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Gay L, Rouviere MS, Mezouar S, Richaud M, Gorvel L, Foucher E, La Scola B, Menard A, Allardet-Servent J, Halfon P, Frohna P, Cano C, Mege JL, Olive D. Vγ9Vδ2 T-cells Are Potent Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 Replication and Represent Effector Phenotypes in Patients With COVID-19. J Infect Dis 2024; 229:1759-1769. [PMID: 38557809 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiae169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Vγ9Vδ2 T cells play a key role in the innate immune response to viral infections through butyrophilin 3A (BTN3A). Here, we report blood Vγ9Vδ2 T cells decreased in clinically mild COVID-19 compared to healthy volunteers, and this was maintained up to 28 days and in the recovery period. Terminally differentiated Vγ9Vδ2 T cells tended to be enriched on the day of diagnosis, 28 days after, and during the recovery period. These cells showed cytotoxic and inflammatory activities following anti-BTN3A activation. BTN3A upregulation and Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell infiltration were observed in a lung biopsy from a fatal SARS-CoV-2 infection. In vitro, SARS-CoV-2 infection increased BTN3A expression in macrophages and lung cells that enhanced the anti-SARS-CoV-2 Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell cytotoxicity and interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α. Increasing concentrations of anti-BTN3A lead to viral replication inhibition. Altogether, we report Vγ9Vδ2 T cells are important in the immune response against SARS-CoV-2 infection and activation by anti-BTN3A antibody may enhance their response. Clinical Trials Registration. NCT04816760.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Gay
- Institut de recherche pour le developpement (IRD), Assistance-Publique Hopitaux de Marseille (APHM), Microbes Evolution Phylogénie et Infections (MEPHI), Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
- ImCheck Therapeutics, Marseille, France
| | - Marie-Sarah Rouviere
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Inserm UMR1068, CNRS UMR7258, Institut Paoli Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Soraya Mezouar
- Etablissement Français du Sang, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Anthropologie Bio-Culturelle, Droit, Éthique et Santé, "Biologie des Groupes Sanguins," Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Manon Richaud
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Inserm UMR1068, CNRS UMR7258, Institut Paoli Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Laurent Gorvel
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Inserm UMR1068, CNRS UMR7258, Institut Paoli Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | | | - Bernard La Scola
- Institut de recherche pour le developpement (IRD), Assistance-Publique Hopitaux de Marseille (APHM), Microbes Evolution Phylogénie et Infections (MEPHI), Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Amélie Menard
- Unité COVID-Long, Service de Médecine Interne, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Nord (CHU NORD), Assistance-Publique Hopitaux de Marseille (APHM), Marseille, France
| | | | - Philippe Halfon
- Département de Médecine Interne et Maladies Infectieuses, Hôpital Européen-Laboratoire Alphabio-Biogroup, Marseille, France
| | | | | | - Jean-Louis Mege
- Institut de recherche pour le developpement (IRD), Assistance-Publique Hopitaux de Marseille (APHM), Microbes Evolution Phylogénie et Infections (MEPHI), Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
- Assistance-Publique Hopitaux de Marseille (APHM), Hôpital de la Conception, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Daniel Olive
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Inserm UMR1068, CNRS UMR7258, Institut Paoli Calmettes, Marseille, France
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Raju Paul S, Scholzen A, Reeves PM, Shepard R, Hess JM, Dzeng RK, Korek S, Garritsen A, Poznansky MC, Sluder AE. Cytometry profiling of ex vivo recall responses to Coxiella burnetii in previously naturally exposed individuals reveals long-term changes in both adaptive and innate immune cellular compartments. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1249581. [PMID: 37885896 PMCID: PMC10598782 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1249581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Q fever, caused by the intracellular bacterium Coxiella burnetii, is considered an occupational and biodefense hazard and can result in debilitating long-term complications. While natural infection and vaccination induce humoral and cellular immune responses, the exact nature of cellular immune responses to C. burnetii is incompletely understood. The current study seeks to investigate more deeply the nature of long-term cellular recall responses in naturally exposed individuals by both cytokine release assessment and cytometry profiling. Methods Individuals exposed during the 2007-2010 Dutch Q fever outbreak were grouped in 2015, based on a C. burnetii-specific IFNγ release assay (IGRA), serological status, and self-reported clinical symptoms during initial infection, into asymptomatic IGRA-negative/seronegative controls, and three IGRA-positive groups (seronegative/asymptomatic; seropositive/asymptomatic and seropositive/symptomatic). Recall responses following in vitro re-stimulation with heat-inactivated C. burnetii in whole blood, were assessed in 2016/2017 by cytokine release assays (n=55) and flow cytometry (n=36), and in blood mononuclear cells by mass cytometry (n=36). Results Cytokine release analysis showed significantly elevated IL-2 responses in all seropositive individuals and elevated IL-1β responses in those recovered from symptomatic infection. Comparative flow cytometry analysis revealed significantly increased IFNγ, TNFα and IL-2 recall responses by CD4 T cells and higher IL-6 production by monocytes from symptomatic, IGRA-positive/seropositive individuals compared to controls. Mass cytometry profiling and unsupervised clustering analysis confirmed recall responses in seropositive individuals by two activated CD4 T cell subsets, one characterized by a strong Th1 cytokine profile (IFNγ+IL-2+TNFα+), and identified C. burnetii-specific activation of CD8 T cells in all IGRA-positive groups. Remarkably, increased C. burnetii-specific responses in IGRA-positive individuals were also observed in three innate cell subpopulations: one characterized by an IFNγ+IL-2+TNFα+ Th1 cytokine profile and lack of canonical marker expression, and two IL-1β-, IL-6- and IL-8-producing CD14+ monocyte subsets that could be the drivers of elevated secretion of innate cytokines in pre-exposed individuals. Discussion These data highlight that there are long-term increased responses to C. burnetii in both adaptive and innate cellular compartments, the latter being indicative of trained immunity. These findings warrant future studies into the protective role of these innate responses and may inform future Q fever vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Raju Paul
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Patrick M. Reeves
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Robert Shepard
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Joshua M. Hess
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Richard K. Dzeng
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Skylar Korek
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Mark C. Poznansky
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ann E. Sluder
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
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Atmeh PA, Gay L, Levasseur A, La Scola B, Olive D, Mezouar S, Gorvel JP, Mege JL. Macrophages and γδ T cells interplay during SARS-CoV-2 variants infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1078741. [PMID: 36601113 PMCID: PMC9806226 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1078741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The emergence of several SARS-CoV-2 variants during the COVID pandemic has revealed the impact of variant diversity on viral infectivity and host immune responses. While antibodies and CD8 T cells are essential to clear viral infection, the protective role of innate immunity including macrophages has been recognized. The aims of our study were to compare the infectivity of different SARS-CoV-2 variants in monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) and to assess their activation profiles and the role of ACE2 (Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2), the main SARS-CoV-2 receptor. We also studied the ability of macrophages infected to affect other immune cells such as γδ2 T cells, another partner of innate immune response to viral infections. Results We showed that the SARS-CoV-2 variants α-B.1.1.7 (United Kingdom), β-B.1.351 (South Africa), γ-P.1 (Brazil), δ-B.1.617 (India) and B.1.1.529 (Omicron), infected MDM without replication, the γ-Brazil variant exhibiting increased infectivity for MDM. No clear polarization profile of SARS-CoV-2 variants-infected MDM was observed. The β-B.1.351 (South Africa) variant induced macrophage activation while B.1.1.529 (Omicron) was rather inhibitory. We observed that SARS-CoV-2 variants modulated ACE2 expression in MDM. In particular, the β-B.1.351 (South Africa) variant induced a higher expression of ACE2, related to MDM activation. Finally, all variants were able to activate γδ2 cells among which γ-P.1 (Brazil) and β-B.1.351 (South Africa) variants were the most efficient. Conclusion Our data show that SARS-CoV-2 variants can infect MDM and modulate their activation, which was correlated with the ACE2 expression. They also affect γδ2 T cell activation. The macrophage response to SARS-CoV-2 variants was stereotypical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perla Abou Atmeh
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Marseille (APHM), Microbe Evolution, Phylogeny and Infection (MEPHI), Marseille, France
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Laetitia Gay
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Marseille (APHM), Microbe Evolution, Phylogeny and Infection (MEPHI), Marseille, France
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Anthony Levasseur
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Marseille (APHM), Microbe Evolution, Phylogeny and Infection (MEPHI), Marseille, France
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Bernard La Scola
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Marseille (APHM), Microbe Evolution, Phylogeny and Infection (MEPHI), Marseille, France
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Daniel Olive
- Institut Paoli-Calmettes; Aix-Marseille Univ, UM105, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7258, Marseille, France
| | - Soraya Mezouar
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Marseille (APHM), Microbe Evolution, Phylogeny and Infection (MEPHI), Marseille, France
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Gorvel
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille Luminy (CIML), Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Louis Mege
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Marseille (APHM), Microbe Evolution, Phylogeny and Infection (MEPHI), Marseille, France
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Assitance Publique Hopitaux de Marseille (APHM), Hôpital de la Conception, Laboratoire d’Immunologie, Marseille, France
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Liou ML, Lahusen T, Li H, Xiao L, Pauza CD. Reducing farnesyl diphosphate synthase levels activates Vγ9Vδ2 T cells and improves tumor suppression in murine xenograft cancer models. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1012051. [PMID: 36275712 PMCID: PMC9581136 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1012051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Vγ9Vδ2 T cells are attractive candidates for cancer immunotherapy due to their potent capacity for tumor recognition and cytolysis of many tumor cell types. However, efforts to deploy clinical strategies for Vγ9Vδ2 T cell cancer therapy are hampered by insufficient potency. We are pursuing an alternate strategy of modifying tumors to increase the capacity for Vγ9Vδ2 T cell activation, as a means for strengthening the anti-tumor response by resident or ex vivo manufactured Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. Vγ9Vδ2 T cells are activated in vitro by non-peptidic antigens including isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP), a substrate of farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FDPS) in the pathway for biosynthesis of isoprenoids. In an effort to improve in vivo potency of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells, we reduced FDPS expression in tumor cells using a lentivirus vector encoding a short-hairpin RNA that targets FDPS mRNA (LV-shFDPS). Prostate (PC3) or hepatocellular carcinoma (Huh-7) cells transduced with LV-shFDPS induced Vγ9Vδ2 T cell stimulation in vitro, resulting in increased cytokine expression and tumor cell cytotoxicity. Immune deficient mice implanted with LV-shFDPS transduced tumor cells showed dramatic responses to intraperitoneal injection of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells with strong suppression of tumor growth. In vivo potency was increased by transducing tumor cells with a vector expressing both shFDPS and human IL-2. Tumor suppression by Vγ9Vδ2 T cells was dose-dependent with greater effects observed in mice injected with 100% LV-shFDPS transduced cells compared to mice injected with a mixture of 50% LV-shFDPS transduced cells and 50% control (no vector) tumor cells. Delivery of LV-shFDPS by intratumoral injection was insufficient to knockdown FDPS in the majority of tumor cells, resulting in insignificant tumor suppression by Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. Thus, Vγ9Vδ2 T cells efficiently targeted and suppressed tumors expressing shFDPS in mouse xenotransplant models. This proof-of-concept study demonstrates the potential for suppression of genetically modified tumors by human Vγ9Vδ2 T cells and indicates that co-expression of cytokines may boost the anti-tumor effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Ling Liou
- American Gene Technologies International Inc., Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Tyler Lahusen
- American Gene Technologies International Inc., Rockville, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Tyler Lahusen,
| | - Haishan Li
- American Gene Technologies International Inc., Rockville, MD, United States
- Viriom Inc., Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Lingzhi Xiao
- American Gene Technologies International Inc., Rockville, MD, United States
| | - C. David Pauza
- American Gene Technologies International Inc., Rockville, MD, United States
- Viriom Inc., Rockville, MD, United States
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Gay L, Mezouar S, Cano C, Frohna P, Madakamutil L, Mège JL, Olive D. Role of Vγ9vδ2 T lymphocytes in infectious diseases. Front Immunol 2022; 13:928441. [PMID: 35924233 PMCID: PMC9340263 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.928441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The T cell receptor Vγ9Vδ2 T cells bridge innate and adaptive antimicrobial immunity in primates. These Vγ9Vδ2 T cells respond to phosphoantigens (pAgs) present in microbial or eukaryotic cells in a butyrophilin 3A1 (BTN3) and butyrophilin 2A1 (BTN2A1) dependent manner. In humans, the rapid expansion of circulating Vγ9Vδ2 T lymphocytes during several infections as well as their localization at the site of active disease demonstrates their important role in the immune response to infection. However, Vγ9Vδ2 T cell deficiencies have been observed in some infectious diseases such as active tuberculosis and chronic viral infections. In this review, we are providing an overview of the mechanisms of Vγ9Vδ2 T cell-mediated antimicrobial immunity. These cells kill infected cells mainly by releasing lytic mediators and pro-inflammatory cytokines and inducing target cell apoptosis. In addition, the release of chemokines and cytokines allows the recruitment and activation of immune cells, promoting the initiation of the adaptive immune response. Finaly, we also describe potential new therapeutic tools of Vγ9Vδ2 T cell-based immunotherapy that could be applied to emerging infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Gay
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Intitut Recherche pour le Développement (IRT), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Microbe, Evolution, Phylogeny, Infection (MEPHI), Marseille, France
- Immunology Department, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- ImCheck Therapeutics, Marseille, France
| | - Soraya Mezouar
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Intitut Recherche pour le Développement (IRT), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Microbe, Evolution, Phylogeny, Infection (MEPHI), Marseille, France
- Immunology Department, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | | | | | | | - Jean-Louis Mège
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Intitut Recherche pour le Développement (IRT), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Microbe, Evolution, Phylogeny, Infection (MEPHI), Marseille, France
- Immunology Department, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Univ, APHM, Hôpital de la Conception, Laboratoire d’Immunologie, Marseille, France
| | - Daniel Olive
- Centre pour la Recherche sur le Cancer de Marseille (CRCM), Inserm UMR1068, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS) UMR7258, Institut Paoli Calmettes, Marseille, France
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