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Meyer EA, Croxford AL, Gnerre C, Kulig P, Murphy MJ, Jacob EM, Schäfer G, Richard-Bildstein S, Aissaoui H, Bouis P, Ertel EA, de Kanter R, Keller MP, Lüthi U, Caroff E. Discovery of the Clinical Candidate IDOR-1117-2520: A Potent and Selective Antagonist of CCR6 for Autoimmune Diseases. J Med Chem 2024; 67:8077-8098. [PMID: 38727100 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
Migration of immune cells to sites of inflammation is a critical step in the body's response to infections but also during autoimmune flares. Chemokine receptors, members of the GPCR receptors, are instrumental in directing specific cell types to their target organs. Herein, we describe a highly potent small molecule antagonist of the chemokine receptor CCR6, which came out of fine-tuned structural elaborations from a proprietary HTS hit. Three main issues in the parent chemical series-cytotoxicity, phototoxicity, and hERG, were successfully solved. Biological characterization demonstrated that compound 45 (IDOR-1117-2520) is a selective and insurmountable antagonist of CCR6. In vivo proof-of-mechanism studies in a mouse lung inflammation model using a representative compound from the chemical class of 45 confirmed that the targeted CCR6+ cells were efficiently inhibited from migrating into the bronchoalveoli. Finally, ADMET and physicochemical properties were well balanced and the preclinical package warranted progress in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel A Meyer
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Andrew L Croxford
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Carmela Gnerre
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Paulina Kulig
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Mark J Murphy
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Elise M Jacob
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Gabriel Schäfer
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | | | - Hamed Aissaoui
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Bouis
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Eric A Ertel
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Ruben de Kanter
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Marcel P Keller
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Urs Lüthi
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Eva Caroff
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
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2
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Jia S, Kim J, Esser-Kahn AP, Deak P. High-throughput screening identification of novel immunomodulatory combinations for the generation of tolerogenic dendritic cells. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 10:1298424. [PMID: 38249971 PMCID: PMC10796829 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1298424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells (tolDCs) have an exceptional promise as a potential therapy for autoimmune disease and transplantation rejection. TolDCs are a unique phenotype of antigen presenting cells (APCs) that can influence naïve T cells into antigen specific T regulatory cells (Tregs), which can re-establish tolerance against auto/allo-antigens in the long term. Despite their promise, tolDCs have not found clinical success. Most strategies seek to generate tolDCs ex vivo by differentiating naïve dendritic cells (DCs) with immunosuppressive agents. Recently, we developed a tolDC generation strategy, which we call Push/Pull Immunomodulation (PPI). In PPI, DCs are treated with combinations of toll-like-receptor (TLR) agonists and immunomodulatory agents, which generate more robust, Treg-inducing tolDCs than previous strategies. Here, we seek to identify more potent and clinically viable PPI formulations using data from a high-throughput screening project. Methods Over 40,000 combinations of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and immunomodulatory small molecules were screened using a modified murine macrophage line, RAW dual cells, to observe the effect of these combinations on two major immune regulatory transcription factors, NF-κB and IRF. Combinations were further screened for inflammatory cytokine activity using a human monocyte cell line, THP-1, then on murine DCs. Leading candidates were co-cultured with T cells to assess antigen specific T cell responses. Results From this data, we identified 355 combinations that showed low or moderate IRF activity, low NF-κB activity, low inflammatory cytokine generation and good viability: all hallmarks of tolerogenic potential. We further screened these 355 combinations using bone marrow derived DCs (BMDCs) and identified 10 combinations that demonstrated high IL-10 (tolerogenic) and low TNF-α (inflammatory) secretion. After further optimizing these combinations, we identified two combinations that generate robust tolDCs from BMDCs ex vivo. We further show that these PPI-tolDCs can also generate antigen specific Tregs but do not increase overall Treg populations. Discussion These second-generation PPI formulations have significant potential to generate robust tolDCs and strong antigen specific Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihan Jia
- Chemical and Biological Engineering Department, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jeremiah Kim
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | | | - Peter Deak
- Chemical and Biological Engineering Department, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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3
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Marinho A, Delgado Alves J, Fortuna J, Faria R, Almeida I, Alves G, Araújo Correia J, Campar A, Brandão M, Crespo J, Marado D, Matos-Costa J, Oliveira S, Salvador F, Santos L, Silva F, Fernandes M, Vasconcelos C. Biological therapy in systemic lupus erythematosus, antiphospholipid syndrome, and Sjögren's syndrome: evidence- and practice-based guidance. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1117699. [PMID: 37138867 PMCID: PMC10150407 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1117699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), and Sjögren's syndrome (SS) are heterogeneous autoimmune diseases. Severe manifestations and refractory/intolerance to conventional immunosuppressants demand other options, namely biological drugs, and small molecules. We aimed to define evidence and practice-based guidance for the off-label use of biologics in SLE, APS, and SS. Recommendations were made by an independent expert panel, following a comprehensive literature review and two consensus rounds. The panel included 17 internal medicine experts with recognized practice in autoimmune disease management. The literature review was systematic from 2014 until 2019 and later updated by cross-reference checking and experts' input until 2021. Preliminary recommendations were drafted by working groups for each disease. A revision meeting with all experts anticipated the consensus meeting held in June 2021. All experts voted (agree, disagree, neither agree nor disagree) during two rounds, and recommendations with at least 75% agreement were approved. A total of 32 final recommendations (20 for SLE treatment, 5 for APS, and 7 for SS) were approved by the experts. These recommendations consider organ involvement, manifestations, severity, and response to previous treatments. In these three autoimmune diseases, most recommendations refer to rituximab, which aligns with the higher number of studies and clinical experience with this biological agent. Belimumab sequential treatment after rituximab may also be used in severe cases of SLE and SS. Second-line therapy with baricitinib, bortezomib, eculizumab, secukinumab, or tocilizumab can be considered in SLE-specific manifestations. These evidence and practice-based recommendations may support treatment decision and, ultimately, improve the outcome of patients living with SLE, APS, or SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- António Marinho
- Unidade de Imunologia Clínica, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- UMIB - Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- *Correspondence: António Marinho,
| | - José Delgado Alves
- Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Unit, Hospital Prof. Doutor Fernando Fonseca, Amadora, Portugal
- Immune Response and Vascular Disease Unit - iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jorge Fortuna
- Serviço de Medicina Interna, Departamento de Medicina, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Raquel Faria
- Unidade de Imunologia Clínica, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- UMIB - Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel Almeida
- Unidade de Imunologia Clínica, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- UMIB - Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Glória Alves
- Serviço de Medicina Interna, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira - Centro Hospitalar Alto Ave, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - João Araújo Correia
- Unidade de Imunologia Clínica, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- UMIB - Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Serviço de Medicina Interna, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Campar
- Unidade de Imunologia Clínica, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- UMIB - Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mariana Brandão
- Unidade de Imunologia Clínica, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- UMIB - Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jorge Crespo
- Serviço de Medicina Interna, Departamento de Medicina, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Daniela Marado
- Serviço de Medicina Interna, Departamento de Medicina, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Matos-Costa
- Serviço de Medicina Interna, Hospital Distrital de Santarém, Santarém, Portugal
| | - Susana Oliveira
- Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Unit, Hospital Prof. Doutor Fernando Fonseca, Amadora, Portugal
| | - Fernando Salvador
- Unidade de Doenças Autoimunes, Serviço de Medicina Interna, Centro Hospitalar de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Lelita Santos
- Serviço de Medicina Interna, Departamento de Medicina, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Linha de Investigação Clínica e Interdisciplinar em Meio Ambiente, Genética e Oncobiologia (CIMAGO), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Fátima Silva
- Serviço de Medicina Interna, Departamento de Medicina, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Milene Fernandes
- Real-World Evidence & Late Phase, CTI Clinical Trial & Consulting Services Unipessoal Lda, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Carlos Vasconcelos
- Unidade de Imunologia Clínica, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- UMIB - Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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4
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Deak P, Knight HR, Esser-Kahn A. Robust tolerogenic dendritic cells via push/pull pairing of toll-like-receptor agonists and immunomodulators reduces EAE. Biomaterials 2022; 286:121571. [PMID: 35597168 PMCID: PMC10152544 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
A failure of central immune tolerance driven by autoantigen specific T regulatory (Treg) cells is a major cause of many autoimmune diseases. Restoration of proper autoantigen Treg specific response holds promise as a highly effective, long-term therapy for a wide variety of autoimmune diseases. Generating autoantigen specific Tregs remains a challenge due to the non-specific nature of most tolerizing agents and the complexities of generating Tregs in vivo. Here we show a new push/pull method for inducing antigen-specific Treg tolerance via induction of tolerogenic dendritic cells (tolDCs). We identified a combination of three tolerogenic drugs, dexamethasone, simvastatin and SC-514, which when used in combination with toll-like-receptor (TLR) agonists induces an active tolDC phenotype. When the tolerogenic combination was packaged into a liposome with a model antigen such as ovalbumin (OVA), these tolDCs induce differentiation of OVA specific Tregs both ex vivo and in vivo. We examined the tolerizing potential of the combination in an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) disease model. Given the antigen specificity of this technique, this paper presents an attractive preclinical autoimmune therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Deak
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, United States.
| | - Hannah Riley Knight
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, United States.
| | - Aaron Esser-Kahn
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, United States.
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5
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Pham MN, Khoryati L, Jamison BL, Hayes E, Sullivan JM, Campbell DJ, Gavin MA. In Vivo Expansion of Antigen-Specific Regulatory T Cells through Staggered Fc.IL-2 Mutein Dosing and Antigen-Specific Immunotherapy. Immunohorizons 2021; 5:782-791. [PMID: 34583939 PMCID: PMC11034776 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2100051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In mice, Ag administration in the absence of adjuvant typically elicits tolerogenic immune responses through the deletion or inactivation of conventional CD4 T cells and the formation or expansion of regulatory CD4 T cells (Treg). Although these "Ag-specific immunotherapy" (ASI) approaches are currently under clinical development to treat autoinflammatory conditions, efficacy and safety may be variable and unpredictable because of the diverse activation states of immune cells in subjects with autoimmune and allergic diseases. To reliably induce Ag-specific tolerance in patients, novel methods to control T cell responses during ASI are needed, and strategies that permanently increase Treg frequencies among Ag-specific CD4 T cells may provide long-lasting immunosuppression between treatments. In this study, we present an approach to durably increase the frequency of Ag-specific Treg in mice by administering ASI when Treg numbers are transiently increased with individual doses of a half-life-extended Treg-selective IL-2 mutein. Repeated weekly cycles of IL-2 mutein doses (day 0) followed by ASI (day 3) resulted in a 3- to 5-fold enrichment in Treg among Ag-responsive CD4 T cells. Expanded Ag-specific Treg persisted for more than 3 wk following treatment cessation, as well as through an inflammatory T cell response to an Ag-expressing virus. Combining Treg enrichment with ASI has the potential to durably treat autoimmune disease or allergy by increasing the Treg/conventional CD4 T cell ratio among autoantigen- or allergen-specific T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh N Pham
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA; and
| | | | | | - Erika Hayes
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA; and
| | | | | | - Marc A Gavin
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA; and
- Omeros Corp., Seattle, WA
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6
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Maulloo CD, Cao S, Watkins EA, Raczy MM, Solanki AS, Nguyen M, Reda JW, Shim HN, Wilson DS, Swartz MA, Hubbell JA. Lymph Node-Targeted Synthetically Glycosylated Antigen Leads to Antigen-Specific Immunological Tolerance. Front Immunol 2021; 12:714842. [PMID: 34630389 PMCID: PMC8498032 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.714842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Inverse vaccines that tolerogenically target antigens to antigen-presenting cells (APCs) offer promise in prevention of immunity to allergens and protein drugs and treatment of autoimmunity. We have previously shown that targeting hepatic APCs through intravenous injection of synthetically glycosylated antigen leads to effective induction of antigen-specific immunological tolerance. Here, we demonstrate that targeting these glycoconjugates to lymph node (LN) APCs under homeostatic conditions leads to local and increased accumulation in the LNs compared to unmodified antigen and induces a tolerogenic state both locally and systemically. Subcutaneous administration directs the polymeric glycoconjugate to the draining LN, where the glycoconjugated antigen generates robust antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell tolerance and hypo-responsiveness to antigenic challenge via a number of mechanisms, including clonal deletion, anergy of activated T cells, and expansion of regulatory T cells. Lag-3 up-regulation on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells represents an essential mechanism of suppression. Additionally, presentation of antigen released from the glycoconjugate to naïve T cells is mediated mainly by LN-resident CD8+ and CD11b+ dendritic cells. Thus, here we demonstrate that antigen targeting via synthetic glycosylation to impart affinity for APC scavenger receptors generates tolerance when LN dendritic cells are the cellular target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chitavi D. Maulloo
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Shijie Cao
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Elyse A. Watkins
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Michal M. Raczy
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Ani. S. Solanki
- Animal Resources Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Mindy Nguyen
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Joseph W. Reda
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Ha-Na Shim
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - D. Scott Wilson
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Melody A. Swartz
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Ben May Department of Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Committee on Cancer Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jeffrey A. Hubbell
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Committee on Cancer Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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7
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Moorman CD, Sohn SJ, Phee H. Emerging Therapeutics for Immune Tolerance: Tolerogenic Vaccines, T cell Therapy, and IL-2 Therapy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:657768. [PMID: 33854514 PMCID: PMC8039385 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.657768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases affect roughly 5-10% of the total population, with women affected more than men. The standard treatment for autoimmune or autoinflammatory diseases had long been immunosuppressive agents until the advent of immunomodulatory biologic drugs, which aimed at blocking inflammatory mediators, including proinflammatory cytokines. At the frontier of these biologic drugs are TNF-α blockers. These therapies inhibit the proinflammatory action of TNF-α in common autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, ulcerative colitis, and Crohn's disease. TNF-α blockade quickly became the "standard of care" for these autoimmune diseases due to their effectiveness in controlling disease and decreasing patient's adverse risk profiles compared to broad-spectrum immunosuppressive agents. However, anti-TNF-α therapies have limitations, including known adverse safety risk, loss of therapeutic efficacy due to drug resistance, and lack of efficacy in numerous autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis. The next wave of truly transformative therapeutics should aspire to provide a cure by selectively suppressing pathogenic autoantigen-specific immune responses while leaving the rest of the immune system intact to control infectious diseases and malignancies. In this review, we will focus on three main areas of active research in immune tolerance. First, tolerogenic vaccines aiming at robust, lasting autoantigen-specific immune tolerance. Second, T cell therapies using Tregs (either polyclonal, antigen-specific, or genetically engineered to express chimeric antigen receptors) to establish active dominant immune tolerance or T cells (engineered to express chimeric antigen receptors) to delete pathogenic immune cells. Third, IL-2 therapies aiming at expanding immunosuppressive regulatory T cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hyewon Phee
- Department of Inflammation and Oncology, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
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8
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Watkins EA, Antane JT, Roberts JL, Lorentz KM, Zuerndorfer S, Dunaif AC, Bailey LJ, Tremain AC, Nguyen M, De Loera RC, Wallace RP, Weathered RK, Kontos S, Hubbell JA. Persistent antigen exposure via the eryptotic pathway drives terminal T cell dysfunction. Sci Immunol 2021; 6:6/56/eabe1801. [PMID: 33637595 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abe1801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Although most current treatments for autoimmunity involve broad immunosuppression, recent efforts have aimed to suppress T cells in an antigen-specific manner to minimize risk of infection. One such effort is through targeting antigen to the apoptotic pathway to increase presentation of the antigen of interest in a tolerogenic context. Erythrocytes present a rational candidate to target because of their high rate of eryptosis, which facilitates continual uptake by antigen-presenting cells in the spleen. Here, we develop an approach that binds antigens to erythrocytes to induce sustained T cell dysfunction. Transcriptomic and phenotypic analyses revealed signatures of self-tolerance and exhaustion, including up-regulation of PD-1, CTLA4, Lag3, and TOX. Antigen-specific T cells were incapable of responding to an adjuvanted antigenic challenge even months after antigen clearance. With this strategy, we prevented pathology in a mouse experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model. CD8+ T cell education occurred in the spleen and was dependent on cross-presenting Batf3+ dendritic cells. These results demonstrate that antigens associated with eryptotic erythrocytes induce lasting T cell dysfunction that could be protective in deactivating pathogenic T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elyse A Watkins
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jennifer T Antane
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jaeda L Roberts
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | | | | | - Anya C Dunaif
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | | | - Andrew C Tremain
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.,Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Mindy Nguyen
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Roberto C De Loera
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Rachel P Wallace
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Rachel K Weathered
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey A Hubbell
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. .,Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.,Committee on Cancer Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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9
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Jindal A, Sarkar S, Alam A. Nanomaterials-Mediated Immunomodulation for Cancer Therapeutics. Front Chem 2021; 9:629635. [PMID: 33708759 PMCID: PMC7940769 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.629635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy holds great promise in overcoming the limitations of conventional regimens for cancer therapeutics. There is growing interest among researchers and clinicians to develop novel immune-strategies for cancer diagnosis and treatment with better specificity and lesser adversity. Immunomodulation-based cancer therapies are rapidly emerging as an alternative approach that employs the host's own defense mechanisms to recognize and selectively eliminate cancerous cells. Recent advances in nanotechnology have pioneered a revolution in the field of cancer therapy. Several nanomaterials (NMs) have been utilized to surmount the challenges of conventional anti-cancer treatments like cytotoxic chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery. NMs offer a plethora of exceptional features such as a large surface area to volume ratio, effective loading, and controlled release of active drugs, tunable dimensions, and high stability. Moreover, they also possess the inherent property of interacting with living cells and altering the immune responses. However, the interaction between NMs and the immune system can give rise to unanticipated adverse reactions such as inflammation, necrosis, and hypersensitivity. Therefore, to ensure a successful and safe clinical application of immunomodulatory nanomaterials, it is imperative to acquire in-depth knowledge and a clear understanding of the complex nature of the interactions between NMs and the immune system. This review is aimed at providing an overview of the recent developments, achievements, and challenges in the application of immunomodulatory nanomaterials (iNMs) for cancer therapeutics with a focus on elucidating the mechanisms involved in the interplay between NMs and the host's immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajita Jindal
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Sounik Sarkar
- Flowcytometry Facility, Modern Biology Department, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Aftab Alam
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Clare Hall, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Charles River Laboratories, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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10
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Small molecule approaches to treat autoimmune and inflammatory diseases (Part I): Kinase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 38:127862. [PMID: 33609659 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.127862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune and inflammatory diseases place a huge burden on the healthcare system. Small molecule (SM) therapeutics provide much needed complementary treatment options for these diseases. This digest series highlights the latest progress in the discovery and development of safe and efficacious SMs to treat autoimmune and inflammatory diseases with each part representing a class of SMs, namely: 1) protein kinases; 2) nucleic acid-sensing pathways; and 3) soluble ligands and receptors on cell surfaces. In this first part of the series, the focus is on kinase inhibitors that emerged between 2018 and 2020, and which exhibit increased target and tissue selectivity with the aim of increasing their therapeutic index.
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Rodriguez-Fernandez S, Almenara-Fuentes L, Perna-Barrull D, Barneda B, Vives-Pi M. A century later, still fighting back: antigen-specific immunotherapies for type 1 diabetes. Immunol Cell Biol 2021; 99:461-474. [PMID: 33483995 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic metabolic disease caused by the autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing β-cells. Ever since the 1920s, the fate of patients suffering from T1D was dramatically improved owing to the isolation and production of insulin, and the scientific field has largely progressed as a result of the evidence gathered about its underpinnings and mechanisms. The last years have seen this knowledge transformed into actual antigen-specific immunotherapies with potential to restore selectively the breach of tolerance to β-cell autoantigens and halt the autoimmune aggression. However, so far, the results of both prevention and reversion trials in T1D have been rather discouraging, so there is still an urgent need to optimize those immunotherapies and their associated factors, for example, posology and administration patterns, route and timing. In this review, we look back on what has been achieved in the last century and identify the main autoantigens driving the autoimmune attack in T1D. Then, we take a deep dive into the numerous antigen-specific immunotherapies trialed and the ones still at a preclinical phase, ranging from peptides, proteins and agent combinations to gene transfer, nanoparticles, cell-based strategies and novel approaches exploiting naturally occurring tolerogenic processes. Finally, we provide insight into the several features to be considered in a T1D clinical trial, the ideal time point for intervention and the biomarkers needed for monitoring the successful regulatory effect of the antigen-specific immunotherapy. Although further research and optimization remain imperative, the development of a therapeutic armamentarium against T1D autoimmunity is certainly advancing with a confident step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Rodriguez-Fernandez
- Immunology Section, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Badalona, Spain.,Ahead Therapeutics SL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lidia Almenara-Fuentes
- Immunology Section, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Badalona, Spain.,Ahead Therapeutics SL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Perna-Barrull
- Immunology Section, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | | | - Marta Vives-Pi
- Immunology Section, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Badalona, Spain.,Ahead Therapeutics SL, Barcelona, Spain
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Lee EK, Park YJ. Best Achievements in Clinical Thyroidology in 2020. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2021; 36:30-35. [PMID: 33677923 PMCID: PMC7937845 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2021.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This review highlights the most interesting research in thyroidology conducted in 2020. The publications of interest discussed below dealt with the following topics: thyroid dysfunction, risk of thyroid cancer, molecular diagnostics and new therapeutics for thyroid cancer, and thyroid disease in the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Kyung Lee
- Center for Thyroid Cancer, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, National Cancer Center Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, Goyang, Korea
| | - Young Joo Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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