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Poria R, Kala D, Nagraik R, Dhir Y, Dhir S, Singh B, Kaushik NK, Noorani MS, Kaushal A, Gupta S. Vaccine development: Current trends and technologies. Life Sci 2024; 336:122331. [PMID: 38070863 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Despite the effectiveness of vaccination in reducing or eradicating diseases caused by pathogens, there remain certain diseases and emerging infections for which developing effective vaccines is inherently challenging. Additionally, developing vaccines for individuals with compromised immune systems or underlying medical conditions presents significant difficulties. As well as traditional vaccine different methods such as inactivated or live attenuated vaccines, viral vector vaccines, and subunit vaccines, emerging non-viral vaccine technologies, including viral-like particle and nanoparticle vaccines, DNA/RNA vaccines, and rational vaccine design, offer new strategies to address the existing challenges in vaccine development. These advancements have also greatly enhanced our understanding of vaccine immunology, which will guide future vaccine development for a broad range of diseases, including rapidly emerging infectious diseases like COVID-19 and diseases that have historically proven resistant to vaccination. This review provides a comprehensive assessment of emerging non-viral vaccine production methods and their application in addressing the fundamental and current challenges in vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renu Poria
- Department of Bio-Sciences and Technology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to Be) University, Mullana, Ambala 134003, India
| | - Deepak Kala
- Centera Laboratories, Institute of High Pressure Physics PAS, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rupak Nagraik
- School of Bioengineering and Food Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Yashika Dhir
- Department of Bio-Sciences and Technology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to Be) University, Mullana, Ambala 134003, India
| | - Sunny Dhir
- Department of Bio-Sciences and Technology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to Be) University, Mullana, Ambala 134003, India
| | - Bharat Singh
- Department of Bio-Sciences and Technology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to Be) University, Mullana, Ambala 134003, India
| | - Naveen Kumar Kaushik
- Amity Institute of Virology and Immunology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Md Salik Noorani
- Department of Botany, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Ankur Kaushal
- Department of Bio-Sciences and Technology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to Be) University, Mullana, Ambala 134003, India.
| | - Shagun Gupta
- Department of Bio-Sciences and Technology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to Be) University, Mullana, Ambala 134003, India.
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Tomic AZ, Zafirovic SS, Gluvic ZM, Samardzic VS, Macvanin MT, Radunovic ML, Isenovic ER. Subacute thyroiditis following COVID-19 vaccination: Case presentation. Antivir Ther 2023; 28:13596535231208831. [PMID: 37861754 DOI: 10.1177/13596535231208831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Background: Subacute thyroiditis (SAT) is an organ-specific disease that various drugs, including COVID-19 vaccines, can trigger. COVID-19 infection has been associated with thyroid gland damage and disease SARS-CoV-2 direct action, euthyroid sick syndrome, and immune-mediated mechanisms are all potential mechanisms of thyroid damage. It denotes thyroid gland inflammation, most commonly of viral origin, and belongs to the transitory, self-limiting thyroid gland diseases group, causing complications in approximately 15% of patients in the form of permanent hypothyroidism. Some authors say SAT is the most common thyroid disease associated with COVID-19.Purpose: The occurrence of SAT many weeks after administering the second COVID-19 vaccine is rare and has limited documentation in academic literature. This study aims to present the occurrence of SAT after administering the COVID-19 vaccine. We present the case of a 37-year-old man who developed SAT 23 days after receiving the second dose of Pfizer BioNTech's COVID-19 mRNA vaccine.Research design and study sample: Due to neck pain and an elevated body temperature (up to 38.2°C), a 37-year-old male subject presented for examination 23 days after receiving the second Pfizer BioNTech mRNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 viral infection. The patient denied ever having an autoimmune disease or any other disease. Painful neck palpation and a firm, slightly enlarged thyroid gland with no surrounding lymphadenopathy were identified during the exam. The heart rate was 104 beats per minute. All of the remaining physical findings were normal.Data collection and/or Analysis: Data collected during the disease are integral to the medical record.Results: Hematology and biochemistry analyses at the initial and follow-up visits revealed minor leukocytosis, normocytic anaemia, and thrombocytosis, followed by a mild increase in lactate dehydrogenase and decreased iron levels. The patient's thyroid function and morphology had recovered entirely from post-vaccine SAT.Conclusions: Results from this study emphasise the need for healthcare professionals to promptly report any case of SAT related to COVID-19 vaccination. Further investigation is warranted to understand the immunopathogenesis of COVID-19-associated thyroiditis and the impact of COVID-19 immunization on this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Z Tomic
- Clinic for Internal Medicine, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Zemun Clinical Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sonja S Zafirovic
- Department of Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zoran M Gluvic
- Clinic for Internal Medicine, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Zemun Clinical Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vladimir S Samardzic
- Clinic for Internal Medicine, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Zemun Clinical Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mirjana T Macvanin
- Department of Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Maja Lj Radunovic
- Faculty of Stomatology, Pancevo, University Business Academy, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Esma R Isenovic
- Department of Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Sun Z, Wang L, Li L, Sun Y, Zhang D, Zhou S, Li Y, Li X, Qiao H, Cui Q, Lan Z, Meng X, Xu J, Geng Y, Dai Y. Structure basis of two nanobodies neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant by targeting ultra-conservative epitopes. J Struct Biol 2023; 215:107996. [PMID: 37419228 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2023.107996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
The evolving SARS-CoV-2 Omicron strain has repeatedly caused widespread disease epidemics, and effective antibody drugs continue to be in short supply. Here, we identified a batch of nanobodies with high affinity for receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, separated them into three classes using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and then resolved the crystal structure of the ternary complexes of two non-competing nanobodies (NB1C6 and NB1B5) with RBD using X-ray crystallography. The structures showed that NB1B5 and NB1C6 bind to the left and right flank of the RBD, respectively, and that the binding epitopes are highly conserved cryptic sites in all SARS-CoV-2 mutant strains, as well as that NB1B5 can effectively block the ACE2. These two nanobodies were covalently linked into multivalent and bi-paratopic formats, and have a high affinity and neutralization potency for omicron, potentially inhibiting viral escape. The binding sites of these two nanobodies are relatively conserved, which help guide the structural design of antibodies targeting future variants of SARS-CoV-2 to combat COVID-19 epidemics and pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengchao Sun
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lingyun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yili Sun
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai, Shandong 264117, China
| | - Daizhou Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Siyu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Huarui Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Qianqian Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhongyun Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiangjing Meng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan 250101, China.
| | - Jianfeng Xu
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Yong Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Dai
- Department of Pharmacy, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China; National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/ Cancer Hospital of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Langfang Campus, Langfang, 065001, China.
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Koopman G, Amacker M, Stegmann T, Verschoor EJ, Verstrepen BE, Bhoelan F, Bemelman D, Böszörményi KP, Fagrouch Z, Kiemenyi-Kayere G, Mortier D, Verel DE, Niphuis H, Acar RF, Kondova I, Kap YS, Bogers WMJM, Mooij P, Fleury S. A low dose of RBD and TLR7/8 agonist displayed on influenza virosome particles protects rhesus macaque against SARS-CoV-2 challenge. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5074. [PMID: 36977691 PMCID: PMC10044094 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31818-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza virosomes serve as antigen delivery vehicles and pre-existing immunity toward influenza improves the immune responses toward antigens. Here, vaccine efficacy was evaluated in non-human primates with a COVID-19 virosome-based vaccine containing a low dose of RBD protein (15 µg) and the adjuvant 3M-052 (1 µg), displayed together on virosomes. Vaccinated animals (n = 6) received two intramuscular administrations at week 0 and 4 and challenged with SARS-CoV-2 at week 8, together with unvaccinated control animals (n = 4). The vaccine was safe and well tolerated and serum RBD IgG antibodies were induced in all animals and in the nasal washes and bronchoalveolar lavages in the three youngest animals. All control animals became strongly sgRNA positive in BAL, while all vaccinated animals were protected, although the oldest vaccinated animal (V1) was transiently weakly positive. The three youngest animals had also no detectable sgRNA in nasal wash and throat. Cross-strain serum neutralizing antibodies toward Wuhan-like, Alpha, Beta, and Delta viruses were observed in animals with the highest serum titers. Pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-8, CXCL-10 and IL-6 were increased in BALs of infected control animals but not in vaccinated animals. Virosomes-RBD/3M-052 prevented severe SARS-CoV-2, as shown by a lower total lung inflammatory pathology score than control animals.
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Grants
- TRANSVAC2 2002-08-AVVAX-COVID-19, TRANSVAC2_TNA2002-08 European Commission
- TRANSVAC2 2002-08-AVVAX-COVID-19, TRANSVAC2_TNA2002-08 European Commission
- TRANSVAC2 2002-08-AVVAX-COVID-19, TRANSVAC2_TNA2002-08 European Commission
- TRANSVAC2 2002-08-AVVAX-COVID-19, TRANSVAC2_TNA2002-08 European Commission
- TRANSVAC2 2002-08-AVVAX-COVID-19, TRANSVAC2_TNA2002-08 European Commission
- TRANSVAC2 2002-08-AVVAX-COVID-19, TRANSVAC2_TNA2002-08 European Commission
- TRANSVAC2 2002-08-AVVAX-COVID-19, TRANSVAC2_TNA2002-08 European Commission
- TRANSVAC2 2002-08-AVVAX-COVID-19, TRANSVAC2_TNA2002-08 European Commission
- TRANSVAC2 2002-08-AVVAX-COVID-19, TRANSVAC2_TNA2002-08 European Commission
- TRANSVAC2 2002-08-AVVAX-COVID-19, TRANSVAC2_TNA2002-08 European Commission
- TRANSVAC2 2002-08-AVVAX-COVID-19, TRANSVAC2_TNA2002-08 European Commission
- TRANSVAC2 2002-08-AVVAX-COVID-19, TRANSVAC2_TNA2002-08 European Commission
- TRANSVAC2 2002-08-AVVAX-COVID-19, TRANSVAC2_TNA2002-08 European Commission
- TRANSVAC2 2002-08-AVVAX-COVID-19, TRANSVAC2_TNA2002-08 European Commission
- TRANSVAC2 2002-08-AVVAX-COVID-19, TRANSVAC2_TNA2002-08 European Commission
- TRANSVAC2 2002-08-AVVAX-COVID-19, TRANSVAC2_TNA2002-08 European Commission
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerrit Koopman
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
| | - Mario Amacker
- Mymetics SA, 4 Route de La Corniche, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research DBMR, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3008, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Toon Stegmann
- Mymetics BV, JH Oortweg 21, 2333 CH, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ernst J Verschoor
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Babs E Verstrepen
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Farien Bhoelan
- Mymetics BV, JH Oortweg 21, 2333 CH, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Denzel Bemelman
- Mymetics BV, JH Oortweg 21, 2333 CH, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Kinga P Böszörményi
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Zahra Fagrouch
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | | | - Daniella Mortier
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Dagmar E Verel
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Henk Niphuis
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Roja Fidel Acar
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Ivanela Kondova
- Animal Science Department, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Yolanda S Kap
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Willy M J M Bogers
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Petra Mooij
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Sylvain Fleury
- Mymetics SA, 4 Route de La Corniche, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland.
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5
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Lee J, Kwon KH. Novel pathway regarding good cosmetics brands by NFT in the metaverse world. J Cosmet Dermatol 2022; 21:6584-6593. [PMID: 35894837 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.15277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Globally, the coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) is an incomplete homework task. The society has transitioned into a non-face-to-face society due to COVID-19. Thus, research was conducted focusing on a new market in the cosmetic market using non-fungible token (NFT) in the metaverse era, a virtual world that is starting anew. PURPOSE This study is an empirical analysis focused on introducing the new start of luxury cosmetics brands using the metaverse world to good consumption using NFT. METHOD These data were reviewed to identify agreement between each section and unique guiding areas. The 39 papers were finally considered appropriate for evaluating the research objectives as follows in relation to the search criteria. This can be done through the PRISMA flow diagram to determine how many records were identified, included, and excluded. RESULT Good consumption in the future beauty market is vital, following COVID-19. Therefore, this narrative review article concluded that, only good, irreplaceable brands that utilize NFT fitting the luxury brand strategy and consuming good money will survive when the metaverse cosmetic era opened. CONCLUSION By identifying new changes in the global metaverse world and cosmetics market using NFT, this study can be used as an important marketing material in the metaverse cosmetics market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinkyung Lee
- Division of Beauty Arts Care, Department of Beauty Arts Care, Graduate School, Dongguk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Beauty and Health Care, Namseoul University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Han Kwon
- College of General Education, Kookmin University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Wang C, Liu B, Zhang S, Huang N, Zhao T, Lu Q, Cui F. Differences in incidence and fatality of COVID-19 by SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant versus Delta variant in relation to vaccine coverage: A world-wide review. J Med Virol 2022; 95:e28118. [PMID: 36056540 PMCID: PMC9537802 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
We aim to evaluate the evolution differences in the incidence and case fatality rate (CFR) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Delta and Omicron variants. The average incidence and CFRs were described between different countries. A gamma generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) was used to compare the CFRs of Delta and Omicron variants based on vaccination coverage. Totally, 50 countries were included for analyses. The incidence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) ranged from 0.16/100,000 to 82.95/100,000 during the Delta period and 0.03/100,000 to 440.88/100,000 during the Omicron period. The median CFRs were 8.56 (interquartile range [IQR]: 4.76-18.39) during the Delta period and 3.04 (IQR: 1.87-7.48) during the Omicron period, respectively. A total of 47 out of 50 countries showed decreased CFRs of the Omicron variant with the rate ratio ranging from 0.02 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.01-0.03) (in Cambodia) to 0.97 (95% CI: 0.87-1.08) (in Ireland). Gamma GLMM analysis showed that the decreased CFR was largely a result of the decreased pathogenicity of Omicron besides the increased vaccination coverage. The Omicron variant shows a higher incidence but a lower CFR around the world as a whole, which is mainly a result of the decreased pathogenicity by SARS-CoV-2's mutation, while the vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 still acts as a valuable measure in preventing people from death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology & Vaccine Research Center, School of Public HealthPeking UniversityBeijingPeople's Republic of China,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public HealthPeking UniversityBeijingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Bei Liu
- Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology & Vaccine Research Center, School of Public HealthPeking UniversityBeijingPeople's Republic of China,Global Center for Infectious Disease and Policy Research & Global Health and Infectious Diseases GroupPeking UniversityBeijingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Sihui Zhang
- Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology & Vaccine Research Center, School of Public HealthPeking UniversityBeijingPeople's Republic of China,Global Center for Infectious Disease and Policy Research & Global Health and Infectious Diseases GroupPeking UniversityBeijingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Ninghua Huang
- Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology & Vaccine Research Center, School of Public HealthPeking UniversityBeijingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Tianshuo Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public HealthPeking UniversityBeijingPeople's Republic of China,Global Center for Infectious Disease and Policy Research & Global Health and Infectious Diseases GroupPeking UniversityBeijingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Qing‐Bin Lu
- Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology & Vaccine Research Center, School of Public HealthPeking UniversityBeijingPeople's Republic of China,Global Center for Infectious Disease and Policy Research & Global Health and Infectious Diseases GroupPeking UniversityBeijingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Fuqiang Cui
- Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology & Vaccine Research Center, School of Public HealthPeking UniversityBeijingPeople's Republic of China,Global Center for Infectious Disease and Policy Research & Global Health and Infectious Diseases GroupPeking UniversityBeijingPeople's Republic of China
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Ochoa-Azze R, Chang-Monteagudo A, Climent-Ruiz Y, Macías-Abraham C, Valenzuela-Silva C, de Los Ángeles García-García M, Jerez-Barceló Y, Triana-Marrero Y, Ruiz-Villegas L, Dairon Rodríguez-Prieto L, Guerra-Chaviano PP, Sánchez-Ramírez B, Hernández-García T, Orosa-Vázquez I, Díaz-Hernández M, Chiodo F, Calcagno A, Ghisetti V, Rodríguez-Acosta M, Noa-Romero E, Enríquez-Puertas J, Ortega-León D, Valdivia-Álvarez I, Delahanty-Fernández A, Palenzuela-Díaz A, Rodríguez-Noda L, González-Mugica R, Valdés-Balbín Y, García-Rivera D, Verez-Bencomo V. Safety and immunogenicity of the FINLAY-FR-1A vaccine in COVID-19 convalescent participants: an open-label phase 2a and double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 2b, seamless, clinical trial. THE LANCET. RESPIRATORY MEDICINE 2022; 10:785-795. [PMID: 35691295 PMCID: PMC9183216 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-2600(22)00100-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A phase 1, clinical trial to evaluate FINLAY-FR-1A vaccine in COVID-19 convalescent individuals was completed. Here, we report results of the phase 2, clinical trial. METHODS We studied 450 convalescent participants with a history of asymptomatic, mild, or moderate COVID-19 at the National Institute of Hematology and Immunology and the National Centre for Sexual Education in Havana, Cuba. The study included adults aged 19-78 years who had recovered from COVID-19 and had had a negative PCR test at least 2 months before the initiation of the study. Phase 2 was done sequentially in two stages. The first stage to assess safety comprised an open, non-controlled phase 2a study in participants aged 60-78 years who received a single dose of the FINLAY-FR-1A vaccine (50 μg of recombinant dimeric receptor binding domain [RBD]). The second stage comprised the placebo-controlled, double-blind, phase 2b trial in participants aged 19-78 years, where participants were randomly assigned (4:1) into two groups: an experimental group vaccinated with a single dose of the FINLAY-FR-1A vaccine, and a control (placebo) group injected with vaccine excipient. The primary outcomes were safety, evaluated 28 days after vaccination by the occurrence of serious adverse events in all participants, and successful immune response, assessed by neutralising antibody ELISA, and defined as half-maximal surrogate virus neutralisation titres of 250 or more. Secondary endpoints included vaccine immunogenicity assessed by ELISA anti-RBD and live-virus neutralisation test. All randomly assigned participants were included in the safety analysis (safety population), and immunogenicity was evaluated in participants without study interruptions (per-protocol population). The trial is registered with the Cuban Public Registry of Clinical Trials, RPCEC00000366-En and WHO-ICTRP and is complete. FINDINGS From April 9, 2021, to April 17, 2021, 663 COVID-19 convalescent participants were enrolled in the study; 213 participants did not meet the selection criteria and 450 volunteers were recruited. 20 participants aged 60-78 years were included in the open, single-group, phase 2a study and 430 participants were randomly assigned to the experimental (n=344) or control groups (n=86) in the phase 2b study of participants aged 19-78 years. 19 (95%) of 20 phase 2a volunteers achieved a successful immune response after vaccination. No vaccine-associated serious adverse events were reported in the whole study population. Minor adverse events were found, the most common being pain at the injection site (105 [29%] of 364 in the intervention group; 13 [15%] of 86 in the placebo group). A successful immune response was found in 289 (81%) of 358 participants 28 days after vaccination. The vaccine elicited a greater than 31-times increase in anti-RBD-IgG antibodies compared with prevaccination rates, and the seroconversion rate was 302 (84%) of 358 on day 28 after vaccination; the geometric mean titres of live-virus neutralisation test increased from 15·4 (95% CI 10·3-23·2) to 400·3 (272·4-588·1) and high response was found against alpha, beta, and delta variants of concern. INTERPRETATION A single dose of the FINLAY-FR-1A vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 strengthened the pre-existing natural immunity, with excellent safety profile. FUNDING Cuba's Ministry of Science, Technology, and Environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Fabrizio Chiodo
- Finlay Vaccine Institute, Atabey, Playa, Havana, Cuba; Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Netherlands and Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council, Pozzuoli, Napoli, Italy
| | - Andrea Calcagno
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Valeria Ghisetti
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, ASL, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Enrique Noa-Romero
- Research Centre of Civil Defence, San José de las Lajas, Mayabeque, Cuba
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8
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Pourabhari Langroudi A, Shokri Varniab Z, Amouei M, Pak N, Khosravi B, Mirsharifi A, Radmard AR. Findings of Abdominal Imaging in Patients with COVID-19 - Part 1: Hollow Organs. Middle East J Dig Dis 2022; 14:278-286. [PMID: 36619269 PMCID: PMC9489432 DOI: 10.34172/mejdd.2022.284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Since COVID-19 has spread worldwide, the role of imaging for early detection of the disease has become more prominent. Abdominal symptoms in COVID-19 are common in addition to respiratory manifestations. This review collected the available data about abdominal computed tomography (CT) and ultrasonography indications in hollow abdominal organs in patients with COVID-19 and their findings. Since abdominal imaging is less frequently used in COVID-19, there is limited information about the gastrointestinal findings. The most common indications for abdominal CT in patients with COVID-19 were abdominal pain and sepsis. Bowel wall thickening and fluid-filled colon were the most common findings in abdominal imaging. Acute mesenteric ischemia (AMI) was one of the COVID-19 presentations secondary to coagulation dysfunction. AMI manifests with sudden abdominal pain associated with high morbidity and mortality in admitted patients; therefore, CT angiography should be considered for early diagnosis of AMI. Ultrasonography is a practical modality because of its availability, safety, rapidity, and ability to be used at the bedside. Clinicians and radiologists should be alert to indications and findings of abdominal imaging modalities in COVID-19 to diagnose the disease and its potentially serious complications promptly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zahra Shokri Varniab
- Department of Radiology, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrnam Amouei
- Assistant Professor, Department of Radiology, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Neda Pak
- Associate Professor, Department of Radiology, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bardia Khosravi
- Department of Radiology, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Mirsharifi
- Department of Surgery, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Reza Radmard
- Associate Professor, Department of Radiology, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding Author: Amir Reza Radmard, MD Department of Radiology, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Shariati Hospital, 14117, North Kargar St., Tehran, Iran Tel: +98 21 84902178 Fax:+98 21 82415400 ,
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9
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Weidner L, Laner-Plamberger S, Horner D, Pistorius C, Jurkin J, Karbiener M, Schistal E, Kreil TR, Jungbauer C. Sample Buffer Containing Guanidine-Hydrochloride Combines Biological Safety and RNA Preservation for SARS-CoV-2 Molecular Diagnostics. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:1186. [PMID: 35626342 PMCID: PMC9139951 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12051186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has elicited the need to analyse and store large amounts of infectious samples for laboratory diagnostics. Therefore, there has been a demand for sample storage buffers that effectively inactivate infectious viral particles while simultaneously preserving the viral RNA. Here, we present a storage buffer containing guanidine-hydrochloride that fulfils both requirements. Its ability to preserve RNA stability was confirmed by RT-qPCR, and virus-inactivating properties were tested by tissue culture infectious dose assay. Our data revealed that RNA from samples diluted in this storage buffer was efficiently preserved. Spiking samples with RNase A resulted in RNAse concentrations up to 100 ng/mL being efficiently inhibited, whereas spiking samples with infectious SARS-CoV-2 particles demonstrated rapid virus inactivation. In addition, our buffer demonstrated good compatibility with several commercially available RNA extraction platforms. The presented guanidine-hydrochloride-based storage buffer efficiently inactivates infectious SARS-CoV-2 particles and supports viral RNA stability, leading to a reduced infection risk during sample analysis and an increased period for follow-up analysis, such as sequencing for virus variants. Because the presented buffer is uncomplicated to manufacture and compatible with a variety of commercially available test systems, its application can support and improve SARS-CoV-2 laboratory diagnostics worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Weidner
- Austrian Red Cross, Blood Service for Vienna, Lower Austria and Burgenland, Wiedner Hauptstraße 32, 1040 Vienna, Austria; (L.W.); (D.H.); (C.P.); (J.J.); (E.S.)
| | - Sandra Laner-Plamberger
- Department for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital of Salzburg (SALK), Paracelsus Medical University (PMU), Müllner-Hauptstraße 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria;
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Centre Salzburg, PMU Salzburg, Strubergasse 21, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - David Horner
- Austrian Red Cross, Blood Service for Vienna, Lower Austria and Burgenland, Wiedner Hauptstraße 32, 1040 Vienna, Austria; (L.W.); (D.H.); (C.P.); (J.J.); (E.S.)
| | - Charlotte Pistorius
- Austrian Red Cross, Blood Service for Vienna, Lower Austria and Burgenland, Wiedner Hauptstraße 32, 1040 Vienna, Austria; (L.W.); (D.H.); (C.P.); (J.J.); (E.S.)
| | - Jennifer Jurkin
- Austrian Red Cross, Blood Service for Vienna, Lower Austria and Burgenland, Wiedner Hauptstraße 32, 1040 Vienna, Austria; (L.W.); (D.H.); (C.P.); (J.J.); (E.S.)
| | - Michael Karbiener
- Global Pathogen Safety, Takeda Manufacturing Austria AG, Benatzkygasse 2-6, 1221 Vienna, Austria; (M.K.); (T.R.K.)
| | - Elisabeth Schistal
- Austrian Red Cross, Blood Service for Vienna, Lower Austria and Burgenland, Wiedner Hauptstraße 32, 1040 Vienna, Austria; (L.W.); (D.H.); (C.P.); (J.J.); (E.S.)
| | - Thomas R. Kreil
- Global Pathogen Safety, Takeda Manufacturing Austria AG, Benatzkygasse 2-6, 1221 Vienna, Austria; (M.K.); (T.R.K.)
| | - Christof Jungbauer
- Austrian Red Cross, Blood Service for Vienna, Lower Austria and Burgenland, Wiedner Hauptstraße 32, 1040 Vienna, Austria; (L.W.); (D.H.); (C.P.); (J.J.); (E.S.)
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10
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Sabitha S, Shobana N, Prakash P, Padmanaban S, Sathiyashree M, Saigeetha S, Chakravarthi S, Uthaman S, Park IK, Samrot AV. A Review of Different Vaccines and Strategies to Combat COVID-19. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10050737. [PMID: 35632493 PMCID: PMC9145217 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10050737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In December 2019, an unknown viral infection emerged and quickly spread worldwide, resulting in a global pandemic. This novel virus caused severe pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It has caused 6.25 millions of deaths worldwide and remains a major concern for health, society, and the economy. As vaccination is one of the most efficient ways to combat this pandemic, different vaccines were developed in a short period. This review article discusses how coronavirus affected the top nations of the world and the vaccines being used for the prevention. Amongst the vaccines, some vaccines have already been approved, and some have been involved in clinical studies. The article also provides insight into different COVID-19 vaccine platforms, their preparation, working, efficacy, and side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasan Sabitha
- School of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Sholinganallur, Rajiv Gandhi Salai, Chennai 600119, India; (S.S.); (N.S.); (P.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Nagarajan Shobana
- School of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Sholinganallur, Rajiv Gandhi Salai, Chennai 600119, India; (S.S.); (N.S.); (P.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Pandurangan Prakash
- School of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Sholinganallur, Rajiv Gandhi Salai, Chennai 600119, India; (S.S.); (N.S.); (P.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Sathiyamoorthy Padmanaban
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 58128, Korea;
- Biomedical Science Graduate Program (BMSGP), Chonnam National University, Gwangju 58128, Korea
| | - Mahendran Sathiyashree
- School of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Sholinganallur, Rajiv Gandhi Salai, Chennai 600119, India; (S.S.); (N.S.); (P.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Subramanian Saigeetha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India;
| | - Srikumar Chakravarthi
- School of Bioscience, Faculty of Medicine, Bioscience and Nursing, MAHSA University, Jalan SP2, Bandar Saujana Putra, Jenjarom 42610, Malaysia;
| | - Saji Uthaman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Correspondence: (S.U.); (I.-K.P.); (A.V.S.)
| | - In-Kyu Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 58128, Korea;
- Biomedical Science Graduate Program (BMSGP), Chonnam National University, Gwangju 58128, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.U.); (I.-K.P.); (A.V.S.)
| | - Antony V. Samrot
- School of Bioscience, Faculty of Medicine, Bioscience and Nursing, MAHSA University, Jalan SP2, Bandar Saujana Putra, Jenjarom 42610, Malaysia;
- Centre for Materials Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Selaiyur 600073, India
- Correspondence: (S.U.); (I.-K.P.); (A.V.S.)
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11
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Xiang J, Lu M, Shi M, Cheng X, Kwakwa KA, Davis JL, Su X, Bakewell SJ, Zhang Y, Fontana F, Xu Y, Veis DJ, DiPersio JF, Ratner L, Sanderson RD, Noseda A, Mollah S, Li J, Weilbaecher KN. Heparanase Blockade as a Novel Dual-Targeting Therapy for COVID-19. J Virol 2022; 96:e0005722. [PMID: 35319225 PMCID: PMC9006938 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00057-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has caused over 5 million deaths worldwide. Pneumonia and systemic inflammation contribute to its high mortality. Many viruses use heparan sulfate proteoglycans as coreceptors for viral entry, and heparanase (HPSE) is a known regulator of both viral entry and inflammatory cytokines. We evaluated the heparanase inhibitor Roneparstat, a modified heparin with minimum anticoagulant activity, in pathophysiology and therapy for COVID-19. We found that Roneparstat significantly decreased the infectivity of SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV-1, and retroviruses (human T-lymphotropic virus 1 [HTLV-1] and HIV-1) in vitro. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) analysis of cells from the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of COVID-19 patients revealed a marked increase in HPSE gene expression in CD68+ macrophages compared to healthy controls. Elevated levels of HPSE expression in macrophages correlated with the severity of COVID-19 and the expression of inflammatory cytokine genes, including IL6, TNF, IL1B, and CCL2. In line with this finding, we found a marked induction of HPSE and numerous inflammatory cytokines in human macrophages challenged with SARS-CoV-2 S1 protein. Treatment with Roneparstat significantly attenuated SARS-CoV-2 S1 protein-mediated inflammatory cytokine release from human macrophages, through disruption of NF-κB signaling. HPSE knockdown in a macrophage cell line also showed diminished inflammatory cytokine production during S1 protein challenge. Taken together, this study provides a proof of concept that heparanase is a target for SARS-CoV-2-mediated pathogenesis and that Roneparstat may serve as a dual-targeted therapy to reduce viral infection and inflammation in COVID-19. IMPORTANCE The complex pathogenesis of COVID-19 consists of two major pathological phases: an initial infection phase elicited by SARS-CoV-2 entry and replication and an inflammation phase that could lead to tissue damage, which can evolve into acute respiratory failure or even death. While the development and deployment of vaccines are ongoing, effective therapy for COVID-19 is still urgently needed. In this study, we explored HPSE blockade with Roneparstat, a phase I clinically tested HPSE inhibitor, in the context of COVID-19 pathogenesis. Treatment with Roneparstat showed wide-spectrum anti-infection activities against SARS-CoV-2, HTLV-1, and HIV-1 in vitro. In addition, HPSE blockade with Roneparstat significantly attenuated SARS-CoV-2 S1 protein-induced inflammatory cytokine release from human macrophages through disruption of NF-κB signaling. Together, this study provides a proof of principle for the use of Roneparstat as a dual-targeting therapy for COVID-19 to decrease viral infection and dampen the proinflammatory immune response mediated by macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Xiang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Mijia Lu
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Min Shi
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Institute for Informatics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Xiaogang Cheng
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Kristin A. Kwakwa
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Davis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Xinming Su
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Suzanne J. Bakewell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Yuexiu Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Francesca Fontana
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Yalin Xu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Deborah J. Veis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - John F. DiPersio
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Lee Ratner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Ralph D. Sanderson
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | | | - Shamim Mollah
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Institute for Informatics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jianrong Li
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Katherine N. Weilbaecher
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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12
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Banerjee S, Banerjee D, Singh A, Saharan VA. A Comprehensive Investigation Regarding the Differentiation of the Procurable COVID-19 Vaccines. AAPS PharmSciTech 2022; 23:95. [PMID: 35314902 PMCID: PMC8936379 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-022-02247-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 caused by coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 became a serious threat to humankind for the past couple of years. The development of vaccine and its immediate application might be the only to escape from the grasp of this demoniac pandemic. Approximately 343 clinical trials on COVID-19 vaccines are ongoing currently, and almost all countries are motivating ongoing researches at warp speed for the development of vaccines against COVID-19. This review explores the progress in the development of the vaccines, their current status of ongoing clinical research, mechanisms, and regulatory approvals. Many pharmaceutical companies are already in the endgame for manufacturing various vaccines of which some are already being marketed across the globe, while others are yet to get approval for marketing. The primary aim of this review is to compare regulatory accepted vaccines in terms of their composition, doses, regulatory status, and efficacy. The study is conducted by grouping into approved and unapproved vaccines for marketing. Different routes of administration of vaccines along with the efficacy of the routes are also presented in the review. A wide range of database and clinical trial data is reviewed for sorting out the information on different vaccines. Unfortunately, many mutations (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, kappa, omicron etc.) of SARS-CoV-2 have attacked people in very short time, which is the great challenge for investigational vaccines. Moreover, some vaccines like Pfizer's BNT162, Oxford's ChAdOx1, Moderna's mRNA-1273, and Bharat Biotech's Covaxin have got regulatory approval in some countries for its distribution which may prove to stand tall against the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surojit Banerjee
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Sardar Bhagwan Singh University, Balawala, Dehradun, 248001, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Debadri Banerjee
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Sardar Bhagwan Singh University, Balawala, Dehradun, 248001, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Anupama Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Sardar Bhagwan Singh University, Balawala, Dehradun, 248001, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Vikas Anand Saharan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Sardar Bhagwan Singh University, Balawala, Dehradun, 248001, Uttarakhand, India
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13
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Qi H, Sun Z, Yao Y, Chen L, Su X. Immunogenicity of the Xcl1-SARS-CoV-2 Spike Fusion DNA Vaccine for COVID-19. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:407. [PMID: 35335039 PMCID: PMC8951015 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10030407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) variants that may evade antibody-mediated immunity are emerging. Evidence shows that vaccines with a stronger immune response are still effective against mutant strains. Here, we report a targeted type 1 conventional dendritic (cDC1) cell strategy for improved COVID-19 vaccine design. cDC1 cells specifically express X-C motif chemokine receptor 1 (Xcr1), the only receptor for chemokine Xcl1. We fused the S gene sequence with the Xcl1 gene to deliver the expressed S protein to cDC1 cells. Immunization with a plasmid encoding the S protein fused to Xcl1 showed stronger induction of antibody and antigen-specific T cell immune responses than immunization with the S plasmid alone in mice. The fusion gene-induced antibody also displayed more powerful SARS-CoV-2 wild-type virus and pseudovirus neutralizing activity. Xcl1 also increased long-lived antibody-secreting plasma cells in bone marrow. These preliminary results indicate that Xcl1 serves as a molecular adjuvant for the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine and that our Xcl1-S fusion DNA vaccine is a potential COVID-19 vaccine candidate for use in further translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (H.Q.); (Z.S.)
- Hebei Immune Cell Application Engineering Research Center, Baoding Newish Technology Co., Ltd./Newish Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing 100176, China;
| | - Zhongjie Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (H.Q.); (Z.S.)
- Hebei Immune Cell Application Engineering Research Center, Baoding Newish Technology Co., Ltd./Newish Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing 100176, China;
| | - Yanling Yao
- Hebei Immune Cell Application Engineering Research Center, Baoding Newish Technology Co., Ltd./Newish Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing 100176, China;
| | - Ligong Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xuncheng Su
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (H.Q.); (Z.S.)
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14
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Youssef D, Abou-Abbas L, Berry A, Youssef J, Hassan H. Determinants of acceptance of Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) vaccine among Lebanese health care workers using health belief model. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264128. [PMID: 35192664 PMCID: PMC8863223 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since Health care workers (HCWs) are at high occupational risk for COVID-19, they are prioritized for immunization. This study aimed to assess the acceptance rate of the COVID-19 vaccine among HCWs and to identify its determinants. A web-based cross-sectional study was conducted between10 and 31 December 2020 among Lebanese HCWs. The Health Belief Model (HBM) was used as a theoretical framework. Multivariable logistic analyses were carried out to identify the factors associated with the acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine among HCWs. A total of 1800 HCWs have completed the survey. Around half (58.10%) of them were frontline HCWs and aged between (30-49) years old. Over two-thirds (67.33%) of the participants have received the seasonal influenza vaccine. The acceptance rate of the COVID-19 vaccine among surveyed HCWs was 58%. HCWs who were male (aOR = 1.99, 95% CI (1.41-2.80)), working in the frontlines (aOR = 1.61, 95% CI (1.17-2.21), and those who have received influenza vaccination for the current year (aOR = 1.38, 95% CI(0.99-1.92)) were more willing to get the COVID-19 vaccine. However, factors such as living in rural areas (aOR = 0.61, 95% CI (0.44-0.84)), and being previously diagnosed with COVID-19 (aOR = 0.66, 95%CI (0.45-0.96) were found negatively associated with vaccine acceptance. In terms of health beliefs items, concerns related to the novelty of vaccine (aOR = 0.42, 95% CI (0.25-0.71)), side effects/vaccine safety (aOR = 0.41, 95% CI (0.23-0.73), reliability of manufacturer (aOR = 0.43, 95% CI (0.30-0.63)), and the number of required doses (aOR = 0.58, 95% CI (0.40-0.84)) were also negatively associated with the willingness to get vaccinated against COVID-19. Remarkably, concerns such as the limited accessibility (aOR = 1.68, 95% CI (1.14-2.47)), and availability of vaccines (aOR = 2.16, 95% CI (1.46-3.20)) were associated with an increased likelihood of willingness to receive the COVID-19 vaccine. With regards to cues of action, receiving reliable and adequate information about the vaccine (aOR = 1.98, 95% CI (1.36-2.88)), recommendation by health authorities (aOR = 1.93, 95% CI(1.33-2.81)), and recommendations from health facilities (aOR = 2.68, 95% CI(1.80-3.99)) were also positively associated with vaccine acceptance. Lastly, perception of COVID-19 vaccine benefits by HCWs in terms of protecting them and their close contacts (patients, family members, and friends) from COVID-19 infection (aOR = 4.21, 95% CI (2.78-7.11)) was associated with an increased likelihood of vaccine uptake. The moderate acceptance rate of the COVID-19 vaccine among HCWs found in our study could have broader extents. Understanding and pointing out factors impairing vaccine acceptance such as concerns about the novelty of vaccine and manufacturers' reliability are required to reach a higher vaccination rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalal Youssef
- Preventive Medicine Department, Ministry of Public Health, Beirut, Lebanon
- Bordeaux Research Center for Population Health, Institut de santé publique, d’épidémiologie et de développement (ISPED), Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
- Clinical trial Program, Ministry of Public Health, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Linda Abou-Abbas
- Neuroscience Research Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Atika Berry
- Bordeaux Research Center for Population Health, Institut de santé publique, d’épidémiologie et de développement (ISPED), Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
| | - Janet Youssef
- Al Zahraa hospital University Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
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15
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Jia J, Ao L, Luo Y, Liao T, Huang L, Zhuo D, Jiang C, Wang J, Hu J. Quantum dots assembly enhanced and dual-antigen sandwich structured lateral flow immunoassay of SARS-CoV-2 antibody with simultaneously high sensitivity and specificity. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 198:113810. [PMID: 34840014 PMCID: PMC8595965 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Exploring reliable and highly-sensitive SARS-CoV-2 antibody diagnosis by point-of-care (POC) manner, holds great public health significance for extensive COVID-19 screening and controlling. Unfortunately, the currently applied gold based lateral flow immunoassay (GLFIA) may expose both false-negative and false-positive interpretations owing to the sensitivity and specificity limitations, which may cause significant risk and waste of public resources for large population screening. To simultaneously overcome the drawbacks of GLFIA, a novel fluorescent LFIA based on signal amplification and dual-antigen sandwich structure was established with largely improved sensitivity and specificity. The compact three-dimensional incorporation of hydrophobic quantum dots within dendritic affinity templates and multilayer surface derivation guaranteed a high and robust fluorescence of single label, which lowered the false negative rate of GLFIA prominently. A dual-antigen sandwich structure using labeled/immobilized SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor binding domain antigen for capturing total human SARS-CoV-2 antibody was developed, instead of general indirect antibody capturing approach, to reduce the false positive rate of GLFIA. Over 300 cases of COVID-19 negative and 97 cases of COVID-19 positive samples, the current assay revealed a 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity confirmed by both polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA), compared with the considerable misinterpretation cases by currently applied GLFIA. The quantitative results verified by receiver operating characteristic curve and other statistical analysis indicated a well-distinguished positive/negative sample groups. The proposed strategy is highly sensitive towards low concentrated SARS-CoV-2 antibody serums and highly specific towards serums from COVID-19 negative persons and patients infected by other viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghua Jia
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China; Medicalsystem Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Ningbo, 315104, China
| | - Lijiao Ao
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, The Second Clinical Medical College (Shenzhen People's Hospital) of Jinan University, Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Yongxin Luo
- Xinyu People's Hospital, Xinyu, 338000, China
| | - Tao Liao
- Shenzhen WWHS Biotech. Inc, Shenzhen, 518100, China
| | - Liang Huang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
| | - Dinglv Zhuo
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Chenxing Jiang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
| | - Jun Hu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
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Pérez-Rodríguez S, de la Caridad Rodríguez-González M, Ochoa-Azze R, Climent-Ruiz Y, Alberto González-Delgado C, Paredes-Moreno B, Valenzuela-Silva C, Rodríguez-Noda L, Perez-Nicado R, González-Mugica R, Martínez-Pérez M, Sánchez-Ramírez B, Hernández-García T, Díaz-Machado A, Tamayo-Rodríguez M, Martín-Trujillo A, Rubino-Moreno J, Suárez-Batista A, Dubed-Echevarría M, Teresa Pérez-Guevara M, Amoroto-Roig M, Chappi-Estévez Y, Bergado-Báez G, Pi-Estopiñán F, Chen GW, Valdés-Balbín Y, García-Rivera D, Verez-Bencomo V. A randomized, double-blind phase I clinical trial of two recombinant dimeric RBD COVID-19 vaccine candidates: Safety, reactogenicity and immunogenicity. Vaccine 2022; 40:2068-2075. [PMID: 35164986 PMCID: PMC8823954 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background The Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is the target for many COVID-19 vaccines. Here we report results for phase I clinical trial of two COVID-19 vaccine candidates based on recombinant dimeric RBD (d-RBD). Methods We performed a randomized, double-blind, phase I clinical trial in the National Centre of Toxicology in Havana. Sixty Cuban volunteers aged 19–59 years were randomized into three groups (20 subjects each): 1) FINLAY-FR-1 (50 µg d-RBD plus outer membrane vesicles from N. meningitidis); 2) FINLAY-FR-1A-50 (50 µg d-RBD, three doses); 3) FINLAY-FR-1A-25 (25 µg d-RDB, three doses). The FINLAY-FR-1 group was randomly divided to receive a third dose of the same vaccine candidate (homologous schedule) or FINLAY-FR-1A-50 (heterologous schedule). The primary outcomes were safety and reactogenicity. The secondary outcome was vaccine immunogenicity. Humoral response at baseline and following each vaccination was evaluated using live-virus neutralization test, anti-RBD IgG ELISA and in-vitro neutralization test of RBD:hACE2 interaction. Results Most adverse events were of mild intensity (63.5%), solicited (58.8%), and local (61.8%); 69.4% with causal association with vaccination. Serious adverse events were not found. The FINLAY-FR-1 group reported more subjects with adverse events than the other two groups. After the third dose, anti-RBD seroconversion was 100%, 94.4% and 90% for the FINLAY-FR-1, FINLAY-FR-1A-50 and FINLAY-FR-1A-25 respectively. The in-vitro inhibition of RBD:hACE2 interaction increased after the second dose in all formulations. The geometric mean neutralizing titres after the third dose rose significantly in the group vaccinated with FINLAY-FR-1 with respect to the other formulations and the COVID-19 Convalescent Serum Panel. No differences were found between FINLAY-FR-1 homologous or heterologous schedules. Conclusions Vaccine candidates were safe and immunogenic, and induced live-virus neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. The highest values were obtained when outer membrane vesicles were used as adjuvant. Trial registry: https://rpcec.sld.cu/en/trials/RPCEC00000338-En.
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Simnani FZ, Singh D, Kaur R. COVID-19 phase 4 vaccine candidates, effectiveness on SARS-CoV-2 variants, neutralizing antibody, rare side effects, traditional and nano-based vaccine platforms: a review. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:15. [PMID: 34926119 PMCID: PMC8665991 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-03076-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has endangered world health and the economy. As the number of cases is increasing, different companies have started developing potential vaccines using both traditional and nano-based platforms to overcome the pandemic. Several countries have approved a few vaccine candidates for emergency use authorization (EUA), showing significant effectiveness and inducing a robust immune response. Oxford-AstraZeneca, Pfizer-BioNTech's BNT162, Moderna's mRNA-1273, Sinovac's CoronaVac, Johnson & Johnson, Sputnik-V, and Sinopharm's vaccine candidates are leading the race. However, the SARS-CoV-2 is constantly mutating, making the vaccines less effective, possibly by escaping immune response for some variants. Besides, some EUA vaccines have been reported to induce rare side effects such as blood clots, cardiac injury, anaphylaxis, and some neurological effects. Although the COVID-19 vaccine candidates promise to overcome the pandemic, a more significant and clear understanding is needed. In this review, we brief about the clinical trial of some leading candidates, their effectiveness, and their neutralizing effect on SARS-CoV-2 variants. Further, we have discussed the rare side effects, different traditional and nano-based platforms to understand the scope of future development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dibyangshee Singh
- KIIT School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, 751024 India
| | - Ramneet Kaur
- Department of Life Sciences, RIMT University, Ludhiana, Punjab India
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18
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Jamehdor S, Naserian S, Teimoori A. Enhanced High Mutation Rate and Natural Selection to Produce Attenuated Viral Vaccine with CRISPR Toolkit in RNA Viruses especially SARS-CoV-2. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 97:105188. [PMID: 34920098 PMCID: PMC8670076 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.105188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The best and most effective way to combat pandemics is to use effective vaccines and live attenuated vaccines are among the most effective vaccines. However, one of the major problems is the length of time it takes to get the attenuated vaccines. Today, the CRISPR toolkit (Clustered Regularly Inerspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) has made it possible to make changes with high efficiency and speed. Using this toolkit to make point mutations on the RNA virus's genome in a coculture of permissive and nonpermissive cells and under controlled conditions can accelerate changes in the genome and accelerate natural selection to obtain live attenuated vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleh Jamehdor
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
| | - Sina Naserian
- Inserm UMR-S-MD 1197, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France; Paris-Saclay University, Villejuif, France; CellMedEx, Saint Maur des Fossés, France.
| | - Ali Teimoori
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
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Artiga-Sainz LM, Ibáñez-Navarro A, Morante-Ruiz M, Bilbao JSV, Rodríguez de Lema-Tapetado G, Sarria-Santamera A, Quintana-Díaz M. Overview of coronavirus pandemic. COMPUTATIONAL APPROACHES FOR NOVEL THERAPEUTIC AND DIAGNOSTIC DESIGNING TO MITIGATE SARS-COV-2 INFECTION 2022. [PMCID: PMC9300555 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-91172-6.00013-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
During the last months of 2019, numerous cases of respiratory illness such as pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome were described in Wuhan, the capital city of Hubei province in China. At the same time, several research groups identified and reported the etiological agent, that included within the Coronaviridae family and the order Nidovirales, named SARS-CoV-2. Subsequently, the pathological and clinical status caused by the pathogen is commonly known as Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In a short period, the outbreak of emerging spread across the world. Therefore the World Health Organization declared a public health emergency of international concern on January 30, 2020, and as a pandemic on March 11, 2020. Many different public health and epidemiological studies have been published since the COVID-19 outbreak, but fatality rates (those that relate the number of cases to mortality) are difficult to assess with certainty. Mean and median case-fatality rates worldwide are near to 3% and 2%, respectively. The median infection fatality calculated from serologic prevalence varies from 0.00% to 1.63% but is mostly estimated between 0.27% and 0.9%. These indexes are influenced by geographic location, socioeconomic status, sex, age, and health conditions, among others.
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Chang-Monteagudo A, Ochoa-Azze R, Climent-Ruiz Y, Macías-Abraham C, Rodríguez-Noda L, Valenzuela-Silva C, Sánchez-Ramírez B, Perez-Nicado R, Hernández-García T, Orosa-Vázquez I, Díaz-Hernández M, García-García MDLÁ, Jerez-Barceló Y, Triana-Marrero Y, Ruiz-Villegas L, Rodríguez-Prieto LD, Puga-Gómez R, Guerra-Chaviano PP, Zúñiga-Rosales Y, Marcheco-Teruel B, Rodríguez-Acosta M, Noa-Romero E, Enríquez-Puertas J, Porto-González D, Fernández-Medina O, Valdés-Zayas A, Chen GW, Herrera-Martínez L, Valdés-Balbín Y, García-Rivera D, Verez-Bencomo V. A single dose of SARS-CoV-2 FINLAY-FR-1A vaccine enhances neutralization response in COVID-19 convalescents, with a very good safety profile: An open-label phase 1 clinical trial. LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. AMERICAS 2021; 4:100079. [PMID: 34541571 PMCID: PMC8442527 DOI: 10.1016/j.lana.2021.100079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a first step towards a vaccine protecting COVID-19 convalescents from reinfection, we evaluated FINLAY-FR-1A vaccine in a clinical trial. METHODS Thirty COVID-19 convalescents aged 22-57 years were studied: convalescents of mild COVID-19, asymptomatic convalescents, both with PCR-positive at the moment of diagnosis; and individuals with subclinical infection detected by viral-specific IgG. They received a single intramuscular injection of the FINLAY-FR-1A vaccine (50 µg of the recombinant dimeric receptor binding domain). The primary outcomes were safety and reactogenicity, assessed over 28 days after vaccination. The secondary outcome was vaccine immunogenicity. Humoral response at baseline and following vaccination was evaluated by ELISA and live-virus neutralization test. The effector T cellular response was also assessed. Cuban Public Registry of Clinical Trials, WHO-ICTRP: https://rpcec.sld.cu/en/trials/RPCEC00000349-En. FINDINGS No serious adverse events were reported. Minor adverse events were found, the most common, local pain: 3 (10%) and redness: 2 (6·7%). The vaccine elicited a >21 fold increase in IgG anti-RBD antibodies 28 days after vaccination. The median of inhibitory antibody titres (94·0%) was three times greater than that of the COVID-19 convalescent panel. Virus neutralization titres higher than 1:160 were found in 24 (80%) participants. There was also an increase in RBD-specific T cells producing IFN-γ and TNF-α. INTERPRETATION A single dose of the FINLAY-FR-1A vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 was an efficient booster of pre-existing natural immunity, with excellent safety profile. FUNDING Partial funding for this study was received from the Project-2020-20, Fondo de Ciencia e Innovación (FONCI), Ministry of Science, Technology and the Environment, Cuba. RESUMEN. ANTECEDENTES Como un primer paso hacia una vacuna que proteja a los convalecientes de COVID-19 de la reinfección, evaluamos la vacuna FINLAY-FR-1A en un ensayo clínico. MÉTODOS Se estudiaron treinta convalecientes de COVID-19 de 22 a 57 años: convalecientes de COVID-19 leve y convalecientes asintomáticos, ambos con prueba PCR positiva al momento del diagnóstico; e individuos con infección subclínica detectada por IgG específica viral. Los participantes recibieron una dosis única por vía intramuscular de la vacuna FINLAY-FR-1A (50 µg del dominio de unión al receptor recombinante dimérico del SARS CoV-2). Las variables de medida primarias fueron la seguridad y la reactogenicidad, evaluadas durante 28 días después de la vacunación. La variable secundaria, la inmunogenicidad. La respuesta humoral, al inicio del estudio y después de la vacunación, se evaluó por ELISA y mediante la prueba de neutralización del virus vivo. También se evaluó la respuesta de células T efectoras. Registro Público Cubano de Ensayos Clínicos, WHO-ICTRP: https://rpcec.sld.cu/en/trials/RPCEC00000349-En. RESULTADOS No se reportaron eventos adversos graves. Se encontraron eventos adversos leves, los más comunes, dolor local: 3 (10%) y enrojecimiento: 2 (6·7%). La vacuna estimuló un incremento >21 veces de los anticuerpos IgG anti-RBD 28 días después de la vacunación. La mediana de los títulos de anticuerpos inhibidores (94·0%) fue aproximadamente tres veces mayor que la del panel de convalecientes de COVID-19. Se encontraron títulos de neutralización viral superiores a 1:160 en 24 (80%) de los participantes. También hubo un aumento en las células T específicas de RBD que producen IFN-γ y TNF-α. INTERPRETACIÓN Una sola dosis de la vacuna FINLAY-FR-1A contra el SARS-CoV-2 reforzó eficazmente la inmunidad natural preexistente, con un excelente perfil de seguridad. FINANCIAMIENTO Se recibió un financiamiento parcial del Proyecto-2020-20, Fondo de Ciencia e Innovación (FONCI), Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología y Medio Ambiente, Cuba.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Chang-Monteagudo
- National Institute of Hematology and Immunology, 8th Ave. N° 460 between 17 and 19 Streets, Vedado, Havana, Cuba
| | - Rolando Ochoa-Azze
- Finlay Vaccine Institute, 21st Ave. N° 19810 between 198 and 200 Streets, Atabey, Playa, Havana, Cuba
| | - Yanet Climent-Ruiz
- Finlay Vaccine Institute, 21st Ave. N° 19810 between 198 and 200 Streets, Atabey, Playa, Havana, Cuba
| | - Consuelo Macías-Abraham
- National Institute of Hematology and Immunology, 8th Ave. N° 460 between 17 and 19 Streets, Vedado, Havana, Cuba
| | - Laura Rodríguez-Noda
- Finlay Vaccine Institute, 21st Ave. N° 19810 between 198 and 200 Streets, Atabey, Playa, Havana, Cuba
| | | | | | - Rocmira Perez-Nicado
- Finlay Vaccine Institute, 21st Ave. N° 19810 between 198 and 200 Streets, Atabey, Playa, Havana, Cuba
| | - Tays Hernández-García
- Center of Molecular Immunology, 15 Ave. and 216 Street, Siboney, Playa, Havana, Cuba
| | - Ivette Orosa-Vázquez
- Center of Molecular Immunology, 15 Ave. and 216 Street, Siboney, Playa, Havana, Cuba
| | | | | | - Yanet Jerez-Barceló
- National Institute of Hematology and Immunology, 8th Ave. N° 460 between 17 and 19 Streets, Vedado, Havana, Cuba
| | - Yenisey Triana-Marrero
- National Institute of Hematology and Immunology, 8th Ave. N° 460 between 17 and 19 Streets, Vedado, Havana, Cuba
| | - Laura Ruiz-Villegas
- National Institute of Hematology and Immunology, 8th Ave. N° 460 between 17 and 19 Streets, Vedado, Havana, Cuba
| | - Luis Dairon Rodríguez-Prieto
- National Institute of Hematology and Immunology, 8th Ave. N° 460 between 17 and 19 Streets, Vedado, Havana, Cuba
| | | | - Pedro Pablo Guerra-Chaviano
- National Coordinating Center of Clinical Trials, 5 Ave. between 60 and 62 Ave., Miramar, Playa, Havana, Cuba
| | - Yaíma Zúñiga-Rosales
- National Center of Medical Genetics, 31 Ave. N° 3102 and 146 Street, Cubanacán, Playa, Havana, Cuba
| | - Beatriz Marcheco-Teruel
- National Center of Medical Genetics, 31 Ave. N° 3102 and 146 Street, Cubanacán, Playa, Havana, Cuba
| | | | - Enrique Noa-Romero
- Research Center of Civil Defense. San José de las Lajas, Mayabeque, Cuba
| | | | | | | | - Anet Valdés-Zayas
- Center of Molecular Immunology, 15 Ave. and 216 Street, Siboney, Playa, Havana, Cuba
| | - Guang-Wu Chen
- Chengdu Olisynn Biotech. Co. Ltd., People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Yury Valdés-Balbín
- Finlay Vaccine Institute, 21st Ave. N° 19810 between 198 and 200 Streets, Atabey, Playa, Havana, Cuba
| | - Dagmar García-Rivera
- Finlay Vaccine Institute, 21st Ave. N° 19810 between 198 and 200 Streets, Atabey, Playa, Havana, Cuba
| | - Vicente Verez-Bencomo
- Finlay Vaccine Institute, 21st Ave. N° 19810 between 198 and 200 Streets, Atabey, Playa, Havana, Cuba
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Jeong S, Lee N, Lee SK, Cho EJ, Hyun J, Park MJ, Song W, Jung EJ, Woo H, Seo YB, Park JJ, Kim HS. Comparison of the Results of Five SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Assays before and after the First and Second ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Vaccinations among Health Care Workers: a Prospective Multicenter Study. J Clin Microbiol 2021; 59:e0178821. [PMID: 34613799 PMCID: PMC8601234 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01788-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Reliable results for serological positivity to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibody after the second dose of AstraZeneca (AZ) vaccination are important to estimate the real efficacy of vaccination. We evaluated positivity rates and changes in semiquantitative antibody titers before and after the first and second ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccinations using five SARS-CoV-2 antibody assays, including two surrogate virus neutralization tests. A total of 674 serum samples were obtained from 228 participants during three blood sampling periods. A questionnaire on symptoms, severity, and adverse reaction duration was completed by participants after the second vaccination. The overall positive rates for all assays were 0.0 to 0.9% before vaccination, 66.2 to 92.5% after the first vaccination, and 98.2 to 100.0% after the second vaccination. Median antibody titers in five assays after the second dose of vaccination were increased compared to those after the first dose (106.4-fold increase for Roche total antibody, 3.6-fold for Abbott IgG, 3.6-fold for Siemens, 1.2-fold for SD Biosensor V1 neutralizing antibody, and 2.2-fold for GenScript neutralizing antibody). Adverse reactions were reduced after the second dose in 89.9% of participants compared to after the first dose. Overall, the second vaccination led to almost 100% positivity rates based on these SARS-CoV-2 antibody assays. The results should be interpreted with caution, considering the characteristics of the applied assays. Our findings could inform decisions regarding vaccination and the use of immunoassays, thus contributing to SARS-CoV-2 pandemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seri Jeong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Nuri Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Su Kyung Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Hwaseong, South Korea
| | - Eun-Jung Cho
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Hwaseong, South Korea
| | - Jungwon Hyun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Hwaseong, South Korea
| | - Min-Jeong Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Wonkeun Song
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun Ju Jung
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Hwaseong, South Korea
| | - Heungjeong Woo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Hwaseong, South Korea
| | - Yu Bin Seo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin Ju Park
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun Soo Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Hwaseong, South Korea
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22
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Jones L, Bakre A, Naikare H, Kolhe R, Sanchez S, Mosley YYC, Tripp RA. Isothermal amplification and fluorescent detection of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-2 variant virus in nasopharyngeal swabs. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257563. [PMID: 34534259 PMCID: PMC8448339 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 is a serious health threat causing worldwide morbidity and mortality. Real-time reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) is currently the standard for SARS-CoV-2 detection. Although various nucleic acid-based assays have been developed to aid the detection of SARS-CoV-2 from COVID-19 patient samples, the objective of this study was to develop a diagnostic test that can be completed in 30 minutes without having to isolate RNA from the samples. Here, we present an RNA amplification detection method performed using reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) reactions to achieve specific, rapid (30 min), and sensitive (<100 copies) fluorescent detection in real-time of SARS-CoV-2 directly from patient nasopharyngeal swab (NP) samples. When compared to RT-qPCR, positive NP swab samples assayed by fluorescent RT-LAMP had 98% (n = 41/42) concordance and negative NP swab samples assayed by fluorescent RT-LAMP had 87% (n = 59/68) concordance for the same samples. Importantly, the fluorescent RT-LAMP results were obtained without purification of RNA from the NP swab samples in contrast to RT-qPCR. We also show that the fluorescent RT-LAMP assay can specifically detect live virus directly from cultures of both SARS-CoV-2 wild type (WA1/2020), and a SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 (alpha) variant strain with equal sensitivity to RT-qPCR. RT-LAMP has several advantages over RT-qPCR including isothermal amplification, speed (<30 min), reduced costs, and similar sensitivity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Les Jones
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- State of Georgia COVID-19 Taskforce, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Abhijeet Bakre
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- State of Georgia COVID-19 Taskforce, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Hemant Naikare
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- Tifton Diagnostic and Investigational Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ravindra Kolhe
- State of Georgia COVID-19 Taskforce, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Susan Sanchez
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- State of Georgia COVID-19 Taskforce, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Yung-Yi C. Mosley
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- Tifton Diagnostic and Investigational Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ralph A. Tripp
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- State of Georgia COVID-19 Taskforce, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
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Probenecid inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication in vivo and in vitro. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18085. [PMID: 34508172 PMCID: PMC8433326 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97658-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Effective vaccines are slowing the COVID-19 pandemic, but SARS-CoV-2 will likely remain an issue in the future making it important to have therapeutics to treat patients. There are few options for treating patients with COVID-19. We show probenecid potently blocks SARS-CoV-2 replication in mammalian cells and virus replication in a hamster model. Furthermore, we demonstrate that plasma concentrations up to 50-fold higher than the protein binding adjusted IC90 value are achievable for 24 h following a single oral dose. These data support the potential clinical utility of probenecid to control SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans.
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Sun W, He L, Zhang H, Tian X, Bai Z, Sun L, Yang L, Jia X, Bi Y, Luo T, Cheng G, Fan W, Liu W, Li J. The self-assembled nanoparticle-based trimeric RBD mRNA vaccine elicits robust and durable protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2 in mice. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:340. [PMID: 34504054 PMCID: PMC8426336 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00750-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
As COVID-19 continues to spread rapidly worldwide and variants continue to emerge, the development and deployment of safe and effective vaccines are urgently needed. Here, we developed an mRNA vaccine based on the trimeric receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein fused to ferritin-formed nanoparticles (TF-RBD). Compared to the trimeric form of the RBD mRNA vaccine (T-RBD), TF-RBD delivered intramuscularly elicited robust and durable humoral immunity as well as a Th1-biased cellular response. After further challenge with live SARS-CoV-2, immunization with a two-shot low-dose regimen of TF-RBD provided adequate protection in hACE2-transduced mice. In addition, the mRNA template of TF-RBD was easily and quickly engineered into a variant vaccine to address SARS-CoV-2 mutations. The TF-RBD multivalent vaccine produced broad-spectrum neutralizing antibodies against Alpha (B.1.1.7) and Beta (B.1.351) variants. This mRNA vaccine based on the encoded self-assembled nanoparticle-based trimer RBD provides a reference for the design of mRNA vaccines targeting SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqiang Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources & Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Lihong He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - He Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaodong Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihua Bai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Limin Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojuan Jia
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhai Bi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tingrong Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources & Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Gong Cheng
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhui Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Wenjun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources & Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Institute of Microbiology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Jing Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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25
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Gonçalves LF, Stolz JV, Haas P. Vaccines Developed against COVID-19: a narrative review. Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992) 2021; 67:625-631. [PMID: 34495072 DOI: 10.1590/1806-9282.20210084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Patrícia Haas
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - Florianópolis (SC), Brazil
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Wang C, Zheng Y, Niu Z, Jiang X, Sun Q. The virological impacts of SARS-CoV-2 D614G mutation. J Mol Cell Biol 2021; 13:712-720. [PMID: 34289053 PMCID: PMC8344946 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjab045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus diseases 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the infection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in December 2019 has caused more than 140 million infections worldwide by the end of April 2021. As an enveloped single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus, SARS-CoV-2 underwent constant evolution that produced novel variants carrying mutation conferring fitness advantages. The current prevalent D614G variant, with glycine substituted for aspartic acid at position 614 in the spike glycoprotein, is one of such variants that became the main circulating strain worldwide in a short period of time. Over the past year, intensive studies from all over the world had defined the epidemiological characteristics of this highly contagious variant and revealed the underlying mechanisms. This review aims at presenting an overall picture of the impacts of D614G mutation on virus transmission, elucidating the underlying mechanisms of D614G in virus pathogenicity, and providing insights into the development of effective therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Wang
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Research Unit of Cell Death Mechanism, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, 2020RU009, Beijing 100071, China
| | - You Zheng
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Research Unit of Cell Death Mechanism, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, 2020RU009, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Zubiao Niu
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Research Unit of Cell Death Mechanism, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, 2020RU009, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Xiaoyi Jiang
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Research Unit of Cell Death Mechanism, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, 2020RU009, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Qiang Sun
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Research Unit of Cell Death Mechanism, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, 2020RU009, Beijing 100071, China
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Evolutionary Tracking of SARS-CoV-2 Genetic Variants Highlights an Intricate Balance of Stabilizing and Destabilizing Mutations. mBio 2021; 12:e0118821. [PMID: 34281387 PMCID: PMC8406184 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01188-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The currently ongoing COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has accounted for millions of infections and deaths across the globe. Genome sequences of SARS-CoV-2 are being published daily in public databases and the availability of these genome data sets has allowed unprecedented access to the mutational patterns of SARS-CoV-2 evolution. We made use of the same genomic information for conducting phylogenetic analysis and identifying lineage-specific mutations. The catalogued lineage-defining mutations were analyzed for their stabilizing or destabilizing impact on viral proteins. We recorded persistence of D614G, S477N, A222V, and V1176F variants and a global expansion of the PANGOLIN variant B.1. In addition, a retention of Q57H (B.1.X), R203K/G204R (B.1.1.X), T85I (B.1.2-B.1.3), G15S+T428I (C.X), and I120F (D.X) variations was observed. Overall, we recorded a striking balance between stabilizing and destabilizing mutations, therefore leading to well-maintained protein structures. With selection pressures in the form of newly developed vaccines and therapeutics to mount in the coming months, the task of mapping viral mutations and recording their impact on key viral proteins should be crucial to preemptively catch any escape mechanism for which SARS-CoV-2 may evolve.
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28
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Famuyiro TB, Ogunwale A, des Bordes J, Raji M. COVID-19: Perceived Infection Risk and Barriers to Uptake of Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna Vaccines Among Community Healthcare Workers. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2021; 9:1543-1549. [PMID: 34264506 PMCID: PMC8280973 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-021-01093-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The health and economic ramifications of the coronavirus pandemic have prompted the need for a timely and effective vaccine development. While the rollout of the COVID-19 vaccine in record time is being hailed as a scientific feat, skepticism about the safety, side effects, and even its long-term effects remain. Acceptance of the vaccine may therefore be a challenge among healthcare workers (HCWs), whose role is considered a proxy to determining the COVID-19 vaccine uptake response by the general population. METHODS In December 2020, prior to the arrival and receipt of the Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna COVID-19 vaccine, we conducted a cross-sectional survey to assess the readiness for vaccine uptake among HCWs at three community-based, university-affiliated health centers. RESULTS A total of 205 (82%) respondents out of 250 completed the questionnaire. Fifty-four percent of respondents agreed to receive vaccine once available. Females (odds ratio (OR) =0.22, p=0.014), non-Hispanic Blacks (OR=0.066, p=0.010), and Hispanics (OR=0.11, p=0.037) were less likely to accept the vaccine. Respondents with moderate-risk perception were more likely to accept (OR=2.79, p=0.045) compared to those with low-risk perception while no association was found between high-risk perception and vaccine acceptance (p=0.226). After adjusting for perceived risk, sex, race/ethnicity, and age, acceptance in non-Hispanic Black population remained statistically significant (adjusted OR=0.07, p=0.014), with Hispanic (AOR=0.12, p=0.051) showing a trend. CONCLUSIONS Enthusiastic acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine is lacking among surveyed HCWs of certain racial/ethnic groups. Provision of resources and public health interventions targeting underserved, minority populations are necessary to halt opposition to vaccine uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tolulope B Famuyiro
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Abayomi Ogunwale
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jude des Bordes
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mukaila Raji
- Division of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine Department of Internal Medicine Department of Preventive Medicine and Population Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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29
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Motamedi H, Ari MM, Dashtbin S, Fathollahi M, Hossainpour H, Alvandi A, Moradi J, Abiri R. An update review of globally reported SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in preclinical and clinical stages. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 96:107763. [PMID: 34162141 PMCID: PMC8101866 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of the rapidly spreading pandemic COVID-19 in the world. As an effective therapeutic strategy is not introduced yet and the rapid genetic variations in the virus, there is an emerging necessity to design, evaluate and apply effective new vaccines. An acceptable vaccine must elicit both humoral and cellular immune responses, must have the least side effects and the storage and transport systems should be available and affordable for all countries. These vaccines can be classified into different types: inactivated vaccines, live-attenuated virus vaccines, subunit vaccines, virus-like particles (VLPs), nucleic acid-based vaccines (DNA and RNA) and recombinant vector-based vaccines (replicating and non-replicating viral vector). According to the latest update of the WHO report on April 2nd, 2021, at least 85 vaccine candidates were being studied in clinical trial phases and 184 candidate vaccines were being evaluated in pre-clinical stages. In addition, studies have shown that other vaccines, including the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine and the Plant-derived vaccine, may play a role in controlling pandemic COVID-19. Herein, we reviewed the different types of COVID-19 candidate vaccines that are currently being evaluated in preclinical and clinical trial phases along with advantages, disadvantages or adverse reactions, if any.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Motamedi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Marzie Mahdizade Ari
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shirin Dashtbin
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Matin Fathollahi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Hadi Hossainpour
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Amirhoushang Alvandi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Medical Technology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Jale Moradi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ramin Abiri
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Fertility and Infertility Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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30
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Kino T, Burd I, Segars JH. Dexamethasone for Severe COVID-19: How Does It Work at Cellular and Molecular Levels? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136764. [PMID: 34201797 PMCID: PMC8269070 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by infection of the severe respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) significantly impacted human society. Recently, the synthetic pure glucocorticoid dexamethasone was identified as an effective compound for treatment of severe COVID-19. However, glucocorticoids are generally harmful for infectious diseases, such as bacterial sepsis and severe influenza pneumonia, which can develop respiratory failure and systemic inflammation similar to COVID-19. This apparent inconsistency suggests the presence of pathologic mechanism(s) unique to COVID-19 that renders this steroid effective. We review plausible mechanisms and advance the hypothesis that SARS-CoV-2 infection is accompanied by infected cell-specific glucocorticoid insensitivity as reported for some other viruses. This alteration in local glucocorticoid actions interferes with undesired glucocorticoid to facilitate viral replication but does not affect desired anti-inflammatory properties in non-infected organs/tissues. We postulate that the virus coincidentally causes glucocorticoid insensitivity in the process of modulating host cell activities for promoting its replication in infected cells. We explore this tenet focusing on SARS-CoV-2-encoding proteins and potential molecular mechanisms supporting this hypothetical glucocorticoid insensitivity unique to COVID-19 but not characteristic of other life-threatening viral diseases, probably due to a difference in specific virally-encoded molecules and host cell activities modulated by them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoshige Kino
- Laboratory of Molecular and Genomic Endocrinology, Sidra Medicine, Doha 26999, Qatar
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +974-4003-7566
| | - Irina Burd
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (I.B.); (J.H.S.)
| | - James H. Segars
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (I.B.); (J.H.S.)
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31
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Efficacy and Safety of COVID-19 Vaccines in Phase III Trials: A Meta-Analysis. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9060582. [PMID: 34206032 PMCID: PMC8228087 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9060582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, the vaccination with COVID-19 vaccines is being promoted worldwide, professionals and common people are very concerned about the efficacy and safety of COVID-19 vaccines. No published systematic review and meta-analysis has assessed the efficacy and safety of the COVID-19 vaccines based on data from phase III clinical trials. Therefore, this study has estimated the efficacy and safety of COVID-19 vaccines and the differences between vaccine types. PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, CNKI, Wanfang, medRxiv databases and two websites were used to retrieve the studies. Random-effects models were used to estimate the pooled efficacy and safety with risk ratio (RR). A total of eight studies, seven COVID-19 vaccines and 158,204 subjects were included in the meta-analysis. All the vaccines had a good preventive effect on COVID-19 (RR = 0.17, 95% CI: 0.09–0.32), and the mRNA vaccine (RR = 0.05, 95% CI: 0.03–0.09) was the most effective against COVID-19, while the inactivated vaccine (RR = 0.32, 95% CI: 0.19–0.54) was the least. In terms of safety, the risk of overall adverse events showed an increase in the vaccine group after the first (RR = 1.46, 95% CI: 1.03–2.05) or second (RR = 1.52, 95% CI: 1.04–2.20) injection. However, compared with the first injection, the risk of local (RR = 2.64, 95% CI: 1.02–6.83 vs. RR = 2.25, 95% CI: 0.52–9.75) and systemic (RR = 1.33, 95% CI: 1.21–1.46 vs. RR = 1.59, 95% CI: 0.84–3.01) adverse events decreased after the second injection. As for the mRNA vaccine, the risk of overall adverse events increased significantly, compared with the placebo, no matter whether it was the first (RR = 1.83, 95% CI = 1.80–1.86) or the second (RR = 2.16, 95% CI = 2.11–2.20) injection. All the COVID-19 vaccines that have published the data of phase III clinical trials have excellent efficacy, and the risk of adverse events is acceptable. The mRNA vaccines were the most effective against COVID-19, meanwhile the risk and grade of adverse events was minimal, compared to that of severe symptoms induced by COVID-19.
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32
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AboulFotouh K, Cui Z, Williams RO. Next-Generation COVID-19 Vaccines Should Take Efficiency of Distribution into Consideration. AAPS PharmSciTech 2021; 22:126. [PMID: 33835300 PMCID: PMC8034273 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-021-01974-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The dire need for safe and effective coronavirus disease (COVID-19) vaccines is met with many vaccine candidates being evaluated in pre-clinical and clinical studies. The COVID-19 vaccine candidates currently in phase 3 or phase 2/3 clinical trials as well as those that recently received emergency use authorization (EUA) from the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and/or other regulatory agencies worldwide require either cold (i.e., 2–8°C) or even freezing temperatures as low as −70°C for storage and distribution. Thus, existing cold chain will struggle to support both the standard national immunization programs and COVID-19 vaccination. The requirement for cold chain is now a major challenge towards worldwide rapid mass vaccination against COVID-19. In this commentary, we stress that thermostabilizing technologies are available to enable cold chain-free vaccine storage and distribution, as well as potential needle-free vaccination. Significant efforts on thermostabilizing technologies must now be applied on next-generation COVID-19 vaccines for more cost-effective worldwide mass vaccination and COVID-19 eradication.
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33
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Ngoi JM, Quashie PK, Morang'a CM, Bonney JHK, Amuzu DSY, Kumordjie S, Asante IA, Bonney EY, Eshun M, Boatemaa L, Magnusen V, Kotey EN, Ndam NT, Tei-Maya F, Arjarquah AK, Obodai E, Otchere ID, Bediako Y, Mutungi JK, Amenga-Etego LN, Odoom JK, Anang AK, Kyei GB, Adu B, Ampofo WK, Awandare GA. Genomic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 reveals local viral evolution in Ghana. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2021; 246:960-970. [PMID: 33325750 PMCID: PMC7746953 DOI: 10.1177/1535370220975351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The confirmed case fatality rate for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Ghana has dropped from a peak of 2% in March to be consistently below 1% since May 2020. Globally, case fatality rates have been linked to the strains/clades of circulating severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) within a specific country. Here we present 46 whole genomes of SARS-CoV-2 circulating in Ghana, from two separate sequencing batches: 15 isolates from the early epidemic (March 12-April 1 2020) and 31 from later time-points ( 25-27 May 2020). Sequencing was carried out on an Illumina MiSeq system following an amplicon-based enrichment for SARS-CoV-2 cDNA. After genome assembly and quality control processes, phylogenetic analysis showed that the first batch of 15 genomes clustered into five clades: 19A, 19B, 20A, 20B, and 20C, whereas the second batch of 31 genomes clustered to only three clades 19B, 20A, and 20B. The imported cases (6/46) mapped to circulating viruses in their countries of origin, namely, India, Hungary, Norway, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America. All genomes mapped to the original Wuhan strain with high similarity (99.5-99.8%). All imported strains mapped to the European superclade A, whereas 5/9 locally infected individuals harbored the B4 clade, from the East Asian superclade B. Ghana appears to have 19B and 20B as the two largest circulating clades based on our sequence analyses. In line with global reports, the D614G linked viruses seem to be predominating. Comparison of Ghanaian SARS-CoV-2 genomes with global genomes indicates that Ghanaian strains have not diverged significantly from circulating strains commonly imported into Africa. The low level of diversity in our genomes may indicate lower levels of transmission, even for D614G viruses, which is consistent with the relatively low levels of infection reported in Ghana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce M Ngoi
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, GH 0233, Ghana
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, GH 0233, Ghana
| | - Peter K Quashie
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, GH 0233, Ghana
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, GH 0233, Ghana
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, GH 0233, Ghana
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Collins M Morang'a
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, GH 0233, Ghana
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, GH 0233, Ghana
| | - Joseph HK Bonney
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, GH 0233, Ghana
| | - Dominic SY Amuzu
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, GH 0233, Ghana
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, GH 0233, Ghana
| | - Selassie Kumordjie
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, GH 0233, Ghana
| | - Ivy A Asante
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, GH 0233, Ghana
| | - Evelyn Y Bonney
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, GH 0233, Ghana
| | - Miriam Eshun
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, GH 0233, Ghana
| | - Linda Boatemaa
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, GH 0233, Ghana
| | - Vanessa Magnusen
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, GH 0233, Ghana
| | - Erasmus N Kotey
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, GH 0233, Ghana
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, GH 0233, Ghana
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, GH 0233, Ghana
| | - Nicaise T Ndam
- Mère et Enfant en Milieu Tropical, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Université de Paris, Paris F-75006, France
| | - Frederick Tei-Maya
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, GH 0233, Ghana
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, GH 0233, Ghana
| | - Augustina K Arjarquah
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, GH 0233, Ghana
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, GH 0233, Ghana
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, GH 0233, Ghana
| | - Evangeline Obodai
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, GH 0233, Ghana
| | - Isaac D Otchere
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, GH 0233, Ghana
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, GH 0233, Ghana
| | - Yaw Bediako
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, GH 0233, Ghana
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, GH 0233, Ghana
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Joe K Mutungi
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, GH 0233, Ghana
| | - Lucas N Amenga-Etego
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, GH 0233, Ghana
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, GH 0233, Ghana
| | - John K Odoom
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, GH 0233, Ghana
| | - Abraham K Anang
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, GH 0233, Ghana
| | - George B Kyei
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, GH 0233, Ghana
- University of Ghana Medical Centre, University of Ghana, Accra, GH 0233, Ghana
| | - Bright Adu
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, GH 0233, Ghana
| | - William K Ampofo
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, GH 0233, Ghana
| | - Gordon A Awandare
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, GH 0233, Ghana
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, GH 0233, Ghana
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Du Y, Xu Y, Feng J, Hu L, Zhang Y, Zhang B, Guo W, Mai R, Chen L, Fang J, Zhang H, Peng T. Intranasal administration of a recombinant RBD vaccine induced protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2 in mouse. Vaccine 2021; 39:2280-2287. [PMID: 33731271 PMCID: PMC7934688 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of the global Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic underscores the importance of the rapid development of a non-invasive vaccine that can be easily administered. A vaccine administered by nasal delivery is endowed with such characteristics against respiratory viruses. In this study, we generated a recombinant SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD)-based subunit vaccine. Mice were immunized via intranasal inoculation, microneedle-intradermal injection, or intramuscular injection, after which the RBD-specific immune responses were compared. Results showed that when administrated intranasally, the vaccine elicited a robust systemic humoral immunity with high titers of IgG antibodies and neutralizing antibodies as well as a significant mucosal immunity. Besides, antigen-specific T cell responses were also analyzed. These results indicated that the non-invasive intranasal administration should be explored for the future SARS-CoV-2 vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Du
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuhua Xu
- Guangdong South China Vaccine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin Feng
- Guangdong South China Vaccine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Longbo Hu
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, College of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Weili Guo
- Guangdong South China Vaccine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Runming Mai
- Guangdong South China Vaccine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liyun Chen
- Guangdong South China Vaccine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianmin Fang
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, College of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Tao Peng
- Guangdong South China Vaccine, Guangzhou, China; Sino-French Hoffmann Institute of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, College of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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35
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New Challenges of Treatment for Locally Advanced Head and Neck Cancers in the Covid-19 Pandemic Era. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10040587. [PMID: 33557273 PMCID: PMC7915471 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10040587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Locally advanced head and neck cancer is a unique challenge for cancer management in the Covid-19 situation. The negative consequences of delaying radio-chemotherapy treatment make it necessary to prioritize these patients, the continuation of radiotherapy being indicated even if SARS-CoV-2 infection is confirmed in the case of patients with moderate and mild symptoms. For an early scenario, the standard chemo-radiotherapy using simultaneous integrated boost (SIB) technique is the preferred option, because it reduces the overall treatment time. For a late scenario with limited resources, hypo-fractionated treatment, with possible omission of chemotherapy for elderly patients and for those who have comorbidities, is recommended. Concurrent chemotherapy is controversial for dose values >2.4 Gy per fraction. The implementation of hypo-fractionated regimens should be based on a careful assessment of dose-volume constraints for organs at risks (OARs), using recommendations from clinical trials or dose conversion based on the linear-quadratic (LQ) model. Induction chemotherapy is not considered the optimal solution in this situation because of the risk of immunosuppression even though in selected groups of patients TPF regimen may bring benefits. Although the MACH-NC meta-analysis of chemotherapy in head and neck cancers did not demonstrate the superiority of induction chemotherapy over concurrent chemoradiotherapy, an induction regimen could be considered for cases with an increased risk of metastasis even in the case of a possible Covid-19 pandemic scenario.
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Park KS, Sun X, Aikins ME, Moon JJ. Non-viral COVID-19 vaccine delivery systems. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 169:137-151. [PMID: 33340620 PMCID: PMC7744276 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The novel corona virus termed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread throughout the globe at a formidable speed, causing tens of millions of cases and more than one million deaths in less than a year of its report in December 2019. Since then, companies and research institutions have raced to develop SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, ranging from conventional viral and protein-based vaccines to those that are more cutting edge, including DNA- and mRNA-based vaccines. Each vaccine exhibits a different potency and duration of efficacy, as determined by the antigen design, adjuvant molecules, vaccine delivery platforms, and immunization method. In this review, we will introduce a few of the leading non-viral vaccines that are under clinical stage development and discuss delivery strategies to improve vaccine efficacy, duration of protection, safety, and mass vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Soo Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Xiaoqi Sun
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Marisa E Aikins
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - James J Moon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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37
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Belete TM. Review on Up-to-Date Status of Candidate Vaccines for COVID-19 Disease. Infect Drug Resist 2021; 14:151-161. [PMID: 33500636 PMCID: PMC7826065 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s288877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The global pandemic of COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 continues to spread and poses serious threats to public health and economic stability throughout the world. Thus, to protect the global population, developing safe and effective vaccines is mandatory to control the spread of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Since genomic sequences of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-1 have similarity and use the same receptor (ACE2), it is important to learn from the development of SARS-CoV-1 vaccines for the development of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Normally vaccine development takes 10-15 years but vaccine development against SARS-CoV2 is going on at a very fast pace resulting in almost breakthrough methods of vaccine development by several research institutions. The whole process of vaccine development including clinical trials gets shortened and may be fast tracked to 15-18 months. Global collaborations and increased research efforts among the scientific community have led to more than 214 candidate vaccines globally. The current review highlights the different approaches and technologies used around the world for the design and development of the vaccines and also focuses on the recent status of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates under development by various institutions to combat the world threat of COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tafere Mulaw Belete
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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38
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Baisa G, Rancour D, Mansfield K, Burns M, Martin L, Cunha D, Fischer J, Muecksch F, Hatziioannou T, Bieniasz PD, Schomburg F, Luke K. A Recombinant Protein SARS-CoV-2 Candidate Vaccine Elicits High-titer Neutralizing Antibodies in Macaques. RESEARCH SQUARE 2021:rs.3.rs-137857. [PMID: 33442678 PMCID: PMC7805460 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-137857/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Background Vaccines that generate robust and long-lived protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2 infection are urgently required. Methods We assessed the potential of vaccine candidates based on the SARS-CoV-2 spike in cynomolgus macaques (M. fascicularis) by examining their ability to generate spike binding antibodies with neutralizing activity. Antigens were derived from two distinct regions of the spike S1 subunit, either the N-terminal domain or an extended C-terminal domain containing the receptor-binding domain and were fused to the human IgG1 Fc domain. Three groups of 2 animals each were immunized with either antigen, alone or in combination. The development of antibody responses was evaluated through 20 weeks post-immunization. Results A robust IgG response to the spike protein was detected as early as 2 weeks after immunization with either protein and maintained for over 20 weeks. Sera from animals immunized with antigens derived from the RBD were able to prevent binding of soluble spike proteins to the ACE2 receptor, shown by in vitro binding assays, while sera from animals immunized with the N-terminal domain alone lacked this activity. Crucially, sera from animals immunized with the extended receptor binding domain but not the N-terminal domain had potent neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2 pseudotyped virus, with titers in excess of 10,000, greatly exceeding that typically found in convalescent humans. Neutralizing activity persisted for more than 20 weeks. Conclusions These data support the utility of spike subunit-based antigens as a vaccine for use in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lori Martin
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Inc
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39
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Lobato FS, Libotte GB, Platt GM. Mathematical modelling of the second wave of COVID-19 infections using deterministic and stochastic SIDR models. NONLINEAR DYNAMICS 2021; 106:1359-1373. [PMID: 34248281 PMCID: PMC8261056 DOI: 10.1007/s11071-021-06680-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Recently, various countries from across the globe have been facing the second wave of COVID-19 infections. In order to understand the dynamics of the spread of the disease, much effort has been made in terms of mathematical modeling. In this scenario, compartmental models are widely used to simulate epidemics under various conditions. In general, there are uncertainties associated with the reported data, which must be considered when estimating the parameters of the model. In this work, we propose an effective methodology for estimating parameters of compartmental models in multiple wave scenarios by means of a dynamic data segmentation approach. This robust technique allows the description of the dynamics of the disease without arbitrary choices for the end of the first wave and the start of the second. Furthermore, we adopt a time-dependent function to describe the probability of transmission by contact for each wave. We also assess the uncertainties of the parameters and their influence on the simulations using a stochastic strategy. In order to obtain realistic results in terms of the basic reproduction number, a constraint is incorporated into the problem. We adopt data from Germany and Italy, two of the first countries to experience the second wave of infections. Using the proposed methodology, the end of the first wave (and also the start of the second wave) occurred on 166 and 187 days from the beginning of the epidemic, for Germany and Italy, respectively. The estimated effective reproduction number for the first wave is close to that obtained by other approaches, for both countries. The results demonstrate that the proposed methodology is able to find good estimates for all parameters. In relation to uncertainties, we show that slight variations in the design variables can give rise to significant changes in the value of the effective reproduction number. The results provide information on the characteristics of the epidemic for each country, as well as elements for decision-making in the economic and governmental spheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fran Sérgio Lobato
- Chemical Engineering Faculty, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | | | - Gustavo Mendes Platt
- Graduate Program in Agroindustrial Systems and Processes, School of Chemistry and Food, Federal University of Rio Grande, Santo Antônio da Patrulha, Brazil
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40
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Baisa G, Rancour D, Mansfield K, Burns M, Martin L, Cunha D, Fischer J, Muecksch F, Hatziioannou T, Bieniasz PD, Schomburg F, Luke K. "A recombinant protein SARS-CoV-2 candidate vaccine elicits high-titer neutralizing antibodies in macaques.". BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020:2020.12.20.422693. [PMID: 33398285 PMCID: PMC7781324 DOI: 10.1101/2020.12.20.422693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines that generate robust and long-lived protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2 infection are urgently required. We assessed the potential of vaccine candidates based on the SARS-CoV-2 spike in cynomolgus macaques (M. fascicularis) by examining their ability to generate spike binding antibodies with neutralizing activity. Antigens were derived from two distinct regions of the spike S1 subunit, either the N-terminal domain (NTD) or an extended C-terminal domain containing the receptor-binding domain (RBD) and were fused to the human IgG1 Fc domain. Three groups of 2 animals each were immunized with either antigen, alone or in combination. The development of antibody responses was evaluated through 20 weeks post-immunization. A robust IgG response to the spike protein was detected as early as 2 weeks after immunization with either protein and maintained for over 20 weeks. Sera from animals immunized with antigens derived from the RBD were able to prevent binding of soluble spike proteins to the ACE2 receptor, shown by in vitro binding assays, while sera from animals immunized with the NTD alone lacked this activity. Crucially, sera from animals immunized with the RBD but not the NTD had potent neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2 pseudotyped virus, with titers in excess of 10,000, greatly exceeding that typically found in convalescent humans. Neutralizing activity persisted for more than 20 weeks. These data support the utility of spike subunit-based antigens as a vaccine for use in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Baisa
- Intuitive Biosciences, 918 Deming Way, Madison WI 53717
| | | | - Keith Mansfield
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Monika Burns
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Lori Martin
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Daise Cunha
- Covance Greenfield Laboratories, 671 South Meridian Road Greenfield, IN 46140
| | - Jessica Fischer
- Covance Greenfield Laboratories, 671 South Meridian Road Greenfield, IN 46140
| | - Frauke Muecksch
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065
| | - Theodora Hatziioannou
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065
| | - Paul D Bieniasz
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York NY 10065
| | | | - Kimberly Luke
- Intuitive Biosciences, 918 Deming Way, Madison WI 53717
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Abstract
The recent emergence of a new coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‑2, SARS-CoV-2) that is transmitted efficiently among humans and can result in serious disease and/or death has become a global threat to public health and economy. In this article, we describe some of the most important characteristics of this new virus (including gaps in our understanding) and provide a perspective of ongoing activities for developing virus-specific countermeasures, such as vaccines and antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz X Heinz
- Center for Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Karin Stiasny
- Center for Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, 1090, Vienna, Austria
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