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Hinton AO, N'jai AU, Vue Z, Wanjalla C. Connection Between HIV and Mitochondria in Cardiovascular Disease and Implications for Treatments. Circ Res 2024; 134:1581-1606. [PMID: 38781302 PMCID: PMC11122810 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.124.324296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
HIV infection and antiretroviral therapy alter mitochondrial function, which can progressively lead to mitochondrial damage and accelerated aging. The interaction between persistent HIV reservoirs and mitochondria may provide insight into the relatively high rates of cardiovascular disease and mortality in persons living with HIV. In this review, we explore the intricate relationship between HIV and mitochondrial function, highlighting the potential for novel therapeutic strategies in the context of cardiovascular diseases. We reflect on mitochondrial dynamics, mitochondrial DNA, and mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein in the context of HIV. Furthermore, we summarize how toxicities related to early antiretroviral therapy and current highly active antiretroviral therapy can contribute to mitochondrial dysregulation, chronic inflammation, and poor clinical outcomes. There is a need to understand the mechanisms and develop new targeted therapies. We further consider current and potential future therapies for HIV and their interplay with mitochondria. We reflect on the next-generation antiretroviral therapies and HIV cure due to the direct and indirect effects of HIV persistence, associated comorbidities, coinfections, and the advancement of interdisciplinary research fields. This includes exploring novel and creative approaches to target mitochondria for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antentor O Hinton
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (A.O.H., Z.V.)
| | - Alhaji U N'jai
- Biological Sciences, Fourah Bay College and College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences (COMAHS), University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone and Koinadugu College, Kabala (A.U.N.)
| | - Zer Vue
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (A.O.H., Z.V.)
| | - Celestine Wanjalla
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (C.W.)
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Asthana A, Corona A, Shin WJ, Kwak MJ, Gaughan C, Tramontano E, Jung JU, Schobert R, Jha BK, Silverman RH, Biersack B. Analogs of the Catechol Derivative Dynasore Inhibit HIV-1 Ribonuclease H, SARS-CoV-2 nsp14 Exoribonuclease, and Virus Replication. Viruses 2023; 15:1539. [PMID: 37515225 PMCID: PMC10385162 DOI: 10.3390/v15071539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral replication often depends on RNA maturation and degradation processes catalyzed by viral ribonucleases, which are therefore candidate targets for antiviral drugs. Here, we synthesized and studied the antiviral properties of a novel nitrocatechol compound (1c) and other analogs that are structurally related to the catechol derivative dynasore. Interestingly, compound 1c strongly inhibited two DEDD box viral ribonucleases, HIV-1 RNase H and SARS-CoV-2 nsp14 3'-to-5' exoribonuclease (ExoN). While 1c inhibited SARS-CoV-2 ExoN activity, it did not interfere with the mRNA methyltransferase activity of nsp14. In silico molecular docking placed compound 1c in the catalytic pocket of the ExoN domain of nsp14. Finally, 1c inhibited SARS-CoV-2 replication but had no toxicity to human lung adenocarcinoma cells. Given its simple chemical synthesis from easily available starting materials, these results suggest that 1c might be a lead compound for the design of new antiviral compounds that target coronavirus nsp14 ExoN and other viral ribonucleases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Asthana
- Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 2111 East 96th St, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Angela Corona
- Laboratorio di Virologia Molecolare, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Dell'Ambiente, Universitá degli Studi di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato SS554, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Woo-Jin Shin
- Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 2111 East 96th St, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Mi-Jeong Kwak
- Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 2111 East 96th St, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Christina Gaughan
- Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 2111 East 96th St, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Enzo Tramontano
- Laboratorio di Virologia Molecolare, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Dell'Ambiente, Universitá degli Studi di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato SS554, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Jae U Jung
- Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 2111 East 96th St, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Rainer Schobert
- Organic Chemistry 1, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Babal Kant Jha
- Center for Immunotherapy and Precision Immuno-Oncology, Lerner Research Institute and Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 2111 East 96th St, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Robert H Silverman
- Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 2111 East 96th St, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Bernhard Biersack
- Organic Chemistry 1, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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Balakrishnan PB, Holmberg CS, Ledezma DK, Bosque A, Fernandes R. PolyIC-coated Prussian blue nanoparticles as a dual-mode HIV latency reversing agent. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2022; 17:2159-2171. [PMID: 36734362 PMCID: PMC10061244 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2022-0311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To investigate Prussian blue nanoparticles (PBNPs) coated with the synthetic analog of dsRNA polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (polyIC) for their ability to function as HIV latency reversing agents. Methods: A layer-by-layer method was used to synthesize polyIC-coated PBNPs (polyIC-PBNPs). PolyIC-PBNPs were stable and monodisperse, maintained the native absorbance properties of both polyIC and PBNPs and were obtained with high nanoparticle collection yield and polyIC attachment efficiencies. Results: PolyIC-PBNPs were more effective in reactivating latent HIV than free polyIC in a cell model of HIV latency. Furthermore, polyIC-PBNPs were more effective in promoting immune activation than free polyIC in CD4 and CD8 T cells. Conclusion: PBNPs function as efficient carriers of nucleic acids to directly reverse HIV latency and enhance immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preethi B Balakrishnan
- Department of Medicine, The George Washington University, 2300 I Street NW, Washington, DC 20037, USA
- The George Washington Cancer Center, The George Washington University, Science & Engineering Hall, Ste 8300, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Carissa S Holmberg
- The Institute for Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University, 2300 I Street NW, Ross Hall, Room 561, Washington, DC 20037, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, 2300 I Street NW, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Debbie K Ledezma
- Department of Medicine, The George Washington University, 2300 I Street NW, Washington, DC 20037, USA
- The George Washington Cancer Center, The George Washington University, Science & Engineering Hall, Ste 8300, Washington, DC 20052, USA
- The Institute for Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University, 2300 I Street NW, Ross Hall, Room 561, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Alberto Bosque
- The Institute for Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University, 2300 I Street NW, Ross Hall, Room 561, Washington, DC 20037, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, 2300 I Street NW, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Rohan Fernandes
- Department of Medicine, The George Washington University, 2300 I Street NW, Washington, DC 20037, USA
- The George Washington Cancer Center, The George Washington University, Science & Engineering Hall, Ste 8300, Washington, DC 20052, USA
- The Institute for Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University, 2300 I Street NW, Ross Hall, Room 561, Washington, DC 20037, USA
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Cruz-Lorenzo E, Ramirez NGP, Lee J, Pandhe S, Wang L, Hernandez-Doria J, Spivak AM, Planelles V, Petersen T, Jain MK, Martinez ED, D’Orso I. Host Cell Redox Alterations Promote Latent HIV-1 Reactivation through Atypical Transcription Factor Cooperativity. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102288. [PMID: 36298843 PMCID: PMC9612055 DOI: 10.3390/v14102288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune cell state alterations rewire HIV-1 gene expression, thereby influencing viral latency and reactivation, but the mechanisms are still unfolding. Here, using a screen approach on CD4+ T cell models of HIV-1 latency, we revealed Small Molecule Reactivators (SMOREs) with unique chemistries altering the CD4+ T cell state and consequently promoting latent HIV-1 transcription and reactivation through an unprecedented mechanism of action. SMOREs triggered rapid oxidative stress and activated a redox-responsive program composed of cell-signaling kinases (MEK-ERK axis) and atypical transcription factor (AP-1 and HIF-1α) cooperativity. SMOREs induced an unusual AP-1 phosphorylation signature to promote AP-1/HIF-1α binding to the latent HIV-1 proviral genome for its activation. Consistently, latent HIV-1 reactivation was compromised with pharmacologic inhibition of oxidative stress sensing or of cell-signaling kinases, and transcription factor’s loss of expression, thus functionally linking the host redox-responsive program to viral transcriptional rewiring. Notably, SMOREs induced the redox program in primary CD4+ T cells and reactivated latent HIV-1 in aviremic patient samples alone and in combination with known latency-reversing agents, thus providing physiological relevance. Our findings suggest that manipulation of redox-sensitive pathways could be exploited to alter the course of HIV-1 latency, thus rendering host cells responsive to help achieve a sterilizing cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Cruz-Lorenzo
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Nora-Guadalupe P. Ramirez
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jeon Lee
- Lydia Hill Department of Bioinformatics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Sonali Pandhe
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Cecil H. and Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Juan Hernandez-Doria
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Adam M. Spivak
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Vicente Planelles
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Tianna Petersen
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Mamta K. Jain
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Parkland Health & Hospital System, 5200 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
| | - Elisabeth D. Martinez
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Iván D’Orso
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Correspondence:
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