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Yeboah SK, Zigli A, Sintim HO. 2',4'-LNA-Functionalized 5'-S-Phosphorothioester CDNs as STING Agonists. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202400321. [PMID: 38720428 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202400321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) have garnered popularity over the last decade as immunotherapeutic agents, which activate the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase-stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS-STING) pathway to trigger an immune response. Many analogs of 2'3'-cGAMP, c-di-GMP, and c-di-AMP have been developed and shown as effective cancer vaccines and immunomodulators for the induction of both the adaptive and innate immune systems. Unfortunately, the effectiveness of these CDNs is limited by their chemical and enzymatic instability. We recently introduced 5'-endo-phosphorothoiate 2'3'-cGAMP analogs as potent STING agonist with improved resistance to cleavage by clinically relevant phosphodiesterases. We herein report the synthesis of locked nucleic acid-functionalized (LNA) endo-S-CDNs and evaluate their ability to activate STING in THP1 monocytes. Interestingly, some of our synthesized LNA 3'3'-endo-S-CDNs can moderately activate hSTING REF haplotype (R232H), which exhibit diminished response to both 2'3'-cGAMP and ADU-S100. Also, we show that one of our most potent endo-S-CDNs has remarkable chemical (oxidants I2 and H2O2) and phosphodiesterase stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simpa K Yeboah
- Department of Chemistry, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907-2084
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, 720 Clinic Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Abdulai Zigli
- Department of Chemistry, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907-2084
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, 720 Clinic Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Herman O Sintim
- Department of Chemistry, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907-2084
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, 720 Clinic Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Disease, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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2
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Qi H, Ma QH, Feng W, Chen SM, Wu CS, Wang Y, Wang TX, Hou YL, Jia ZH. Glycyrrhetinic acid blocks SARS-CoV-2 infection by activating the cGAS-STING signalling pathway. Br J Pharmacol 2024. [PMID: 38922702 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) played an important role in controlling the COVID-19 pandemic, but the scientific basis and its active ingredients are still weakly studied. This study aims to decipher the underlying anti-SARS-CoV-2 mechanisms of glycyrrhetinic acid (GA). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH GA's anti-SARS-CoV-2 effect was verified both in vitro and in vivo. Homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence assays, biolayer interferometry technology, and molecular docking were employed to examine interactions of GA with human stimulator of interferon genes (hSTING). Immunofluorescence staining, western blot, and RT-qPCR were used to investigate nuclear translocation of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) and levels of STING target genes. Pharmacokinetics of GA was studied in mice. KEY RESULTS GA could directly bind to Ser162 and Tyr240 residues of hSTING, thus up-regulating downstream targets and activation of the STING signalling pathway. Such activation is crucial for limiting the replication of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron in Calu-3 cells and protecting against lung injury induced by SARS-CoV-2 Omicron infection in K18-ACE2 transgenic mice. Immunofluorescence staining and western blot indicated that GA increased levels of phosphorylated STING, phosphorylated TANK-binding kinase-1, and cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS). Importantly, GA increased nuclear translocation of IRF3. Pharmacokinetic analysis of GA in mice indicated it can be absorbed into circulation and detected in the lung at a stable level. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Activation of the cGAS-STING pathway through the GA-STING-IRF3 axis is essential for the antiviral activity of GA in mice, providing new insights into the potential translation of GA for treating SARS-CoV-2 in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Qi
- Hebei Academy of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- State Key Laboratory for Innovation and Transformation of Luobing Theory, Shijiazhuang, China
- New Drug Evaluation Center, Shijiazhuang Yiling Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Qin-Hai Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Feng
- Hebei Academy of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- State Key Laboratory for Innovation and Transformation of Luobing Theory, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Si-Mian Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Cai-Sheng Wu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- Hebei Academy of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- State Key Laboratory for Innovation and Transformation of Luobing Theory, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Tong-Xing Wang
- Hebei Academy of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- State Key Laboratory for Innovation and Transformation of Luobing Theory, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yun-Long Hou
- Hebei Academy of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- State Key Laboratory for Innovation and Transformation of Luobing Theory, Shijiazhuang, China
- New Drug Evaluation Center, Shijiazhuang Yiling Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Zhen-Hua Jia
- Hebei Academy of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- State Key Laboratory for Innovation and Transformation of Luobing Theory, Shijiazhuang, China
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3
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Chellen T, Bausart M, Maus P, Vanvarenberg K, Limaye N, Préat V, Malfanti A. In situ administration of STING-activating hyaluronic acid conjugate primes anti-glioblastoma immune response. Mater Today Bio 2024; 26:101057. [PMID: 38660475 PMCID: PMC11040137 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2024.101057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive brain tumor, with a highly immunosuppressive tumor immune microenvironment (TIME). In this work, we investigated the use of the STimulator of INterferon Genes (STING) pathway as an effective means to remodel the GBM TIME through the recruitment of both innate and adaptive immune cell populations. Using hyaluronic acid (HA), we developed a novel polymer-drug conjugate of a non-nucleotide STING agonist (MSA2), called HA-MSA2 for the in situ treatment of GBM. In JAWSII cells, HA-MSA2 exerted a greater increase of STING signaling and upregulation of STING-related downstream cyto-/chemokines in immune cells than the free drug. HA-MSA2 also elicited cancer cell-intrinsic immunostimulatory gene expression and promoted immunogenic cell death of GBM cells. In the SB28 GBM model, local delivery of HA-MSA2 induced a delay in tumor growth and a significant extension of survival. The analysis of the TIME showed a profound shift in the GBM immune landscape after HA-MSA2 treatment, with higher infiltration by innate and adaptive immune cells including dendritic, natural killer (NK) and CD8 T cell populations. The therapeutic potential of this novel polymer conjugate warrants further investigation, particularly with other chemo-immunotherapeutics or cancer vaccines as a promising combinatorial therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teenesha Chellen
- UCLouvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Avenue Mounier 73 B1.73.12, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mathilde Bausart
- UCLouvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Avenue Mounier 73 B1.73.12, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre Maus
- UCLouvain, de Duve Institute, Genetics of Autoimmune Diseases and Cancer, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kevin Vanvarenberg
- UCLouvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Avenue Mounier 73 B1.73.12, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nisha Limaye
- UCLouvain, de Duve Institute, Genetics of Autoimmune Diseases and Cancer, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Véronique Préat
- UCLouvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Avenue Mounier 73 B1.73.12, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alessio Malfanti
- UCLouvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Avenue Mounier 73 B1.73.12, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
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4
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Kumar V, Stewart JH. cGLRs Join Their Cousins of Pattern Recognition Receptor Family to Regulate Immune Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1828. [PMID: 38339107 PMCID: PMC10855445 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) recognize danger signals such as PAMPs/MAMPs and DAMPs to initiate a protective immune response. TLRs, NLRs, CLRs, and RLRs are well-characterized PRRs of the host immune system. cGLRs have been recently identified as PRRs. In humans, the cGAS/STING signaling pathway is a part of cGLRs. cGAS recognizes cytosolic dsDNA as a PAMP or DAMP to initiate the STING-dependent immune response comprising type 1 IFN release, NF-κB activation, autophagy, and cellular senescence. The present article discusses the emergence of cGLRs as critical PRRs and how they regulate immune responses. We examined the role of cGAS/STING signaling, a well-studied cGLR system, in the activation of the immune system. The following sections discuss the role of cGAS/STING dysregulation in disease and how immune cross-talk with other PRRs maintains immune homeostasis. This understanding will lead to the design of better vaccines and immunotherapeutics for various diseases, including infections, autoimmunity, and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Surgery, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA;
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5
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Xun J, Zhang Z, Lv B, Lu D, Yang H, Shang G, Tan JX. A conserved ion channel function of STING mediates noncanonical autophagy and cell death. EMBO Rep 2024; 25:544-569. [PMID: 38177926 PMCID: PMC10897221 DOI: 10.1038/s44319-023-00045-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The cGAS/STING pathway triggers inflammation upon diverse cellular stresses such as infection, cellular damage, aging, and diseases. STING also triggers noncanonical autophagy, involving LC3 lipidation on STING vesicles through the V-ATPase-ATG16L1 axis, as well as induces cell death. Although the proton pump V-ATPase senses organelle deacidification in other contexts, it is unclear how STING activates V-ATPase for noncanonical autophagy. Here we report a conserved channel function of STING in proton efflux and vesicle deacidification. STING activation induces an electron-sparse pore in its transmembrane domain, which mediates proton flux in vitro and the deacidification of post-Golgi STING vesicles in cells. A chemical ligand of STING, C53, which binds to and blocks its channel, strongly inhibits STING-mediated proton flux in vitro. C53 fully blocks STING trafficking from the ER to the Golgi, but adding C53 after STING arrives at the Golgi allows for selective inhibition of STING-dependent vesicle deacidification, LC3 lipidation, and cell death, without affecting trafficking. The discovery of STING as a channel opens new opportunities for selective targeting of canonical and noncanonical STING functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinrui Xun
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Aging Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine/University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Zhichao Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Bo Lv
- Aging Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine/University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Defen Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Haoxiang Yang
- Aging Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine/University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Guijun Shang
- College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Cell Biology of Shanxi Province, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China.
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Structure Determination, SAARI, Taiyuan, China.
| | - Jay Xiaojun Tan
- Aging Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine/University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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6
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Szemere ZK, Murphy EA. Herpes Simplex Virus-1 targets the 2'-3'cGAMP importer SLC19A1 as an antiviral countermeasure. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.24.577105. [PMID: 38328222 PMCID: PMC10849743 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.24.577105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
To establish a successful infection, herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1), a virus with high seropositivity in the human population, must undermine host innate and intrinsic immune defense mechanisms, including the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway. Recently it was discovered that not only de novo produced intracellular 2'-3'cGAMP, but also extracellular 2'-3'cGAMP activates the STING pathway by being transported across the cell membrane via the folate transporter, SLC19A1, the first identified extracellular antiporter of this signaling molecule. We hypothesized that the import of exogenous 2'-3'cGAMP functions to establish an antiviral state like that seen with the paracrine antiviral activities of interferon. Further, to establish a successful infection, HSV-1 must undermine this induction of the STING pathway by inhibiting the biological functions of SLC19A1. Herein, we report that treatment of the monocytic cell line, THP-1 cells, epithelial cells (ARPE-19) and SH-SY5Y neuronal cell line with exogenous 2'-3'cGAMP induces interferon production and establishes an antiviral state. Using either pharmaceutical inhibition or genetic knockout of SLC19A1 blocks the 2'-3'cGAMP-induced antiviral state. Additionally, HSV-1 infection results in the reduction of SLC19A1 transcription, translation, and importantly, the rapid removal of SLC19A1 from the cell surface of infected cells. Our data indicate SLC19A1 functions as a newly identified antiviral mediator for extracellular 2'-3'cGAMP which is undermined by HSV-1. This work presents novel and important findings about how HSV-1 manipulates the host's immune environment for viral replication and discovers details about an antiviral mechanism which information could aid in the development of better antiviral drugs in the future. Importance HSV-1 has evolved multiple mechanisms to neutralize of the host's innate and intrinsic defense pathways, such as the STING pathway. Here, we identified an antiviral response in which extracellular 2'-3'cGAMP triggers IFN production via its transporter SLC19A1. Moreover, we report that HSV-1 blocks the functions of this transporter thereby impeding the antiviral response, suggesting exogenous 2'-3'cGAMP can act as an immunomodulatory molecule in uninfected cells to activate the STING pathway, and priming an antiviral state, similar to that seen in interferon responses. The details of this mechanism highlight important details about HSV-1 infections. This work presents novel findings about how HSV-1 manipulates the host's immune environment for viral replication and reveals details about a novel antiviral mechanism. These findings expand our understanding of how viral infections undermine host responses and may help in the development of better broad based antiviral drugs in the future.
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7
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Sathyan KR, Premraj A, Chaudhary M, Ramachandran R, Thavarool Puthiyedathu S. Alternative splicing variants of stimulator of interferon genes (STING) from Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) and their immune response against red spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 149:105062. [PMID: 37726038 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.105062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
The Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING, also known as MITA/ERYS/MPYS) is an adaptor molecule that plays a crucial role in the RLR pathway and responds to DNA and RNA viruses. In the present study, we have identified two novel isoforms of STING (the canonical form named as LcSTINGa and its alternative splicing isoform named as LcSTINGb) from teleost Lates calcarifer. LcSTINGa has an ORF of 1230 bp, encoding a 409 amino acid protein, while its alternative splicing variant, LcSTINGb, features an ORF of 987 bp, encoding 328 amino acids. LcSTINGa is predicted to contain four transmembrane helices, whereas LcSTINGb has only two. The Lates STING protein showed about 86.85% identity with Perca flavescens, 86.45% with Seriola and 39.51% with Homo sapiens. The tissue distribution studies revealed that the STING variants were constitutively expressed in all the tissues examined, with the highest expression in blood. In-vivo upregulation of LcSTINGa and LcSTINGb mRNA following immune challenge with poly (I:C), Red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV) and zymosan A suggests its significance in the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnapriya Raji Sathyan
- National Centre for Aquatic Animal Health, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Fine Arts Avenue, Kochi, 682 016, Kerala, India
| | - Avinash Premraj
- Camel Biotechnology Centre, Presidential Camels and Camel Racing Affairs Centre, Department of the President's Affairs, PO Box, 17292, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mansi Chaudhary
- Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Mohali, Knowledge city, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli P.O, 140306, India
| | - Rajesh Ramachandran
- Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Mohali, Knowledge city, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli P.O, 140306, India
| | - Sajeevan Thavarool Puthiyedathu
- National Centre for Aquatic Animal Health, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Fine Arts Avenue, Kochi, 682 016, Kerala, India; Department of Marine Biology, Microbiology and Biochemistry, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Fine Arts Avenue, Kochi, 682 016, Kerala, India.
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8
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Huang Y, Liu B, Sinha SC, Amin S, Gan L. Mechanism and therapeutic potential of targeting cGAS-STING signaling in neurological disorders. Mol Neurodegener 2023; 18:79. [PMID: 37941028 PMCID: PMC10634099 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-023-00672-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA sensing is a pivotal component of the innate immune system that is responsible for detecting mislocalized DNA and triggering downstream inflammatory pathways. Among the DNA sensors, cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) is a primary player in detecting cytosolic DNA, including foreign DNA from pathogens and self-DNA released during cellular damage, culminating in a type I interferon (IFN-I) response through stimulator of interferon genes (STING) activation. IFN-I cytokines are essential in mediating neuroinflammation, which is widely observed in CNS injury, neurodegeneration, and aging, suggesting an upstream role for the cGAS DNA sensing pathway. In this review, we summarize the latest developments on the cGAS-STING DNA-driven immune response in various neurological diseases and conditions. Our review covers the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms of cGAS activation and highlights cGAS-STING signaling in various cell types of central and peripheral nervous systems, such as resident brain immune cells, neurons, and glial cells. We then discuss the role of cGAS-STING signaling in different neurodegenerative conditions, including tauopathies, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, as well as aging and senescence. Finally, we lay out the current advancements in research and development of cGAS inhibitors and assess the prospects of targeting cGAS and STING as therapeutic strategies for a wide spectrum of neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yige Huang
- Helen and Robert Appel Alzheimer Disease Research Institute, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bangyan Liu
- Helen and Robert Appel Alzheimer Disease Research Institute, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Subhash C Sinha
- Helen and Robert Appel Alzheimer Disease Research Institute, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sadaf Amin
- Helen and Robert Appel Alzheimer Disease Research Institute, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Li Gan
- Helen and Robert Appel Alzheimer Disease Research Institute, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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9
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Du H, Kou M, Deng W, Zhou X, Zhang X, Huang Z, Ren B, Cai X, Xu S, Chen Y, Chen L, Chen C, Bao H, Chen Q, Li D. DWL-4-140: A allene small molecule targeting STING that alleviates lupus-like phenotype in Trex1 -/- mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115188. [PMID: 37480829 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system plays a critical role in the host response against pathogenic microbial infection. However, aberrant activation of the innate immune pathways is a characteristic feature of various diseases. Thus, targeted drugs must be developed based on the understanding of the innate immune signaling pathways. This study demonstrated that an allene small molecule (DWL-4-140) can efficiently and selectively exert regulatory effects on the stimulator of interferon genes (STING), resulting in the downregulation of DNA-induced interferon responses. Mechanistically, DWL-4-140 targeted the cyclized nucleotide-binding domain (CBD) of STING, inhibiting the assembly of the STING multimeric complex and the recruitment of downstream signaling mediators. In addition to downregulating the 10-carboxymethyl-9-acridanone-induced production of inflammatory factors, DWL-4-140 alleviated the pathological features of Trex1 deletion-induced lupus in mice. Thus, this study demonstrated that DWL-4-140 pharmacologically inhibits STING with potential therapeutic applications in auto-inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hekang Du
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, College Town, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350117, PR China
| | - Meng Kou
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, College Town, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350117, PR China; Cord Blood Bank Centre, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Weili Deng
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, College Town, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350117, PR China; Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Xueyuan Zhou
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, College Town, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350117, PR China
| | - Xiaoxiong Zhang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, College Town, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350117, PR China
| | - Zhengrong Huang
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Clinical Oncology School of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350117, PR China
| | - Bowen Ren
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, College Town, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350117, PR China
| | - Xingting Cai
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, College Town, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350117, PR China
| | - Shan Xu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, College Town, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350117, PR China
| | - Yu Chen
- Cancer Bio-immunotherapy Center, Clinical Oncology School of Fujian Medical University & Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, PR China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, PR China
| | - Lizhu Chen
- Cancer Bio-immunotherapy Center, Clinical Oncology School of Fujian Medical University & Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, PR China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, PR China
| | - Chuanben Chen
- Cancer Bio-immunotherapy Center, Clinical Oncology School of Fujian Medical University & Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, PR China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, PR China.
| | - Hongli Bao
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, PR China.
| | - Qi Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, College Town, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350117, PR China.
| | - Daliang Li
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, College Town, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350117, PR China.
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10
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Kuttruff CA, Fleck M, Carotta S, Arnhof H, Bretschneider T, Dahmann G, Gremel G, Grube A, Handschuh S, Heimann A, Hofmann MH, Impagnatiello MA, Nar H, Rast G, Schaaf O, Schmidt E, Oost T. Discovery of BI 7446: A Potent Cyclic Dinucleotide STING Agonist with Broad-Spectrum Variant Activity for the Treatment of Cancer. J Med Chem 2023; 66:9376-9400. [PMID: 37450324 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Activating the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway with STING agonists is an attractive immune oncology concept to treat patients with tumors that are refractory to single-agent anti-PD-1 therapy. For best clinical translatability and broad application to cancer patients, STING agonists with potent cellular activation of all STING variants are desired. Novel cyclic dinucleotide (CDN)-based selective STING agonists were designed and synthesized comprising noncanonical nucleobase, ribose, and phosphorothioate moieties. This strategy led to the discovery of 2',3'-CDN 13 (BI 7446), which features unprecedented potency and activates all five STING variants in cellular assays. ADME profiling revealed that CDN 13 has attractive drug-like properties for development as an intratumoral agent. Injection of low doses of CDN 13 into tumors in mice induced long-lasting, tumor-specific immune-mediated tumor rejection. Based on its compelling preclinical profile, BI 7446 has been advanced to clinical trials (monotherapy and in combination with anti-PD-1 antibody).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Fleck
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88400 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | | | | | - Tom Bretschneider
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88400 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Georg Dahmann
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88400 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | | | - Achim Grube
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88400 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Sandra Handschuh
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88400 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Annekatrin Heimann
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88400 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | | | | | - Herbert Nar
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88400 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Georg Rast
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88400 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Otmar Schaaf
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, 1120 Vienna, Austria
| | - Esther Schmidt
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88400 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Thorsten Oost
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88400 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
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11
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Paulis A, Tramontano E. Unlocking STING as a Therapeutic Antiviral Strategy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087448. [PMID: 37108610 PMCID: PMC10138487 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Invading pathogens have developed weapons that subvert physiological conditions to weaken the host and permit the spread of infection. Cells, on their side, have thus developed countermeasures to maintain cellular physiology and counteract pathogenesis. The cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS) is a pattern recognition receptor that recognizes viral DNA present in the cytosol, activating the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) protein and leading to the production of type I interferons (IFN-I). Given its role in innate immunity activation, STING is considered an interesting and innovative target for the development of broad-spectrum antivirals. In this review, we discuss the function of STING; its modulation by the cellular stimuli; the molecular mechanisms developed by viruses, through which they escape this defense system; and the therapeutical strategies that have been developed to date to inhibit viral replication restoring STING functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalaura Paulis
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Enzo Tramontano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
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12
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Liu S, Yang B, Hou Y, Cui K, Yang X, Li X, Chen L, Liu S, Zhang Z, Jia Y, Xie Y, Xue Y, Li X, Yan B, Wu C, Deng W, Qi J, Lu D, Gao GF, Wang P, Shang G. The mechanism of STING autoinhibition and activation. Mol Cell 2023; 83:1502-1518.e10. [PMID: 37086726 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2023.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
2',3'-cGAMP, produced by the DNA sensor cGAS, activates stimulator of interferon genes (STING) and triggers immune response during infection. Tremendous effort has been placed on unraveling the mechanism of STING activation. However, little is known about STING inhibition. Here, we found that apo-STING exhibits a bilayer with head-to-head as well as side-by-side packing, mediated by its ligand-binding domain (LBD). This type of assembly holds two endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes together not only to prevent STING ER exit but also to eliminate the recruitment of TBK1, representing the autoinhibited state of STING. Additionally, we obtained the filament structure of the STING/2',3'-cGAMP complex, which adopts a bent monolayer assembly mediated by LBD and transmembrane domain (TMD). The active, curved STING polymer could deform ER membrane to support its ER exit and anterograde transportation. Our data together provide a panoramic vision regarding STING autoinhibition and activation, which adds substantially to current understanding of the cGAS-STING pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Liu
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Structure Determination, Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Taiyuan 030012, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Cryo-EM Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Structure Determination, Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Taiyuan 030012, China; College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China; Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Major Infectious Disease Response, Taiyuan 030012, China
| | - Yingxiang Hou
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Structure Determination, Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Taiyuan 030012, China; The Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Cell Biology of Shanxi Province, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Kaige Cui
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Structure Determination, Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Taiyuan 030012, China; Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Major Infectious Disease Response, Taiyuan 030012, China
| | - Xiaozhu Yang
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Structure Determination, Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Taiyuan 030012, China; Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Major Infectious Disease Response, Taiyuan 030012, China
| | - Xiaoxiong Li
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Structure Determination, Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Taiyuan 030012, China; Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Major Infectious Disease Response, Taiyuan 030012, China
| | - Lianwan Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shichao Liu
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Structure Determination, Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Taiyuan 030012, China; Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Major Infectious Disease Response, Taiyuan 030012, China
| | - Zhichao Zhang
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Structure Determination, Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Taiyuan 030012, China; Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Major Infectious Disease Response, Taiyuan 030012, China
| | - Yuanyuan Jia
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Structure Determination, Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Taiyuan 030012, China; Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Major Infectious Disease Response, Taiyuan 030012, China
| | - Yufeng Xie
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Structure Determination, Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Taiyuan 030012, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ying Xue
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Structure Determination, Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Taiyuan 030012, China; Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Major Infectious Disease Response, Taiyuan 030012, China
| | - Xiaomei Li
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Structure Determination, Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Taiyuan 030012, China
| | - Bingxue Yan
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Structure Determination, Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Taiyuan 030012, China
| | - Changxin Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Cell Biology of Shanxi Province, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Wen Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Jianxun Qi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Beijing Life Science Academy, Beijing 102209, China
| | - Defen Lu
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Structure Determination, Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Taiyuan 030012, China; College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China.
| | - George F Gao
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Structure Determination, Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Taiyuan 030012, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Peiyi Wang
- Cryo-EM Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Guijun Shang
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Structure Determination, Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Taiyuan 030012, China; College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China; Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Major Infectious Disease Response, Taiyuan 030012, China.
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13
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The Functions of TRIM56 in Antiviral Innate Immunity and Tumorigenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24055046. [PMID: 36902478 PMCID: PMC10003129 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24055046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
As a member of the TRIM (tripartite motif) protein family, TRIM56 can function as an E3 ubiquitin ligase. In addition, TRIM56 has been shown to possess deubiquitinase activity and the ability to bind RNA. This adds to the complexity of the regulatory mechanism of TRIM56. TRIM56 was initially found to be able to regulate the innate immune response. In recent years, its role in direct antiviral and tumor development has also attracted the interest of researchers, but there is no systematic review on TRIM56. Here, we first summarize the structural features and expression of TRIM56. Then, we review the functions of TRIM56 in TLR and cGAS-STING pathways of innate immune response, the mechanisms and structural specificity of TRIM56 against different types of viruses, and the dual roles of TRIM56 in tumorigenesis. Finally, we discuss the future research directions regarding TRIM56.
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