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Takizawa F, Hashimoto K, Miyazawa R, Ohta Y, Veríssimo A, Flajnik MF, Parra D, Tokunaga K, Suetake H, Sunyer JO, Dijkstra JM. CD4 and LAG-3 from sharks to humans: related molecules with motifs for opposing functions. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1267743. [PMID: 38187381 PMCID: PMC10768021 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1267743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
CD4 and LAG-3 are related molecules that are receptors for MHC class II molecules. Their major functional differences are situated in their cytoplasmic tails, in which CD4 has an activation motif and LAG-3 an inhibitory motif. Here, we identify shark LAG-3 and show that a previously identified shark CD4-like gene has a genomic location, expression pattern, and motifs similar to CD4 in other vertebrates. In nurse shark (Ginglymostoma cirratum) and cloudy catshark (Scyliorhinus torazame), the highest CD4 expression was consistently found in the thymus whereas such was not the case for LAG-3. Throughout jawed vertebrates, the CD4 cytoplasmic tail possesses a Cx(C/H) motif for binding kinase LCK, and the LAG-3 cytoplasmic tail possesses (F/Y)xxL(D/E) including the previously determined FxxL inhibitory motif resembling an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif (ITIM). On the other hand, the acidic end of the mammalian LAG-3 cytoplasmic tail, which is believed to have an inhibitory function as well, was acquired later in evolution. The present study also identified CD4-1, CD4-2, and LAG-3 in the primitive ray-finned fishes bichirs, sturgeons, and gars, and experimentally determined these sequences for sterlet sturgeon (Acipenser ruthenus). Therefore, with CD4-1 and CD4-2 already known in teleosts (modern ray-finned fish), these two CD4 lineages have now been found within all major clades of ray-finned fish. Although different from each other, the cytoplasmic tails of ray-finned fish CD4-1 and chondrichthyan CD4 not only contain the Cx(C/H) motif but also an additional highly conserved motif which we expect to confer a function. Thus, although restricted to some species and gene copies, in evolution both CD4 and LAG-3 molecules appear to have acquired functional motifs besides their canonical Cx(C/H) and ITIM-like motifs, respectively. The presence of CD4 and LAG-3 molecules with seemingly opposing functions from the level of sharks, the oldest living vertebrates with a human-like adaptive immune system, underlines their importance for the jawed vertebrate immune system. It also emphasizes the general need of the immune system to always find a balance, leading to trade-offs, between activating and inhibiting processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumio Takizawa
- Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, Fukui Prefectural University, Obama, Fukui, Japan
| | - Keiichiro Hashimoto
- Emeritus Professor, Center for Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ryuichiro Miyazawa
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Yuko Ohta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ana Veríssimo
- CIBIO‐InBIO, Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto, Vairão, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Martin F. Flajnik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | | | | | - Hiroaki Suetake
- Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, Fukui Prefectural University, Obama, Fukui, Japan
| | - J. Oriol Sunyer
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Matsumoto M, Ohmura T, Hanibuchi Y, Ichimura-Shimizu M, Saijo Y, Ogawa H, Miyazawa R, Morimoto J, Tsuneyama K, Matsumoto M, Oya T. AIRE illuminates the feature of medullary thymic epithelial cells in thymic carcinoma. Cancer Med 2023; 12:9843-9848. [PMID: 36912123 PMCID: PMC10166898 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.5777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the clear distinction between cortical (cTECs) and medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) in physiology, the cell of origin of thymic carcinomas (TCs) and other thymic epithelial tumors remained enigmatic. We addressed this issue by focusing on AIRE, an mTEC-specific transcriptional regulator that is required for immunological self-tolerance. We found that a large proportion of TCs expressed AIRE with typical nuclear dot morphology by immunohistochemistry. AIRE expression in TCs was supported by the RNA-seq data in the TCGA-THYM database. Furthermore, our bioinformatics approach to the recent single-cell RNA-seq data on human thymi has revealed that TCs hold molecular characteristics of multiple mTEC subpopulations. In contrast, TCs lacked the gene signatures for cTECs. We propose that TCs are tumors derived from mTECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Matsumoto
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan.,Division of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | | | - Yuto Hanibuchi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan.,Student Lab, Tokushima University Faculty of Medicine, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Mayuko Ichimura-Shimizu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yasuyo Saijo
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Ogawa
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Ryuichiro Miyazawa
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Junko Morimoto
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Koichi Tsuneyama
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Matsumoto
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Takeshi Oya
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
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Ding Y, Fern Ndez-Montero A, Mani A, Casadei E, Shibasaki Y, Takizawa F, Miyazawa R, Salinas I, Sunyer JO. Secretory IgM (sIgM) is an ancient master regulator of microbiota homeostasis and metabolism. bioRxiv 2023:2023.02.26.530119. [PMID: 36909635 PMCID: PMC10002622 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.26.530119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The co-evolution between secretory immunoglobulins (sIgs) and microbiota began with the emergence of IgM over half a billion years ago. Yet, IgM function in vertebrates is mostly associated with systemic immunity against pathogens. sIgA and sIgT are the only sIgs known to be required in the control of microbiota homeostasis in warm- and cold-blooded vertebrates respectively. Recent studies have shown that sIgM coats a large proportion of the gut microbiota of humans and teleost fish, thus suggesting an ancient and conserved relationship between sIgM and microbiota early in vertebrate evolution. To test this hypothesis, we temporarily and selectively depleted IgM from rainbow trout, an old bony fish species. IgM depletion resulted in a drastic reduction in microbiota IgM coating levels and losses in gutassociated bacteria. These were accompanied by bacterial translocation, severe gut tissue damage, inflammation and dysbiosis predictive of metabolic shifts. Furthermore, depletion of IgM resulted in body weight loss and lethality in an experimental colitis model. Recovery of sIgM to physiological levels restores tissue barrier integrity, while microbiome homeostasis and their predictive metabolic capabilities are not fully restituted. Our findings uncover a previously unrecognized role of sIgM as an ancient master regulator of microbiota homeostasis and metabolism and challenge the current paradigm that sIgA and sIgT are the key vertebrate sIgs regulating microbiome homeostasis. ONE-SENTENCE SUMMARY IgM, the most ancient and conserved immunoglobulin in jawed vertebrates, is required for successful symbiosis with the gut microbiota.
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Miyazawa R, Nagao JI, Arita-Morioka KI, Matsumoto M, Morimoto J, Yoshida M, Oya T, Tsuneyama K, Yoshida H, Tanaka Y, Matsumoto M. Dispensable Role of Aire in CD11c+ Conventional Dendritic Cells for Antigen Presentation and Shaping the Transcriptome. Immunohorizons 2023; 7:140-158. [PMID: 36695731 PMCID: PMC10563386 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2200103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Aire, the defect of which is responsible for the development of autoimmunity, is predominantly expressed in medullary thymic epithelial cells, and it controls a wide variety of genes, including those of tissue-restricted Ags, for establishing thymic tolerance. Aire is also expressed from APCs in the periphery, called extrathymic Aire-expressing cells (eTACs), and their complementing role to thymic tolerance has been suggested. eTACs are composed of two distinct classes of APCs, conventional dendritic cell (cDC)-type and group 3 innate lymphoid cell (ILC3)-like-type expressing retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor γt (RORγt). Although the essential role of Aire in the latter in the Th17-mediated immune response against Candida albicans has been reported, the role of Aire in the cDC-type eTACs for this action has not been examined. Furthermore, the significance of Aire in the production of the transcriptome of the cDC-type eTACs remains unknown. We have approached these issues using a high-fidelity Aire-reporter mouse strain. We found that although the cDC-type eTACs dominated ILC3-like-type eTACs in number and they served as efficient APCs for the immune response against an exogenous Ag as well as for the C. albicans-specific Th17 immune response, loss of Aire in cDC-type eTACs showed no clear effect on these functions. Furthermore, loss of Aire showed no major impact on the transcriptome from cDC-type eTACs. These results suggested that Aire in cDC-type eTACs may not have a cell-intrinsic role in the immune response in contrast to the role of Aire in ILC3-like-type eTACs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichiro Miyazawa
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Nagao
- Section of Infection Biology, Department of Functional Bioscience, Fukuoka Dental College, Sawara-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
- Oral Medicine Research Center, Fukuoka Dental College, Sawara-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Arita-Morioka
- Section of Infection Biology, Department of Functional Bioscience, Fukuoka Dental College, Sawara-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Minoru Matsumoto
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Junko Morimoto
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Masaki Yoshida
- YCI Laboratory for Immunological Transcriptomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Science, Yokohama, Japan; and
| | - Takeshi Oya
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Koichi Tsuneyama
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Yoshida
- YCI Laboratory for Immunological Transcriptomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Science, Yokohama, Japan; and
| | - Yoshihiko Tanaka
- Section of Infection Biology, Department of Functional Bioscience, Fukuoka Dental College, Sawara-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
- Oral Medicine Research Center, Fukuoka Dental College, Sawara-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Matsumoto
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
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Miyazawa R, Iijima Y, Nakanishi T. Induction of both local and systemic immunity by in vivo injection of PHA into ginbuna carp fin. Dev Comp Immunol 2022; 129:104329. [PMID: 34919981 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) is a well-known mitogen inducing activation and proliferation of lymphocytes, particularly T lymphocytes in vitro. PHA has also been used in vivo for assessing cell-mediated immunity in non-mammalian vertebrates, particularly in birds. However, it has been suggested that local inflammation as a direct result of tissue damage could be responsible for skin swelling after PHA injection, in addition to induction of T lymphocyte mitogenesis. In order to understand the complex nature of this response in fish we investigated the accumulation of cell types chronologically in dorsal fin of ginbuna crucian carp Carassius auratus langsdorfii after PHA injection. Neutrophils appeared first and showed a peak response on day 1, decreasing gradually and followed by macrophages and blast cells while lymphocytes increased later with a peak response on day 5. The number of accumulated cells was significantly higher in PHA-injected fish than controls in most cases. Lymphocytes identified as CD4-1+and CD8α+ were significantly more abundant in PHA-injected fish than in control fish throughout the 7-day experimental period except on day 1, while the number of IgM+ lymphocytes was higher in PHA-injected fish only on day 1. In the blast cell fraction, the number of CD4-1+ lymphocytes was significantly higher in PHA-injected fish than in control fish throughout experimental period, except on day 1. We also document the migration of neutrophils from the kidney to the fin through blood, followed by granulopoiesis in the kidney. These results suggest that adaptive immunity as well as innate immunity was induced by in vivo stimulation with PHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichiro Miyazawa
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Enzyme Research, University of Tokushima, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Yuri Iijima
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Teruyuki Nakanishi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan; Goto Aquaculture Institute Co., Ltd, Sayama City, Saitama, 350-1332, Japan.
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Morimoto J, Matsumoto M, Miyazawa R, Oya T, Tsuneyama K, Matsumoto M. No Major Impact of Two Homologous Proteins Ly6C1 and Ly6C2 on Immune Homeostasis. Immunohorizons 2022; 6:202-210. [PMID: 35264373 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2100114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ly6C comprises two homologous components of Ly6C1 and Ly6C2, and the expression of either of the Ly6C molecules defines unique functional subsets of monocytes. Ly6C is also expressed by other immune cell types, including Aire-expressing medullary thymic epithelial cells. Because the role of Ly6C expression in determining the functional subsets remains unclear, we generated mice deficient for both Ly6C1 and Ly6C2 with CRISPR-Cas9-mediated deletion. Mice deficient for Ly6C1/Ly6C2 showed no major alterations in the subsets and function of monocyte and other immune cells, including the cells involved in the dextran sulfate sodium salt-induced colitis model. By generating the mice deficient for Ly6C1 alone, we have also investigated the expression pattern of Ly6C1 and Ly6C2 in immune cells. Except for medullary thymic epithelial cells and CD4 single-positive T cells, immune cells predominantly expressed Ly6C2. Thus, despite the importance as a marker with a unique differential expression pattern, the Ly6C molecules have no major impact on determining the functional subsets and maintaining immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Morimoto
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Minoru Matsumoto
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan.,Department of Molecular Pathology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan; and.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Ryuichiro Miyazawa
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Takeshi Oya
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan; and
| | - Koichi Tsuneyama
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Matsumoto
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan;
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Morimoto J, Matsumoto M, Miyazawa R, Yoshida H, Tsuneyama K, Matsumoto M. Aire suppresses CTLA-4 expression from the thymic stroma to control autoimmunity. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110384. [PMID: 35172142 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Impaired production of thymic regulatory T cells (Tregs) is implicated in the development of Aire-dependent autoimmunity. Because Tregs require agonistic T cell receptor stimuli by self-antigens to develop, reduced expression of self-antigens from medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) has been considered to play a major role in the reduced Treg production in Aire deficiency. Here, we show that mTECs abnormally express co-inhibitory receptor CTLA-4 if Aire is non-functional. Upon binding with CD80/CD86 ligands expressed on thymic dendritic cells (DCs), the ectopically expressed CTLA-4 from Aire-deficient mTECs removes the CD80/CD86 ligands from the DCs. This attenuates the ability of DCs to provide co-stimulatory signals and to present self-antigens transferred from mTECs, both of which are required for Treg production. Accordingly, impaired production of Tregs and organ-specific autoimmunity in Aire-deficient mice are rescued by the depletion of CTLA-4 expression from mTECs. Our studies illuminate the significance of mTEC-DC interaction coordinated by Aire for the establishment of thymic tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Morimoto
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Minoru Matsumoto
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Ryuichiro Miyazawa
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Yoshida
- YCI Laboratory for Immunological Transcriptomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Koichi Tsuneyama
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Matsumoto
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan.
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Matsumoto M, Matsumoto M, Miyazawa R, Morimoto J, Tsuneyama K, Nishijima H. Characterization of Aire-expressing DCs using a novel Aire-reporter strain. The Journal of Immunology 2020. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.143.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Aire is predominantly expressed by medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs), and it is essential for maintaining self-tolerance by controlling the expression of tissue-restricted self-antigens (TRAs). Besides mTECs, extra-thymic Aire-expressing cells (eTACs) have been reported. However, the exact nature of eTACs has been difficult to study because of the small numbers together with low expression levels of Aire within the cells. We have recently established a novel Aire reporter strain in which endogenous Aire was replaced by the human AIRE-GFP-Flag tag fusion gene (Aire/hAGF-knockin: J. Immunol. 2015). hAGF-reporter protein was efficiently produced and retained within the mTECs as authentic Aire nuclear dot protein. With this high-sensitivity and high-fidelity Aire-reporter strain, we found that DCs in the spleen and lymph nodes expressed Aire although their expression levels were rather low. Aire-expressing DCs showed high levels of MHC-II and CD80/CD86, and half of which expressed CD8. In the thymus, we found that there were two types of DCs expressing Aire: hAGF-low DCs and hAGF-high DCs. Interestingly, hAGF-low DCs had small hAGF dots within the nuclei, whereas hAGF-high DCs retained larger hAGF dots which were mainly present outside the nuclei, suggesting that hAGF-high DCs had acquired hAGF protein from mTECs. Acquisition of hAGF protein by hAGF-high DCs from mTECs was confirmed by the bone-marrow transfer experiment. Mechanisms underlying the transfer of nuclear protein (i.e., hAGF protein) from mTECs to thymic DCs, and immunological consequence of this event are now under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Minoru Matsumoto
- 1Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Japan
- 2Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tokushima University Graduate School, Japan
| | | | - Junko Morimoto
- 1Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Japan
| | - Koichi Tsuneyama
- 2Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tokushima University Graduate School, Japan
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Miyazawa R, Murata N, Matsuura Y, Shibasaki Y, Yabu T, Nakanishi T. Peculiar Expression of CD3-Epsilon in Kidney of Ginbuna Crucian Carp. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1321. [PMID: 29951063 PMCID: PMC6008321 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
TCR/CD3 complex is composed of the disulfide-linked TCR-αβ heterodimer that recognizes the antigen as a peptide presented by the MHC, and non-covalently paired CD3γε- and δε-chains together with disulfide-linked ζ-chain homodimers. The CD3 chains play key roles in T cell development and T cell activation. In the present study, we found nor or extremely lower expression of CD3ε in head- and trunk-kidney lymphocytes by flow cytometric analysis, while CD3ε was expressed at the normal level in lymphocytes from thymus, spleen, intestine, gill, and peripheral blood. Furthermore, CD4-1+ and CD8α+ T cells from kidney express Zap-70, but not CD3ε, while the T cells from other tissues express both Zap-70 and CD3ε, although expression of CD3ε was low. Quantitative analysis of mRNA expression revealed that the expression level of T cell-related genes including tcrb, cd3ε, zap-70, and lck in CD4-1+ and CD8α+ T cells was not different between kidney and spleen. Western blot analysis showed that CD3ε band was detected in the cell lysates of spleen but not kidney. To be interested, CD3ε-positive cells greatly increased after 24 h in in vitro culture of kidney leukocytes. Furthermore, expression of CD3ε in both transferred kidney and spleen leukocytes was not detected or very low in kidney, while both leukocytes expressed CD3ε at normal level in spleen when kidney and spleen leukocytes were injected into the isogeneic recipient. Lower expression of CD3ε was also found in kidney T lymphocytes of goldfish and carp. These results indicate that kidney lymphocytes express no or lower level of CD3ε protein in the kidney, although the mRNA of the gene was expressed. Here, we discuss this phenomenon from the point of function of kidney as reservoir for T lymphocytes in teleost, which lacks lymph node and bone marrow.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Norifumi Murata
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Yuta Matsuura
- Research Center for Fish Diseases, National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Minami-ise, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Shibasaki
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Takeshi Yabu
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Japan
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Miyazawa R, Matsuura Y, Shibasaki Y, Imamura S, Nakanishi T. Cross-reactivity of monoclonal antibodies against CD4-1 and CD8α of ginbuna crucian carp with lymphocytes of zebrafish and other cyprinid species. Dev Comp Immunol 2018; 80:15-23. [PMID: 27965016 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We have monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against CD4-1 (6D1) and CD8α (2C3) in ginbuna crucian carp Carassius auratus langsdorfii. In our previous studies we showed that 2C3 mAb positive cells are the primary cell type showing specific cytotoxicity against allogeneic targets, suggesting that CD8α+ lymphocytes in ginbuna are equivalent to cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in mammals. We further demonstrated the helper T cell function of 6D1 mAb positive cells by studying mixed leukocyte culture (MLC) and hapten/carrier effects. Here, we report that our mAbs cross-react with zebrafish lymphocytes. First, mAbs 6D1 and 2C3 recognized 7-11% of zebrafish lymphocytes that were ZAP-70 positive and had the typical morphology of lymphocytes. Second, to verify the cell types reacting with the 6D1 and 2C3 mAbs we examined the expression profiles of zebrafish lymphocyte surface markers in FACS-sorted lymphocytes from kidney. cd4-1 (cd8a) and tcrac but not iglc transcripts were detected in 6D1(2C3)+ lymphocytes, whereas cd4-1 (cd8a) transcripts were not found in 6D1 (2C3)- lymphocytes. Third, we further confirmed that 6D1 reacted with zebrafish CD4-1 but not CD4-2, and 2C3 recognized zebrafish CD8α expressed on HEK293T cells. Collectively, these findings suggest that 6D1+ and 2C3+ lymphocytes in zebrafish are equivalent to CD4+ and CD8α+ T lymphocytes in mammals, respectively. Furthermore, we found the cross-reactivity of our 6D1 and 2C3 mAbs with other cyprinid species including goldfish, common carp and grass carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichiro Miyazawa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Yuta Matsuura
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Shibasaki
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Shintaro Imamura
- National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648, Japan
| | - Teruyuki Nakanishi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan.
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Matsuura Y, Takaoka N, Miyazawa R, Nakanishi T. A simple and non-invasive method for analyzing local immune responses in vivo using fish fin. Dev Comp Immunol 2017; 74:136-143. [PMID: 28434842 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Immunocompetence is an important parameter that reflects disease resistance in fish. Very few methods to examine immunocompetence in vivo have been developed, even for mammals. In the present study, we present a unique method for analyzing local immune responses using fish fin. We first demonstrated the migration of granulocytes to the site of zymosan injection in fin in a dose-dependent manner and that this could be easily observed macroscopically due to the fin membrane transparency. We also demonstrated phagocytic activity of accumulated leukocytes after zymosan administration and that almost all phagocytes were granulocytes. In addition, we succeeded to detect respiratory burst activity of granulocytes in vivo without any in vitro treatment of cells, indicating that our present method is suitable for the analysis of granulocyte phagocytic function in vivo. The method provides a unique tool applicable for fishes that possess transparent fins and may lead to better understanding of the mechanisms of local immune responses in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Matsuura
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Naoki Takaoka
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Ryuichiro Miyazawa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Teruyuki Nakanishi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan.
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Matsuura Y, Takasaki M, Miyazawa R, Nakanishi T. Stimulatory effects of heat-killed Enterococcus faecalis on cell-mediated immunity in fish. Dev Comp Immunol 2017; 74:1-9. [PMID: 28389237 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular bacterial and viral diseases are widespread in the aquaculture industry and cause serious economic losses. Development of effective vaccines and adjuvants that can induce cell-mediated immunity is urgently needed for prevention of these diseases. Here we report the immunostimulatory effects of probiotic bacteria ''E. faecalis'' in ginbuna crucian carp Carassius auratus langsdorfii. Intraperitoneal injection of heat-killed E. faecalis induced an increase in CD4-1+ lymphocytes, CD8α+ lymphocytes and macrophages in vivo. Expression of Th1 cytokine genes was enhanced by exposure to the bacteria in vitro. We identified the leukocyte subsets that expressed specific Th1 cytokine genes: granulocytes and macrophages produced IL12 and IFNγrel2, respectively, while lymphocytes produced IFNγs including IFNγ1 and IFNγ2. Finally, expression of Th1 cytokines was also enhanced by intraperitoneal injection of heat-killed E. faecalis in vivo, while expression of Th2 cytokine was unchanged. Together, these findings suggest that heat-killed E. faecalis can induce cell-mediated immunity in fish.
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Miyazawa R, Wakabayashi H, Tsutsui K, Iwai H, Kakushima K. Photovoltaic Characteristics of Ultra-Thin Single Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells. Frontiers in Electronics 2017. [DOI: 10.1142/9789813220829_0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R. Miyazawa
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 S2-20, Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
| | - H. Wakabayashi
- School of Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 G2-22, Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
| | - K. Tsutsui
- Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 J2-69, Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
| | - H. Iwai
- Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 J2-68, Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
| | - K. Kakushima
- School of Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 S2-20, Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
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Shibasaki Y, Hatanaka C, Matsuura Y, Miyazawa R, Yabu T, Moritomo T, Nakanishi T. Effects of IFNγ administration on allograft rejection in ginbuna crucian carp. Dev Comp Immunol 2016; 62:108-115. [PMID: 27156851 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In vertebrates, the rejection of allografts is primarily accomplished by cell-mediated immunity. We recently identified four IFNγ isoforms with antiviral activity in ginbuna crucian carp, Carassius auratus langsdorfii. However, involvement of the IFNγ isoforms in cell-mediated immunity, especially in T cell function remains unknown. Here we investigate expression of the IFNγ isoforms and effects of administration of recombinant IFNγ (rgIFNγ) isoforms in ginbuna scale allograft rejection. All four IFNγ isoforms showed significantly higher expression with the progression of graft rejection. Administration of rgIFNγrel 1 but not rgIFNγrel 2, rgIFNγ1 nor rgIFNγ2 enhanced allograft rejection. The number of CD4(+) and CD8α(+) cells increased in early stages of rejection, while sIgM(+) cells were higher than controls at day 0 and 5 in the rgIFNγrel 1 administrated group. Expression of IFNγ1 and IFNγ2 mRNA was significantly up-regulated by rgIFNγrel 1 administration, while that of IFNγrel 1 and IFNγrel 2 was not. These results suggest different contributions of the four IFNγ isoforms toward the immune responses comprising allograft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Shibasaki
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Chihiro Hatanaka
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Yuta Matsuura
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Ryuichiro Miyazawa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yabu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Tadaaki Moritomo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Teruyuki Nakanishi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan.
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Abstract
AIM Previous studies showed that HL-350, a formula thickened with a reduced concentration of locust bean gum, decreased frequent regurgitation in 4-month old infants with reflux. In this study, we investigated the effect of HL-350 in younger infants. METHODS We studied 20 infants less than 2 months old who had three or more episodes of regurgitation or vomiting per day. Ten infants (group A) were fed with HL-350 for the first week, and with control milk, HL-00, for the following week. The other 10 infants (group B) were fed in reverse order. Mothers recorded number of regurgitation episodes, feeding volume and time and number of bowel movements. To evaluate gastric emptying we measured antral cross sectional areas ultrasonographically at various time points after feeding. RESULTS The median number of regurgitation episodes decreased significantly with feeding of HL-350 (2.3/day) compared to feeding with control milk (5.2/day) (p = 0.00048). No significant difference was evident in feeding volume and time, body weight gain, or gastric emptying rate between HL-350 and control milk. CONCLUSION HL-350 decreased the number of regurgitation episodes without affecting gastric emptying delay in very young infants with recurrent vomiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Miyazawa
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School, Maebashi, Japan.
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Abstract
We report an 11-year-old girl with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) who developed respiratory failure and coma despite the use of corticosteroid and intravenous immunoglobulin. We performed plasmapheresis four times, which improved her level of consciousness, hyperesthesia, external ophthalmoplegia and muscle weakness, and led to the normalization of brain and spinal cord MRI. Plasmapheresis might be an effective treatment in cases of fulminant ADEM.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Miyazawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Gunma University School of Medicine, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi, 371-8511, Gunma, Japan.
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Miyazawa R, Tabata M, Okamoto M, Yoshizawa Y, Suzuki T, Ohki Y, Kuwashima M, Takeuchi H, Nishimura H, Arakawa H, Morikawa A. [The relation between the severity of bronchial asthma and the treatment points in children]. Arerugi 2001; 50:689-92. [PMID: 11579520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
The treatment points and score for definition of the asthma severity were initially introduced in the guideline for pediatric asthma treatment and management on 1998. We studied the relationship between the severity of clinical symptoms for children with bronchial asthma and the treatment points from July 1998 to November 1999 in our hospital. One hundred twenty five patients (one to 15 years of age, 77 boys and 48 girls) were retrospectively investigated. The treatment points and scores were associated with the clinical symptom score. However, there was no relationship in some patients. In order to define the severity of bronchial asthma, we should investigate not only the severity in terms of the clinical symptoms; the number and degree of asthma attacks, but also the treatment points and score. Furthermore, we should pay attention to the seasonal variation of the treatment points.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Miyazawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Kiryu Kosei General Hospital
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Tomomasa T, Miyazawa R, Kato M, Hoshino M, Tabata M, Kaneko H, Suzuki M, Kobayashi T, Morikawa A. Prolonged gastrointestinal dysmotility in a patient with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis treated with vincristine. Dig Dis Sci 1999; 44:1755-7. [PMID: 10505709 DOI: 10.1023/a:1018865916866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T Tomomasa
- Department of Pediatrics, Gunma University School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
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Abstract
There have been very few postoperative follow-up studies from the aspect of philosophical anthropology in the field of pediatric surgery. Fifty patients who underwent surgery either during the neonatal period or infancy and have been receiving medical treatment or consultation for more than 20 years in Juntendo University Hospital and Katsunan Hospital, were investigated from the aspect of philosophical anthropology. During adolescence or young adulthood, 52% of the patients were suffering from their medical problems. Forty percent of patients were bullied by their peers during their elementary school age due to various medical problems. As patients became adolescents or young adults, 20% of them started to feel that others were prejudiced against them or they were discriminated against when going to school or looking for a job. About 30% of patients who were of elementary school age and of adolescent or adult age, were introverted and short-tempered. Eighteen percent of the patients who were of elementary school age and adolescent or young adult age, were not satisfied with their family, particularly their parents, because of their medical problems. When patients became adults, 40% were not satisfied with their own society, particularly with others in their working place. More than 80% of patients who were of preschool age were shielded from their medical problems by their parents. As they became older, their parents were not always able to cover up their medical problems, but understanding school teachers and their elders were able to shield some of patients from social ridicule. By learning the results of this study, it is important for pediatric surgeons to minimize postoperative medical problems, giving proper surgery and postoperative care. Pediatric surgeons should become very supportive medical doctors to patients who suffer from postoperative medical problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Suruga
- Katsunan Municipal Hospital, Urayasu, Japan
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Yasuma T, Hashimoto K, Miyazawa R, Hiyama Y. Bone formation and calcification in gastric cancer--case report and review of literature. Acta Pathol Jpn 1973; 23:155-72. [PMID: 4201890 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.1973.tb00782.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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