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Joseph AM, Al Aiyan A, Al-Ramadi B, Singh SK, Kishore U. Innate and adaptive immune-directed tumour microenvironment in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1323198. [PMID: 38384463 PMCID: PMC10879611 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1323198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
One of the most deadly and aggressive cancers in the world, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), typically manifests at an advanced stage. PDAC is becoming more common, and by the year 2030, it is expected to overtake lung cancer as the second greatest cause of cancer-related death. The poor prognosis can be attributed to a number of factors, including difficulties in early identification, a poor probability of curative radical resection, limited response to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and its immunotherapy resistance. Furthermore, an extensive desmoplastic stroma that surrounds PDAC forms a mechanical barrier that prevents vascularization and promotes poor immune cell penetration. Phenotypic heterogeneity, drug resistance, and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment are the main causes of PDAC aggressiveness. There is a complex and dynamic interaction between tumor cells in PDAC with stromal cells within the tumour immune microenvironment. The immune suppressive microenvironment that promotes PDAC aggressiveness is contributed by a range of cellular and humoral factors, which itself are modulated by the cancer. In this review, we describe the role of innate and adaptive immune cells, complex tumor microenvironment in PDAC, humoral factors, innate immune-mediated therapeutic advances, and recent clinical trials in PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Mary Joseph
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (CAVM), United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ahmad Al Aiyan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (CAVM), United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Basel Al-Ramadi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
- Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
- ASPIRE Precision Medicine Research Institute Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Shiv K. Singh
- Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Oncology, University Medical Center, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Uday Kishore
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (CAVM), United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
- Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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Liu PY, Li HQ, Dong MQ, Gu XY, Xu SY, Xia SN, Bao XY, Xu Y, Cao X. Infiltrating myeloid cell-derived properdin markedly promotes microglia-mediated neuroinflammation after ischemic stroke. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:260. [PMID: 37951917 PMCID: PMC10640761 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02946-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging evidence has shown that myeloid cells that infiltrate into the peri-infarct region may influence the progression of ischemic stroke by interacting with microglia. Properdin, which is typically secreted by immune cells such as neutrophils, monocytes, and T cells, has been found to possess damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) properties and can perform functions unrelated to the complement pathway. However, the role of properdin in modulating microglia-mediated post-stroke neuroinflammation remains unclear. METHODS Global and conditional (myeloid-specific) properdin-knockout mice were subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). Histopathological and behavioral tests were performed to assess ischemic brain injury in mice. Single-cell RNA sequencing and immunofluorescence staining were applied to explore the source and the expression level of properdin. The transcriptomic profile of properdin-activated primary microglia was depicted by transcriptome sequencing. Lentivirus was used for macrophage-inducible C-type lectin (Mincle) silencing in microglia. Conditioned medium from primary microglia was administered to primary cortex neurons to determine the neurotoxicity of microglia. A series of cellular and molecular biological techniques were used to evaluate the proinflammatory response, neuronal death, protein-protein interactions, and related signaling pathways, etc. RESULTS: The level of properdin was significantly increased, and brain-infiltrating neutrophils and macrophages were the main sources of properdin in the ischemic brain. Global and conditional myeloid knockout of properdin attenuated microglial overactivation and inflammatory responses at the acute stage of tMCAO in mice. Accordingly, treatment with recombinant properdin enhanced the production of proinflammatory cytokines and augmented microglia-potentiated neuronal death in primary culture. Mechanistically, recombinant properdin served as a novel ligand that activated Mincle receptors on microglia and downstream pathways to drive primary microglia-induced inflammatory responses. Intriguingly, properdin can directly bind to the microglial Mincle receptor to exert the above effects, while Mincle knockdown limits properdin-mediated microglial inflammation. CONCLUSION Properdin is a new medium by which infiltrating peripheral myeloid cells communicate with microglia, further activate microglia, and exacerbate brain injury in the ischemic brain, suggesting that targeted disruption of the interaction between properdin and Mincle on microglia or inhibition of their downstream signaling may improve the prognosis of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin-Yi Liu
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Qin Li
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-Qi Dong
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Ya Gu
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, People's Republic of China
| | - Si-Yi Xu
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Nan Xia
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Yu Bao
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Xu
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Institute of Translational Medicine for Brain Critical Diseases, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, People's Republic of China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, People's Republic of China.
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Discipline of Neurology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, People's Republic of China.
- Nanjing Neurology Medical Center, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiang Cao
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Institute of Translational Medicine for Brain Critical Diseases, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, People's Republic of China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, People's Republic of China.
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Discipline of Neurology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, People's Republic of China.
- Nanjing Neurology Medical Center, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, People's Republic of China.
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Beirag N, Varghese PM, Neto MM, Al Aiyan A, Khan HA, Qablan M, Shamji MH, Sim RB, Temperton N, Kishore U. Complement Activation-Independent Attenuation of SARS-CoV-2 Infection by C1q and C4b-Binding Protein. Viruses 2023; 15:1269. [PMID: 37376569 DOI: 10.3390/v15061269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The complement system is a key component of the innate immune response to viruses and proinflammatory events. Exaggerated complement activation has been attributed to the induction of a cytokine storm in severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, there is also an argument for the protective role of complement proteins, given their local synthesis or activation at the site of viral infection. This study investigated the complement activation-independent role of C1q and C4b-binding protein (C4BP) against SARS-CoV-2 infection. The interactions of C1q, its recombinant globular heads, and C4BP with the SARS-CoV-2 spike and receptor binding domain (RBD) were examined using direct ELISA. In addition, RT-qPCR was used to evaluate the modulatory effect of these complement proteins on the SARS-CoV-2-mediated immune response. Cell binding and luciferase-based viral entry assays were utilised to assess the effects of C1q, its recombinant globular heads, and C4BP on SARS-CoV-2 cell entry. C1q and C4BP bound directly to SARS-CoV-2 pseudotype particles via the RBD domain of the spike protein. C1q via its globular heads and C4BP were found to reduce binding as well as viral transduction of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein expressing lentiviral pseudotypes into transfected A549 cells expressing human ACE2 and TMPRSS2. Furthermore, the treatment of the SARS-CoV-2 spike, envelope, nucleoprotein, and membrane protein expressing alphaviral pseudotypes with C1q, its recombinant globular heads, or C4BP triggered a reduction in mRNA levels of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines such as IL-1β, IL-8, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-α, and RANTES (as well as NF-κB) in A549 cells expressing human ACE2 and TMPRSS2. In addition, C1q and C4BP treatment also reduced SARS-CoV-2 pseudotype infection-mediated NF-κB activation in A549 cells expressing human ACE2 and TMPRSS2. C1q and C4BP are synthesised primarily by hepatocytes; however, they are also produced by macrophages, and alveolar type II cells, respectively, locally at the pulmonary site. These findings support the notion that the locally produced C1q and C4BP can be protective against SARS-CoV-2 infection in a complement activation-independent manner, offering immune resistance by inhibiting virus binding to target host cells and attenuating the infection-associated inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazar Beirag
- Biosciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Praveen M Varghese
- Biosciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India
| | - Martin Mayora Neto
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent and Greenwich, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Ahmad Al Aiyan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Haseeb A Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 4545, Saudi Arabia
| | - Moneeb Qablan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohamed H Shamji
- Immunomodulation and Tolerance Group, Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BX, UK
| | - Robert B Sim
- MRC Immunochemistry Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Nigel Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent and Greenwich, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Uday Kishore
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
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Ning H, Chiu SH, Xu X, Ma Y, Chen JL, Yang G. The Immunosuppressive Roles of PD-L1 during Influenza A Virus Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108586. [PMID: 37239931 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical benefits of targeting programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) in various cancers represent a strategy for the treatment of immunosuppressive diseases. Here, it was demonstrated that the expression levels of PD-L1 in cells were greatly upregulated in response to H1N1 influenza A virus (IAV) infection. Overexpression of PD-L1 promoted viral replication and downregulated type-I and type-III interferons and interferon-stimulated genes. Moreover, the association between PD-L1 and Src homology region-2, containing protein tyrosine phosphatase (SHP2), during IAV/H1N1 infection was analyzed by employing the SHP2 inhibitor (SHP099), siSHP2, and pNL-SHP2. The results showed that the expressions of PD-L1 mRNA and protein were decreased under SHP099 or siSHP2 treatment, whereas the cells overexpressing SHP2 exhibited the opposite effects. Additionally, the effects of PD-L1 on the expression of p-ERK and p-SHP2 were investigated in PD-L1-overexpressed cells following WSN or PR8 infection, determining that the PD-L1 overexpression led to the decreased expression of p-SHP2 and p-ERK induced by WSN or PR8 infection. Taken together, these data reveal that PD-L1 could play an important role in immunosuppression during IAV/H1N1 infection; thus, it may serve as a promising therapeutic target for development of novel anti-IAV drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongya Ning
- Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Infection and Immunology of Fujian Province, College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Shih-Hsin Chiu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Infection and Immunology of Fujian Province, College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xiaodong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Infection and Immunology of Fujian Province, College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yanmei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Infection and Immunology of Fujian Province, College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Ji-Long Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Infection and Immunology of Fujian Province, College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Guihong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Infection and Immunology of Fujian Province, College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
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Moore SR, Menon SS, Galwankar NS, Khuder SA, Pangburn MK, Ferreira VP. A novel assay that characterizes properdin function shows neutrophil-derived properdin has a distinct oligomeric distribution. Front Immunol 2023; 13:918856. [PMID: 36713423 PMCID: PMC9880526 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.918856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Properdin acts as an essential positive regulator of the alternative pathway of complement by stabilizing enzymatic convertases. Identical properdin monomers form head-to-tail associations of oligomers in a reported 20:54:26 ratio (most often described as an approximate 1:2:1 ratio) of tetramers (P4), trimers (P3), and dimers (P2), in blood, under normal physiological conditions. Oligomeric size is proportional to properdin function with tetramers being more active, followed by trimers and dimers. Neutrophils are the most abundant granulocyte, are recruited to inflammatory microenvironments, and are a significant source of properdin, yet the ratio of properdin oligomers released from neutrophils is unknown. The oligomer ratio of neutrophil-derived properdin could have functional consequences in local microenvironments where neutrophils are abundant and complement drives inflammation. We investigated the oligomer properties of neutrophil-derived properdin, as compared to that of normal human sera, using a novel ELISA-based method that detects function of properdin in a way that was proportional to the oligomeric size of properdin (i.e., the larger the oligomer, the higher the detected function). Unexpectedly, neutrophil-derived properdin had 5-fold lower function than donor-matched serum-derived properdin. The lower function was due to a lower percentage of tetramers/trimers and more dimers, indicating a significantly different P4:P3:P2 ratio in neutrophil-derived properdin (18:34:48) as compared to donor-matched serum (29:43:29). Release of lower-order oligomers by neutrophils may constitute a novel regulatory mechanism to control the rate of complement activation in cellular microenvironments. Further studies to determine the factors that affect properdin oligomerization and whether, or how, the predominant dimers in neutrophil-derived properdin, assimilate to the ~1:2:1 ratio found in serum are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara R. Moore
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Smrithi S. Menon
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Neeti S. Galwankar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Sadik A. Khuder
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Michael K. Pangburn
- Center for Biomedical Research, University of Texas Health Science Center, Tyler, TX, United States
| | - Viviana P. Ferreira
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States,*Correspondence: Viviana P. Ferreira,
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Varghese PM, Kishore U, Rajkumari R. Innate and adaptive immune responses against Influenza A Virus: Immune evasion and vaccination strategies. Immunobiology 2022; 227:152279. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2022.152279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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van Essen MF, Schlagwein N, van Gijlswijk-Janssen DJ, Ruben JM, van Kooten C. Properdin produced by dendritic cells contributes to the activation of T cells. Immunobiology 2022; 227:152246. [PMID: 35843030 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2022.152246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The complement system does not only play an important role in the defence against microorganism and pathogens, but also contributes to the regulation of innate and adaptive immunity. Especially activation fragments C3a and C5a and complement activation at the interface of antigen presenting cell (APC) and T cell, were shown to have a role in T cell activation and proliferation. Whereas most complement factors are produced by the liver, properdin, a positive regulator of the C3 convertase, is mainly produced by myeloid cells. Here we show that properdin can be detected in myeloid cell infiltrate during human renal allograft rejection. In vitro, properdin is produced and secreted by human immature dendritic cells (iDCs), which is further increased by CD40-L-matured DCs (mDCs). Transfection with a specific properdin siRNA reduced properdin secretion by iDCs and mDCs, without affecting the expression of co-stimulatory markers CD80 and CD86. Co-culture of properdin siRNA-transfected iDCs and mDCs with human allogeneic T cells resulted in reduced T cell proliferation, especially under lower DC-T cell ratio's (1:30 and 1:90 ratio). In addition, T cell cytokines were altered, including a reduced TNF-α and IL-17 secretion by T cells co-cultured with properdin siRNA-transfected iDCs. Taken together, these results indicate a local role for properdin during the interaction of DCs and allogeneic T cells, contributing to the shaping of T cell proliferation and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieke F van Essen
- Div of Nephrology and Transplant Medicine, Dept. of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole Schlagwein
- Div of Nephrology and Transplant Medicine, Dept. of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jurjen M Ruben
- Div of Nephrology and Transplant Medicine, Dept. of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Cees van Kooten
- Div of Nephrology and Transplant Medicine, Dept. of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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- Div of Nephrology and Transplant Medicine, Dept. of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Comparative Analysis of In Vitro Enzyme Inhibitory Activities and Phytochemicals from Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco via Solvent Partitioning Method. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 194:3621-3644. [PMID: 35476189 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-03921-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The extraction of plant bioactive compounds from Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco remains a great challenge due to the different chemical groups. This study aimed to compare the bioactive compounds with enzyme inhibitory effect from P. orientalis via solvent partitioning method. Dried leaf samples were macerated and fractionated with six solvents of different polarities. The phenolic, flavonoid, tannin, saponin, alkaloid and pharmacological activities including anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, antioxidant and anti-glycation potential were compared across the six plant fractions. Toxicity assessment was performed with an in vivo brine shrimp model. The varying levels of bioactive compounds in ethyl acetate (phenolics, flavonoids), hexane (saponins, tannins) and chloroform (alkaloids) fractions clearly demonstrated the significant impact of solvent polarity on the extraction of bioactive compounds. The reducing potential (r = 0.67), IC50 of α-amylase inhibition (r = -0.71), IC50 of advanced glycation end-product inhibition (r = -0.93) and dicarbonyl compound inhibition (r = 0.57) in the plant fractions were correlated (p<0.05) with the flavonoids. Besides, the alkaloid, saponin and tannin were associated with cyclooxygenase-1 inhibitory activity. Principal component analysis confirmed that solvent polarity (23.9%) and plant extraction yield (37.1%) collectively contributed to 61% of bioactivity variation in P. orientalis. Among the six plant fractions, ethyl acetate fraction exhibited relatively high anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, antioxidant and anti-glycation potential while the non-toxic methanolic and aqueous fractions displayed optimal hyaluronidase and lipoxygenase inhibitory activities, respectively. The current study has identified semi-polar ethyl acetate fraction of P. orientalis as a good alternative source of bioactive compounds for future pharmaceutical product development.
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Human C1q Regulates Influenza A Virus Infection and Inflammatory Response via Its Globular Domain. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063045. [PMID: 35328462 PMCID: PMC8949502 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The Influenza A virus (IAV) is a severe respiratory pathogen. C1q is the first subcomponent of the complement system’s classical pathway. C1q is composed of 18 polypeptide chains. Each of these chains contains a collagen-like region located at the N terminus, and a C-terminal globular head region organized as a heterotrimeric structure (ghA, ghB and ghC). This study was aimed at investigating the complement activation-independent modulation by C1q and its individual recombinant globular heads against IAV infection. The interaction of C1q and its recombinant globular heads with IAV and its purified glycoproteins was examined using direct ELISA and far-Western blotting analysis. The effect of the complement proteins on IAV replication kinetics and immune modulation was assessed by qPCR. The IAV entry inhibitory properties of C1q and its recombinant globular heads were confirmed using cell binding and luciferase reporter assays. C1q bound IAV virions via HA, NA and M1 IAV proteins, and suppressed replication in H1N1, while promoting replication in H3N2-infected A549 cells. C1q treatment further triggered an anti-inflammatory response in H1N1 and pro-inflammatory response in H3N2-infected cells as evident from differential expression of TNF-α, NF-κB, IFN-α, IFN-β, IL-6, IL-12 and RANTES. Furthermore, C1q treatment was found to reduce luciferase reporter activity of MDCK cells transfected with H1N1 pseudotyped lentiviral particles, indicative of an entry inhibitory role of C1q against infectivity of IAV. These data appear to demonstrate the complement-independent subtype specific modulation of IAV infection by locally produced C1q.
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