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Do KTH, Willenzon S, Ristenpart J, Janssen A, Volz A, Sutter G, Förster R, Bošnjak B. The effect of Toll-like receptor agonists on the immunogenicity of MVA-SARS-2-S vaccine after intranasal administration in mice. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1259822. [PMID: 37854858 PMCID: PMC10580083 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1259822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) represents a promising vaccine vector for respiratory administration to induce protective lung immunity including tertiary lymphoid structure, the bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT). However, MVA expressing the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Spike protein (MVA-SARS-2-S) required prime-boost administration to induce high titers of anti-Spike antibodies in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). As the addition of adjuvants enables efficient tailoring of the immune responses even to live vaccines, we tested whether Toll-like receptor (TLR)-agonists affect immune responses induced by a single dose of intranasally applied MVA-SARS-2-S. Methods We intranasally immunized C57BL/6 mice with MVA-SARS-2-S vaccine in the presence of either TLR3 agonist polyinosinic polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C)], TLR4 agonist bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli, or TLR9 agonist CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG ODN) 1826. At different time-points after immunization, we analyzed induced immune responses using flow cytometry, immunofluorescent microscopy, and ELISA. Results TLR agonists had profound effects on MVA-SARS-2-S-induced immune responses. At day 1 post intranasal application, the TLR4 agonist significantly affected MVA-induced activation of dendritic cells (DCs) within the draining bronchial lymph nodes, increasing the ratio of CD11b+CD86+ to CD103+CD86+ DCs. Nevertheless, the number of Spike-specific CD8+ T cells within the lungs at day 12 after vaccination was increased in mice that received MVA-SARS-2-S co-administered with TLR3 but not TLR4 agonists. TLR9 agonist did neither significantly affect MVA-induced DC activation nor the induction of Spike-specific CD8+ T cells but reduced both number and size of bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue. Surprisingly, the addition of all TLR agonists failed to boost the levels of Spike-specific antibodies in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage. Conclusions Our study indicates a potential role of TLR-agonists as a tool to modulate immune responses to live vector vaccines. Particularly TLR3 agonists hold a promise to potentiate MVA-induced cellular immune responses. On the other hand, additional research is necessary to identify optimal combinations of agonists that could enhance MVA-induced humoral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Thi Hoang Do
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | | | - Anika Janssen
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Asisa Volz
- Institute for Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
| | - Gerd Sutter
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
- Division of Virology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig Maximiliam University (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Reinhold Förster
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Hannover, Germany
| | - Berislav Bošnjak
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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2
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Clever S, Volz A. Mouse models in COVID-19 research: analyzing the adaptive immune response. Med Microbiol Immunol 2023; 212:165-183. [PMID: 35661253 PMCID: PMC9166226 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-022-00735-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 causing the COVID-19 pandemic, resulted in a major necessity for scientific countermeasures. Investigations revealing the exact mechanisms of the SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis provide the basis for the development of therapeutic measures and protective vaccines against COVID-19. Animal models are inevitable for infection and pre-clinical vaccination studies as well as therapeutic testing. A well-suited animal model, mimicking the pathology seen in human COVID-19 patients, is an important basis for these investigations. Several animal models were already used during SARS-CoV-2 studies with different clinical outcomes after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Here, we give an overview of different animal models used in SARS-CoV-2 infection studies with a focus on the mouse model. Mice provide a well-established animal model for laboratory use and several different mouse models have been generated and are being used in SARS-CoV-2 studies. Furthermore, the analysis of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells during infection and in vaccination studies in mice is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Clever
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Asisa Volz
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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3
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Phares TW, Huang J, Kotraiah V, Hauser MJ, Domi A, Oruganti S, Browne CD, Buontempo P, Mansour M, Pannucci J, Tsuji M, Gutierrez GM. Viral delivery of a peptide-based immunomodulator enhances T cell priming during vaccination. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1029636. [PMID: 36582528 PMCID: PMC9792674 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1029636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern, subunit-based vaccines have so far failed to induce significant T cell responses, contributing to ineffective vaccination against many pathogens. Importantly, while today's adjuvants are designed to trigger innate and non-specific immune responses, they fail to directly stimulate the adaptive immune compartment. Programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) partly regulates naïve-to-antigen-specific effector T cell transition and differentiation by suppressing the magnitude of activation. Indeed, we previously reported on a microbial-derived, peptide-based PD-1 checkpoint inhibitor, LD01, which showed potent T cell-stimulating activity when combined with a vaccine. Here we sought to improve the potency of LD01 by designing and testing new LD01 derivatives. Accordingly, we found that a modified version of an 18-amino acid metabolite of LD01, LD10da, improved T cell activation capability in a malaria vaccine model. Specifically, LD10da demonstrates improved antigen-specific CD8+ T cell expansion when combined prophylactically with an adenovirus-based malaria vaccine. A single dose of LD10da at the time of vaccination is sufficient to increase antigen-specific CD8+ T cell expansion in wild-type mice. Further, we show that LD10 can be encoded and delivered by a Modified Vaccinia Ankara viral vector and can enhance antigen-specific CD8+ T cell expansion comparable to that of synthetic peptide administration. Therefore, LD10da represents a promising biologic-based immunomodulator that can be genetically encoded and delivered, along with the antigen, by viral or other nucleic acid vectors to improve the efficacy and delivery of vaccines for ineradicable and emerging infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jing Huang
- The Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, New York, NY, United States,Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marc Mansour
- MM Scientific Consultants Inc., Halifax, NS, Canada
| | | | - Moriya Tsuji
- The Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, New York, NY, United States,Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Gabriel M. Gutierrez
- Hibiscus Biotechnology, LLC, Rockville, MD, United States,*Correspondence: Gabriel M. Gutierrez,
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4
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bin Umair M, Akusa FN, Kashif H, Seerat-e-Fatima, Butt F, Azhar M, Munir I, Ahmed M, Khalil W, Sharyar H, Rafique S, Shahid M, Afzal S. Viruses as tools in gene therapy, vaccine development, and cancer treatment. Arch Virol 2022; 167:1387-1404. [PMID: 35462594 PMCID: PMC9035288 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05432-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Using viruses to our advantage has been a huge leap for humanity. Their ability to mediate horizontal gene transfer has made them useful tools for gene therapy, vaccine development, and cancer treatment. Adenoviruses, adeno-associated viruses, retroviruses, lentiviruses, alphaviruses, and herpesviruses are a few of the most common candidates for use as therapeutic agents or efficient gene delivery systems. Efforts are being made to improve and perfect viral-vector-based therapies to overcome potential or reported drawbacks. Some preclinical trials of viral vector vaccines have yielded positive results, indicating their potential as prophylactic or therapeutic vaccine candidates. Utilization of the oncolytic activity of viruses is the future of cancer therapy, as patients will then be free from the harmful effects of chemo- or radiotherapy. This review discusses in vitro and in vivo studies showing the brilliant therapeutic potential of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musab bin Umair
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Fujimura Nao Akusa
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hadia Kashif
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Seerat-e-Fatima
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Fatima Butt
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Marium Azhar
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Iqra Munir
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ahmed
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Wajeeha Khalil
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz Sharyar
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shazia Rafique
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shahid
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Samia Afzal
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, Lahore, Pakistan
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5
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Naz SS, Munir I. An Outline of Contributing Vaccine Technologies for SARS CoV2 Advancing in Clinical and Preclinical Phase-Trials. Recent Pat Biotechnol 2022; 16:122-143. [PMID: 35040422 DOI: 10.2174/1872208316666220118094344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV2) is an RNA virus involving 4 structural and 16 non-structural proteins, and exhibiting high transmission potential and fatality. The emergence of this newly encountered beta coronavirus-SARS CoV2 has brought over 2 million people to death, and more than 10 billion people got infected across the globe as yet. Consequently, the global scientific community has contributed to the synthesis and design of effective immunization technologies to combat this virus. OBJECTIVES This literature review was intended to gather an update on published reports of the vaccines advancing in the clinical trial phases or preclinical trials, to summarize the foundations and implications of contributing vaccine candidates inferring their impact in the pandemic repression. In addition, this literature review distinctly facilitates an outline of the overall vaccine effectiveness at current doses. METHODS The reported data in this review was extracted from research articles, review articles and patents published from January 2020 to July 2021, available on Google Scholar, Pubmed, Pubmed Central, Research Gate, Science direct, and Free Patent Online Database by using combination of keywords. Moreover, some information is retrieved from native web pages of vaccine manufacturing companies' due to progressing research and unavailability of published research papers. CONCLUSION Contributing vaccine technologies include: RNA (Ribonucleic acid) vaccines, DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) vaccines, viral vector vaccines, protein-based vaccines, inactivated vaccines, viruses-like particles, protein superglue, and live-attenuated vaccines. Some vaccines are prepared by establishing bacterial and yeast cell lines and as self-assembling adenovirus- derived multimeric protein-based self-assembling nanoparticle (ADDOmer). On May 19, WHO has issued an emergency use sanction of Moderna, Pfizer, Sinopharm, AstraZeneca, and Covishield vaccine candidates on account of clinical credibility from experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheikh Saba Naz
- Department of Microbiology, Jinnah University for Women, Pakistan
| | - Iqra Munir
- Department of Microbiology, Jinnah University for Women, Pakistan
- National Nanotechnology Research Center-UNAM, Bilkent University, Turkey
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6
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Bošnjak B, Odak I, Barros-Martins J, Sandrock I, Hammerschmidt SI, Permanyer M, Patzer GE, Greorgiev H, Gutierrez Jauregui R, Tscherne A, Schwarz JH, Kalodimou G, Ssebyatika G, Ciurkiewicz M, Willenzon S, Bubke A, Ristenpart J, Ritter C, Tuchel T, Meyer zu Natrup C, Shin DL, Clever S, Limpinsel L, Baumgärtner W, Krey T, Volz A, Sutter G, Förster R. Intranasal Delivery of MVA Vector Vaccine Induces Effective Pulmonary Immunity Against SARS-CoV-2 in Rodents. Front Immunol 2021; 12:772240. [PMID: 34858430 PMCID: PMC8632543 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.772240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Antigen-specific tissue-resident memory T cells (Trms) and neutralizing IgA antibodies provide the most effective protection of the lungs from viral infections. To induce those essential components of lung immunity against SARS-CoV-2, we tested various immunization protocols involving intranasal delivery of a novel Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA)-SARS-2-spike vaccine candidate. We show that a single intranasal MVA-SARS-CoV-2-S application in mice strongly induced pulmonary spike-specific CD8+ T cells, albeit restricted production of neutralizing antibodies. In prime-boost protocols, intranasal booster vaccine delivery proved to be crucial for a massive expansion of systemic and lung tissue-resident spike-specific CD8+ T cells and the development of Th1 - but not Th2 - CD4+ T cells. Likewise, very high titers of IgG and IgA anti-spike antibodies were present in serum and broncho-alveolar lavages that possessed high virus neutralization capacities to all current SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. Importantly, the MVA-SARS-2-spike vaccine applied in intramuscular priming and intranasal boosting treatment regimen completely protected hamsters from developing SARS-CoV-2 lung infection and pathology. Together, these results identify intramuscular priming followed by respiratory tract boosting with MVA-SARS-2-S as a promising approach for the induction of local, respiratory as well as systemic immune responses suited to protect from SARS-CoV-2 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berislav Bošnjak
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ivan Odak
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Inga Sandrock
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Marc Permanyer
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Hristo Greorgiev
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Alina Tscherne
- Division of Virology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig Maximilian University (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jan Hendrik Schwarz
- Division of Virology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig Maximilian University (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Georgia Kalodimou
- Division of Virology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig Maximilian University (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - George Ssebyatika
- Center of Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | | | - Anja Bubke
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | | | - Tamara Tuchel
- Institute for Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Dai-Lun Shin
- Institute for Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sabrina Clever
- Institute for Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Leonard Limpinsel
- Division of Virology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig Maximilian University (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Krey
- Center of Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Lübeck, Germany
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology (CSSB), Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Asisa Volz
- Division of Virology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig Maximilian University (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute for Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gerd Sutter
- Division of Virology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig Maximilian University (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Reinhold Förster
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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7
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Baldo A, Leunda A, Willemarck N, Pauwels K. Environmental Risk Assessment of Recombinant Viral Vector Vaccines against SARS-Cov-2. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:453. [PMID: 34063733 PMCID: PMC8147846 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9050453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Over the past months, considerable efforts have been put into developing effective and safe drugs and vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. Various platforms are being used for the development of COVID-19 vaccine candidates: recombinant viral vectors, protein-based vaccines, nucleic acid-based vaccines, and inactivated/attenuated virus. Recombinant viral vector vaccine candidates represent a significant part of those vaccine candidates in clinical development, with two already authorised for use in the European Union and one currently under rolling review by the European Medicines Agency (EMA). Since recombinant viral vector vaccine candidates are considered as genetically modified organisms (GMOs), their regulatory oversight includes besides an assessment of their quality, safety and efficacy, also an environmental risk assessment (ERA). The present article highlights the main characteristics of recombinant viral vector vaccine (candidates) against SARS-CoV-2 in the pipeline and discusses their features from an environmental risk point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Baldo
- Sciensano, Service Biosafety and Biotechnology, Rue Juliette Wytsmanstraat 14, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium; (A.L.); (N.W.); (K.P.)
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8
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Liu R, Americo JL, Cotter CA, Earl PL, Erez N, Peng C, Moss B. One or two injections of MVA-vectored vaccine shields hACE2 transgenic mice from SARS-CoV-2 upper and lower respiratory tract infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2026785118. [PMID: 33688035 PMCID: PMC8000198 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2026785118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) is a replication-restricted smallpox vaccine, and numerous clinical studies of recombinant MVAs (rMVAs) as vectors for prevention of other infectious diseases, including COVID-19, are in progress. Here, we characterize rMVAs expressing the S protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Modifications of full-length S individually or in combination included two proline substitutions, mutations of the furin recognition site, and deletion of the endoplasmic retrieval signal. Another rMVA in which the receptor binding domain (RBD) is flanked by the signal peptide and transmembrane domains of S was also constructed. Each modified S protein was displayed on the surface of rMVA-infected cells and was recognized by anti-RBD antibody and soluble hACE2 receptor. Intramuscular injection of mice with the rMVAs induced antibodies, which neutralized a pseudovirus in vitro and, upon passive transfer, protected hACE2 transgenic mice from lethal infection with SARS-CoV-2, as well as S-specific CD3+CD8+IFNγ+ T cells. Antibody boosting occurred following a second rMVA or adjuvanted purified RBD protein. Immunity conferred by a single vaccination of hACE2 mice prevented morbidity and weight loss upon intranasal infection with SARS-CoV-2 3 wk or 7 wk later. One or two rMVA vaccinations also prevented detection of infectious SARS-CoV-2 and subgenomic viral mRNAs in the lungs and greatly reduced induction of cytokine and chemokine mRNAs. A low amount of virus was found in the nasal turbinates of only one of eight rMVA-vaccinated mice on day 2 and none later. Detection of low levels of subgenomic mRNAs in turbinates indicated that replication was aborted in immunized animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruikang Liu
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Jeffrey L Americo
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Catherine A Cotter
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Patricia L Earl
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Noam Erez
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Chen Peng
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Bernard Moss
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
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9
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Cho H, Jang Y, Park KH, Choi H, Nowakowska A, Lee HJ, Kim M, Kang MH, Kim JH, Shin HY, Oh YK, Kim YB. Human endogenous retrovirus-enveloped baculoviral DNA vaccines against MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV2. NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6:37. [PMID: 33741992 PMCID: PMC7979866 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-021-00303-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we report a recombinant baculoviral vector-based DNA vaccine system against Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV2). A non-replicating recombinant baculovirus expressing the human endogenous retrovirus envelope gene (AcHERV) was constructed as a DNA vaccine vector for gene delivery into human cells. For MERS-CoV vaccine construction, DNA encoding MERS-CoV S-full, S1 subunit, or receptor-binding domain (RBD) was inserted into the genome of AcHERV. For COVID19 vaccine construction, DNA encoding SARS-CoV2 S-full or S1 or a MERS-CoV NTD domain-fused SARS-CoV2 RBD was inserted into the genome of AcHERV. AcHERV-DNA vaccines induce high humoral and cell-mediated immunity in animal models. In challenge tests, twice immunized AcHERV-MERS-S1 and AcHERV-COVID19-S showed complete protection against MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV2, respectively. Unlike AcHERV-MERS vaccines, AcHERV-COVID19-S provided the greatest protection against SARS-CoV2 challenge. These results support the feasibility of AcHERV-MERS or AcHERV-COVID19 vaccines in preventing pandemic spreads of viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuyeon Jang
- Department of Bio-industrial Technologies, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Hoon Park
- Department of Bio-industrial Technologies, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanul Choi
- Department of Bio-industrial Technologies, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Aleksandra Nowakowska
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jung Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjee Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Hee Kang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hoi Kim
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Youn Shin
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Kyoung Oh
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Bong Kim
- KR BioTech, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Bio-industrial Technologies, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Lundstrom K. Viral Vectors for COVID-19 Vaccine Development. Viruses 2021; 13:317. [PMID: 33669550 PMCID: PMC7922679 DOI: 10.3390/v13020317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccine development against SARS-CoV-2 has been fierce due to the devastating COVID-19 pandemic and has included all potential approaches for providing the global community with safe and efficient vaccine candidates in the shortest possible timeframe. Viral vectors have played a central role especially using adenovirus-based vectors. Additionally, other viral vectors based on vaccinia viruses, measles viruses, rhabdoviruses, influenza viruses and lentiviruses have been subjected to vaccine development. Self-amplifying RNA virus vectors have been utilized for lipid nanoparticle-based delivery of RNA as COVID-19 vaccines. Several adenovirus-based vaccine candidates have elicited strong immune responses in immunized animals and protection against challenges in mice and primates has been achieved. Moreover, adenovirus-based vaccine candidates have been subjected to phase I to III clinical trials. Recently, the simian adenovirus-based ChAdOx1 vector expressing the SARS-CoV-2 S spike protein was approved for use in humans in the UK.
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Liu R, Americo JL, Cotter CA, Earl PL, Erez N, Peng C, Moss B. MVA Vector Vaccines Inhibit SARS CoV-2 Replication in Upper and Lower Respiratory Tracts of Transgenic Mice and Prevent Lethal Disease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2020.12.30.424878. [PMID: 33442693 PMCID: PMC7805450 DOI: 10.1101/2020.12.30.424878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Replication-restricted modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) is a licensed smallpox vaccine and numerous clinical studies investigating recombinant MVAs (rMVAs) as vectors for prevention of other infectious diseases have been completed or are in progress. Two rMVA COVID-19 vaccine trials are at an initial stage, though no animal protection studies have been reported. Here, we characterize rMVAs expressing the S protein of CoV-2. Modifications of full length S individually or in combination included two proline substitutions, mutations of the furin recognition site and deletion of the endoplasmic retrieval signal. Another rMVA in which the receptor binding domain (RBD) flanked by the signal peptide and transmembrane domains of S was also constructed. Each modified S protein was displayed on the surface of rMVA-infected human cells and was recognized by anti-RBD antibody and by soluble hACE2 receptor. Intramuscular injection of mice with the rMVAs induced S-binding and pseudovirus-neutralizing antibodies. Boosting occurred following a second homologous rMVA but was higher with adjuvanted purified RBD protein. Weight loss and lethality following intranasal infection of transgenic hACE2 mice with CoV-2 was prevented by one or two immunizations with rMVAs or by passive transfer of serum from vaccinated mice. One or two rMVA vaccinations also prevented recovery of infectious CoV-2 from the lungs. A low amount of virus was detected in the nasal turbinates of only one of eight rMVA-vaccinated mice on day 2 and none later. Detection of subgenomic mRNA in turbinates on day 2 only indicated that replication was abortive in immunized animals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Catherine A. Cotter
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20892 USA
| | - Patricia L. Earl
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20892 USA
| | | | | | - Bernard Moss
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20892 USA
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Lundstrom K. Application of Viral Vectors for Vaccine Development with a Special Emphasis on COVID-19. Viruses 2020; 12:E1324. [PMID: 33218001 PMCID: PMC7698750 DOI: 10.3390/v12111324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral vectors can generate high levels of recombinant protein expression providing the basis for modern vaccine development. A large number of different viral vector expression systems have been utilized for targeting viral surface proteins and tumor-associated antigens. Immunization studies in preclinical animal models have evaluated the elicited humoral and cellular responses and the possible protection against challenges with lethal doses of infectious pathogens or tumor cells. Several vaccine candidates for both infectious diseases and various cancers have been subjected to a number of clinical trials. Human immunization trials have confirmed safe application of viral vectors, generation of neutralizing antibodies and protection against challenges with lethal doses. A special emphasis is placed on COVID-19 vaccines based on viral vectors. Likewise, the flexibility and advantages of applying viral particles, RNA replicons and DNA replicon vectors of self-replicating RNA viruses for vaccine development are presented.
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