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Cullum E, Perez-Betancourt Y, Shi M, Gkika E, Schneewind O, Missiakas D, Golovkina T. Deficiency in non-classical major histocompatibility class II-like molecule, H2-O confers protection against Staphylococcus aureus in mice. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012306. [PMID: 38843309 PMCID: PMC11185455 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a human-adapted pathogen that replicates by asymptomatically colonizing its host. S. aureus is also the causative agent of purulent skin and soft tissue infections as well as bloodstream infections that result in the metastatic seeding of abscess lesions in all organ tissues. Prolonged colonization, infection, disease relapse, and recurrence point to the versatile capacity of S. aureus to bypass innate and adaptive immune defenses as well as the notion that some hosts fail to generate protective immune responses. Here, we find a genetic trait that provides protection against this pathogen. Mice lacking functional H2-O, the equivalent of human HLA-DO, inoculated with a mouse-adapted strain of S. aureus, efficiently decolonize the pathogen. Further, these decolonized animals resist subsequent bloodstream challenge with methicillin-resistant S. aureus. A genetic approach demonstrates that T-cell dependent B cell responses are required to control S. aureus colonization and infection in H2-O-deficient mice. Reduced bacterial burdens in these animals correlate with increased titers and enhanced phagocytic activity of S. aureus-specific antibodies. H2-O negatively regulates the loading of high affinity peptides on major histocompatibility class II (MHC-II) molecules. Thus, we hypothesize that immune responses against S. aureus are derepressed in mice lacking H2-O because more high affinity peptides are presented by MHC-II. We speculate that loss-of-function HLA-DO alleles may similarly control S. aureus replication in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Cullum
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Yunys Perez-Betancourt
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Howard T. Ricketts Laboratory, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Miaomiao Shi
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Howard T. Ricketts Laboratory, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Eirinaios Gkika
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Olaf Schneewind
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Dominique Missiakas
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Howard T. Ricketts Laboratory, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Tatyana Golovkina
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Committee on Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Committee on Genetics, Genomics and System Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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Brown S, Evans SJ, Burgum MJ, Meldrum K, Herridge J, Akinbola B, Harris LG, Jenkins R, Doak SH, Clift MJD, Wilkinson TS. An In Vitro Model to Assess Early Immune Markers Following Co-Exposure of Epithelial Cells to Carbon Black (Nano)Particles in the Presence of S. aureus: A Role for Stressed Cells in Toxicological Testing. Biomedicines 2024; 12:128. [PMID: 38255233 PMCID: PMC10813740 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12010128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The exposure of human lung and skin to carbon black (CB) is continuous due to its widespread applications. Current toxicological testing uses 'healthy' cellular systems; however, questions remain whether this mimics the everyday stresses that human cells are exposed to, including infection. Staphylococcus aureus lung and skin infections remain prevalent in society, and include pneumonia and atopic dermatitis, respectively, but current in vitro toxicological testing does not consider infection stress. Therefore, investigating the effects of CB co-exposure in 'stressed' infected epithelial cells in vitro may better approximate true toxicity. This work aims to study the impact of CB exposure during Staphylococcus aureus infection stress in A549 (lung) and HaCaT (skin) epithelial cells. Physicochemical characterisation of CB confirmed its dramatic polydispersity and potential to aggregate. CB significantly inhibited S. aureus growth in cell culture media. CB did not induce cytokines or antimicrobial peptides from lung and skin epithelial cells, when given alone, but did reduce HaCaT and A549 cell viability to 55% and 77%, respectively. In contrast, S. aureus induced a robust interleukin (IL)-8 response in both lung and skin epithelial cells. IL-6 and human beta defensin (hβD)-2 could only be detected when cells were stimulated with S. aureus with no decreases in cell viability. However, co-exposure to CB (100 µg/mL) and S. aureus resulted in significant inhibition of IL-8 (compared to S. aureus alone) without further reduction in cell viability. Furthermore, the same co-exposure induced significantly more hβD-2 (compared to S. aureus alone). This work confirms that toxicological testing in healthy versus stressed cells gives significantly different responses. This has significant implications for toxicological testing and suggests that cell stresses (including infection) should be included in current models to better represent the diversity of cell viabilities found in lung and skin within a general population. This model will have significant application when estimating CB exposure in at-risk groups, such as factory workers, the elderly, and the immunocompromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Brown
- Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School (SUMS), Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Stephen J. Evans
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School (SUMS), Swansea SA2 8PP, UK (M.J.D.C.)
| | - Michael J. Burgum
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School (SUMS), Swansea SA2 8PP, UK (M.J.D.C.)
| | - Kirsty Meldrum
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School (SUMS), Swansea SA2 8PP, UK (M.J.D.C.)
| | - Jack Herridge
- Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School (SUMS), Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Blessing Akinbola
- Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School (SUMS), Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Llinos G. Harris
- Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School (SUMS), Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Rowena Jenkins
- Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School (SUMS), Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Shareen H. Doak
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School (SUMS), Swansea SA2 8PP, UK (M.J.D.C.)
| | - Martin J. D. Clift
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School (SUMS), Swansea SA2 8PP, UK (M.J.D.C.)
| | - Thomas S. Wilkinson
- Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School (SUMS), Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
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Murugan R, Subramaniyan S, Priya S, Ragavendran C, Arasu MV, Al-Dhabi NA, Choi KC, Guru A, Arockiaraj J. Bacterial clearance and anti-inflammatory effect of Withaferin A against human pathogen of Staphylococcus aureus in infected zebrafish. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 260:106578. [PMID: 37244123 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of antibiotic resistance is the most challenging factor for developing a proper drug to treat S. aureus infection. These bacterial pathogens can survive in fresh water and spread to various environments. Plant sources, especially pure compounds, are the material of interest amongst researchers for developing drugs of therapeutic value. Here, we report the bacterial clearance and anti-inflammatory potential of the plant compound Withaferin A, using the zebrafish infection model. The minimum inhibitory concentration of the Withaferin A was calculated as 80 µM against S. aureus. The DAPI/PI staining and scanning electron microscopy analysis showed the pore-forming mechanism of Withaferin A on the bacterial membrane. Along with the antibacterial activity, the results from the tube adherence test reveal the antibiofilm property of Withaferin A. In vivo studies were demonstrated to determine the effect of Withaferin A on survival, inflammatory response and behavioural changes during S. aureus infection. Staining zebrafish larvae with neutral red and Sudan black indicates a substantial decrease in the number of localized macrophages and neutrophils. The gene expression analysis showed the downregulation of inflammatory marker genes. Additionally, we observed the improvement in locomotory behaviour among Withaferin A treatment adult zebrafish. In conclusion, S. aureus can infect zebrafish and induces toxicological effect. In comparison, the results from in vitro and in vivo experiments suggest that Withaferin A can be used for synergistic antibacterial, antibiofilm and anti-inflammatory activity to treat infections due S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghul Murugan
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulatur, Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu 603 203, India
| | - Senthil Subramaniyan
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulatur, Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu 603 203, India
| | - Snega Priya
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulatur, Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu 603 203, India
| | - Chinnasamy Ragavendran
- Department of Cariology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, SIMATS, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600 077, India
| | - Mariadhas Valan Arasu
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naif Abdullah Al-Dhabi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ki Choon Choi
- Grassland and Forage Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Seonghwan-Eup, Cheonan-Si, Chungnam 330-801, Republic of Korea
| | - Ajay Guru
- Department of Cariology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, SIMATS, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600 077, India.
| | - Jesu Arockiaraj
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulatur, Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu 603 203, India.
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Mahapatra SR, Dey J, Raj TK, Misra N, Suar M. Designing a Next-Generation Multiepitope-Based Vaccine against Staphylococcus aureus Using Reverse Vaccinology Approaches. Pathogens 2023; 12:376. [PMID: 36986298 PMCID: PMC10058999 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12030376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a human bacterial pathogen that can cause a wide range of symptoms. As virulent and multi-drug-resistant strains of S. aureus have evolved, invasive S. aureus infections in hospitals and the community have become one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity. The development of novel techniques is therefore necessary to overcome this bacterial infection. Vaccines are an appropriate alternative in this context to control infections. In this study, the collagen-binding protein (CnBP) from S. aureus was chosen as the target antigen, and a series of computational methods were used to find epitopes that may be used in vaccine development in a systematic way. The epitopes were passed through a filtering pipeline that included antigenicity, toxicity, allergenicity, and cytokine inducibility testing, with the objective of identifying epitopes capable of eliciting both T and B cell-mediated immune responses. To improve vaccine immunogenicity, the final epitopes and phenol-soluble modulin α4 adjuvant were fused together using appropriate linkers; as a consequence, a multiepitope vaccine was developed. The chosen T cell epitope ensemble is expected to cover 99.14% of the global human population. Furthermore, docking and dynamics simulations were used to examine the vaccine's interaction with the Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), revealing great affinity, consistency, and stability between the two. Overall, the data indicate that the vaccine candidate may be extremely successful, and it will need to be evaluated in experimental systems to confirm its efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Ranjan Mahapatra
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar 751024, India
| | - Jyotirmayee Dey
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar 751024, India
| | - T. Kiran Raj
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, India
| | - Namrata Misra
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar 751024, India
- KIIT-Technology Business Incubator (KIIT-TBI), Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar 751024, India
| | - Mrutyunjay Suar
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar 751024, India
- KIIT-Technology Business Incubator (KIIT-TBI), Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar 751024, India
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Tsai CM, Caldera J, Hajam IA, Liu GY. Toward an effective Staphylococcus vaccine: why have candidates failed and what is the next step? Expert Rev Vaccines 2023; 22:207-209. [PMID: 36765453 PMCID: PMC9972957 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2023.2179486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ming Tsai
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jr Caldera
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Irshad A Hajam
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - George Y Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA, USA
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Aleith J, Brendel M, Weipert E, Müller M, Schultz D, Müller-Hilke B. Influenza A Virus Exacerbates Group A Streptococcus Infection and Thwarts Anti-Bacterial Inflammatory Responses in Murine Macrophages. Pathogens 2022; 11:1320. [PMID: 36365071 PMCID: PMC9699311 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11111320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Seasonal influenza epidemics pose a considerable hazard for global health. In the past decades, accumulating evidence revealed that influenza A virus (IAV) renders the host vulnerable to bacterial superinfections which in turn are a major cause for morbidity and mortality. However, whether the impact of influenza on anti-bacterial innate immunity is restricted to the vicinity of the lung or systemically extends to remote sites is underexplored. We therefore sought to investigate intranasal infection of adult C57BL/6J mice with IAV H1N1 in combination with bacteremia elicited by intravenous application of Group A Streptococcus (GAS). Co-infection in vivo was supplemented in vitro by challenging murine bone marrow derived macrophages and exploring gene expression and cytokine secretion. Our results show that viral infection of mice caused mild disease and induced the depletion of CCL2 in the periphery. Influenza preceding GAS infection promoted the occurrence of paw edemas and was accompanied by exacerbated disease scores. In vitro co-infection of macrophages led to significantly elevated expression of TLR2 and CD80 compared to bacterial mono-infection, whereas CD163 and CD206 were downregulated. The GAS-inducible upregulation of inflammatory genes, such as Nos2, as well as the secretion of TNFα and IL-1β were notably reduced or even abrogated following co-infection. Our results indicate that IAV primes an innate immune layout that is inadequately equipped for bacterial clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann Aleith
- Core Facility for Cell Sorting and Cell Analysis, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Maria Brendel
- Core Facility for Cell Sorting and Cell Analysis, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Erik Weipert
- Core Facility for Cell Sorting and Cell Analysis, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Michael Müller
- Core Facility for Cell Sorting and Cell Analysis, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Daniel Schultz
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ko-Infekt Study Group
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Brigitte Müller-Hilke
- Core Facility for Cell Sorting and Cell Analysis, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany
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Soares TC, Santos KR, Lima DM, Maia RBM, Ramos-Sanchez EM, Reis LC, Gidlund M, da Cunha AF, Ordinola-Ramirez CM, Cerqueira MM, Heinemann MB, Della Libera AM, Goto H, Souza FN. Memory CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte proliferation in vaccinated dairy cows with different histories of Staphylococcus aureus mastitis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2022; 253:110508. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2022.110508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Chronic Rhinosinusitis, S. aureus Biofilm and Secreted Products, Inflammatory Responses, and Disease Severity. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10061362. [PMID: 35740385 PMCID: PMC9220248 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a persistent inflammation of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses associated with tissue remodelling, dysfunction of the sinuses’ natural defence mechanisms, and induction of different inflammatory clusters. The etiopathogenesis of CRS remains elusive, and both environmental factors, such as bacterial biofilms and the host’s general condition, are thought to play a role. Bacterial biofilms have significant clinical relevance due to their potential to cause resistance to antimicrobial therapy and host defenses. Despite substantial medical advances, some CRS patients suffer from recalcitrant disease that is unresponsive to medical and surgical treatments. Those patients often have nasal polyps with tissue eosinophilia, S. aureus-dominant mucosal biofilm, comorbid asthma, and a severely compromised quality of life. This review aims to summarise the contemporary knowledge of inflammatory cells/pathways in CRS, the role of bacterial biofilm, and their impact on the severity of the disease. Here, an emphasis is placed on S. aureus biofilm and its secreted products. A better understanding of these factors might offer important diagnostic and therapeutic perceptions for recalcitrant disease.
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Tsai CM, Hajam IA, Caldera JR, Liu GY. Integrating complex host-pathogen immune environments into S. aureus vaccine studies. Cell Chem Biol 2022; 29:730-740. [PMID: 35594849 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2022.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (SA) is a leading cause of bacterial infection and antibiotic resistance globally. Therefore, development of an effective vaccine has been a major goal of the SA field for the past decades. With the wealth of understanding of pathogenesis, the failure of all SA vaccine trials has been a surprise. We argue that experimental SA vaccines have not worked because vaccines have been studied in naive laboratory animals, whereas clinical vaccine efficacy is tested in immune environments reprogrammed by SA. Here, we review the failed SA vaccines that have seemingly defied all principles of vaccinology. We describe major SA evasion strategies and suggest that they reshape the immune environment in a way that makes vaccines prone to failures. We propose that appropriate integration of concepts of host-pathogen interaction into vaccine study designs could lead to insight critical for the development of an effective SA vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ming Tsai
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Irshad A Hajam
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - J R Caldera
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - George Y Liu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA 92123, USA.
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Pasman R, Krom BP, Zaat SAJ, Brul S. The Role of the Oral Immune System in Oropharyngeal Candidiasis-Facilitated Invasion and Dissemination of Staphylococcus aureus. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2022; 3:851786. [PMID: 35464779 PMCID: PMC9021398 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2022.851786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus account for most invasive fungal and bacterial bloodstream infections (BSIs), respectively. However, the initial point of invasion responsible for S. aureus BSIs is often unclear. Recently, C. albicans has been proposed to mediate S. aureus invasion of immunocompromised hosts during co-colonization of oral mucosal surfaces. The status of the oral immune system crucially contributes to this process in two distinct ways: firstly, by allowing invasive C. albicans growth during dysfunction of extra-epithelial immunity, and secondly following invasion by some remaining function of intra-epithelial immunity. Immunocompromised individuals at risk of developing invasive oral C. albicans infections could, therefore, also be at risk of contracting concordant S. aureus BSIs. Considering the crucial contribution of both oral immune function and dysfunction, the aim of this review is to provide an overview of relevant aspects of intra and extra-epithelial oral immunity and discuss predominant immune deficiencies expected to facilitate C. albicans induced S. aureus BSIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Pasman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbial Food Safety, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan P. Krom
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sebastian A. J. Zaat
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Stanley Brul
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbial Food Safety, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Stanley Brul
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Xie F, Chen R, Zhao J, Xu C, Zan C, Yue B, Tian W, Yi W. Cell cycle kinase CHEK2 in macrophages alleviates the inflammatory response to Staphylococcus aureus-induced pneumonia. Exp Lung Res 2022; 48:53-60. [PMID: 35075953 DOI: 10.1080/01902148.2022.2029625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive macrophage-mediated inflammation participates in the development of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)-induced pneumonia. Checkpoint kinase 2 (Chek2) was screened out as macrophage-related infantile pneumonia gene after the differentially expressed analysis of RNAseq data derived from pam3CSK4 stimulated bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). METHODS RAW264.7 macrophage cells were transfected with Chek2-specific gRNA, which were further overexpressed with wide-type Chek2 or Chek2 kinase activity mutant (Chek2 KD, D368N). At the same time, the relative protein and mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines were determined. C57BL/6J WT mice were intranasally infected with S. aureus to induce S. aureus-induced pneumonia, which was treated with BML-277, an inhibitor of Chek2. The symptoms of pneumonia mice and inflammatory cytokines associated with the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathways were further examined. RESULTS In vivo, BML-277 significantly promoted pneumonia symptoms, including mortality, lung infiltration of immune cells, and the abundance of lung pro-inflammatory cytokines. Mechanically, BML-277 did not affect BMDMs survival but up-regulated the mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor (Tnf), nitric oxide synthase 2 (Nos2), interleukin (Il)23a, and the secretion of Tnf-α and Il-23a. At the same time, genetic complementation experiment testified that Chek2 KD did not inhibit NF-κB and relevant inflammatory cytokines expression. CONCLUSION Chek2 functions through the kinase mechanism to down-regulate the NF-κB pathway in macrophages to alleviate S. aureus-induced pneumonia in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xie
- Department of Pediatrics, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei, China
| | - Ruidong Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei, China
| | - Chunyan Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei, China
| | - Chunxiang Zan
- Child Healthcare Department, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei, China
| | - Bin Yue
- Department of Pediatrics, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei, China
| | - Wenqiu Tian
- Department of Pediatrics, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei, China
| | - Wenxia Yi
- Department of Pediatrics, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei, China
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Staphylococcus aureus-A Known Opponent against Host Defense Mechanisms and Vaccine Development-Do We Still Have a Chance to Win? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020948. [PMID: 35055134 PMCID: PMC8781139 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The main purpose of this review is to present justification for the urgent need to implement specific prophylaxis of invasive Staphylococcus aureus infections. We emphasize the difficulties in achieving this goal due to numerous S. aureus virulence factors important for the process of infection and the remarkable ability of these bacteria to avoid host defense mechanisms. We precede these considerations with a brief overview of the global necessitiy to intensify the use of vaccines against other pathogens as well, particularly in light of an impasse in antibiotic therapy. Finally, we point out global trends in research into modern technologies used in the field of molecular microbiology to develop new vaccines. We focus on the vaccines designed to fight the infections caused by S. aureus, which are often resistant to the majority of available therapeutic options.
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Wong Fok Lung T, Chan LC, Prince A, Yeaman MR, Archer NK, Aman MJ, Proctor RA. Staphylococcus aureus adaptive evolution: Recent insights on how immune evasion, immunometabolic subversion and host genetics impact vaccine development. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1060810. [PMID: 36636720 PMCID: PMC9831658 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1060810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite meritorious attempts, a S. aureus vaccine that prevents infection or mitigates severity has not yet achieved efficacy endpoints in prospective, randomized clinical trials. This experience underscores the complexity of host-S. aureus interactions, which appear to be greater than many other bacterial pathogens against which successful vaccines have been developed. It is increasingly evident that S. aureus employs strategic countermeasures to evade or exploit human immune responses. From entering host cells to persist in stealthy intracellular reservoirs, to sensing the environmental milieu and leveraging bacterial or host metabolic products to reprogram host immune responses, S. aureus poses considerable challenges for the development of effective vaccines. The fact that this pathogen causes distinct types of infections and can undergo transient genetic, transcriptional or metabolic adaptations in vivo that do not occur in vitro compounds challenges in vaccine development. Notably, the metabolic versatility of both bacterial and host immune cells as they compete for available substrates within specific tissues inevitably impacts the variable repertoire of gene products that may or may not be vaccine antigens. In this respect, S. aureus has chameleon phenotypes that have alluded vaccine strategies thus far. Nonetheless, a number of recent studies have also revealed important new insights into pathogenesis vulnerabilities of S. aureus. A more detailed understanding of host protective immune defenses versus S. aureus adaptive immune evasion mechanisms may offer breakthroughs in the development of effective vaccines, but at present this goal remains a very high bar. Coupled with the recent advances in human genetics and epigenetics, newer vaccine technologies may enable such a goal. If so, future vaccines that protect against or mitigate the severity of S. aureus infections are likely to emerge at the intersection of precision and personalized medicine. For now, the development of S. aureus vaccines or alternative therapies that reduce mortality and morbidity must continue to be pursued.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Liana C Chan
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Loss Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Divisions of Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Harbor-University of California Loss Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States.,Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-University of California Loss Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States
| | - Alice Prince
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Michael R Yeaman
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Loss Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Divisions of Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Harbor-University of California Loss Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States.,Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-University of California Loss Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States
| | - Nathan K Archer
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - M Javad Aman
- Integrated BioTherapeutics, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Richard A Proctor
- Department of Medicine and Medical Microbiology/Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
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Chiarot E, Pizza M. Animal models in vaccinology: state of the art and future perspectives for an animal-free approach. Curr Opin Microbiol 2021; 66:46-55. [PMID: 34953265 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2021.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Vaccine discovery and development is mainly driven by studies on immunogenicity and safety based on the appropriate animal models. In this review we will describe the importance of animal models in vaccinology, from research and development to pre-licensure and post-licensure commitments with particular emphasis on the advantages and limitations of each animal species. Finally, we will describe the most modern technologies, the new in vitro and ex vivo models and the new advances in the field which may drive into a new era of 'animal free' vaccinology.
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15
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Hülpüsch C, Weins AB, Traidl‐Hoffmann C, Reiger M. A new era of atopic eczema research: Advances and highlights. Allergy 2021; 76:3408-3421. [PMID: 34407212 DOI: 10.1111/all.15058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Atopic eczema (AE) is an inflammatory skin disease with involvement of genetic, immunological and environmental factors. One hallmark of AE is a skin barrier disruption on multiple, highly interconnected levels: filaggrin mutations, increased skin pH and a microbiome dysbiosis towards Staphylococcus aureus overgrowth are observed in addition to an abnormal type 2 immune response. Extrinsic factors seem to play a major role in the development of AE. As AE is a first step in the atopic march, its prevention and appropriate treatment are essential. Although standard therapy remains topical treatment, powerful systemic treatment options emerged in the last years. However, thorough endotyping of the individual patients is still required for ideal precision medicine approaches in future. Therefore, novel microbial and immunological biomarkers were described recently for the prediction of disease development and treatment response. This review summarizes the current state of the art in AE research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Hülpüsch
- Department of Environmental Medicine Faculty of Medicine University of Augsburg Augsburg Germany
- Institute of Environmental Medicine Helmholtz Zentrum München Augsburg Germany
- CK CARE – Christine Kühne Center for Allergy research and Education Davos Switzerland
| | - Andreas B. Weins
- Department of Dermatology Faculty of Medicine University of Augsburg Augsburg Germany
| | - Claudia Traidl‐Hoffmann
- Department of Environmental Medicine Faculty of Medicine University of Augsburg Augsburg Germany
- Institute of Environmental Medicine Helmholtz Zentrum München Augsburg Germany
- CK CARE – Christine Kühne Center for Allergy research and Education Davos Switzerland
- ZIEL Technical University of Munich Freising Germany
| | - Matthias Reiger
- Department of Environmental Medicine Faculty of Medicine University of Augsburg Augsburg Germany
- Institute of Environmental Medicine Helmholtz Zentrum München Augsburg Germany
- CK CARE – Christine Kühne Center for Allergy research and Education Davos Switzerland
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16
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Raineri EJM, Altulea D, van Dijl JM. Staphylococcal trafficking and infection - from 'nose to gut' and back. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 46:6321165. [PMID: 34259843 PMCID: PMC8767451 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuab041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic human pathogen, which is a leading cause of infections worldwide. The challenge in treating S. aureus infection is linked to the development of multidrug-resistant strains and the mechanisms employed by this pathogen to evade the human immune defenses. In addition, S. aureus can hide asymptomatically in particular ‘protective’ niches of the human body for prolonged periods of time. In the present review, we highlight recently gained insights in the role of the human gut as an endogenous S. aureus reservoir next to the nasopharynx and oral cavity. In addition, we address the contribution of these ecological niches to staphylococcal transmission, including the roles of particular triggers as modulators of the bacterial dissemination. In this context, we present recent advances concerning the interactions between S. aureus and immune cells to understand their possible roles as vehicles of dissemination from the gut to other body sites. Lastly, we discuss the factors that contribute to the switch from colonization to infection. Altogether, we conclude that an important key to uncovering the pathogenesis of S. aureus infection lies hidden in the endogenous staphylococcal reservoirs, the trafficking of this bacterium through the human body and the subsequent immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa J M Raineri
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dania Altulea
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Maarten van Dijl
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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