thymann T, Nielsen DS, Jiang PP, Sangild PT. Bovine colostrum prevents formula-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis in preterm pigs. Pediatr Res 2024:10.1038/s41390-024-03379-x. [PMID: 38977796 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-024-03379-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preterm birth and formula feeding increase the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), a gut inflammatory disease known to be associated with gut microbiota (GM) changes in infants. Supplemental bovine colostrum may protect against formula-induced NEC via GM changes. We hypothesised that feeding colostrum before, after, or during formula feeding affects NEC sensitivity via changes to GM. METHODS Colonic GM (profiled by 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplicon sequencing) was compared in preterm pigs fed colostrum for 4 days, either before, after, or together with formula feeding for 4 days. Correlations between GM and gut parameters were assessed on day 5 or 9. RESULTS Both exclusive and partial colostrum feeding induced higher GM diversity, lower Enterococcus abundance, and improved intestinal maturation parameters (villus structure, digestive enzyme activities, permeability), relative to exclusive formula feeding (all p < 0.05). Across feeding regimens, Enterococcus abundance was inversely correlated with intestinal maturation parameters. Conversely, there was no correlation between GM changes and early NEC lesions. CONCLUSION Bovine colostrum inhibits formula-induced Enterococcus overgrowth and gut dysfunctions just after preterm birth but these effects are not causally linked. Optimising diet-related host responses, not GM, may be critical to prevent NEC in preterm newborn pigs and infants. IMPACT Supplement of bovine colostrum to formula feeding modified the gut microbiota by increasing species diversity and reducing Enterococcus abundance, while concurrently improving intestinal functions in preterm pigs. Diet-related changes to the gut microbiota were not clearly associated with development of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in preterm pigs, suggesting that diet-related gut microbiota effects are not critical for diet-related NEC protection. The study highlights the potential to use bovine colostrum as a supplement to formula feeding for preterm infants lacking human milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yang
- Section for Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Yan Hui
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Thomas Thymann
- Section for Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | - Ping-Ping Jiang
- Section for Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Per Torp Sangild
- Section for Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
- Department of Neonatology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Pediatrics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.
- Faculty of Theology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Holgersen K, Muk T, Ghisari M, Arora P, Kvistgaard AS, Nielsen SDH, Sangild PT, Bering SB. Neonatal Gut and Immune Responses to β-Casein Enriched Formula in Piglets. J Nutr 2024; 154:2143-2156. [PMID: 38703891 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND β-casein is the main casein constituent in human milk (HM) and a source of bioactive peptides for the developing gastrointestinal tract and immune system. Infant formulas contain less β-casein than HM, but whether different concentrations of β-casein affect tolerability and gut and immune maturation in newborns is unknown. OBJECTIVES Using near-term piglets as a model for newborn infants, we investigated whether increasing the β-casein fraction in bovine-based formula is clinically safe and may improve gut and immune maturation. METHODS Three groups of near-term pigs (96% gestation) were fed formula with bovine casein and whey protein (ratio 40:60): 1) standard skim milk casein (BCN-standard, 35% β-casein of total casein, n = 18); 2) β-casein enrichment to HM concentrations (BCN-medium, 65%, n = 19); and 3) high β-casein enrichment (BCN-high, 91%, n = 19). A reference group was fed 100% whey protein concentrate (WPC) as protein (WPC, n = 18). Intestinal and immune parameters were assessed before and after euthanasia on day 5. RESULTS Clinical variables (mortality, activity, body growth, and diarrhea) were similar among the groups, and no differences in intestinal or biochemical parameters were observed between BCN-standard and BCN-medium pigs. However, pigs receiving high amounts of β-casein (BCN-high) had lower small intestine weight and tended to have more intestinal complications (highest gut pathology score, permeability, and interleukin-8) than the other groups, particularly those receiving no casein (WPC pigs). Blood lymphocyte, thrombocyte, and reticulocyte counts were increased with higher β-casein, whereas eosinophil counts were reduced. In vitro blood immune cell responses were similar among groups. CONCLUSIONS β-casein enrichment of bovine-based formula to HM concentrations is clinically safe, as judged from newborn, near-term pigs, whereas no additional benefits to gut maturation were observed. However, excessive β-casein supplementation, beyond concentrations in HM, may potentially induce gut inflammation together with increased blood cell populations relative to natural β-casein concentrations or pure whey-based formula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Holgersen
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark; Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Tik Muk
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | - Pankaj Arora
- Arla Food Ingredients Group P/S, Viby J, Denmark
| | | | - Søren Drud-Heydary Nielsen
- Arla Food Ingredients Group P/S, Viby J, Denmark; Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Per Torp Sangild
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark; Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Stine Brandt Bering
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
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Sangild PT. Science and Faith to Understand Milk Bioactivity for Infants. Nutrients 2024; 16:1676. [PMID: 38892610 PMCID: PMC11174769 DOI: 10.3390/nu16111676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Milk bioactivity refers to the specific health effects of milk components beyond nutrition. The science of milk bioactivity involves the systematic study of these components and their health effects, as verified by empirical data, controlled experiments, and logical arguments. Conversely, 'faith in milk bioactivity' can be defined as personal opinion, meaning, value, trust, and hope for health effects that are beyond investigation by natural, social, or human sciences. Faith can be strictly secular, but also influenced by spirituality or religion. The aim of this paper is to show that scientific knowledge is frequently supplemented with faith convictions to establish personal and public understanding of milk bioactivity. Mammalian milk is an immensely complex fluid containing myriad proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and micronutrients with multiple functions across species, genetics, ages, environments, and cultures. Human health includes not only physical health, but also social, mental, and spiritual health, requiring widely different fields of science to prove the relevance, safety, and efficacy of milk interventions. These complex relationships between milk feeding and health outcomes prevent firm conclusions based on science and logic alone. Current beliefs in and understanding of the value of breast milk, colostrum, infant formula, or isolated milk proteins (e.g., immunoglobulins, α-lactalbumin, lactoferrin, and growth factors) show that both science and faith contribute to understand, stimulate, or restrict the use of milk bioactivity. The benefits of breastfeeding for infants are beyond doubt, but the strong beliefs in its health effects rely not only on science, and mechanisms are unclear. Likewise, fear of, or trust in, infant formula may rely on both science and faith. Knowledge from science safeguards individuals and society against 'milk bioactivity superstition'. Conversely, wisdom from faith-based convictions may protect science from unrealistic 'milk bioactivity scientism'. Honesty and transparency about the potentials and limitations of both scientific knowledge and faith convictions are important when informing individuals and society about the nutritious and bioactive qualities of milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per T. Sangild
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Copenhagen, Denmark;
- Department of Neonatology, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Hans Christian Andersen Children’s Hospital, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
- Cross-Faculty Center for Science and Faith, Faculty of Theology, University of Copenhagen, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
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4
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Adamkin DH, Hay WW. COMMENTARY: Searching for biomarkers and regulators of growth in very preterm infants with new fortifiers. Pediatr Res 2024:10.1038/s41390-024-03267-4. [PMID: 38734813 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-024-03267-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- David H Adamkin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, President of the Southeastern Association of Neonatologists, Louisville, KY, USA
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5
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Holgersen K, Rasmussen MB, Zamir I, Aunsholt L, Zachariassen G, Sangild PT. Glucose-regulatory hormones and growth in very preterm infants fed fortified human milk. Pediatr Res 2024:10.1038/s41390-024-03166-8. [PMID: 38580842 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-024-03166-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine colostrum (BC) contains a range of milk bioactive components, and it is unknown how human milk fortification with BC affects glucose-regulatory hormones in very preterm infants (VPIs). This study aimed to investigate the associations between hormone concentrations and fortification type, birth weight (appropriate/small for gestational age, AGA/SGA), milk intake, postnatal age, and body growth. METHODS 225 VPIs were randomized to fortification with BC or conventional fortifier (CF). Plasma hormones were measured before, one and two weeks after start of fortification. ΔZ-scores from birth to 35 weeks postmenstrual age were calculated. RESULTS Compared with CF, infants fortified with BC had higher plasma GLP-1, GIP, glucagon, and leptin concentrations after start of fortification. Prior to fortification, leptin concentrations were negatively associated with growth, while IGF-1 concentrations associated positively with growth during fortification. In AGA infants, hormone concentrations generally increased after one week of fortification. Relative to AGA infants, SGA infants showed reduced IGF-1 and leptin concentrations. CONCLUSION Fortification with BC increased the plasma concentrations of several glucose-regulatory hormones. Concentrations of IGF-1 were positively, and leptin negatively, associated with growth. Glucose-regulatory hormone levels were affected by birth weight, milk intake and postnatal age, but not closely associated with growth in VPIs. IMPACT Little is known about the variation in glucose-regulatory hormones in the early life of very preterm infants (VPIs). This study shows that the levels of glucose-regulatory hormones in plasma of VPIs are highly variable and modified by birth weight (appropriate or small for gestational age, AGA or SGA), the type of fortifier, enteral nutritional intake, and advancing postnatal age. The results confirm that IGF-1 levels are positively associated with early postnatal growth in VPIs, yet the levels of both IGF-1 and other glucose-regulatory hormones appeared to explain only a small part of the overall variation in growth rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Holgersen
- Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin Bo Rasmussen
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Itay Zamir
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics unit, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lise Aunsholt
- Department of Neonatology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gitte Zachariassen
- Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Open Patient data Explorative Network, Region of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Per Torp Sangild
- Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Neonatology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
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Wang X, Li L, Liu T, Shi Y. More than nutrition: Therapeutic potential and mechanism of human milk oligosaccharides against necrotizing enterocolitis. Life Sci 2024; 339:122420. [PMID: 38218534 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Human milk is the most valuable source of nutrition for infants. The structure and function of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), which are key components of human milk, have long been attracting particular research interest. Several recent studies have found HMOs to be efficacious in the prevention and treatment of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Additionally, they could be developed in the future as non-invasive predictive markers for NEC. Based on previous findings and the well-defined functions of HMOs, we summarize potential protective mechanisms of HMOs against neonatal NEC, which include: modulating signal receptor function, promoting intestinal epithelial cell proliferation, reducing apoptosis, restoring intestinal blood perfusion, regulating microbial prosperity, and alleviating intestinal inflammation. HMOs supplementation has been demonstrated to be protective against NEC in both animal studies and clinical observations. This calls for mass production and use of HMOs in infant formula, necessitating more research into the safety of industrially produced HMOs and the appropriate dosage in infant formula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinru Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36, San Hao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36, San Hao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China
| | - Tianjing Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36, San Hao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China.
| | - Yongyan Shi
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36, San Hao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China.
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7
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Luo F, Zhang M, Zhang L, Zhou P. Nutritional and health effects of bovine colostrum in neonates. Nutr Rev 2023:nuad145. [PMID: 38052234 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuad145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
High concentrations of immunoglobulins, bioactive peptides, and growth factors are found in bovine colostrum (BC), the milk produced by cows in the first few days after parturition. Various biological functions make it increasingly used to provide nutritional support and immune protection to the offspring of many species, including humans. These biological functions include cell growth stimulation, anti-infection, and immunomodulation. The primary components and biological functions of colostrum were reviewed in the literature, and the authors also looked at its latent effects on the growth and development of neonates as well as on conditions such as infections, necrotizing enterocolitis, short bowel syndrome, and feeding intolerance. The importance of BC in neonatal nutrition, immune support, growth and development, and gut health has been demonstrated in a number of experimental and animal studies. BC has also been shown to be safe at low doses without adverse effects in newborns. BC supplementation has been shown to be efficient in preventing several disorders, including rotavirus diarrhea, necrotizing enterocolitis, and sepsis in animal models of prematurity and some newborn studies. Therefore, BC supplementation should be considered in cases where maternal milk is insufficient or donor milk is unavailable. The optimal age, timing, dosage, and form of BC administration still require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangmei Luo
- Department of Neonatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Neonatology, Jinan University-Affiliated Shenzhen Baoan Women's and Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lian Zhang
- Department of Neonatology, Jinan University-Affiliated Shenzhen Baoan Women's and Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ping Zhou
- Department of Neonatology, Jinan University-Affiliated Shenzhen Baoan Women's and Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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Aidos L, Pallaoro M, Mirra G, Serra V, Castrica M, Agradi S, Curone G, Vigo D, Riva F, Balzaretti CM, De Bellis R, Pastorelli G, Brecchia G, Modina SC, Di Giancamillo A. Intestine Health and Barrier Function in Fattening Rabbits Fed Bovine Colostrum. Vet Sci 2023; 10:657. [PMID: 37999480 PMCID: PMC10675739 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10110657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The permeability of the immature intestine is higher in newborns than in adults; a damaged gut barrier in young animals increases the susceptibility to digestive and infectious diseases later in life. It is therefore of major importance to avoid impairment of the intestinal barrier, specifically in a delicate phase of development, such as weaning. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of bovine colostrum supplementation on the intestinal barrier, such as the intestinal morphology and proliferation level and tight junctions expression (zonulin) and enteric nervous system (ENS) inflammation status (through the expression of PGP9.5 and GFAP) in fattening rabbits. Rabbits of 35 days of age were randomly divided into three groups (n = 13) based on the dietary administration: commercial feed (control group, CTR) and commercial feed supplemented with 2.5% and 5% bovine colostrum (BC1 and BC2 groups, respectively). Rabbits receiving the BC1 diet showed a tendency to have better duodenum morphology and higher proliferation rates (p < 0.001) than the control group. An evaluation of the zonulin expression showed that it was higher in the BC2 group, suggesting increased permeability, which was partially confirmed by the expression of GFAP. Our results suggest that adding 2.5% BC into the diet could be a good compromise between intestinal morphology and permeability, since rabbits fed the highest inclusion level of BC showed signs of higher intestinal permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Aidos
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (L.A.); (M.P.); (G.M.); (V.S.); (S.A.); (G.C.); (D.V.); (F.R.); (C.M.B.); (G.P.); (G.B.); (S.C.M.)
| | - Margherita Pallaoro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (L.A.); (M.P.); (G.M.); (V.S.); (S.A.); (G.C.); (D.V.); (F.R.); (C.M.B.); (G.P.); (G.B.); (S.C.M.)
| | - Giorgio Mirra
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (L.A.); (M.P.); (G.M.); (V.S.); (S.A.); (G.C.); (D.V.); (F.R.); (C.M.B.); (G.P.); (G.B.); (S.C.M.)
| | - Valentina Serra
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (L.A.); (M.P.); (G.M.); (V.S.); (S.A.); (G.C.); (D.V.); (F.R.); (C.M.B.); (G.P.); (G.B.); (S.C.M.)
| | - Marta Castrica
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina Comparata e Alimentazione—BCA, University of Padua, Viale dell’Università, 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy;
| | - Stella Agradi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (L.A.); (M.P.); (G.M.); (V.S.); (S.A.); (G.C.); (D.V.); (F.R.); (C.M.B.); (G.P.); (G.B.); (S.C.M.)
| | - Giulio Curone
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (L.A.); (M.P.); (G.M.); (V.S.); (S.A.); (G.C.); (D.V.); (F.R.); (C.M.B.); (G.P.); (G.B.); (S.C.M.)
| | - Daniele Vigo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (L.A.); (M.P.); (G.M.); (V.S.); (S.A.); (G.C.); (D.V.); (F.R.); (C.M.B.); (G.P.); (G.B.); (S.C.M.)
| | - Federica Riva
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (L.A.); (M.P.); (G.M.); (V.S.); (S.A.); (G.C.); (D.V.); (F.R.); (C.M.B.); (G.P.); (G.B.); (S.C.M.)
| | - Claudia Maria Balzaretti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (L.A.); (M.P.); (G.M.); (V.S.); (S.A.); (G.C.); (D.V.); (F.R.); (C.M.B.); (G.P.); (G.B.); (S.C.M.)
| | - Roberta De Bellis
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Via A. Saffi 2, 61029 Urbino, Italy;
| | - Grazia Pastorelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (L.A.); (M.P.); (G.M.); (V.S.); (S.A.); (G.C.); (D.V.); (F.R.); (C.M.B.); (G.P.); (G.B.); (S.C.M.)
| | - Gabriele Brecchia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (L.A.); (M.P.); (G.M.); (V.S.); (S.A.); (G.C.); (D.V.); (F.R.); (C.M.B.); (G.P.); (G.B.); (S.C.M.)
| | - Silvia Clotilde Modina
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (L.A.); (M.P.); (G.M.); (V.S.); (S.A.); (G.C.); (D.V.); (F.R.); (C.M.B.); (G.P.); (G.B.); (S.C.M.)
| | - Alessia Di Giancamillo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milan, Italy
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9
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Yan X, Pan X, Ding L, Dai Y, Chen J, Yang Y, Li Y, Hao H, Qiu H, Ye Z, Shen RL, Li Y, Ritz C, Peng Y, Zhou P, Gao F, Jiang PP, Lin HC, Zachariassen G, Sangild PT, Wu B. Bovine colostrum to supplement the first feeding of very preterm infants: The PreColos randomized controlled trial. Clin Nutr 2023; 42:1408-1417. [PMID: 37437359 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2023.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Gut immaturity leads to feeding difficulties in very preterm infants (<32 weeks gestation at birth). Maternal milk (MM) is the optimal diet but often absent or insufficient. We hypothesized that bovine colostrum (BC), rich in protein and bioactive components, improves enteral feeding progression, relative to preterm formula (PF), when supplemented to MM. Aim of the study is to determine whether BC supplementation to MM during the first 14 days of life shortens the time to full enteral feeding (120 mL/kg/d, TFF120). METHODS This was a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial at seven hospitals in South China without access to human donor milk and with slow feeding progression. Infants were randomly assigned to receive BC or PF when MM was insufficient. Volume of BC was restricted by recommended protein intake (4-4.5 g/kg/d). Primary outcome was TFF120. Feeding intolerance, growth, morbidities and blood parameters were recorded to assess safety. RESULTS A total of 350 infants were recruited. BC supplementation had no effect on TFF120 in intention-to-treat analysis [n (BC) = 171, n (PF) = 179; adjusted hazard ratio, aHR: 0.82 (95% CI: 0.64, 1.06); P = 0.13]. Body growth and morbidities did not differ, but more cases of periventricular leukomalacia were detected in the infants fed BC (5/155 vs. 0/181, P = 0.06). Blood chemistry and hematology data were similar between the intervention groups. CONCLUSIONS BC supplementation during the first two weeks of life did not reduce TFF120 and had only marginal effects on clinical variables. Clinical effects of BC supplementation on very preterm infants in the first weeks of life may depend on feeding regimen and remaining milk diet. TRIAL REGISTRATION http://www. CLINICALTRIALS gov: NCT03085277.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Yan
- Department of Neonatology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Ji'nan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoyu Pan
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Lu Ding
- Department of Neonatology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Ji'nan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yiheng Dai
- Department of Neonatology, Foshan Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Foshan, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Neonatology, Shenzhen Nanshan Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yong Yang
- Department of Neonatology, Dongguan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Dongguang, China
| | - Yuefeng Li
- Department of Neonatology, Shenzhen Luohu Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hu Hao
- Department of Neonatology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huixian Qiu
- Department of Neonatology, Longgang District Central Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhenzhi Ye
- Department of Neonatology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - René Liang Shen
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark; Department of Neonatology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yanqi Li
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark; NBCD A/S, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Christian Ritz
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yueming Peng
- Department of Neonatology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Ji'nan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Ping Zhou
- Department of Neonatology, Bao'an Women and Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fei Gao
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark; NEOMICS Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ping-Ping Jiang
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Hung-Chih Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Children's Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Gitte Zachariassen
- Department of Pediatrics, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Per Torp Sangild
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark; Department of Neonatology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Pediatrics, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Benqing Wu
- Department of Neonatology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China.
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10
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Kappel SS, Sangild PT, Ahnfeldt AM, Jóhannsdóttir V, Soernsen LJ, Bak LB, Friborg C, Möller S, Zachariassen G, Aunsholt L. A Randomized, Controlled Study to Investigate How Bovine Colostrum Fortification of Human Milk Affects Bowel Habits in Preterm Infants (FortiColos Study). Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14224756. [PMID: 36432444 PMCID: PMC9696900 DOI: 10.3390/nu14224756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Human milk does not meet the nutritional needs to support optimal growth of very preterm infants during the first weeks of life. Nutrient fortifiers are therefore added to human milk, though these products are suspected to increase gut dysmotility. The objective was to evaluate whether fortification with bovine colostrum (BC) improves bowel habits compared to a conventional fortifier (CF) in very preterm infants. Methods: In an unblinded, randomized study, 242 preterm infants (26−31 weeks of gestation) were randomized to receive BC (BC, Biofiber Damino, Gesten, Denmark) or CF (FM85 PreNAN, Nestlé, Vevey, Switzerland) as a fortifier. Stools (Amsterdam Stool Scale), bowel gas restlessness, stomach appearance score, volume, and frequency of gastric residuals were recorded before each meal until 35 weeks post-menstrual age. Results: As intake of fortifiers increased, stools became harder in both groups (p < 0.01) though less in BC infants (p < 0.05). The incidence of bowel gas restlessness increased with laxative treatments and days of fortification in both groups (p < 0.01), but laxatives were prescribed later in BC infants (p < 0.01). With advancing age, stomach appearance scores improved, but more so in BC infants (p < 0.01). Conclusions: Although there are limitations, a minimally processed, bioactive milk product such as BC induced similar or slightly improved bowel habits in preterm infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Soendergaard Kappel
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Neonatology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Per Torp Sangild
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Neonatology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Hans Christian Andersen Children’s Hospital, Department of Neonatology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Agnethe May Ahnfeldt
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Valdis Jóhannsdóttir
- Hans Christian Andersen Children’s Hospital, Department of Neonatology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Line Juul Soernsen
- Hans Christian Andersen Children’s Hospital, Department of Neonatology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Lene Boejgaard Bak
- Department of Neonatology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Christel Friborg
- Department of Neonatology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sören Möller
- Open Patient Data Explorative Network (OPEN), Department of Clinical Research, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Gitte Zachariassen
- Hans Christian Andersen Children’s Hospital, Department of Neonatology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Lise Aunsholt
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Neonatology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +45-35-45-25-05
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11
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Sun J, Akıllıoğlu HG, Aasmul‐Olsen K, Ye Y, Lund P, Zhao X, Brunse A, Nielsen CF, Chatterton DEW, Sangild PT, Lund MN, Bering SB. Ultra-High Temperature Treatment and Storage of Infant Formula Induces Dietary Protein Modifications, Gut Dysfunction, and Inflammation in Preterm Pigs. Mol Nutr Food Res 2022; 66:e2200132. [PMID: 36052940 PMCID: PMC9786312 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202200132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Ready-to-feed liquid infant formula is increasingly used for preterm infants when human milk is unavailable. These formulas are sterilized by ultra-high temperature treatment, but heating and storage may reduce bioactivity and increase formation of Maillard reaction products with potential negative consequences for immature newborns. METHODS AND RESULTS Using preterm pigs as a model for sensitive newborn infants, the study tests the intestinal responses of feeding experimental liquid formula within 5 days. A pasteurized formula (PAST) with the same nutrient composition but less protein modifications serves as control to ultra-high temperature-treated formula without (UHT) and with prolonged storage (SUHT). Relative to PAST, UHT contains lower levels of lactoferrin and IgG. Additional storage (40 °C, 60 days, SUHT) reduces antimicrobial capacity and increases non-reducible protein aggregates and Maillard reaction products (up to 13-fold). Pigs fed SUHT have more diarrhea and show signs of intestinal inflammation (necrotizing enterocolitis) compared with pigs fed PAST and UHT. These clinical effects are accompanied by accumulation of Maillard reaction products, protein cross-links, and inflammatory responses in the gut. CONCLUSION The results demonstrate that feeding UHT infant formulas, particularly after prolonged storage, adversely affects gut maturation and function in preterm pigs used as a model of preterm infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Sun
- Comparative Pediatrics and NutritionDepartment of Veterinary and Animal SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenDyrlægevej 68Frederiksberg C1870Denmark
| | - Halise Gül Akıllıoğlu
- Department of Food ScienceUniversity of CopenhagenRolighedsvej 26Frederiksberg1958Denmark
| | - Karoline Aasmul‐Olsen
- Comparative Pediatrics and NutritionDepartment of Veterinary and Animal SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenDyrlægevej 68Frederiksberg C1870Denmark
| | - Yuhui Ye
- Department of Food ScienceUniversity of CopenhagenRolighedsvej 26Frederiksberg1958Denmark
| | - Pernille Lund
- Department of Food ScienceUniversity of CopenhagenRolighedsvej 26Frederiksberg1958Denmark
| | - Xiao Zhao
- Department of Food ScienceUniversity of CopenhagenRolighedsvej 26Frederiksberg1958Denmark
| | - Anders Brunse
- Comparative Pediatrics and NutritionDepartment of Veterinary and Animal SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenDyrlægevej 68Frederiksberg C1870Denmark
| | | | | | - Per Torp Sangild
- Comparative Pediatrics and NutritionDepartment of Veterinary and Animal SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenDyrlægevej 68Frederiksberg C1870Denmark,Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent MedicineRigshospitaletBlegdamsvej 9Copenhagen Ø2100Denmark,Hans Christian Andersen Children's HospitalJ. B. Winsløws Vej 4Odense C5000Denmark
| | - Marianne N. Lund
- Department of Food ScienceUniversity of CopenhagenRolighedsvej 26Frederiksberg1958Denmark,Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenBlegdamsvej 3BCopenhagen N2200Denmark
| | - Stine Brandt Bering
- Comparative Pediatrics and NutritionDepartment of Veterinary and Animal SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenDyrlægevej 68Frederiksberg C1870Denmark
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12
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Regulatory T Cells in Development and Prediction of Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Preterm Neonates: A Scoping Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810903. [PMID: 36142816 PMCID: PMC9504949 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a leading cause of mortality in premature infants. However, the pathophysiology and influence of regulatory T cells (Tregs) have not been sufficiently elucidated. We performed a scoping review to investigate current knowledge on the influence of Tregs in NEC, and to investigate the predictive value of Treg number in NEC development. Pubmed, Embase, Prospero and Cochrane Library were searched during December 2020. Primary research articles discussing Tregs and NEC development written in English were selected. Two reviewers screened title and abstract for relevance, after which full-text screening was performed. A total of 20 articles were selected—13 of the articles discussed studies performed in animal models, while 8 used human neonate data. One study discussed both animal and human data. It was shown that after NEC diagnosis or induction, Treg levels were decreased while Th17 levels were increased. No studies were found which investigated the predictive value of Treg number in NEC development. A reduced Treg level is found in animals and neonates with NEC. The question remains whether this effect is a factor on the causal pathway of NEC development or a bystander effect. Future research focusing on the pathophysiological timeline of NEC and the involvement of Tregs is required for better understanding of this disease.
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13
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Henriksen NL, Hansen SH, Lycas MD, Pan X, Eriksen T, Johansen LS, Sprenger RR, Ejsing CS, Burrin DG, Skovgaard K, Christensen VB, Thymann T, Pankratova S. Cholestasis alters brain lipid and bile acid composition and compromises motor function in neonatal piglets. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15368. [PMID: 35822260 PMCID: PMC9277266 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Infants with neonatal cholestasis are prone to neurodevelopmental deficits, however, the underlying pathogenesis is unclear. Lipid malabsorption and accumulation of potentially neurotoxic molecules in the blood such as bile acids are important yet relatively unexplored pathways. Here, we developed a translational piglet model to understand how the molecular bile acid and lipid composition of the brain is affected by this disease and relates to motor function. Piglets (8-days old) had bile duct ligation or sham surgery and were fed a formula diet for 3 weeks. Alongside sensory-motor deficits observed in bile duct-ligated animals, we found a shift toward a more hydrophilic and conjugated bile acid profile in the brain. Additionally, comprehensive lipidomics of the cerebellum revealed a decrease in total lipids including phosphatidylinositols and phosphatidylserines and increases in lysophospholipid species. This was paralleled by elevated cerebellar expression of genes related to inflammation and tissue damage albeit without significant impact on the brain transcriptome. This study offers new insights into the developing brain's molecular response to neonatal cholestasis indicating that bile acids and lipids may contribute in mediating motor deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Lind Henriksen
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDenmark
| | - Svend Høime Hansen
- Department of Clinical BiochemistryCopenhagen University Hospital, RigshospitaletCopenhagen ØDenmark
| | | | - Xiaoyu Pan
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDenmark
| | - Thomas Eriksen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDenmark
| | | | - Richard R. Sprenger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical SciencesUniversity of Southern DenmarkOdense MDenmark
| | - Christer Stenby Ejsing
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical SciencesUniversity of Southern DenmarkOdense MDenmark
| | - Douglas G. Burrin
- Department of Pediatrics, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research ServiceChildren's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Kerstin Skovgaard
- Department of Biotechnology and BiomedicineTechnical University of DenmarkLyngbyDenmark
| | - Vibeke Brix Christensen
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDenmark
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent MedicineCopenhagen University Hospital, RigshospitaletCopenhagen ØDenmark
| | - Thomas Thymann
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDenmark
| | - Stanislava Pankratova
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDenmark
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14
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Pan X, Muk T, Ren S, Nguyen DN, Shen RL, Gao F, Sangild PT. Blood transcriptomic markers of necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm pigs. Pediatr Res 2022; 91:1113-1120. [PMID: 34112973 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-021-01605-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), a severe gut disorder in preterm infants, is difficult to predict due to poor specificity and sensitivity of clinical signs and biomarkers. Using preterm piglets as a model, we hypothesized that early development of NEC affects blood gene expression, potentially related to early systemic immune responses. METHODS A retrospective analysis of clinical, tissue, and blood data was performed on 129 formula-fed piglets with NEC diagnosis at necropsy on day 5. Subgroups of NEC (n = 20) and control piglets (CON, n = 19) were analyzed for whole-blood transcriptome. RESULTS Preterm piglets had variable NEC lesions, especially in the colon region, without severe clinical signs (e.g. normal growth, activity, hematology, digestion, few piglets with bloody stools). Transcriptome analysis showed 344 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between NEC and CON piglets. Validation experiment showed that AOAH, ARG2, FKBP5, PAK2, and STAT3 were among the genes affected by severe lesions on day 5, when analyzed in whole blood and in dried blood spots (DBS). CONCLUSION Whole-blood gene expressions may be affected in preterm pigs before clinical signs of NEC get severe. Blood gene expression analysis, potentially using DBS samples, is a novel tool to help identify new early biomarkers of NEC. IMPACT Preterm pig model was used to investigate if blood transcriptomics could be used to identify new early blood biomarkers of NEC progression. Whole-blood transcriptome revealed upregulation of target genes in NEC cases when clinical symptoms are subtle, and mainly colon regions were affected. Differential NEC-associated gene expressions could be detected also in dried blood spots, potentially allowing easy collection of small blood volumes in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Pan
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tik Muk
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Shuqiang Ren
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Duc Ninh Nguyen
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rene L Shen
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Fei Gao
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Per Torp Sangild
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,H.C. Andersen Childrens Hospital, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark. .,Department of Neonatology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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15
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Holgersen K, Rasmussen MB, Carey G, Burrin DG, Thymann T, Sangild PT. Clinical outcome and gut development after insulin-like growth factor-1 supplementation to preterm pigs. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:868911. [PMID: 35989990 PMCID: PMC9389362 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.868911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevation of circulating insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) within normal physiological levels may alleviate several morbidities in preterm infants but safety and efficacy remain unclear. We hypothesized that IGF-1 supplementation during the first 1-2 weeks after preterm birth improves clinical outcomes and gut development, using preterm pigs as a model for infants. METHODS Preterm pigs were given vehicle or recombinant human IGF-1/binding protein-3 (rhIGF-1, 2.25 mg/kg/d) by subcutaneous injections for 8 days (Experiment 1, n = 34), or by systemic infusion for 4 days (Experiment 2, n = 19), before collection of blood and organs for analyses. RESULTS In both experiments, rhIGF-1 treatment increased plasma IGF-1 levels 3-4 fold, reaching the values reported for term suckling piglets. In Experiment 1, rhIGF-1 treatment increased spleen and intestinal weights without affecting clinical outcomes like growth, blood biochemistry (except increased sodium and gamma-glutamyltransferase levels), hematology (e.g., red and white blood cell populations), glucose homeostasis (e.g., basal and glucose-stimulated insulin and glucose levels) or systemic immunity variables (e.g., T cell subsets, neutrophil phagocytosis, LPS stimulation, bacterial translocation to bone marrow). The rhIGF-1 treatment increased gut protein synthesis (+11%, p < 0.05) and reduced the combined incidence of all-cause mortality and severe necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC, p < 0.05), but had limited effects on intestinal morphology, cell proliferation, cell apoptosis, brush-border enzyme activities, permeability and levels of cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8). In Experiment 2, rhIGF-1 treated pigs had reduced blood creatine kinase, creatinine, potassium and aspartate aminotransferase levels, with no effects on organ weights (except increased spleen weight), blood chemistry values, clinical variables or NEC. CONCLUSION Physiological elevation of systemic IGF-1 levels for 8 days after preterm birth increased intestinal weight and protein synthesis, spleen weight and potential overall viability of pigs, without any apparent negative effects on recorded clinical parameters. The results add further preclinical support for safety and efficacy of supplemental IGF-1 to hospitalized very preterm infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Holgersen
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Martin Bo Rasmussen
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | - Douglas G Burrin
- Department of Pediatrics, United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Thomas Thymann
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Per Torp Sangild
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.,Department of Neonatology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Pediatrics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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16
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Yan X, Sangild PT, Peng Y, Li Y, Bering SB, Pan X. Supplementary Bovine Colostrum Feedings to Formula-Fed Preterm Pigs Improve Gut Function and Reduce Necrotizing Enterocolitis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2021; 73:e39-e46. [PMID: 33853107 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000003147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Exclusive feeding with bovine colostrum (BC) protects preterm pigs against necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and BC has recently been tested as a supplement to a mother's own milk or formula (FOR) for very preterm infants. Using preterm pigs as a model for infants, we investigated if BC has gut- and NEC-protective effects at different proportions of the daily enteral intake given as BC. METHODS Sixty-eight caesarean-delivered preterm piglets (90% gestation) were allocated into four groups with increasing proportions of eight daily bolus feedings as BC: BC00 (only FOR feeding), BC25 (25% BC), BC50 (50% BC), or BC75 (75% BC). On day 5, the gut was collected for biochemical analyses. RESULTS Body growth was increased in BC50 and BC75 piglets (2-fold, P < 0.05 vs BC00). The incidence of mild NEC-like lesions was similar among groups (67-86%), but BC75 reduced severe NEC-like lesions (27% vs 79% in BC00, P < 0.05). BC50 and BC75 improved hexose absorption and mucosal structure and reduced gut permeability (P < 0.05 vs BC00), while enzyme activities (lactase, aminopeptidase N and A, dipeptidyl peptidase IV) were improved in all pigs fed BC (P < 0.05). Across the measured variables, beneficial effects were most clear for the BC75 group, including reductions in colon tissue cytokine levels (interleukin 8, interleukin 1β, tumor necrosis factor α) and expression of immune- and apoptosis-related genes (LBP, TLR4, TLR2, IL8, STAT3, IL17, C3, all P < 0.05, relative to BC00). CONCLUSION A proportion of 50-75% of daily enteral intake as BC is required to improve the intestinal structure, function, immunology, and NEC resistance in preterm piglets also fed formula. Further studies are required to show if and how supplementary BC may support gut development in preterm infants during the immediate postnatal period. It is challenging to translate results on optimal feeding regimens between species, and preterm infants would not receive a majority of their daily enteral intake as BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Yan
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Neonatology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Per Torp Sangild
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Neonatology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen
- Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Yueming Peng
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Neonatology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanqi Li
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stine Brandt Bering
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Xiaoyu Pan
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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17
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Sangild PT, Vonderohe C, Melendez Hebib V, Burrin DG. Potential Benefits of Bovine Colostrum in Pediatric Nutrition and Health. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082551. [PMID: 34444709 PMCID: PMC8402036 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine colostrum (BC), the first milk produced from cows after parturition, is increasingly used as a nutritional supplement to promote gut function and health in other species, including humans. The high levels of whey and casein proteins, immunoglobulins (Igs), and other milk bioactives in BC are adapted to meet the needs of newborn calves. However, BC supplementation may improve health outcomes across other species, especially when immune and gut functions are immature in early life. We provide a review of BC composition and its effects in infants and children in health and selected diseases (diarrhea, infection, growth-failure, preterm birth, necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), short-bowel syndrome, and mucositis). Human trials and animal studies (mainly in piglets) are reviewed to assess the scientific evidence of whether BC is a safe and effective antimicrobial and immunomodulatory nutritional supplement that reduces clinical complications related to preterm birth, infections, and gut disorders. Studies in infants and animals suggest that BC should be supplemented at an optimal age, time, and level to be both safe and effective. Exclusive BC feeding is not recommended for infants because of nutritional imbalances relative to human milk. On the other hand, adverse effects, including allergies and intolerance, appear unlikely when BC is provided as a supplement within normal nutrition guidelines for infants and children. Larger clinical trials in infant populations are needed to provide more evidence of health benefits when patients are supplemented with BC in addition to human milk or formula. Igs and other bioactive factors in BC may work in synergy, making it critical to preserve bioactivity with gentle processing and pasteurization methods. BC has the potential to become a safe and effective nutritional supplement for several pediatric subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Torp Sangild
- Comparative Pediatrics & Nutrition, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Copenhagen, Denmark;
- Department of Neonatology, Rigshospitalet, DK-1870 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Pediatrics, Odense University Hospital, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Caitlin Vonderohe
- USDA-ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Pediatrics, Gastroenterology & Nutrition, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (C.V.); (V.M.H.)
| | - Valeria Melendez Hebib
- USDA-ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Pediatrics, Gastroenterology & Nutrition, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (C.V.); (V.M.H.)
| | - Douglas G. Burrin
- USDA-ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Pediatrics, Gastroenterology & Nutrition, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (C.V.); (V.M.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-713-798-7049
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18
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Ren S, Pan X, Hui Y, Kot W, Gao F, Sangild PT, Nguyen DN. Subclinical necrotizing enterocolitis-induced systemic immune suppression in neonatal preterm pigs. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2021; 321:G18-G28. [PMID: 34009048 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00408.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Preterm infants are at high risks of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Some develop sepsis shortly after suspected or confirmed NEC, implying that NEC may predispose to sepsis but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. Using NEC-sensitive preterm pigs as models, we investigated the immune status in animals following development of subclinical NEC-like lesions with variable severities. Caesarean-delivered preterm pigs were reared until day 5 or day 9. Blood was analyzed for T-cell subsets, neutrophil phagocytosis, transcriptomics, and immune responses to in vitro LPS challenge. Gut tissues were used for histology and cytokine analyses. Pigs with/without macroscopic NEC lesions were scored as healthy, mild, or severe NEC. Overall NEC incidence was similar on day 5 and day 9 (61%-62%) but with lower severity on day 9, implying gradual mucosal repair following the early phase of NEC. Pigs with NEC showed decreased goblet cell density and increased MPO+ and CD3+ cell infiltration in the distal small intestine or colon. Mild or severe NEC lesions had limited effects on circulating parameters on day 5. On day 9, pigs with NEC lesions (especially severe lesions) showed systemic immune suppression, as indicated by elevated Treg frequency, impaired neutrophil phagocytosis, low expression of genes related to innate immunity and Th1 polarization, and diminished LPS-induced immune responses. In conclusion, we shows evidence for NEC-induced systemic immune suppression, even with mild and subclinical NEC lesions. The results help to explain that preterm infants suffering from NEC may show high sensitivity to later secondary infections and sepsis.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and sepsis are common diseases in preterm infants. Many develop sepsis following an episode of suspected NEC, suggesting NEC as a predisposing factor for sepsis but mechanisms are unclear. Using preterm pigs as a model, now we show that subclinical NEC lesions, independent of clinical confounding factors, induces systemic immune suppression. The results may help to explain the increased risks of infection and sepsis in preterm infants with previous NEC diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqiang Ren
- Section for Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.,Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Pan
- Section for Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yan Hui
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Witold Kot
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Fei Gao
- Section for Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.,Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Per T Sangild
- Section for Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Duc Ninh Nguyen
- Section for Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Bæk O, Cilieborg MS, Nguyen DN, Bering SB, Thymann T, Sangild PT. Sex-Specific Survival, Growth, Immunity and Organ Development in Preterm Pigs as Models for Immature Newborns. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:626101. [PMID: 33643975 PMCID: PMC7905020 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.626101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: After very preterm birth, male infants show higher mortality than females, with higher incidence of lung immaturity, neurological deficits, infections, and growth failure. In modern pig production, piglets dying in the perinatal period (up to 20%) often show signs of immature organs, but sex-specific effects are not clear. Using preterm pigs as model for immature infants and piglets, we hypothesized that neonatal survival and initial growth and immune development depend on sex. Methods: Using data from a series of previous intervention trials with similar delivery and rearing procedures, we established three cohorts of preterm pigs (90% gestation), reared for 5, 9, or 19 days before sample collection (total n = 1,938 piglets from 109 litters). Partly overlapping endpoints among experiments allowed for multiple comparisons between males and females for data on mortality, body and organ growth, gut, immunity, and brain function. Results: Within the first 2 days, males showed higher mortality than females (18 vs. 8%, P < 0.001), but less severe immune response to gram-positive infection. No effect of sex was observed for thermoregulation or plasma cortisol. Later, infection resistance did not differ between sexes, but growth rate was reduced for body (up to -40%) and kidneys (-6%) in males, with higher leucocyte counts (+15%) and lower CD4 T cell fraction (-5%) on day 9 and lower monocyte counts (-18%, day 19, all P < 0.05). Gut structure, function and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) incidence were similar between groups, but intestinal weight (-3%) and brush-border enzyme activities were reduced at day 5 (lactase, DPP IV, -8%) in males. Remaining values for blood biochemistry, hematology, bone density, regional brain weights, and visual memory (tested in a T maze) were similar. Conclusion: Following preterm birth, male pigs show higher mortality and slower growth than females, despite limited differences in organ growth, gut, immune, and brain functions. Neonatal intensive care procedures may be particularly important for compromised newborns of the male sex. Preterm pigs can serve as good models to study the interactions of sex- and maturation-specific survival and physiological adaptation in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Bæk
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Malene Skovsted Cilieborg
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Duc Ninh Nguyen
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Stine Brandt Bering
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Thomas Thymann
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Per Torp Sangild
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.,Department of Neonatology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Pediatrics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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Bæk O, Ren S, Brunse A, Sangild PT, Nguyen DN. Impaired Neonatal Immunity and Infection Resistance Following Fetal Growth Restriction in Preterm Pigs. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1808. [PMID: 32903565 PMCID: PMC7438575 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Infants born preterm or small for gestational age (SGA, due to fetal growth restriction) both show an increased risk of neonatal infection. However, it remains unclear how the co-occurrence of preterm birth and SGA may affect neonatal immunity and infection risk. We hypothesized that fetal growth restricted (FGR) preterm newborns possess impaired immune competence and increased susceptibility to systemic infection and sepsis, relative to corresponding normal birth weight (NBW) newborns. Methods: Using preterm pigs as a model for preterm infants, gene expression in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated cord blood was compared between NBW and FGR (lowest 25% birth weight percentile) preterm pigs. Next, clinical responses to a systemic Staphylococcus epidermidis (SE) challenge were investigated in newborn FGR and NBW preterm pigs. Finally, occurrence of spontaneous infections were investigated in 9 d-old FGR and NBW preterm pigs, with or without neonatal antibiotics treatment. Results: At birth, preterm FGR piglets showed diminished ex vivo cord blood responses to LPS for genes related to both innate and adaptive immunity, and also more severe septic responses following SE infection (e.g., higher blood lactate, decreased blood pH, neutrophil and platelet counts, relative to NBW pigs). After 9 d, FGR pigs had higher incidence and severity of spontaneous infections (e.g., higher bacterial densities in the bone marrow), increased regulatory T cell numbers, reduced neutrophil phagocytosis capacity, and impaired ex vivo blood gene responses to LPS, especially when receiving neonatal antibiotics. Conclusion: FGR at preterm birth is associated with poor immune competence, impaired infection resistance, and greater sepsis susceptibility in the immediate postnatal period. Our results may explain the increased morbidity and mortality of SGA preterm infants and highlight the need for clinical vigilance for this highly sensitive subgroup of preterm neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Bæk
- Section for Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Shuqiang Ren
- Section for Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Brunse
- Section for Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Per Torp Sangild
- Section for Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Duc Ninh Nguyen
- Section for Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Zhang Y, Zheng Z, Liu C, Liu Y. Lipid Profiling and Microstructure Characteristics of Goat Milk Fat from Different Stages of Lactation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:7204-7213. [PMID: 32551578 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c02234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Goat milk at different lactations show varied lipids distributions, which are potentially dietary influencing factors for the health of human consumers. Herein, the effects of lactation stages (colostral, transitional, and mature stages) on lipid profiling and microstructure of goat milk fat (GMF) were investigated. A total of 359 species of triacylglycerols (TAGs), 27 species of diacylglycerols (DAGs), and 10 classes of phospholipids (PLs) were identified using high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (HR-MS/MS). Of importance, goat transitional milk presented the highest levels of MUFA (29.51%) and lyso-phospholipids (7.95% of total PLs) among these three different lactations. A lactation-dependent attenuation was found at the level of PUFA in goat milk, particularly long-chain PUFA ω-6. Similar behavior was observed in the total proportions of POO (16:0/18:1/18:1) and PSL (16:0/18:0/18:2), presenting a decrease from 3.70% to 3.23% as the proceeding period from colostrum to mature. The relative contents of sphingomyelin and cholesterol in goat colostrum were approximately twice and three times that in mature milk, respectively. Unlikely, both PMCy+MCaM (16:0/14:0/8:0 + 14:0/10:0/14:0) and BuPO (4:0/16:0/18:1) TAGs, the foremost saturated and monounsaturated TAGs in goat colostrum, respectively, showed upward trends over the period from colostrum to mature. Interestingly, no significant variation in milk fat globule morphology was monitored at different lactation periods. Therefore, all our results demonstrated that the main influences of lactation stages on GMF were the lipid profiling, providing a theoretical guidance for rational implement of lipids in goat milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaojun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunhuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanfa Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
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Role of Nutrition in Prevention of Neonatal Spontaneous Intestinal Perforation and Its Complications: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12051347. [PMID: 32397283 PMCID: PMC7284579 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Spontaneous intestinal perforation (SIP) is a devastating complication of prematurity, and extremely low birthweight (ELBW < 1000 g) infants born prior to 28 weeks are at highest risk. The role of nutrition and feeding practices in prevention and complications of SIP is unclear. The purpose of this review is to compile evidence to support early nutrition initiation in infants at risk for and after surgery for SIP. Methods: A search of PubMed, EMBASE and Medline was performed using relevant search terms according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Abstracts and full texts were reviewed by co-first authors. Studies with infants diagnosed with SIP that included information on nutrition/feeding practices prior to SIP and post-operatively were included. Primary outcome was time to first feed. Secondary outcomes were incidence of SIP, time to full enteral feeds, duration of parenteral nutrition, length of stay, neurodevelopmental outcomes and mortality. Results: Nineteen articles met inclusion criteria—nine studies included feeding/nutrition data prior to SIP and ten studies included data on post-operative nutrition. Two case series, one cohort study and sixteen historical control studies were included. Three studies showed reduced incidence of SIP with initiation of enteral nutrition in the first three days of life. Two studies showed reduced mortality and neurodevelopmental impairment in infants with early feeding. Conclusions: Available data suggest that early enteral nutrition in ELBW infants reduces incidence of SIP without increased mortality.
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Kappel SS, Sangild PT, Scheike T, Friborg CR, Gormsen M, Aunsholt L. Radiographic Imaging to Evaluate Food Passage Rate in Preterm Piglets as a Model for Preterm Infants. Front Pediatr 2020; 8:624915. [PMID: 33585369 PMCID: PMC7873983 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.624915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives and study: Gut motility in infants mature with increasing post-menstrual age and is affected by numerous hormonal, immunological and nutritional factors. However, it remains unclear how age and diet influence gut motility and its relation to feeding intolerance and gastric residuals in preterm neonates. Using preterm piglets as a model for infants, we investigated if contrast passage rate, as determined by X-ray contrast imaging, is affected by gestational age at birth, advancing postnatal age and different milk diets. Methods: Contrast passage rate was evaluated using serial abdominal X-ray imaging on postnatal day 4 and 18 in preterm and near-term piglets fed infant formula, colostrum or intact bovine milk, with or without added fortifier (total n = 140). Results: Preterm piglets had a faster small intestinal passage rate of contrast solution at day 4 of life than near-term piglets (SIEmpty, hazard ratio (HR): 0.52, 95%CI [0.15, 0.88], p < 0.01). Formula fed piglets at day 4 had a faster passage rate of contrast to caecum (ToCecum, HR: 0.61, 95%CI [0.25,0.96], p = 0.03), and through the colon region (CaecumToRectum, p < 0.05, day 4) than colostrum fed preterm piglets. The time for contrast to leave the stomach, and passage through the colon in day 4 preterm piglets were slower than in older piglets at day 18 (both, p < 0.05). Adding a nutrient fortifier increased body growth, gastric residuals, intestinal length and weight, but did not affect any of the observed passage rates of the contrast solution. Conclusion: Serial X-ray contrast imaging is a feasible method to assess food passage rate in preterm piglets. Contrast passage rate through different gut segments is affected by gestational age at birth, postnatal age, and milk diet. The preterm piglet could be a good model to investigate clinical and dietary factors that support maturation of gut motility and thereby feeding tolerance and gut health in preterm infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Soendergaard Kappel
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Neonatology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Per Torp Sangild
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Neonatology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Pediatrics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Thomas Scheike
- Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christel Renée Friborg
- Department of Neonatology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Magdalena Gormsen
- Department of Radiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lise Aunsholt
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Neonatology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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