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Cao X, Tan J, Zheng R, Wang F, Zhou L, Yi J, Yuan R, Dai Q, Song L, Dai A. Targeting necroptosis: a promising avenue for respiratory disease treatment. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:418. [PMID: 39192326 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01804-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Respiratory diseases are a growing concern in public health because of their potential to endanger the global community. Cell death contributes critically to the pathophysiology of respiratory diseases. Recent evidence indicates that necroptosis, a unique form of programmed cell death (PCD), plays a vital role in the molecular mechanisms underlying respiratory diseases, distinguishing it from apoptosis and conventional necrosis. Necroptosis is a type of inflammatory cell death governed by receptor-interacting serine/threonine protein kinase 1 (RIPK1), RIPK3, and mixed-lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL), resulting in the release of intracellular contents and inflammatory factors capable of initiating an inflammatory response in adjacent tissues. These necroinflammatory conditions can result in significant organ dysfunction and long-lasting tissue damage within the lungs. Despite evidence linking necroptosis to various respiratory diseases, there are currently no specific alternative treatments that target this mechanism. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the most recent advancements in understanding the significance and mechanisms of necroptosis. Specifically, this review emphasizes the intricate association between necroptosis and respiratory diseases, highlighting the potential use of necroptosis as an innovative therapeutic approach for treating these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianya Cao
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, People's Republic of China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Translational Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, People's Republic of China
| | - Junlan Tan
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Translational Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, People's Republic of China
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410021, People's Republic of China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410021, People's Republic of China
| | - Runxiu Zheng
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, People's Republic of China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Translational Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, People's Republic of China
| | - Feiying Wang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Translational Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, People's Republic of China
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410021, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingling Zhou
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Translational Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, People's Republic of China
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410021, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Yi
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Translational Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, People's Republic of China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410021, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Yuan
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Translational Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, People's Republic of China
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410021, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Dai
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Translational Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, People's Republic of China
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410021, People's Republic of China
| | - Lan Song
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Translational Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, People's Republic of China
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410021, People's Republic of China
| | - Aiguo Dai
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Translational Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410021, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410021, People's Republic of China.
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Chen Z, Cao Y, Jiang W, Yan Z, Cai G, Ye J, Wang H, Liu L. Porphyromonas gingivalis OMVs promoting endothelial dysfunction via the STING pathway in periodontitis. Oral Dis 2024. [PMID: 38696515 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to assess the effects of Porphyromonas gingivalis outer membrane vesicles (Pg-OMVs) in chronic periodontitis and explore the underlying mechanism involved. METHODS In vitro, Pg-OMVs were incubated with Ea.hy926 (vessel endothelial cells, ECs) to evaluate their effects on endothelial functions and to investigate the underlying mechanism. The effects of endothelial dysfunction on MG63 osteoblast-like cells were verified using an indirect co-culture method. For in vivo studies, micro-CT was conducted to identify alveolar bone mass. Immunofluorescence staining was conducted to confirm the levels of stimulator of interferon genes (STING) in the blood vessel and the number of Runx2+ cells around the alveolar bone. RESULTS Pg-OMVs were endocytosed by ECs, leading to endothelial dysfunction. The cGAS-STING-TBK1 pathway was activated in ECs, which subsequently inhibited MG63 migration and early osteogenesis differentiation. In vivo, Pg-OMVs promoted alveolar bone resorption, increased STING levels in the blood vessel, and decreased Runx2+ cells around the alveolar bone. CONCLUSIONS Pg-OMVs caused endothelial dysfunction and activated the cGAS-STING-TBK1 signal cascade in ECs, thereby impairing ECs-mediated osteogenesis. Furthermore, Pg-OMVs aggregated alveolar bone loss and altered the blood vessel-mediated osteogenesis with elevated STING.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwei Chen
- Department of Orthodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Research, Prevention and Treatment for Oral Diseases (Nanjing Medical University), Nanjing, China
| | - Ye Cao
- Department of Orthodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Research, Prevention and Treatment for Oral Diseases (Nanjing Medical University), Nanjing, China
| | - Wenxiu Jiang
- Department of Orthodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Research, Prevention and Treatment for Oral Diseases (Nanjing Medical University), Nanjing, China
| | - Zixin Yan
- Department of Orthodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Research, Prevention and Treatment for Oral Diseases (Nanjing Medical University), Nanjing, China
| | - Guanhui Cai
- Department of Orthodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Research, Prevention and Treatment for Oral Diseases (Nanjing Medical University), Nanjing, China
| | - Junjie Ye
- Department of Orthodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Research, Prevention and Treatment for Oral Diseases (Nanjing Medical University), Nanjing, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Orthodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Research, Prevention and Treatment for Oral Diseases (Nanjing Medical University), Nanjing, China
- Department of Orthodontics, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Luwei Liu
- Department of Orthodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Research, Prevention and Treatment for Oral Diseases (Nanjing Medical University), Nanjing, China
- Department of Orthodontics, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Mei X, Zhang Y, Wang S, Wang H, Chen R, Ma K, Yang Y, Jiang P, Feng Z, Zhang C, Zhang Z. Necroptosis in Pneumonia: Therapeutic Strategies and Future Perspectives. Viruses 2024; 16:94. [PMID: 38257794 PMCID: PMC10818625 DOI: 10.3390/v16010094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Pneumonia remains a major global health challenge, necessitating the development of effective therapeutic approaches. Recently, necroptosis, a regulated form of cell death, has garnered attention in the fields of pharmacology and immunology for its role in the pathogenesis of pneumonia. Characterized by cell death and inflammatory responses, necroptosis is a key mechanism contributing to tissue damage and immune dysregulation in various diseases, including pneumonia. This review comprehensively analyzes the role of necroptosis in pneumonia and explores potential pharmacological interventions targeting this cell death pathway. Moreover, we highlight the intricate interplay between necroptosis and immune responses in pneumonia, revealing a bidirectional relationship between necrotic cell death and inflammatory signaling. Importantly, we assess current therapeutic strategies modulating necroptosis, encompassing synthetic inhibitors, natural products, and other drugs targeting key components of the programmed necrosis pathway. The article also discusses challenges and future directions in targeting programmed necrosis for pneumonia treatment, proposing novel therapeutic strategies that combine antibiotics with necroptosis inhibitors. This review underscores the importance of understanding necroptosis in pneumonia and highlights the potential of pharmacological interventions to mitigate tissue damage and restore immune homeostasis in this devastating respiratory infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuzhen Mei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Yuchen Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Shu Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou 225300, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Rong Chen
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Ke Ma
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou 225300, China
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yue Yang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou 225300, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ping Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhixin Feng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou 225300, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou 225300, China
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Seebach E, Sonnenmoser G, Kubatzky KF. Staphylococcus aureus planktonic but not biofilm environment induces an IFN-β macrophage immune response via the STING/IRF3 pathway. Virulence 2023; 14:2254599. [PMID: 37655977 PMCID: PMC10496530 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2254599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic implant-related bone infections are a severe complication in orthopaedic surgery. Biofilm formation on the implant impairs the immune response, leading to bacterial persistence. In a previous study, we found that Staphylococcus aureus (SA) induced interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) activation and Ifnb expression only in its planktonic form but not in the biofilm. The aim of this study was to clarify the role of the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) in this process. We treated RAW 264.7 macrophages with conditioned media (CM) generated from planktonic or biofilm cultured SA in combination with agonists or inhibitors of the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)/STING pathway. We further evaluated bacterial gene expression of planktonic and biofilm SA to identify potential mediators. STING inhibition resulted in the loss of IRF3 activation and Ifnb induction in SA planktonic CM, whereas STING activation induced an IRF3 dependent IFN-β response in SA biofilm CM. The expression levels of virulence-associated genes decreased during biofilm formation, but genes associated with cyclic dinucleotide (CDN) synthesis did not correlate with Ifnb induction. We further observed that cGAS contributed to Ifnb induction by SA planktonic CM, although cGAS activation was not sufficient to induce Ifnb expression in SA biofilm CM. Our data indicate that the different degrees of virulence associated with SA planktonic and biofilm environments result in an altered induction of the IRF3 mediated IFN-β response via the STING pathway. This finding suggests that the STING/IRF3/IFN-β axis is a potential candidate as an immunotherapeutic target for implant-related bone infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Seebach
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gabriele Sonnenmoser
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katharina F. Kubatzky
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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Korkmaz FT, Traber KE. Innate immune responses in pneumonia. Pneumonia (Nathan) 2023; 15:4. [PMID: 36829255 PMCID: PMC9957695 DOI: 10.1186/s41479-023-00106-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The lungs are an immunologically unique environment; they are exposed to innumerable pathogens and particulate matter daily. Appropriate clearance of pathogens and response to pollutants is required to prevent overwhelming infection, while preventing tissue damage and maintaining efficient gas exchange. Broadly, the innate immune system is the collection of immediate, intrinsic immune responses to pathogen or tissue injury. In this review, we will examine the innate immune responses of the lung, with a particular focus on their role in pneumonia. We will discuss the anatomic barriers and antimicrobial proteins of the lung, pathogen and injury recognition, and the role of leukocytes (macrophages, neutrophils, and innate lymphocytes) and lung stromal cells in innate immunity. Throughout the review, we will focus on new findings in innate immunity as well as features that are unique to the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filiz T Korkmaz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology & Infectious Disease, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA, USA
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Katrina E Traber
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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Zhao Y, Zhai L, Qin T, Hu L, Wang J, Zhang Z, Sui C, Zhang L, Zhou D, Lv M, Yang W. Time-Course Transcriptome Analysis of the Lungs of Mice Challenged with Aerosols of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus USA300 Clone Reveals Inflammatory Balance. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13020347. [PMID: 36830716 PMCID: PMC9953551 DOI: 10.3390/biom13020347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
USA300, a dominant clone of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA), is circulating globally and can cause necrotizing pneumonia with high morbidity and mortality. To further reveal the host anti-MRSA infection immune response, we established a mouse model of acute primary MRSA pneumonia challenged with aerosols of the USA300 clone. A time-course transcriptome analysis of the lungs collected at 0, 12, 24, 48 and 96 h post-infection (hpi) was conducted using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and multiple bioinformatic analysis methods. The change trend of histopathology and five innate immune cell (neutrophils, mononuclear cells, eosinophils, macrophages, DC cells) proportions in the lungs after infection was also examined. We observed a distinct acute pulmonary recovery process. A rapid initiation period of inflammation was present at 12 hpi, during which the IL-17 pathway dominantly mediated inflammation and immune defense. The main stages of host inflammatory response occurred at 24 and 48 hpi, and the regulation of interferon activation and macrophage polarization played an important role in the control of inflammatory balance at this stage. At 96 hpi, cellular proliferation processes associated with host repair were observed, as well as adaptive immunity and complement system responses involving C1q molecules. More importantly, the data provide new insight into and identify potential functional genes involved in the checks and balances occurring between host anti-inflammatory and proinflammatory responses. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate transcriptional responses throughout the inflammatory recovery process in the lungs after MRSA infection. Our study uncovers valuable research targets for key regulatory mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of MRSA lung infections, which may help to develop novel treatment strategies for MRSA pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhao
- Department of Immunology of Basic Medical College, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Lina Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Tongtong Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Lingfei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Jiazhen Wang
- Department of Immunology of Basic Medical College, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Chengyu Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Dongsheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Meng Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (W.Y.)
| | - Wenhui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (W.Y.)
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Du Y, Hu Z, Luo Y, Wang HY, Yu X, Wang RF. Function and regulation of cGAS-STING signaling in infectious diseases. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1130423. [PMID: 36825026 PMCID: PMC9941744 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1130423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficacious detection of pathogens and prompt induction of innate immune signaling serve as a crucial component of immune defense against infectious pathogens. Over the past decade, DNA-sensing receptor cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) and its downstream signaling adaptor stimulator of interferon genes (STING) have emerged as key mediators of type I interferon (IFN) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) responses in health and infection diseases. Moreover, both cGAS-STING pathway and pathogens have developed delicate strategies to resist each other for their survival. The mechanistic and functional comprehension of the interplay between cGAS-STING pathway and pathogens is opening the way for the development and application of pharmacological agonists and antagonists in the treatment of infectious diseases. Here, we briefly review the current knowledge of DNA sensing through the cGAS-STING pathway, and emphatically highlight the potent undertaking of cGAS-STING signaling pathway in the host against infectious pathogenic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Du
- Department of Medicine, and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Research Center of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiqiang Hu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yien Luo
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Neuroscience Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Helen Y. Wang
- Department of Medicine, and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Xiao Yu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Single Cell Technology and Application, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Rong-Fu Wang
- Department of Medicine, and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Salmonella Induces the cGAS-STING-Dependent Type I Interferon Response in Murine Macrophages by Triggering mtDNA Release. mBio 2022; 13:e0363221. [PMID: 35604097 PMCID: PMC9239183 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03632-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) elicited strong innate immune responses in macrophages. To activate innate immunity, pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in host cells can recognize highly conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Here, we showed that S. Typhimurium induced a robust type I interferon (IFN) response in murine macrophages. Exposure of macrophages to S. Typhimurium activated a Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-dependent type I IFN response. Next, we showed that type I IFN and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) were elicited in a TBK1-IFN-dependent manner. Furthermore, cytosolic DNA sensor cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) and immune adaptor protein stimulator of interferon genes (STING) were also required for the induction of type I IFN response during infection. Intriguingly, S. Typhimurium infection triggered mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) release into the cytosol to activate the type I IFN response. In addition, we also showed that bacterial DNA was enriched in cGAS during infection, which may contribute to cGAS activation. Finally, we showed that cGAS and STING deficient mice and cells were more susceptible to S. Typhimurium infection, signifying the critical role of the cGAS-STING pathway in host defense against S. Typhimurium infection. In conclusion, in addition to TLR4-dependent innate immune response, we demonstrated that S. Typhimurium induced the type I IFN response in a cGAS-STING-dependent manner and the S. Typhimurium-induced mtDNA release was important for the induction of type I IFN. This study elucidated a new mechanism by which bacterial pathogen activated the cGAS-STING pathway and also characterized the important role of cGAS-STING during S. Typhimurium infection.
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9
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Tupik JD, Markov Madanick JW, Ivester HM, Allen IC. Detecting DNA: An Overview of DNA Recognition by Inflammasomes and Protection against Bacterial Respiratory Infections. Cells 2022; 11:1681. [PMID: 35626718 PMCID: PMC9139316 DOI: 10.3390/cells11101681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system plays a key role in modulating host immune defense during bacterial disease. Upon sensing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), the multi-protein complex known as the inflammasome serves a protective role against bacteria burden through facilitating pathogen clearance and bacteria lysis. This can occur through two mechanisms: (1) the cleavage of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β/IL-18 and (2) the initiation of inflammatory cell death termed pyroptosis. In recent literature, AIM2-like Receptor (ALR) and Nod-like Receptor (NLR) inflammasome activation has been implicated in host protection following recognition of bacterial DNA. Here, we review current literature synthesizing mechanisms of DNA recognition by inflammasomes during bacterial respiratory disease. This process can occur through direct sensing of DNA or indirectly by sensing pathogen-associated intracellular changes. Additionally, DNA recognition may be assisted through inflammasome-inflammasome interactions, specifically non-canonical inflammasome activation of NLRP3, and crosstalk with the interferon-inducible DNA sensors Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING) and Z-DNA Binding Protein-1 (ZBP1). Ultimately, bacterial DNA sensing by inflammasomes is highly protective during respiratory disease, emphasizing the importance of inflammasome involvement in the respiratory tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juselyn D. Tupik
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (J.D.T.); (J.W.M.M.); (H.M.I.)
| | - Justin W. Markov Madanick
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (J.D.T.); (J.W.M.M.); (H.M.I.)
| | - Hannah M. Ivester
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (J.D.T.); (J.W.M.M.); (H.M.I.)
| | - Irving C. Allen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (J.D.T.); (J.W.M.M.); (H.M.I.)
- Department of Basic Science Education, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
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The Influence of Antibiotic Resistance on Innate Immune Responses to Staphylococcus aureus Infection. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11050542. [PMID: 35625186 PMCID: PMC9138074 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11050542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) causes a broad range of infections and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. S. aureus produces a diverse range of cellular and extracellular factors responsible for its invasiveness and ability to resist immune attack. In recent years, increasing resistance to last-line anti-staphylococcal antibiotics daptomycin and vancomycin has been observed. Resistant strains of S. aureus are highly efficient in invading a variety of professional and nonprofessional phagocytes and are able to survive inside host cells. Eliciting immune protection against antibiotic-resistant S. aureus infection is a global challenge, requiring both innate and adaptive immune effector mechanisms. Dendritic cells (DC), which sit at the interface between innate and adaptive immune responses, are central to the induction of immune protection against S. aureus. However, it has been observed that S. aureus has the capacity to develop further antibiotic resistance and acquire increased resistance to immunological recognition by the innate immune system. In this article, we review the strategies utilised by S. aureus to circumvent antibiotic and innate immune responses, especially the interaction between S. aureus and DC, focusing on how this relationship is perturbed with the development of antibiotic resistance.
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Liu ZZ, Chen W, Zhou CK, Ma K, Gao Y, Yang YJ. Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING) Promotes Staphylococcus aureus-Induced Extracellular Traps Formation via the ROS-ERK Signaling Pathway. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:836880. [PMID: 35399524 PMCID: PMC8984202 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.836880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is a cytosolic DNA sensor or directly recognizes bacterial cyclic dinucleotides, which is required for the detection of microbial infection. Extracellular traps (ETs) are known to be part of the antimicrobial defense system. However, the implication of STING in ETs formation during microbial infection remains unknown. Here, we showed that STING contributed to Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)-induced ETs formation through the ROS-ERK signaling. STING deficiency exhibited decreased cell-free DNA (cfDNA) level, reduced expression of citrullinated histone H3 (CitH3), and diminished DNA colocalization with CitH3 and myeloperoxidase (MPO). Interestingly, NADPH oxidase-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) promoted ETs formation, accompanied by increased activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) in S. aureus-stimulated bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). Corresponding to less ROS production, decreased ERK1/2 activation was shown in STING-/- BMDMs after S. aureus infection. Importantly, inhibiting the ROS-ERK signal reduced the ETs formation and the differences disappeared between WT and STING-/- BMDMs after S. aureus infection. Moreover, STING-/- BMDMs exhibited significantly increased levels of extracellular bacteria compared to WT BMDMs regardless of phagocytosis. In addition, such differences disappeared after DNase I treatment. DNase I treatment also facilitated pathogen colonization without affecting the inflammatory cells infiltration and pro-inflammatory factors secretion following pulmonary S. aureus infection. Furthermore, STING-/- mice presented decreased levels of cfDNA and CitH3, along with increased bacterial colonization compared to WT mice. Altogether, these findings highlighted that STING promoted ETs formation via the ROS-ERK signal for host defense against S. aureus infection.
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Liu N, Pang X, Zhang H, Ji P. The cGAS-STING Pathway in Bacterial Infection and Bacterial Immunity. Front Immunol 2022; 12:814709. [PMID: 35095914 PMCID: PMC8793285 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.814709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP)-adenosine monophosphate (AMP) (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS), along with the adaptor stimulator of interferon genes (STING), are crucial components of the innate immune system, and their study has become a research hotspot in recent years. Many biochemical and structural studies that have collectively elucidated the mechanism of activation of the cGAS-STING pathway with atomic resolution have provided insights into the roles of the cGAS-STING pathway in innate immunity and clues to the origin and evolution of the modern cGAS-STING signaling pathway. The cGAS-STING pathway has been identified to protect the host against viral infection. After detecting viral dsDNA, cGAS synthesizes a second messenger to activate STING, eliciting antiviral immune responses by promoting the expression of interferons (IFNs) and hundreds of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). Recently, the cGAS-STING pathway has also been found to be involved in response to bacterial infections, including bacterial pneumonia, melioidosis, tuberculosis, and sepsis. However, compared with its functions in viral infection, the cGAS-STING signaling pathway in bacterial infection is more complex and diverse since the protective and detrimental effects of type I IFN (IFN-I) on the host depend on the bacterial species and infection mode. Besides, STING activation can also affect infection prognosis through other mechanisms in different bacterial infections, independent of the IFN-I response. Interestingly, the core protein components of the mammalian cGAS-STING signaling pathway have been found in the bacterial defense system, suggesting that this widespread signaling pathway may have originated in bacteria. Here, we review recent findings related to the structures of major molecules involved in the cGAS-STING pathway and the effects of the cGAS-STING pathway in various bacterial infections and bacterial immunity, which may pave the way for the development of new antibacterial drugs that specifically kill bacteria without harmful effects on the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanxin Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Pang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ping Ji
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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