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Khansari AR, Wallbom N, Sundh H, Sandblom E, Tort L, Jönsson E. Sea water acclimation of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) modulates the mucosal transcript immune response induced by Vibrio anguillarum and Aeromonas salmonicida vaccine, and prevents further transcription of stress-immune genes in response to acute stress. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 152:109733. [PMID: 38944251 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
Mucosal tissues appear to be more important in fish than in mammals due to living in a microbial-rich aquatic milieu, yet the complex interaction between the immune and the neuroendocrine system in these tissues remains elusive. The aim of this work was to investigate the mucosal immune response in immunized rainbow trout vaccinated with Alpha ject vaccine (bivalent), kept in fresh water (FW) or transferred to seawater (SW), and to evaluate their response to acute stress (chasing). Acute stress resulted in higher levels of plasma cortisol (Sham + Stress and Vaccine + Stress). A similar response was observed in skin mucus, but it was lower in Vaccine + Stress compared with stressed fish. With a few exceptions, minimal alterations were detected in the transcriptomic profile of stress-immune gene in the skin of vaccinated and stressed fish in both FW and SW. In the gills, the stress elicited activation of key stress-immune components (gr1, mr, β-ar, hsp70, c3, lysozyme, α-enolase, nadph oxidase, il1β, il6, tnfα, il10 and tgfβ1) in FW, but fewer immune changes were induced by the vaccine (nadph oxidase, il6, tnfα, il10 and igt) in both SW and FW. In the intestine, an array of immune genes was activated by the vaccine particularly those related with B cells (igm, igt) and T cells (cd8α) in FW with no stimulation observed in SW. Therefore, our survey on the transcriptomic mucosal response demonstrates that the immune protection conferred by the vaccine to the intestine is modulated in SW. Overall, our results showed: i) plasma and skin mucus cortisol showed no additional stress effect induced by prolonged SW acclimation, ii) the stress and immune response were different among mucosal tissues which indicates a tissue-specific response to specific antigens/stressor. Further, the results suggest that the systemic immune organs may be more implicated in infectious events in SW (as few changes were observed in the mucosal barriers of immunized fish in SW) than in FW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Reza Khansari
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 7B, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Nicklas Wallbom
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 7B, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Sundh
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 7B, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Erik Sandblom
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 7B, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Lluis Tort
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Elisabeth Jönsson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 7B, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
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2
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Xu Z, Zhang M, Zhang T, Cui H, Li H, Wang X, Zhao X, Chen X, Cheng H, Xu J, Ding Z. Immunoprotective efficacy evaluation of OmpTS subunit vaccine against Aeromonas hydrophila infection in Megalobrama amblycephala. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 151:109665. [PMID: 38830521 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Bacterial septicemia in freshwater fish is mainly caused by Aeromonas hydrophila infection, which affects the development of aquaculture industry. In the context of sustainable aquaculture, subunit vaccines are of great values because they play positive roles in reducing the overuse of antibiotics and protecting aquatic animals against bacterial infection. In this study, the recombinant outer membrane protein OmpTS of A. hydrophila were used as subunit vaccine to immunize Megalobrama amblycephala, and its immunoprotective effect and host immune responses were evaluated. The survival rates of the vaccinated groups after bacterial infection were significantly higher than that of the control group, especially of the OmpTS high-dose vaccinated group. The better protective effects of vaccinated groups might be attributed to the increased levels of serum IgM-specific antibody titer, the reduced relative abundance of A. hydrophila in various tissues, the increased number of immune-positive cells with different epitopes, the up-regulated expression levels of immune-related genes, and the enhanced activities of antibacterial enzymes. In conclusion, OmpTS subunit vaccine could strongly induce host immune responses in M. amblycephala, thereby enhancing both cellular and humoral immunity, which exhibited excellent and effective immunoprotective efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehua Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China; School of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Minying Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China; School of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China; School of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Hujun Cui
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China; School of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Hongping Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China; School of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China; School of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Xiaoheng Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China; School of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Xiangning Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China; School of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Hanliang Cheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China; School of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Jianhe Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China; School of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Zhujin Ding
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China; School of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China.
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3
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Leiva-Rebollo R, Labella AM, Gémez-Mata J, Castro D, Borrego JJ. Fish Iridoviridae: infection, vaccination and immune response. Vet Res 2024; 55:88. [PMID: 39010235 PMCID: PMC11247874 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-024-01347-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Each year, due to climate change, an increasing number of new pathogens are being discovered and studied, leading to an increase in the number of known diseases affecting various fish species in different regions of the world. Viruses from the family Iridoviridae, which consist of the genera Megalocytivirus, Lymphocystivirus, and Ranavirus, cause epizootic outbreaks in farmed and wild, marine, and freshwater fish species (including ornamental fish). Diseases caused by fish viruses of the family Iridoviridae have a significant economic impact, especially in the aquaculture sector. Consequently, vaccines have been developed in recent decades, and their administration methods have improved. To date, various types of vaccines are available to control and prevent Iridoviridae infections in fish populations. Notably, two vaccines, specifically targeting Red Sea bream iridoviral disease and iridoviruses (formalin-killed vaccine and AQUAVAC® IridoV, respectively), are commercially available. In addition to exploring these themes, this review examines the immune responses in fish following viral infections or vaccination procedures. In general, the evasion mechanisms observed in iridovirus infections are characterised by a systemic absence of inflammatory responses and a reduction in the expression of genes associated with the adaptive immune response. Finally, this review also explores prophylactic procedure trends in fish vaccination strategies, focusing on future advances in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Leiva-Rebollo
- Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Juan Gémez-Mata
- Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Dolores Castro
- Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Juan J Borrego
- Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.
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Linares-Cordova JF, Roque A, Ruiz-Gómez MDL, Rey-Planellas S, Boglino A, Rodríguez-Montes de Oca GA, Ibarra-Zatarain Z. Farmed fish welfare research status in Latin America: A review. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 39009502 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Latin America (LATAM) plays an important role in the world's production of aquatic animals and is the second most productive region in the world. Chile, Ecuador, Brazil, Mexico, Colombia, and Perú contribute 87% of LATAM aquaculture production. The fish welfare in aquaculture is of increasing public concern globally, and LATAM is no exception, growing in importance for fish farmers, authorities, and scientists. Although the topic is somewhat controversial, the welfare status of farmed fish has direct implications for their production and the sustainability of the industry. Therefore, this study analyses scientific papers on animal welfare in farmed fish, from the six countries in LATAM with the highest aquaculture production. The main objectives were to quantify the number of papers published between 2000 and 2023 on fish welfare by using scientific databases. A total of 285 papers were found for the period analysed. The country with the largest number of publications was Brazil (75.79%), followed by Chile (13.33%), Mexico (7.02%), Peru (1.75%), Ecuador, and Colombia (1.05%). Nile tilapia was the most studied species, appearing in 30.18% of the publications, with most of the studies mainly dealing with nutrition (32.28%). The growth of aquaculture is leading to joint efforts to generate knowledge on welfare issues, especially in poorly studied species with high production, to create policies that help minimize welfare risks. Given this, the insights generated by this review could be a useful addition to approaches investigating the trends and concepts of fish welfare in LATAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Fitzgerald Linares-Cordova
- Posgrado de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Colegio de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Mexico
- Nayarit Centre for Innovation and Technological Transference (CENITT), Tepic, Mexico
| | - Ana Roque
- IRTA, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Tarragona, Spain
| | - María de Lourdes Ruiz-Gómez
- Laboratorio de Ecología y Conducta, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Mexico
| | | | - Anaïs Boglino
- Nayarit Centre for Innovation and Technological Transference (CENITT), Tepic, Mexico
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Tammas I, Bitchava K, Gelasakis AI. Transforming Aquaculture through Vaccination: A Review on Recent Developments and Milestones. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:732. [PMID: 39066370 PMCID: PMC11281524 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12070732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Aquaculture has rapidly emerged as one of the fastest growing industries, expanding both on global and on national fronts. With the ever-increasing demand for proteins with a high biological value, the aquaculture industry has established itself as one of the most efficient forms of animal production, proving to be a vital component of global food production by supplying nearly half of aquatic food products intended for human consumption. As in classic animal production, the prevention of diseases constitutes an enduring challenge associated with severe economic and environmental repercussions. Nevertheless, remarkable strides in the development of aquaculture vaccines have been recently witnessed, offering sustainable solutions to persistent health-related issues challenging resilient aquaculture production. These advancements are characterized by breakthroughs in increased species-specific precision, improved vaccine-delivery systems, and innovations in vaccine development, following the recent advent of nanotechnology, biotechnology, and artificial intelligence in the -omics era. The objective of this paper was to assess recent developments and milestones revolving around aquaculture vaccinology and provide an updated overview of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of the sector, by incorporating and comparatively discussing various diffuse advances that span across a wide range of topics, including emerging vaccine technologies, innovative delivery methods, insights on novel adjuvants, and parasite vaccine development for the aquaculture sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iosif Tammas
- Laboratory of Applied Hydrobiology, Department of Animal Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece;
| | - Konstantina Bitchava
- Laboratory of Applied Hydrobiology, Department of Animal Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece;
| | - Athanasios I. Gelasakis
- Laboratory of Anatomy & Physiology of Farm Animals, Department of Animal Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece
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6
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Ferreras-Colino E, Contreras M, Risalde MA, Sevilla IA, Delgado E, Domínguez L, Gortazar C, de la Fuente J. Heat-inactivated mycobacteria activate the toll-like receptor 2 and 4 pathways in the zebrafish model of tuberculosis. Vaccine 2024; 42:403-409. [PMID: 38184390 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.12.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Based on previous evidence demonstrating the efficacy of inactivated mycobacteria for the control of fish mycobacteriosis, we explored the protective efficacy of two inactivated Mycobacterium bovis administered via parenteral and mucosal routes against Mycobacterium marinum infection mimicking natural conditions in the zebrafish model of tuberculosis. Although we did not observe a clear effect of any of the immunostimulants on mycobacterial burden, the results showed a significant increase in TLR2 and TLR4 gene expression levels in fishes parenterally immunized with inactivated Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). Our findings demonstrated that the TLR2 and the TLR4 signaling pathways are involved in the immune response elicited by inactivated mycobacteria in the zebrafish model of tuberculosis and support the use of inactivated mycobacteria in vaccine formulations for the control of mycobacteriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Ferreras-Colino
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo 12, Ciudad Real 13005, Spain
| | - Marinela Contreras
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo 12, Ciudad Real 13005, Spain
| | - María A Risalde
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas y Toxicología, Grupo de Investigación GISAZ, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain; CIBERINFEC, ISCIII - CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Iker A Sevilla
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER - Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Bizkaia 48160, Spain
| | - Encarnación Delgado
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo 12, Ciudad Real 13005, Spain
| | - Lucas Domínguez
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center. Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Christian Gortazar
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo 12, Ciudad Real 13005, Spain.
| | - Jose de la Fuente
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo 12, Ciudad Real 13005, Spain; Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
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7
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Razali SA, Shamsir MS, Ishak NF, Low CF, Azemin WA. Riding the wave of innovation: immunoinformatics in fish disease control. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16419. [PMID: 38089909 PMCID: PMC10712311 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The spread of infectious illnesses has been a significant factor restricting aquaculture production. To maximise aquatic animal health, vaccination tactics are very successful and cost-efficient for protecting fish and aquaculture animals against many disease pathogens. However, due to the increasing number of immunological cases and their complexity, it is impossible to manage, analyse, visualise, and interpret such data without the assistance of advanced computational techniques. Hence, the use of immunoinformatics tools is crucial, as they not only facilitate the management of massive amounts of data but also greatly contribute to the creation of fresh hypotheses regarding immune responses. In recent years, advances in biotechnology and immunoinformatics have opened up new research avenues for generating novel vaccines and enhancing existing vaccinations against outbreaks of infectious illnesses, thereby reducing aquaculture losses. This review focuses on understanding in silico epitope-based vaccine design, the creation of multi-epitope vaccines, the molecular interaction of immunogenic vaccines, and the application of immunoinformatics in fish disease based on the frequency of their application and reliable results. It is believed that it can bridge the gap between experimental and computational approaches and reduce the need for experimental research, so that only wet laboratory testing integrated with in silico techniques may yield highly promising results and be useful for the development of vaccines for fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Aisyah Razali
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
- Biological Security and Sustainability Research Interest Group (BIOSES), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Shahir Shamsir
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Nur Farahin Ishak
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Chen-Fei Low
- Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wan-Atirah Azemin
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
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8
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Jones EM, Cain KD. An Introduction to Relevant Immunology Principles with Respect to Oral Vaccines in Aquaculture. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2917. [PMID: 38138061 PMCID: PMC10745647 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11122917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines continue to play an enormous role in the progression of aquaculture industries worldwide. Though preventable diseases cause massive economic losses, injection-based vaccine delivery is cost-prohibitive or otherwise impractical for many producers. Most oral vaccines, which are much cheaper to administer, do not provide adequate protection relative to traditional injection or even immersion formulas. Research has focused on determining why there appears to be a lack of protection afforded by oral vaccines. Here, we review the basic immunological principles associated with oral vaccination before discussing the recent progress and current status of oral vaccine research. This knowledge is critical for the development and advancement of efficacious oral vaccines for the aquaculture industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kenneth D. Cain
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA;
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9
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Bela-Ong DB, Thompson KD, Kim HJ, Park SB, Jung TS. CD4 + T lymphocyte responses to viruses and virus-relevant stimuli in teleost fish. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 142:109007. [PMID: 37625734 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Fish diseases caused by viruses are a major threat to aquaculture. Development of disease protection strategies for sustainable fish aquaculture requires a better understanding of the immune mechanisms involved in antiviral defence. The innate and adaptive arms of the vertebrate immune system collaborate to mount an effective defence against viral pathogens. The T lymphocyte components of the adaptive immune system, comprising two major classes (helper T, Th or CD4+ and cytotoxic T lymphocytes, CTLs or CD8+ T cells), are responsible for cell-mediated immune responses. In particular, CD4+ T cells and their different subsets orchestrate the actions of various other immune cells during immune responses, making CD4+ T cells central drivers of responses to pathogens and vaccines. CD4+ T cells are also present in teleost fish. Here we review the literature that reported the use of antibodies against CD4 in a few teleost fish species and transcription profiling of Th cell-relevant genes in the context of viral infections and virus-relevant immunomodulation. Studies reveal massive CD4+ T cell proliferation and expression of key cytokines, transcription factors, and effector molecules that evoke mammalian Th cell responses. We also discuss gaps in the current understanding and evaluation of teleost CD4+ T cell responses and how development and application of novel tools and approaches to interrogate such responses could bridge these gaps. A greater understanding of fish Th cell responses will further illuminate the evolution of vertebrate adaptive immunity, inform strategies to address viral infections in aquaculture, and could further foster fish as model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Berbulla Bela-Ong
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Research Institute of Natural Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 501-201, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, 52828, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kim D Thompson
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, EH26 0PZ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Hyoung Jun Kim
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for VHS, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Bin Park
- Coastal Research and Extension Center, Mississippi State University, Pascagula, MS, 39567, USA
| | - Tae Sung Jung
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Research Institute of Natural Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 501-201, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, 52828, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Woodhams DC, McCartney J, Walke JB, Whetstone R. The adaptive microbiome hypothesis and immune interactions in amphibian mucus. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 145:104690. [PMID: 37001710 PMCID: PMC10249470 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.104690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The microbiome is known to provide benefits to hosts, including extension of immune function. Amphibians are a powerful immunological model for examining mucosal defenses because of an accessible epithelial mucosome throughout their developmental trajectory, their responsiveness to experimental treatments, and direct interactions with emerging infectious pathogens. We review amphibian skin mucus components and describe the adaptive microbiome as a novel process of disease resilience where competitive microbial interactions couple with host immune responses to select for functions beneficial to the host. We demonstrate microbiome diversity, specificity of function, and mechanisms for memory characteristic of an adaptive immune response. At a time when industrialization has been linked to losses in microbiota important for host health, applications of microbial therapies such as probiotics may contribute to immunotherapeutics and to conservation efforts for species currently threatened by emerging diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas C Woodhams
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, 02125, USA.
| | - Julia McCartney
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, 02125, USA
| | - Jenifer B Walke
- Department of Biology, Eastern Washington University, Cheney, WA, 99004-2440, USA
| | - Ross Whetstone
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, 02125, USA
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11
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Vinh NT, Dong HT, Lan NGT, Sangsuriya P, Salin KR, Chatchaiphan S, Senapin S. Immunological response of 35 and 42 days old Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer, Bloch 1790) fry following immersion immunization with Streptococcus iniae heat-killed vaccine. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 138:108802. [PMID: 37178986 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Early disease prevention by vaccination requires understanding when fry fish develop specific immunity to a given pathogen. In this research, we explored the immune responses of Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) at the stages of 35- and 42- days post-hatching (dph) to an immersive heat-killed Streptococcus iniae (Si) vaccine to determine whether fish can produce specific antibodies against the pathogen. The vaccinated fish of each stage (V35 and V42) were immersed with the Si vaccine at 107 CFU/ml for 3 h, whereas the control groups (C35 and C42) were immersed with tryptic soy broth (TSB) in the same manner. Specific antibodies were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) before and post-immunization (i.e., 0, 7, and 14 days post-immunization, dpi). Expression of innate (TNFα and IL-1β) and adaptive (MHCI, MHCII, CD4, CD8, IgM-like, IgT-like, and IgD-like) immune-related genes were evaluated at the same time points with the addition of 1 dpi. The results showed that a subset of immunized fish from both V35 and V42 fry could elicit specific antibodies (IgM) against Si at 14 dpi. All tested innate and adaptive immune genes upregulated at 7 dpi among fish in V35 group. Interestingly, 42 dph fish appeared to respond to the Si vaccine faster than that of 35 dph, as a significant increase in transcripts was observed in CD4, IL-1β, IgM-like, and IgD-like at 1 dpi; and specific antibody titers of some fish, although not all, were higher than a threshold (p = 0.05) since 7 dpi. In conclusion, this study reveals that 35-42 dph Asian seabass fry can elicit specific immunity to Si immersion vaccine, suggesting that early vaccination of 35 dph fry Asian seabass is feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Tien Vinh
- Aquaculture and Aquatic Resources Management, Department of Food Agriculture and Bioresources, School of Environment, Resources and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Ha Thanh Dong
- Aquaculture and Aquatic Resources Management, Department of Food Agriculture and Bioresources, School of Environment, Resources and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, Pathum Thani, Thailand.
| | - Nguyen Giang Thu Lan
- School of Biotechnology, International University, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Center of Excellence in Fish Infectious Diseases (CE FID), Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Pakkakul Sangsuriya
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, Thailand; Aquatic Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Research Team, BIOTEC, NSTDA, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Krishna R Salin
- Aquaculture and Aquatic Resources Management, Department of Food Agriculture and Bioresources, School of Environment, Resources and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Satid Chatchaiphan
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Saengchan Senapin
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, Thailand; Fish Heath Platform, Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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12
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Du Y, Hu X, Miao L, Chen J. Current status and development prospects of aquatic vaccines. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1040336. [PMID: 36439092 PMCID: PMC9684733 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1040336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Diseases are a significant impediment to aquaculture's sustainable and healthy growth. The aquaculture industry is suffering significant financial losses as a result of the worsening water quality and increasing frequency of aquatic disease outbreaks caused by the expansion of aquaculture. Drug control, immunoprophylaxis, ecologically integrated control, etc. are the principal control strategies for fish infections. For a long time, the prevention and control of aquatic diseases have mainly relied on the use of various antibiotics and chemical drugs. However, long-term use of chemical inputs not only increases pathogenic bacteria resistance but also damages the fish and aquaculture environments, resulting in drug residues in aquatic products, severely impeding the development of the aquaculture industry. The development and use of aquatic vaccines are the safest and most effective ways to prevent aquatic animal diseases and preserve the health and sustainability of aquaculture. To give references for the development and implementation of aquatic vaccines, this study reviews the development history, types, inoculation techniques, mechanisms of action, development prospects, and challenges encountered with aquatic vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Du
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaoman Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Liang Miao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jiong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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13
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Chavda VP, Vora LK, Apostolopoulos V. Inhalable Vaccines: Can They Help Control Pandemics? Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10081309. [PMID: 36016197 PMCID: PMC9413847 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10081309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of a new coronavirus presents a huge risk to public health worldwide and has spread widely amongst the human population. Since its emergence, the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is frequently evolving by mutation and genetic recombination to give rise to new viral variants. These emerging variants pose a challenge to existing COVID-19 management strategies and vaccine efficacy. Interruption of viral spread is required as the merging variants pose higher transmissibility than the previous ones. To achieve this, local protection of the respiratory tract with immunity is essential. Here, we advocate the use of pulmonary/inhalable vaccines to achieve this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek P. Chavda
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, L M College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad 380009, Gujarat, India
- Correspondence: (V.P.C.); (V.A.)
| | - Lalitkumar K. Vora
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Vasso Apostolopoulos
- Immunology and Translational Research Group, Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia
- Immunology Program, Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia
- Correspondence: (V.P.C.); (V.A.)
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14
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Editorial of Special Issue “The 2nd Edition: Vaccines for Aquaculture”. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10081242. [PMID: 36016130 PMCID: PMC9413199 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10081242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Docando F, Nuñez-Ortiz N, Gonçalves G, Serra CR, Gomez-Casado E, Martín D, Abós B, Oliva-Teles A, Tafalla C, Díaz-Rosales P. Bacillus subtilis Expressing the Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus VP2 Protein Retains Its Immunostimulatory Properties and Induces a Specific Antibody Response. Front Immunol 2022; 13:888311. [PMID: 35720351 PMCID: PMC9198257 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.888311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis has been documented in the past years as an effective probiotic for different aquacultured species, with recognized beneficial effects on water quality, fish growth and immune status. Furthermore, its potential as a vaccine adjuvant has also been explored in different species. In the current work, we have used B. subtilis spores as delivery vehicles for the presentation of the VP2 protein from infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV). For this, the VP2 gene was amplified and translationally fused to the crust protein CotY. The successful expression of VP2 on the spores was confirmed by Western blot. We then compared the immunostimulatory potential of this VP2-expressing strain (CRS208) to that of the original B. subtilis strain (168) on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) leukocytes obtained from spleen, head kidney and the peritoneal cavity. Our results demonstrated that both strains significantly increased the percentage of IgM+ B cells and the number of IgM-secreting cells in all leukocyte cultures. Both strains also induced the transcription of a wide range of immune genes in these cultures, with small differences between them. Importantly, specific anti-IPNV antibodies were detected in fish intraperitoneally or orally vaccinated with the CRS208 strain. Altogether, our results demonstrate B. subtilis spores expressing foreign viral proteins retain their immunomodulatory potential while inducing a significant antibody response, thus constituting a promising vaccination strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Docando
- Fish Immunology and Pathology Group, Animal Health Research Centre (CISA), National Agricultural and Food Research and Technology Institute (INIA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Noelia Nuñez-Ortiz
- Fish Immunology and Pathology Group, Animal Health Research Centre (CISA), National Agricultural and Food Research and Technology Institute (INIA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Gabriela Gonçalves
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Matosinhos, Portugal.,Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cláudia R Serra
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Matosinhos, Portugal.,Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Porto, Portugal
| | - Eduardo Gomez-Casado
- Department of Biotechnology, National Agricultural and Food Research and Technology Institute (INIA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Diana Martín
- Fish Immunology and Pathology Group, Animal Health Research Centre (CISA), National Agricultural and Food Research and Technology Institute (INIA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Abós
- Fish Immunology and Pathology Group, Animal Health Research Centre (CISA), National Agricultural and Food Research and Technology Institute (INIA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Aires Oliva-Teles
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Matosinhos, Portugal.,Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carolina Tafalla
- Fish Immunology and Pathology Group, Animal Health Research Centre (CISA), National Agricultural and Food Research and Technology Institute (INIA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Díaz-Rosales
- Fish Immunology and Pathology Group, Animal Health Research Centre (CISA), National Agricultural and Food Research and Technology Institute (INIA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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16
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Miyazawa R, Iijima Y, Nakanishi T. Induction of both local and systemic immunity by in vivo injection of PHA into ginbuna carp fin. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 129:104329. [PMID: 34919981 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) is a well-known mitogen inducing activation and proliferation of lymphocytes, particularly T lymphocytes in vitro. PHA has also been used in vivo for assessing cell-mediated immunity in non-mammalian vertebrates, particularly in birds. However, it has been suggested that local inflammation as a direct result of tissue damage could be responsible for skin swelling after PHA injection, in addition to induction of T lymphocyte mitogenesis. In order to understand the complex nature of this response in fish we investigated the accumulation of cell types chronologically in dorsal fin of ginbuna crucian carp Carassius auratus langsdorfii after PHA injection. Neutrophils appeared first and showed a peak response on day 1, decreasing gradually and followed by macrophages and blast cells while lymphocytes increased later with a peak response on day 5. The number of accumulated cells was significantly higher in PHA-injected fish than controls in most cases. Lymphocytes identified as CD4-1+and CD8α+ were significantly more abundant in PHA-injected fish than in control fish throughout the 7-day experimental period except on day 1, while the number of IgM+ lymphocytes was higher in PHA-injected fish only on day 1. In the blast cell fraction, the number of CD4-1+ lymphocytes was significantly higher in PHA-injected fish than in control fish throughout experimental period, except on day 1. We also document the migration of neutrophils from the kidney to the fin through blood, followed by granulopoiesis in the kidney. These results suggest that adaptive immunity as well as innate immunity was induced by in vivo stimulation with PHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichiro Miyazawa
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Enzyme Research, University of Tokushima, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Yuri Iijima
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Teruyuki Nakanishi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan; Goto Aquaculture Institute Co., Ltd, Sayama City, Saitama, 350-1332, Japan.
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17
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Mondal H, Thomas J. A review on the recent advances and application of vaccines against fish pathogens in aquaculture. AQUACULTURE INTERNATIONAL : JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN AQUACULTURE SOCIETY 2022; 30:1971-2000. [PMID: 35528247 PMCID: PMC9059915 DOI: 10.1007/s10499-022-00884-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Globally, aquaculture has faced serious economic problems due to bacterial, viral, and various other infectious diseases of different origins. Even though such diseases are being detected and simultaneously treated with several therapeutic and prophylactic methods, the broad-spectrum activity of vaccines plays a vital role as a preventive measure in aquaculture. However, treatments like use of antibiotics and probiotics seem to be less effective when new mutant strains develop and disease causing pathogens become resistant to commonly used antibiotics. Therefore, vaccines developed by using recent advanced molecular techniques can be considered as an effective way of treating disease causing pathogens in aquatic organisms. The present review emphasizes on the current advances in technology and future outlook with reference to different types of vaccines used in the aquaculture industries. Beginning with traditional killed/inactivated and live attenuated vaccines, this work culminates in the review of modern new generation ones including recombinant, synthetic peptides, mucosal and DNA, subunit, nanoparticle-based and plant-based edible vaccines, reverse vaccinology, and monovalent and polyvalent vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haimanti Mondal
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu India
| | - John Thomas
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu India
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18
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Long-term efficacy of nasal vaccination against enteric red mouth (ERM) disease and infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHN) in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Vaccine 2021; 40:229-238. [PMID: 34893343 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.11.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Previous research demonstrated that bacterial and viral vaccines delivered via the nasal route in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) at 7 and 28 days post-vaccination are highly protective (>95% protection). Long-term protection following nasal vaccination in teleosts has not been evaluated. The goal of this study was to assess efficacy and immune responses at 6 months (mo) post-vaccination (mpv), and long-lasting immune responses at 12 mpv of two different vaccines: an inactivated enteric red mouth disease (ERM) Yersinia ruckeri bacterin and a live attenuated infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) vaccine. Juvenile rainbow trout were vaccinated for Y. ruckeri via intraperitoneal (I.P.) and intranasal (I.N.) routes, and for IHNV by intramuscular (I.M.) and I.N. routes, then challenged at 6 mpv. Immune responses were determined at 6 and 12 mpv. ERM vaccine I.P. delivery elicited significantly higher serum IgM-specific titers that remained elevated compared to mock-vaccinated fish at 6 mpv. By 12 mpv, antibody titers to Y. ruckeri were not significantly different across all treatments. Following Y. ruckeri challenge at 6 mpv, a significant difference in cumulative percent mortality (CPM) was found for I.P.-vaccinated fish but not I.N.-vaccinated fish. I.M. and I.N. vaccination with live attenuated IHNV did not result in significant specific serum IgM titers at 6 or 12 mpv. Yet, I.N.-vaccinated fish showed the lowest CPM 6 mpv indicating long-term protection that does not correlate with systemic IgM responses. Repertoire analyses confirmed unique expansions of VH-JH rearrangements in the spleen of rainbow trout 12 mpv that varied with the type of vaccine and route of vaccination. Combined, these data demonstrate that I.N. vaccination with a live attenuated viral vaccine confers long lasting protection, but I.N. ERM vaccination does not and booster before 6 mpv is recommended.
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19
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Bøgwald J, Dalmo RA. Protection of Teleost Fish against Infectious Diseases through Oral Administration of Vaccines: Update 2021. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10932. [PMID: 34681594 PMCID: PMC8535532 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222010932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Immersion and intraperitoneal injection are the two most common methods used for the vaccination of fish. Because both methods require that fish are handled and thereby stressed, oral administration of vaccines as feed supplements is desirable. In addition, in terms of revaccination (boosting) of adult fish held in net pens, oral administration of vaccines is probably the only feasible method to obtain proper protection against diseases over long periods of time. Oral vaccination is considered a suitable method for mass immunization of large and stress-sensitive fish populations. Moreover, oral vaccines may preferably induce mucosal immunity, which is especially important to fish. Experimental oral vaccine formulations include both non-encapsulated and encapsulated antigens, viruses and bacteria. To develop an effective oral vaccine, the desired antigens must be protected against the harsh environments in the stomach and gut so they can remain intact when they reach the lower gut/intestine where they normally are absorbed and transported to immune cells. The most commonly used encapsulation method is the use of alginate microspheres that can effectively deliver vaccines to the intestine without degradation. Other encapsulation methods include chitosan encapsulation, poly D,L-lactide-co-glycolic acid and liposome encapsulation. Only a few commercial oral vaccines are available on the market, including those against infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV), Spring viremia carp virus (SVCV), infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) and Piscirickettsia salmonis. This review highlights recent developments of oral vaccination in teleost fish.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roy A. Dalmo
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, Muninbakken 21, N-9019 Tromsø, Norway;
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20
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Xue T, Liu Y, Cao M, Tian M, Zhang L, Wang B, Liu X, Li C. Revealing New Landscape of Turbot ( Scophthalmus maximus) Spleen Infected with Aeromonas salmonicida through Immune Related circRNA-miRNA-mRNA Axis. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10070626. [PMID: 34356481 PMCID: PMC8301059 DOI: 10.3390/biology10070626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary In this study, the expression of circRNAs, miRNAs, and mRNA in the immune organs spleen of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) infected with Aeromonas salmonicida was analyzed by high-throughput sequencing, and circRNA-miRNA-mRNA network was constructed, so as to explore the function of non-coding RNA in the immune system of teleost. A total of 119, 140, and 510 differential expressed circRNAs, miRNAs, and mRNAs were identified in the infected groups compared with the uninfected group. The qRT-PCR verified the reliability and accuracy of the Illumina sequencing data. Fifteen triple networks of circRNA-miRNA-mRNA were presented in the form of “up (circRNA)-down (miRNA)-up (mRNA)” or “down-up-down”. Immune-related genes were also found in these networks. These results indicate that circRNAs and miRNAs may regulate the expression of immune-related genes through the circRNA-miRNA-mRNA regulatory network and thus participate in the immune response of turbot spleen after pathogen infection. Abstract Increasing evidence suggests that non-coding RNAs (ncRNA) play an important role in a variety of biological life processes by regulating gene expression at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) has been threatened by various pathogens. In this study, the expression of circular RNAs (circRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), and mRNA in the immune organs spleen of turbot infected with Aeromonas salmonicida was analyzed by high-throughput sequencing, and a circRNA-miRNA-mRNA network was constructed, so as to explore the function of non-coding RNA in the immune system of teleost. Illumina sequencing was performed on the uninfected group and infected group. A total of 119 differential expressed circRNAs (DE-circRNAs), 140 DE-miRNAs, and 510 DE-mRNAs were identified in the four infected groups compared with the uninfected group. Most DE-mRNAs and the target genes of DE-ncRNAs were involved in immune-related pathways. The quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) results verified the reliability and accuracy of the high-throughput sequencing data. Ninety-six differentially expressed circRNA-miRNA-mRNA regulatory networks were finally constructed. Among them, 15 circRNA-miRNA-mRNA were presented in the form of “up (circRNA)-down (miRNA)-up (mRNA)” or “down-up-down”. Immune-related genes gap junction CX32.2, cell adhesion molecule 3, and CC chemokine were also found in these networks. These results indicate that ncRNA may regulate the expression of immune-related genes through the circRNA-miRNA-mRNA regulatory network and thus participate in the immune response of turbot spleen after pathogen infection.
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21
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Santibañez A, Paine D, Parra M, Muñoz C, Valdes N, Zapata C, Vargas R, Gonzalez A, Tello M. Oral Administration of Lactococcus lactis Producing Interferon Type II, Enhances the Immune Response Against Bacterial Pathogens in Rainbow Trout. Front Immunol 2021; 12:696803. [PMID: 34248997 PMCID: PMC8268009 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.696803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria are a powerful vehicle for releasing of cytokines and immunostimulant peptides at the gastrointestinal level after oral administration. However, its therapeutic application against pathogens that affect rainbow trout and Atlantic salmon has been little explored. Type II interferon in Atlantic salmon activates the antiviral response, protecting against viral infection, but its role against bacterial infection has not been tested in vivo. In this work, through the design of a recombinant lactic acid bacterium capable of producing Interferon gamma from Atlantic salmon, we explore its role against bacterial infection and the ability to stimulate systemic immune response after oral administration of the recombinant probiotic. Recombinant interferon was active in vitro, mainly stimulating IL-6 expression in SHK-1 cells. In vivo, oral administration of the recombinant probiotic produced an increase in IL-6, IFNγ and IL-12 in the spleen and kidney, in addition to stimulating the activity of lysozyme in serum. The challenge trials indicated that the administration of the IFNγ-producing probiotic doubled the survival in fish infected with F. psychrophilum. In conclusion, our results showed that the oral administration of lactic acid bacteria producing IFNγ managed to stimulate the immune response at a systemic level, conferring protection against pathogens, showing a biotechnological potential for its application in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Santibañez
- Departamento de Biología, Laboratorio de Metagenómica Bacteriana, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Consorcio Tecnológico de Sanidad Acuícola, Ictio Biotechnologies S.A., Santiago, Chile
| | - Diego Paine
- Departamento de Biología, Laboratorio de Metagenómica Bacteriana, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Consorcio Tecnológico de Sanidad Acuícola, Ictio Biotechnologies S.A., Santiago, Chile
| | - Mick Parra
- Departamento de Biología, Laboratorio de Metagenómica Bacteriana, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Consorcio Tecnológico de Sanidad Acuícola, Ictio Biotechnologies S.A., Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos Muñoz
- Departamento de Biología, Laboratorio de Metagenómica Bacteriana, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Consorcio Tecnológico de Sanidad Acuícola, Ictio Biotechnologies S.A., Santiago, Chile
| | - Natalia Valdes
- Departamento de Biología, Laboratorio de Metagenómica Bacteriana, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Consorcio Tecnológico de Sanidad Acuícola, Ictio Biotechnologies S.A., Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia Zapata
- Departamento de Biología, Laboratorio de Metagenómica Bacteriana, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Consorcio Tecnológico de Sanidad Acuícola, Ictio Biotechnologies S.A., Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Vargas
- Departamento de Biología, Laboratorio de Metagenómica Bacteriana, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alex Gonzalez
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Ambiental y Extremófilos, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de los Lagos, Osorno, Chile
| | - Mario Tello
- Departamento de Biología, Laboratorio de Metagenómica Bacteriana, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Consorcio Tecnológico de Sanidad Acuícola, Ictio Biotechnologies S.A., Santiago, Chile
- IctioBiotic SpA, Santiago, Chile
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