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Karmoker JR, Bounds SE, Cai J. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-mediated immune responses to degeneration of the retinal pigment epithelium. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:167351. [PMID: 39004382 PMCID: PMC11330344 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Injuries to the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) trigger immune responses, orchestrating interactions within the innate and adaptive immune systems in the outer retina and choroid. We previously reported that interleukin 17 (IL-17) is a pivotal signaling molecule originating from choroidal γδ T cells, exerting protective effects by mediating functional connections between the RPE and subretinal microglia. In this current study, we generated mice with aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) knockout specifically in IL-17-producing cells. These animals had deficiency in IL-17 production from γδ T cells, and exhibited increased sensitivity to both acute and chronic insults targeting the RPE. These findings imply that IL-17 plays a crucial role as a signaling cytokine in preserving the homeostasis of the outer retina and choroid.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Regun Karmoker
- Department of Biochemistry & Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
| | - Sarah E Bounds
- Department of Biochemistry & Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
| | - Jiyang Cai
- Department of Biochemistry & Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Dean McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
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2
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Ashbery D, Baez HC, Kanarr RE, Kunala K, Power D, Chu CJ, Schallek J, McGregor JE. In Vivo Visualization of Intravascular Patrolling Immune Cells in the Primate Eye. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:23. [PMID: 39283618 PMCID: PMC11407476 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.11.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Insight into the immune status of the living eye is essential as we seek to understand ocular disease and develop new treatments. The nonhuman primate (NHP) is the gold standard preclinical model for therapeutic development in ophthalmology, owing to the similar visual system and immune landscape in the NHP relative to the human. Here, we demonstrate the utility of phase-contrast adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscope (AOSLO) to visualize immune cell dynamics on the cellular scale, label-free in the NHP. Methods Phase-contrast AOSLO was used to image preselected areas of retinal vasculature in five NHP eyes. Images were registered to correct for eye motion, temporally averaged, and analyzed for immune cell activity. Cell counts, dimensions, velocities, and frequency per vessel were determined manually and compared between retinal arterioles and venules. Based on cell appearance and circularity index, cells were divided into three morphologies: ovoid, semicircular, and flattened. Results Immune cells were observed migrating along vascular endothelium with and against blood flow. Cell velocity did not significantly differ between morphology or vessel type and was independent of blow flood. Venules had a significantly higher cell frequency than arterioles. A higher proportion of cells resembled "flattened" morphology in arterioles. Based on cell speeds, morphologies, and behaviors, we identified these cells as nonclassical patrolling monocytes (NCPMs). Conclusions Phase-contrast AOSLO has the potential to reveal the once hidden behaviors of single immune cells in retinal circulation and can do so without the requirement of added contrast agents that may disrupt immune cell behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew Ashbery
- University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Hector C Baez
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Rye E Kanarr
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Karteek Kunala
- Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States
| | - Derek Power
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Colin J Chu
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jesse Schallek
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States
- Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Juliette E McGregor
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States
- Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States
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3
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Becker S, L'Ecuyer Z, Jones BW, Zouache MA, McDonnell FS, Vinberg F. Modeling complex age-related eye disease. Prog Retin Eye Res 2024; 100:101247. [PMID: 38365085 PMCID: PMC11268458 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2024.101247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Modeling complex eye diseases like age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and glaucoma poses significant challenges, since these conditions depend highly on age-related changes that occur over several decades, with many contributing factors remaining unknown. Although both diseases exhibit a relatively high heritability of >50%, a large proportion of individuals carrying AMD- or glaucoma-associated genetic risk variants will never develop these diseases. Furthermore, several environmental and lifestyle factors contribute to and modulate the pathogenesis and progression of AMD and glaucoma. Several strategies replicate the impact of genetic risk variants, pathobiological pathways and environmental and lifestyle factors in AMD and glaucoma in mice and other species. In this review we will primarily discuss the most commonly available mouse models, which have and will likely continue to improve our understanding of the pathobiology of age-related eye diseases. Uncertainties persist whether small animal models can truly recapitulate disease progression and vision loss in patients, raising doubts regarding their usefulness when testing novel gene or drug therapies. We will elaborate on concerns that relate to shorter lifespan, body size and allometries, lack of macula and a true lamina cribrosa, as well as absence and sequence disparities of certain genes and differences in their chromosomal location in mice. Since biological, rather than chronological, age likely predisposes an organism for both glaucoma and AMD, more rapidly aging organisms like small rodents may open up possibilities that will make research of these diseases more timely and financially feasible. On the other hand, due to the above-mentioned anatomical and physiological features, as well as pharmacokinetic and -dynamic differences small animal models are not ideal to study the natural progression of vision loss or the efficacy and safety of novel therapies. In this context, we will also discuss the advantages and pitfalls of alternative models that include larger species, such as non-human primates and rabbits, patient-derived retinal organoids, and human organ donor eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Becker
- John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Zia L'Ecuyer
- John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Bryan W Jones
- John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Moussa A Zouache
- John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Fiona S McDonnell
- John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Frans Vinberg
- John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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Ng TF, Cho JY, Zhao JL, Gardiner JR, Wang ES, Leung E, Xu Z, Fineman SL, Lituchy M, Lo AC, Taylor AW. Alpha-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone Maintains Retinal Homeostasis after Ischemia/Reperfusion. Biomolecules 2024; 14:525. [PMID: 38785932 PMCID: PMC11118772 DOI: 10.3390/biom14050525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Augmenting the natural melanocortin pathway in mouse eyes with uveitis or diabetes protects the retinas from degeneration. The retinal cells are protected from oxidative and apoptotic signals of death. Therefore, we investigated the effects of a therapeutic application of the melanocortin alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) on an ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) model of retinal degenerative disease. Eyes were subjected to an I/R procedure and were treated with α-MSH. Retinal sections were histopathologically scored. Also, the retinal sections were immunostained for viable ganglion cells, activated Muller cells, microglial cells, and apoptosis. The I/R caused retinal deformation and ganglion cell loss that was significantly reduced in I/R eyes treated with α-MSH. While α-MSH treatment marginally reduced the number of GFAP-positive Muller cells, it significantly suppressed the density of Iba1-positive microglial cells in the I/R retinas. Within one hour after I/R, there was apoptosis in the ganglion cell layer, and by 48 h, there was apoptosis in all layers of the neuroretina. The α-MSH treatment significantly reduced and delayed the onset of apoptosis in the retinas of I/R eyes. The results demonstrate that therapeutically augmenting the melanocortin pathways preserves retinal structure and cell survival in eyes with progressive neuroretinal degenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tat Fong Ng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedesian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (T.F.N.)
| | - Jenna Y. Cho
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedesian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (T.F.N.)
| | - John L. Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedesian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (T.F.N.)
| | - John R. Gardiner
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedesian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (T.F.N.)
| | - Eric S. Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedesian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (T.F.N.)
| | - Elman Leung
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedesian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (T.F.N.)
| | - Ziqian Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedesian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (T.F.N.)
| | - Samantha L. Fineman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedesian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (T.F.N.)
| | - Melinda Lituchy
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedesian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (T.F.N.)
| | - Amy C. Lo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Andrew W. Taylor
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedesian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (T.F.N.)
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Caproni A, Nordi C, Fontana R, Facchini M, Melija S, Pappadà M, Buratto M, Marconi P. Herpes Simplex Virus ICP27 Protein Inhibits AIM 2-Dependent Inflammasome Influencing Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines Release in Human Pigment Epithelial Cells (hTert-RPE 1). Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4608. [PMID: 38731826 PMCID: PMC11083950 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Although Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) has been deeply studied, significant gaps remain in the fundamental understanding of HSV-host interactions: our work focused on studying the Infected Cell Protein 27 (ICP27) as an inhibitor of the Absent-in-melanoma-2 (AIM 2) inflammasome pathway, leading to reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines that influence the activation of a protective innate immune response to infection. To assess the inhibition of the inflammasome by the ICP27, hTert-immortalized Retinal Pigment Epithelial cells (hTert-RPE 1) infected with HSV-1 wild type were compared to HSV-1 lacking functional ICP27 (HSV-1∆ICP27) infected cells. The activation of the inflammasome by HSV-1∆ICP27 was demonstrated by quantifying the gene and protein expression of the inflammasome constituents using real-time PCR and Western blot. The detection of the cleavage of the pro-caspase-1 into the active form was performed by using a bioluminescent assay, while the quantification of interleukins 1β (IL-1β) and 18 (IL-18)released in the supernatant was quantified using an ELISA assay. The data showed that the presence of the ICP27 expressed by HSV-1 induces, in contrast to HSV-1∆ICP27 vector, a significant downregulation of AIM 2 inflammasome constituent proteins and, consequently, the release of pro-inflammatory interleukins into the extracellular environment reducing an effective response in counteracting infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Caproni
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (A.C.); (C.N.); (R.F.); (M.F.); (S.M.); (M.P.); (M.B.)
| | - Chiara Nordi
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (A.C.); (C.N.); (R.F.); (M.F.); (S.M.); (M.P.); (M.B.)
| | - Riccardo Fontana
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (A.C.); (C.N.); (R.F.); (M.F.); (S.M.); (M.P.); (M.B.)
| | - Martina Facchini
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (A.C.); (C.N.); (R.F.); (M.F.); (S.M.); (M.P.); (M.B.)
| | - Sara Melija
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (A.C.); (C.N.); (R.F.); (M.F.); (S.M.); (M.P.); (M.B.)
| | - Mariangela Pappadà
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (A.C.); (C.N.); (R.F.); (M.F.); (S.M.); (M.P.); (M.B.)
| | - Mattia Buratto
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (A.C.); (C.N.); (R.F.); (M.F.); (S.M.); (M.P.); (M.B.)
| | - Peggy Marconi
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (A.C.); (C.N.); (R.F.); (M.F.); (S.M.); (M.P.); (M.B.)
- LTTA Laboratory for Advanced Therapies, Technopole of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
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Inegbedion ES, Azzopardi M, Inessa T, Chong YJ. Alirocumab-associated unilateral posterior uveitis. BMJ Case Rep 2024; 17:e258183. [PMID: 38272519 PMCID: PMC10826482 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2023-258183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
A man in his mid-40s who had been recently started on alirocumab (a human monoclonal antibody which inhibits proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9) due to his strong familial cardiovascular risk and refractory hypercholesterolaemia presented with a few-hour history of acute-onset left-sided blurred vision. The best-corrected visual acuities were 6/6 bilaterally and slit-lamp examination was normal. However, optical coherence tomography revealed serous subretinal fluid in the left macula. Optos ultra-widefield retinal imaging and fundus autofluorescence, along with a set of blood tests, did not reveal any alternative causes. A diagnosis of alirocumab-associated uveitis was diagnosed. Alirocumab was stopped and he was followed up in uveitis clinic. Within 4 months following alirocumab cessation, the subretinal fluid resolved completely. This case report emphasises the importance of early multidisciplinary team involvement, since novel therapeutic agents can have unexpected adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tracey Inessa
- Pathology, Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Yu Jeat Chong
- Ophthalmology, Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Birmingham, UK
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7
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Yang P, Mustafi D, Pepple KL. Immunology of Retinitis Pigmentosa and Gene Therapy-Associated Uveitis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2024; 14:a041305. [PMID: 37037600 PMCID: PMC10562523 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
The underlying immune state of inherited retinal degenerations (IRDs) and retinitis pigmentosa (RP) has been an emerging area of interest, wherein the consequences have never been greater given the widespread recognition of gene therapy-associated uveitis (GTU) in gene therapy clinical trials. Whereas some evidence suggests that the adaptive immune system may play a role, the majority of studies indicate that the innate immune system is likely the primary driver of neuroinflammation in RP. During retinal degeneration, discrete mechanisms activate resident microglia and promote infiltrating macrophages that can either be protective or detrimental to photoreceptor cell death. This persistent stimulation of innate immunity, overlaid by the introduction of viral antigens as part of gene therapy, has the potential to trigger a complex microglia/macrophage-driven proinflammatory state. A better understanding of the immune pathophysiology in IRD and GTU will be necessary to improve the success of developing novel treatments for IRDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Yang
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregan 97239, USA
| | - Debarshi Mustafi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Roger and Karalis Johnson Retina Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Kathryn L Pepple
- Department of Ophthalmology, Roger and Karalis Johnson Retina Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
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8
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Huang JM, Zhao N, Hao XN, Li SY, Wei D, Pu N, Peng GH, Tao Y. CX3CL1/CX3CR1 Signaling Mediated Neuroglia Activation Is Implicated in the Retinal Degeneration: A Potential Therapeutic Target to Prevent Photoreceptor Death. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:29. [PMID: 38231527 PMCID: PMC10795588 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.1.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Retinal degeneration (RD) is a large cluster of retinopathies that is characterized by the progressive photoreceptor death and visual impairments. CX3CL1/CX3CR1 signaling has been documented to mediate the microglia activation and gliosis reaction during neurodegeneration. We intend to verify whether the CX3CL1/CX3CR1 signaling is involved in the RD pathology. Methods A pharmacologically induced RD mice model was established. AZD8797, a CX3CR1 antagonist, was injected into the vitreous cavity of an RD model to modulate the neuroglia activation. Then, the experimental animals were subjected to functional, morphological, and behavioral analysis. Results The CX3CL1/CX3CR1 signaling mediated neuroglia activation was implicated in the photoreceptor demise of an RD model. Intravitreal injection of AZD8797 preserved the retinal structure and enhanced the photoreceptor survival through inhibiting the CX3CL1/CX3CR1 expressions. Fundus photography showed that the distribution of retinal vessel was clear, and the severity of lesions was alleviated by AZD8797. In particular, these morphological benefits could be translated into remarkable functional improvements, as evidenced by the behavioral test and electroretinogram (mf-ERG) examination. A mechanism study showed that AZD8797 mitigated the microglia activation and migration in the degenerative retinas. The Müller cell hyper-reaction and secondary gliosis response were also suppressed by AZD8797. Conclusions The neuroinflammation is implicated in the photoreceptor loss of RD pathology. Targeting the CX3CL1/CX3CR1 signaling may serve as an effective therapeutic strategy. Future refinements of these findings may cast light into the discovery of new medications for RD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Min Huang
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Laboratory of Visual Cell Differentiation and Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Na Zhao
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Laboratory of Visual Cell Differentiation and Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Na Hao
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Laboratory of Visual Cell Differentiation and Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Si-Yu Li
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Laboratory of Visual Cell Differentiation and Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dong Wei
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Laboratory of Visual Cell Differentiation and Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ning Pu
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Laboratory of Visual Cell Differentiation and Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guang-Hua Peng
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Laboratory of Visual Cell Differentiation and Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ye Tao
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Laboratory of Visual Cell Differentiation and Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Dujardin C, Habeler W, Monville C, Letourneur D, Simon-Yarza T. Advances in the engineering of the outer blood-retina barrier: From in-vitro modelling to cellular therapy. Bioact Mater 2024; 31:151-177. [PMID: 37637086 PMCID: PMC10448242 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The outer blood-retina barrier (oBRB), crucial for the survival and the proper functioning of the overlying retinal layers, is disrupted in numerous diseases affecting the retina, leading to the loss of the photoreceptors and ultimately of vision. To study the oBRB and/or its degeneration, many in vitro oBRB models have been developed, notably to investigate potential therapeutic strategies against retinal diseases. Indeed, to this day, most of these pathologies are untreatable, especially once the first signs of degeneration are observed. To cure those patients, a current strategy is to cultivate in vitro a mature oBRB epithelium on a custom membrane that is further implanted to replace the damaged native tissue. After a description of the oBRB and the related diseases, this review presents an overview of the oBRB models, from the simplest to the most complex. Then, we propose a discussion over the used cell types, for their relevance to study or treat the oBRB. Models designed for in vitro applications are then examined, by paying particular attention to the design evolution in the last years, the development of pathological models and the benefits of co-culture models, including both the retinal pigment epithelium and the choroid. Lastly, this review focuses on the models developed for in vivo implantation, with special emphasis on the choice of the material, its processing and its characterization, before discussing the reported pre-clinical and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Dujardin
- Université Paris Cité, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science (LVTS) INSERM-U1148, 75018 Paris, France
| | - Walter Habeler
- INSERM U861, I-Stem, AFM, Institute for Stem Cell Therapy and Exploration of Monogenic Diseases, 91100, Corbeil-Essonnes, France
- U861, I-Stem, AFM, Université Paris-Saclay, Université D’Evry, 91100, Corbeil-Essonnes, France
- CECS, Centre D’étude des Cellules Souches, 91100, Corbeil-Essonnes, France
| | - Christelle Monville
- INSERM U861, I-Stem, AFM, Institute for Stem Cell Therapy and Exploration of Monogenic Diseases, 91100, Corbeil-Essonnes, France
- U861, I-Stem, AFM, Université Paris-Saclay, Université D’Evry, 91100, Corbeil-Essonnes, France
| | - Didier Letourneur
- Université Paris Cité, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science (LVTS) INSERM-U1148, 75018 Paris, France
| | - Teresa Simon-Yarza
- Université Paris Cité, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science (LVTS) INSERM-U1148, 75018 Paris, France
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10
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Lee EJ, Lee S, Jang HJ, Yoo W. Loliolide in Sargassum horneri Alleviates Ultrafine Urban Particulate Matter (PM 0.1)-Induced Inflammation in Human RPE Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:162. [PMID: 38203333 PMCID: PMC10779059 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Owing to increasing air pollution due to industrial development, fine dust has been associated with threatening public health. In particular, ultrafine urban particulate matter (uf-UP, PM 0.1) can easily enter our bodies, causing inflammation-related diseases. Therefore, in the present study, we evaluated the effects of hydrothermal extracts of Sargassum horneri and its bioactive compound, loliolide, on uf-UP-induced inflammation as a potential treatment strategy for retinal disorders. Human retinal pigment epithelial cells (ARPE-19) stimulated with TNF-α or uf-UPs were treated with S. horneri extract and loliolide. S. horneri extracts exhibited anti-inflammatory effects on uf-UP-induced inflammation without cell toxicity through downregulating the mRNA expression of MCP-1, IL-8, IL-6, and TNF-α. UPLC-QTOF/MS analysis confirmed that the hydrothermal extract of S. horneri contained loliolide, which has anti-inflammatory effects. Loliolide effectively reduced the mRNA expression and production of proinflammatory chemokines (IL-8) and cytokines (IL-1β and IL-6) by downregulating the MAPK/NF-ĸB signaling pathway on TNF-α-stimulated inflammatory ARPE-19 cells. These effects were further confirmed in inflammatory ARPE-19 cells after stimulation with uf-UPs. Collectively, these results suggested the application of S. horneri as a functional ingredient for treating ocular disorders caused by particular matters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jeoung Lee
- AceBiome Inc., Seoul 06164, Republic of Korea; (E.J.L.); (S.L.)
- R&D Center, AceBiome Inc., Daejeon 34013, Republic of Korea
| | - Sol Lee
- AceBiome Inc., Seoul 06164, Republic of Korea; (E.J.L.); (S.L.)
- R&D Center, AceBiome Inc., Daejeon 34013, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jae Jang
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheonju-si 28116, Republic of Korea;
- Natural Product Central Bank, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheonju-si 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonbeak Yoo
- Personalized Genomic Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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11
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Fietz A, Schnichels S, Hurst J. Co-cultivation of primary porcine RPE cells and neuroretina induces inflammation: a potential inflammatory AMD-model. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19345. [PMID: 37935821 PMCID: PMC10630302 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46029-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
One common aspect in the pathology of many retinal diseases like age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the death of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells. RPE cells are essential for photoreceptor survival as they recycle and remove compounds of the visual cycle and secrete protective cytokines. Studying RPE cells is crucial to improve our understanding of retinal pathologies, yet only a few retinal ex vivo models include them or do so only indirectly. Besides the positive effects in indirect co-cultivation models, also a slight inflammation was observed. In this study we developed an ex vivo model consisting of a primary porcine RPE monolayer directly co-cultured with porcine retinal organ cultures, to investigate and simulate inflammatory retinal diseases, such as (dry) AMD. The direct co-cultivation resulted in immune reactivity (enhanced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines e.g., IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8) and cell death. These effects were evaluated for the retinal explant as well as for the RPE-monolayer to further understand the complex interactions between these two compartments. Taken together, this ex vivo model can be used to study inflammatory retinal diseases like AMD as well as the rejection observed after RPE-transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Fietz
- Centre for Ophthalmology, University Eye Hospital Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sven Schnichels
- Centre for Ophthalmology, University Eye Hospital Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - José Hurst
- Centre for Ophthalmology, University Eye Hospital Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
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12
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Mylvaganam S, Freeman SA. The resolution of phagosomes. Immunol Rev 2023; 319:45-64. [PMID: 37551912 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Phagocytosis is a fundamental immunobiological process responsible for the removal of harmful particulates. While the number of phagocytic events achieved by a single phagocyte can be remarkable, exceeding hundreds per day, the same phagocytic cells are relatively long-lived. It should therefore be obvious that phagocytic meals must be resolved in order to maintain the responsiveness of the phagocyte and to avoid storage defects. In this article, we discuss the mechanisms involved in the resolution process, including solute transport pathways and membrane traffic. We describe how products liberated in phagolysosomes support phagocyte metabolism and the immune response. We also speculate on mechanisms involved in the redistribution of phagosomal metabolites back to circulation. Finally, we highlight the pathologies owed to impaired phagosome resolution, which range from storage disorders to neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivakami Mylvaganam
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Spencer A Freeman
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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13
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Choi SW, Seo S, Hong HK, Yoon SJ, Kim M, Moon S, Lee JY, Lim J, Lee JB, Woo SJ. Therapeutic Extracellular Vesicles from Tonsil-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells for the Treatment of Retinal Degenerative Disease. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2023; 20:951-964. [PMID: 37440108 PMCID: PMC10519919 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-023-00555-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinal degenerative disease (RDD), one of the most common causes of blindness, is predominantly caused by the gradual death of retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPEs) and photoreceptors due to various causes. Cell-based therapies, such as stem cell implantation, have been developed for the treatment of RDD, but potential risks, including teratogenicity and immune reactions, have hampered their clinical application. Stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) have recently emerged as a cell-free alternative therapeutic strategy; however, additional invasiveness and low yield of the stem cell extraction process is problematic. METHODS To overcome these limitations, we developed therapeutic EVs for the treatment of RDD which were extracted from tonsil-derived mesenchymal stem cells obtained from human tonsil tissue discarded as medical waste following tonsillectomy (T-MSC EVs). To verify the biocompatibility and cytoprotective effect of T-MSC EVs, we measured cell viability by co-culture with human RPE without or with toxic all-trans-retinal. To elucidate the cytoprotective mechanism of T-MSC EVs, we performed transcriptome sequencing using RNA extracted from RPEs. The in vivo protective effect of T-MSC EVs was evaluated using Pde6b gene knockout rats as an animal model of retinitis pigmentosa. RESULTS T-MSC EVs showed high biocompatibility and the human pigment epithelial cells were significantly protected in the presence of T-MSC EVs from the toxic effect of all-trans-retinal. In addition, T-MSC EVs showed a dose-dependent cell death-delaying effect in real-time quantification of cell death. Transcriptome sequencing analysis revealed that the efficient ability of T-MSC EVs to regulate intracellular oxidative stress may be one of the reasons explaining their excellent cytoprotective effect. Additionally, intravitreally injected T-MSC EVs had an inhibitory effect on the destruction of the outer nuclear layer in the Pde6b gene knockout rat. CONCLUSIONS Together, the results of this study indicate the preventive and therapeutic effects of T-MSC EVs during the initiation and development of retinal degeneration, which may be a beneficial alternative for the treatment of RDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Woo Choi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, 13620, Korea
| | - Sooin Seo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, 13620, Korea
| | - Hye Kyoung Hong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, 13620, Korea
| | - So Jung Yoon
- Bundang CHA Biobank, CHA University College of Medicine, CHA University Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam, 13496, Korea
| | - Minah Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, 13620, Korea
| | - Sunghyun Moon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Seoul, 163 Seoul Siripdaero, Dongdaemun-Gu, Seoul, 02504, Korea
| | - Joo Yong Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Asan Medical Center, Ulsan University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jaeseung Lim
- Cellatoz Therapeutics Lnc, Seongnam, 13487, Korea
| | - Jong Bum Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Seoul, 163 Seoul Siripdaero, Dongdaemun-Gu, Seoul, 02504, Korea
| | - Se Joon Woo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, 13620, Korea.
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14
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Putera I, Schrijver B, Ten Berge JCEM, Gupta V, La Distia Nora R, Agrawal R, van Hagen PM, Rombach SM, Dik WA. The immune response in tubercular uveitis and its implications for treatment: From anti-tubercular treatment to host-directed therapies. Prog Retin Eye Res 2023:101189. [PMID: 37236420 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2023.101189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Tubercular uveitis (TB-uveitis) remains a conundrum in the uveitis field, which is mainly related to the diverse clinical phenotypes of TB-uveitis. Moreover, it remains difficult to differentiate whether Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is present in the ocular tissues, elicits a heightened immune response without Mtb invasion in ocular tissues, or even induces an anti-retinal autoimmune response. Gaps in the immuno-pathological knowledge of TB-uveitis likely delay timely diagnosis and appropriate management. In the last decade, the immunopathophysiology of TB-uveitis and its clinical management, including experts' consensus to treat or not to treat certain conditions with anti-tubercular treatment (ATT), have been extensively investigated. In the meantime, research on TB treatment, in general, is shifting more toward host-directed therapies (HDT). Given the complexities of the host-Mtb interaction, enhancement of the host immune response is expected to boost the effectiveness of ATT and help overcome the rising burden of drug-resistant Mtb strains in the population. This review will summarize the current knowledge on the immunopathophysiology of TB-uveitis and recent advances in treatment modalities and outcomes of TB-uveitis, capturing results gathered from high- and low-burden TB countries with ATT as the mainstay of treatment. Moreover, we outline the recent progress of HDT development in the pulmonary TB field and discuss the possibility of its applicability to TB-uveitis. The concept of HDT might help direct future development of efficacious therapy for TB-uveitis, although more in-depth research on the immunoregulation of this disease is still necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikhwanuliman Putera
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Section Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory Medical Immunology, Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia.
| | - Benjamin Schrijver
- Laboratory Medical Immunology, Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Vishali Gupta
- Retina and Uvea Services, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Rina La Distia Nora
- Laboratory Medical Immunology, Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Rupesh Agrawal
- National Healthcare Group Eye Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke NUS University, Singapore; Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore; Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - P Martin van Hagen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory Medical Immunology, Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - S M Rombach
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Willem A Dik
- Laboratory Medical Immunology, Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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15
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Tsai YC, Chen YG, Lee YC, Hwang YS, Hsieh YH. Diagnosis and Treatment of Central Serous Chorioretinopathy in Patients with Scleritis. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:medicina59050949. [PMID: 37241181 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59050949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) is characterized by central neurosensory retinal detachment from the retinal pigment epithelium. While the association between CSCR and steroid use is widely recognized, it is difficult to distinguish whether the subretinal fluid (SRF) in ocular inflammatory disease results from steroid use or an inflammation-related uveal effusion. We report the case of a 40-year-old man who presented to our department with intermittent redness and dull pain in both eyes that had persisted for three months. He was diagnosed with scleritis with SRF in both eyes and steroid therapy was started. Inflammation improved with steroid use, but SRF increased. This indicated that the fluid was not caused by the posterior scleritis-related uveal effusion but by steroid use. SRF and clinical symptoms subsided after steroids were discontinued completely and immunomodulatory therapy was initiated. Our study highlights that steroid-associated CSCR must be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients with scleritis, and prompt diagnosis with an immediate shift from steroids to immunomodulatory therapy can resolve SRF and clinical symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chien Tsai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital, Taoyuan 325, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
| | - Yann-Guang Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Chang Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Yih-Shiou Hwang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Xiamen 361000, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jen-Ai Hospital Dali Branch, Taichung 41265, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Hsiu Hsieh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
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16
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Fortress AM, Miyagishima KJ, Reed AA, Temple S, Clegg DO, Tucker BA, Blenkinsop TA, Harb G, Greenwell TN, Ludwig TE, Bharti K. Stem cell sources and characterization in the development of cell-based products for treating retinal disease: An NEI Town Hall report. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:53. [PMID: 36978104 PMCID: PMC10053463 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03282-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
National Eye Institute recently issued a new Strategic Plan outlining priority research areas for the next 5 years. Starting cell source for deriving stem cell lines is as an area with gaps and opportunities for making progress in regenerative medicine, a key area of emphasis within the NEI Strategic Plan. There is a critical need to understand how starting cell source affects the cell therapy product and what specific manufacturing capabilities and quality control standards are required for autologous vs allogeneic stem cell sources. With the goal of addressing some of these questions, in discussion with the community-at-large, NEI hosted a Town Hall at the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology annual meeting in May 2022. This session leveraged recent clinical advances in autologous and allogeneic RPE replacement strategies to develop guidance for upcoming cell therapies for photoreceptors, retinal ganglion cells, and other ocular cell types. Our focus on stem cell-based therapies for RPE underscores the relatively advanced stage of RPE cell therapies to patients with several ongoing clinical trials. Thus, this workshop encouraged lessons learned from the RPE field to help accelerate progress in developing stem cell-based therapies in other ocular tissues. This report provides a synthesis of the key points discussed at the Town Hall and highlights needs and opportunities in ocular regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M Fortress
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | | | - Amberlynn A Reed
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Dennis O Clegg
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Budd A Tucker
- Institute for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Timothy A Blenkinsop
- Ophthalmology Cell Development and Regenerative Biology, Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Thomas N Greenwell
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | | | - Kapil Bharti
- Ocular and Stem Cell Translational Research, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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17
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Polyunsaturated Lipids in the Light-Exposed and Prooxidant Retinal Environment. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12030617. [PMID: 36978865 PMCID: PMC10044808 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12030617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The retina is an oxidative stress-prone tissue due to high content of polyunsaturated lipids, exposure to visible light stimuli in the 400–480 nm range, and high oxygen availability provided by choroidal capillaries to support oxidative metabolism. Indeed, lipids’ peroxidation and their conversion into reactive species promoting inflammation have been reported and connected to retinal degenerations. Here, we review recent evidence showing how retinal polyunsaturated lipids, in addition to oxidative stress and damage, may counteract the inflammatory response triggered by blue light-activated carotenoid derivatives, enabling long-term retina operation despite its prooxidant environment. These two aspects of retinal polyunsaturated lipids require tight control over their synthesis to avoid overcoming their protective actions by an increase in lipid peroxidation due to oxidative stress. We review emerging evidence on different transcriptional control mechanisms operating in retinal cells to modulate polyunsaturated lipid synthesis over the life span, from the immature to the ageing retina. Finally, we discuss the antioxidant role of food nutrients such as xanthophylls and carotenoids that have been shown to empower retinal cells’ antioxidant responses and counteract the adverse impact of prooxidant stimuli on sight.
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18
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Du Y, Yan B. Ocular immune privilege and retinal pigment epithelial cells. J Leukoc Biol 2023; 113:288-304. [PMID: 36805720 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiac016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The ocular tissue microenvironment is immune-privileged and uses multiple immunosuppressive mechanisms to prevent the induction of inflammation. The retinal pigment epithelium plays an essential role in ocular immune privilege. In addition to serving as a blood barrier separating the fenestrated choriocapillaris from the retina, the retinal pigment epithelium is a source of immunosuppressive cytokines and membrane-bound negative regulators that modulate the activity of immune cells within the retina. This article reviews the current understanding of how retinal pigment epithelium cells mediate immune regulation, focusing on the changes under pathologic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Du
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Jining Medical University, No. 133, Hehua Road, Taibaihu New District, Jining, Shandong 272067, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Yan
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Jining Medical University, No. 133, Hehua Road, Taibaihu New District, Jining, Shandong 272067, People's Republic of China
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19
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Zhang J, Li W, Xiong Z, Zhu J, Ren X, Wang S, Kuang H, Lin X, Mora A, Li X. PDGF-D-induced immunoproteasome activation and cell-cell interactions. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2023; 21:2405-2418. [PMID: 37066124 PMCID: PMC10090480 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2023.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factor-D (PDGF-D) is abundantly expressed in ocular diseases. Yet, it remains unknown whether and how PDGF-D affects ocular cells or cell-cell interactions in the eye. In this study, using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and a mouse model of PDGF-D overexpression in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, we found that PDGF-D overexpression markedly upregulated the key immunoproteasome genes, leading to increased antigen processing/presentation capacity of RPE cells. Also, more than 6.5-fold ligand-receptor pairs were found in the PDGF-D overexpressing RPE-choroid tissues, suggesting markedly increased cell-cell interactions. Moreover, in the PDGF-D-overexpressing tissues, a unique cell population with a transcriptomic profile of both stromal cells and antigen-presenting RPE cells was detected, suggesting PDGF-D-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition of RPE cells. Importantly, administration of ONX-0914, an immunoproteasome inhibitor, suppressed choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in a mouse CNV model in vivo. Together, we show that overexpression of PDGF-D increased pro-angiogenic immunoproteasome activities, and inhibiting immunoproteasome pathway may have therapeutic value for the treatment of neovascular diseases.
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20
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Lin FL, Cheng YW, Chen LH, Ho JD, Yen JL, Wang MH, Lee TH, Hsiao G. Retinal protection by fungal product theissenolactone B in a sodium iodate-induced AMD model through targeting retinal pigment epithelial matrix metalloproteinase-9 and microglia activity. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 158:114138. [PMID: 36535199 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of low vision and blindness for which there is currently no cure. Increased matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) was found in AMD and potently contributes to its pathogenesis. Resident microglia also promote the processes of chronic neuroinflammation, accelerating the progression of AMD. The present study investigates the effects and mechanisms of the natural compound theissenolactone B (LB53), isolated from Theissenia cinerea, on the effects of RPE dysregulation and microglia hyperactivation and its retinal protective ability in a sodium iodate (NaIO3)-induced retinal degeneration model of AMD. The fungal component LB53 significantly reduces MMP-9 gelatinolysis in TNF-α-stimulated human RPE cells (ARPE-19). Similarly, LB53 abolishes MMP-9 protein and mRNA expression in ARPE-19 cells. Moreover, LB53 efficiently suppresses nitric oxide (NO) production, iNOS expression, and intracellular ROS levels in LPS-stimulated TLR 4-activated microglial BV-2 cells. According to signaling studies, LB53 specifically targets canonical NF-κB signaling in both ARPE-19 and BV-2 microglia. In an RPE-BV-2 interaction assay, LB53 ameliorates LPS-activated BV-2 conditioned medium-induced MMP-9 activation and expression in the RPE. In NaIO3-induced AMD mouse model, LB53 restores photoreceptor and bipolar cell dysfunction as assessed by electroretinography (ERG). Additionally, LB53 prevents retinal thinning, primarily the photoreceptor, and reduces retinal blood flow from NaIO3 damage evaluated by optic coherence tomography (OCT) and laser speckle flowgraphy (LSFG), respectively. Our results demonstrate that LB53 exerts neuroprotection in a mouse model of AMD, which can be attributed to its anti-retinal inflammatory effects by impeding RPE-mediated MMP-9 activation and anti-microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan-Li Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wen Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Huei Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jau-Der Ho
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Lun Yen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mong-Heng Wang
- Department of Physiology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Tzong-Huei Lee
- Institute of Fisheries Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - George Hsiao
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program for the Clinical Drug Discovery from Botanical Herbs, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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21
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Spiliopoulou P, Vornicova O, Genta S, Spreafico A. Shaping the Future of Immunotherapy Targets and Biomarkers in Melanoma and Non-Melanoma Cutaneous Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:1294. [PMID: 36674809 PMCID: PMC9862040 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in treating cutaneous melanoma have resulted in impressive patient survival gains. Refinement of disease staging and accurate patient risk classification have significantly improved our prognostic knowledge and ability to accurately stratify treatment. Undoubtedly, the most important step towards optimizing patient outcomes has been the advent of cancer immunotherapy, in the form of immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI). Immunotherapy has established its cardinal role in the management of both early and late-stage melanoma. Through leveraging outcomes in melanoma, immunotherapy has also extended its benefit to other types of skin cancers. In this review, we endeavor to summarize the current role of immunotherapy in melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers, highlight the most pertinent immunotherapy-related molecular biomarkers, and lastly, shed light on future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlina Spiliopoulou
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada
| | - Olga Vornicova
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada
- Mount Sinai Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Sofia Genta
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada
| | - Anna Spreafico
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada
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22
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Choi YK. An Altered Neurovascular System in Aging-Related Eye Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214104. [PMID: 36430581 PMCID: PMC9694120 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The eye has a complex and metabolically active neurovascular system. Repeated light injuries induce aging and trigger age-dependent eye diseases. Damage to blood vessels is related to the disruption of the blood-retinal barrier (BRB), altered cellular communication, disrupted mitochondrial functions, and exacerbated aggregated protein accumulation. Vascular complications, such as insufficient blood supply and BRB disruption, have been suggested to play a role in glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and Alzheimer's disease (AD), resulting in neuronal cell death. Neuronal loss can induce vision loss. In this review, we discuss the importance of the neurovascular system in the eye, especially in aging-related diseases such as glaucoma, AMD, and AD. Beneficial molecular pathways to prevent or slow down retinal pathologic processes will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Kyung Choi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
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23
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Microglia-Neutrophil Interactions Drive Dry AMD-like Pathology in a Mouse Model. Cells 2022; 11:cells11223535. [PMID: 36428965 PMCID: PMC9688699 DOI: 10.3390/cells11223535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD), inflammation plays a key role in disease pathogenesis. Innate immune cells such as microglia and neutrophils infiltrate the sub-retinal space (SRS) to induce chronic inflammation and AMD progression. But a major gap in our understanding is how these cells interact with each other in AMD. Here, we report a novel concept of how dynamic interactions between microglia and neutrophils contribute to AMD pathology. Using well-characterized genetically engineered mouse models as tools, we show that in the diseased state, retinal pigmented epithelial (RPE) cells trigger pro-inflammatory (M1) transition in microglia with diminished expression of the homeostatic marker, CX3CR1. Activated microglia localize to the SRS and regulate local neutrophil function, triggering their activation and thereby inducing early RPE changes. Ligand receptor (LR)-loop analysis and cell culture studies revealed that M1 microglia also induce the expression of neutrophil adhesion mediators (integrin β1/α4) through their interaction with CD14 on microglia. Furthermore, microglia-induced neutrophil activation and subsequent neutrophil-mediated RPE alterations were mitigated by inhibiting Akt2 in microglia. These results suggest that the Akt2 pathway in microglia drives M1 microglia-mediated neutrophil activation, thereby triggering early RPE degeneration and is a novel therapeutic target for early AMD, a stage without treatment options.
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Neroeva N, Neroev V, Chesnokova N, Katargina L, Pavlenko T, Beznos O, Ilyukhin P, Utkina O, Lagarkova M, Laktionov P, Bogomazova A, Kharitonov A. Changes of a2-macroglobulin activity and endothelin-1 concentration in tears of rabbits after transplantation of retinal pigment epithelium cells derived from the induced pluripotent stem cells. BIOMEDITSINSKAYA KHIMIYA 2022; 68:352-360. [DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20226805352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Retinal diseases accompanied with the dysfunction or death of the retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells are widespread, hard to treat, and appear to be a leading case of visual loss and blindness among the persons older than 55 years. Transplantation of RPE cells derived from the induced pluripotent stem cells (IPSC-RPE) is a promising method of therapy for these diseases. To ensure the transplant survival instant follow-up is required. It can be based on biochemical analyses of tear fluid that can be easily non-invasively collected. For the post-transplantation process monitoring we have choosen such polyfunctional bioregulators as α2-macroglobulin (α2-MG) and endothelin-1 (ET-1). RPE atrophy in New Zealand Albino rabbits was modeled via the subretinal injection of bevacizumab. IPSC-RPE in suspension or as a monolayer on the scaffold were transplanted subretinally 1 month after the injection. α2-MG activity and ET-1 concentration in tears were estimated during the first month and after 2, 3 and 7 months after transplantation. On the 7-14 days after transplantation α2-MG activity increased in tears of the both operated and controlateral eye probably as a reaction on the corticosteroid therapy. In 50% rabbits there was one more increase after 2-3 months that could be due to the immune inflammation. Concentration of ET-1 in tears decreased dramatically on the 7-14 days and 7 months after transplantation, and it could have an influence upon the retinal vassal tone. The data obtained show that estimation of bioregulators in tears can help monitoring local metabolic processes after RPE transplantation that is necessary for the opportune, reasonable and focused medicamental correction of post-transplantation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- N.V. Neroeva
- Helmholtz National Medical Research Center of Eye Diseases, Moscow, Russia
| | - V.V. Neroev
- Helmholtz National Medical Research Center of Eye Diseases, Moscow, Russia
| | - N.B. Chesnokova
- Helmholtz National Medical Research Center of Eye Diseases, Moscow, Russia
| | - L.A. Katargina
- Helmholtz National Medical Research Center of Eye Diseases, Moscow, Russia
| | - T.A. Pavlenko
- Helmholtz National Medical Research Center of Eye Diseases, Moscow, Russia
| | - O.V. Beznos
- Helmholtz National Medical Research Center of Eye Diseases, Moscow, Russia
| | - P.A. Ilyukhin
- Helmholtz National Medical Research Center of Eye Diseases, Moscow, Russia
| | - O.A. Utkina
- Helmholtz National Medical Research Center of Eye Diseases, Moscow, Russia
| | - M.A. Lagarkova
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia
| | - P.P. Laktionov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - A.N. Bogomazova
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia
| | - A.E. Kharitonov
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia
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Multifunctional Interleukin-24 Resolves Neuroretina Autoimmunity via Diverse Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911988. [PMID: 36233291 PMCID: PMC9570500 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-24 is a multifunctional cytokine that regulates both immune cells and epithelial cells. Although its elevation is associated with a number of autoimmune diseases, its tolerogenic properties against autoreactive T cells have recently been revealed in an animal model of central nervous system (CNS) autoimmunity by inhibiting the pathogenic Th17 response. To explore the potential of IL-24 as a therapeutic agent in CNS autoimmunity, we induced experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) in wildtype mice and intravitreally injected IL-24 into the inflamed eye after disease onset. We found that the progression of ocular inflammation was significantly inhibited in the IL-24-treated eye when compared to the control eye. More importantly, IL-24 treatment suppressed cytokine production from ocular-infiltrating, pathogenic Th1 and Th17 cells. In vitro experiments confirmed that IL-24 suppressed both Th1 and Th17 differentiation by regulating their master transcription factors T-bet and RORγt, respectively. In addition, we found that intravitreal injection of IL-24 suppressed the production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines from the retinas of the EAU-inflamed eyes. This observation appears to be applicable in humans, as IL-24 similarly inhibits human retinal pigment epithelium cells ARPE-19. In conclusion, we report here that IL-24, as a multifunctional cytokine, is capable of resolving ocular inflammation in EAU mice by targeting both uveitogenic T cells and RPE cells. This study sheds new light on IL-24 as a potential therapeutic candidate for autoimmune uveitis.
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Sridevi Gurubaran I, Hytti M, Kaarniranta K, Kauppinen A. Epoxomicin, a Selective Proteasome Inhibitor, Activates AIM2 Inflammasome in Human Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11071288. [PMID: 35883779 PMCID: PMC9311580 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11071288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that the intracellular clearance system plays a vital role in maintaining homeostasis and in regulating oxidative stress and inflammation in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells. Dysfunctional proteasomes and autophagy in RPE cells have been associated with the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration. We have previously shown that the inhibition of proteasomes using MG-132 activates the NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in human RPE cells. However, MG-132 is a non-selective proteasome inhibitor. In this study, we used the selective proteasome inhibitor epoxomicin to study the effect of non-functional intracellular clearance systems on inflammasome activation. Our data show that epoxomicin-induced proteasome inhibition promoted both nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase and mitochondria-mediated oxidative stress and release of mitochondrial DNA to the cytosol, which resulted in potassium efflux-dependent absence in melanoma 2 (AIM2) inflammasome activation and subsequent interleukin-1β secretion in ARPE-19 cells. The non-specific proteasome inhibitor MG-132 activated both NLRP3 and AIM2 inflammasomes and oxidative stress predominated as the activation mechanism, but modest potassium efflux was also detected. Collectively, our data suggest that a selective proteasome inhibitor is a potent inflammasome activator in human RPE cells and emphasize the role of the AIM2 inflammasome in addition to the more commonly known NLRP3 inflammasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iswariyaraja Sridevi Gurubaran
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; (I.S.G.); (K.K.)
| | - Maria Hytti
- Immuno-Ophthalmology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland;
| | - Kai Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; (I.S.G.); (K.K.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, 70029 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anu Kauppinen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; (I.S.G.); (K.K.)
- Immuno-Ophthalmology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland;
- Correspondence:
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Napoli D, Strettoi E. Structural abnormalities of retinal pigment epithelial cells in a light‐inducible, rhodopsin mutant mouse. J Anat 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/joa.13667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Debora Napoli
- Neuroscience Institute, Italian National Research Council, CNR Pisa Italy
- Regional Doctorate School of Neuroscience University of Florence Florence Italy
| | - Enrica Strettoi
- Neuroscience Institute, Italian National Research Council, CNR Pisa Italy
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Ng TF, Dawit K, Taylor AW. Melanocortin receptor agonists suppress experimental autoimmune uveitis. Exp Eye Res 2022; 218:108986. [PMID: 35196505 PMCID: PMC9050930 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.108986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The melanocortin system plays an essential role in the regulation of immune activity. The anti-inflammatory microenvironment of the eye is dependent on the expression of the melanocortin-neuropeptide alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH). In addition, the melanocortin system may have a role in retinal development and retinal cell survival under conditions of retinal degeneration. We have found that treating experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) with α-MSH suppresses retinal inflammation. Also, this augmentation of the melanocortin system promotes immune tolerance and protection of the retinal structure. The benefit of α-MSH-therapy appears to be dependent on different melanocortin receptors. Therefore, we treated EAU mice with α-MSH-analogs with different melanocortin-receptor targets. This approach demonstrated which melanocortin-receptors suppress inflammation, preserve retinal structure, and induce immune tolerance in uveitis. At the chronic stage of EAU the mice were injected twice 1 day apart with 50 μg of α-MSH or an α-MSH-analog. The α-MSH-analogs were a pan-agonist PL8331, PL8177 (potent MC1r-only agonist), PL5000 (a pan-agonist with no MC5r functional activity), MT-II (same as PL5000) and PG901 (MC5r agonist, but also an antagonist to MC3r, and MC4r). Clinical EAU scores were measured until resolution in the α-MSH-treated mice, when the eyes were collected for histology, and spleen cells collected for retinal-antigen-stimulated cytokine production. Significant suppression of EAU was seen with α-MSH or PL8331 treatment. This was accompanied with significant preservation of retinal structure. A similar effect was seen in EAU-mice that were treated with PL8177, except the suppression of EAU was temporary. In EAU mice treated with PL5000, MTII, or PG901, there was no suppression of EAU with a significant loss in whole retina and outer-nuclear layer thickness. There was significant suppression of IL-17 with induction of IL-10 by retinal-antigen stimulated spleen T cells from EAU mice treated with α-MSH, PL8331, PL8177, or PL5000, but not from EAU mice treated with MT-II, or PG901. Our previous studies show the melanocortin system's importance in maintaining ocular immune privilege and that α-MSH-treatment accelerates recovery and induces retinal-antigen-specific regulatory immunity in EAU. Our current results show that this activity is centered around MC1r and MC5r. In addition, the results suggest that a therapeutic potential to target MC1r and MC5r together to suppress uveitis induces regulatory immunity with potentially maintaining a normal retinal structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tat Fong Ng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord St., Boston, MA, 02118, United States
| | - Kaleb Dawit
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord St., Boston, MA, 02118, United States
| | - Andrew W Taylor
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord St., Boston, MA, 02118, United States.
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Bridge arch-shaped subretinal fluid in neovascular age-related macular degeneration - evolution and outcomes. Retina 2022; 42:1012-1019. [PMID: 35152246 DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000003436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To study factors leading to bridge arch-shaped subretinal fluid (SRF) on optical coherence tomography (OCT) in wet age-related macular degeneration and evaluate its anatomical and functional outcomes. METHODS In this single-center, retrospective study, patients with bridge arch-shaped SRF and choroidal neovascular membrane (CNVM) were included. RESULTS We identified 623 eyes in 431 patients with chronic CNVM and 24 (4%) eyes in 21 patients showed bridge arch-shaped SRF. Mean age of patients was 69.19 ± 12.0 years. Type 1 CNVM was noted in 79% cases before development of bridge arch-shaped SRF. Mean ETDRS letters visual acuity was 53.93 ± 32.19. Time interval to develop bridge arch-shaped SRF was 21.9 ± 30.63 months. Mean number of intravitreal anti-VEGF injections given before developing bridge arch-shaped SRF was 6.5 ± 7.09. During development of bridge arch-shaped SRF, visual acuity reduced by -20.57 ± 31.13 letters (p=0.033) and fibrotic type 2 CNVM (n=18, 75%) was noted. RPE tear was noted in 8 (33%) eyes. At final visit, further reduction in visual acuity of -7.136 ± 13.73 ETDRS letters (p=0.011) after developing bridge arch-shaped SRF was seen. Mean number of injections given after developing bridge arch shaped SRF was 4.76 ± 3.76. CONCLUSION Bridge arch-shaped SRF is an uncommon finding seen in eyes with type 2 chronic CNVMs. Presence of RPE breach and tear and non-aggressive treatment regimen with intravitreal anti-VEGF injections could be responsible for its pathogenesis. It is a marker of fibrotic enlargement, leading to poor visual outcomes despite showing favourable therapeutic response.
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Varin J, Morival C, Maillard N, Adjali O, Cronin T. Risk Mitigation of Immunogenicity: A Key to Personalized Retinal Gene Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12818. [PMID: 34884622 PMCID: PMC8658027 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy (GT) for ocular disorders has advanced the most among adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated therapies, with one product already approved in the market. The bank of retinal gene mutations carefully compiled over 30 years, the small retinal surface that does not require high clinical vector stocks, and the relatively immune-privileged environment of the eye explain such success. However, adverse effects due to AAV-delivery, though rare in the retina have led to the interruption of clinical trials. Risk mitigation, as the key to safe and efficient GT, has become the focus of 'bedside-back-to-bench' studies. Herein, we overview the inflammatory adverse events described in retinal GT trials and analyze which components of the retinal immunological environment might be the most involved in these immune responses, with a focus on the innate immune system composed of microglial surveillance. We consider the factors that can influence inflammation in the retina after GT such as viral sensors in the retinal tissue and CpG content in promoters or transgene sequences. Finally, we consider options to reduce the immunological risk, including dose, modified capsids or exclusion criteria for clinical trials. A better understanding and mitigation of immune risk factors inducing host immunity in AAV-mediated retinal GT is the key to achieving safe and efficient GT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Oumeya Adjali
- CHU de Nantes, INSERM UMR1089, Translational Gene Therapy for Genetic Diseases, Université de Nantes, F-44200 Nantes, France; (J.V.); (C.M.); (N.M.)
| | - Therese Cronin
- CHU de Nantes, INSERM UMR1089, Translational Gene Therapy for Genetic Diseases, Université de Nantes, F-44200 Nantes, France; (J.V.); (C.M.); (N.M.)
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