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Santiago-Sánchez GS, Fabian KP, Hodge JW. A landscape of checkpoint blockade resistance in cancer: underlying mechanisms and current strategies to overcome resistance. Cancer Biol Ther 2024; 25:2308097. [PMID: 38306161 PMCID: PMC10841019 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2024.2308097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The discovery of immune checkpoints and the development of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have achieved a durable response in advanced-stage cancer patients. However, there is still a high proportion of patients who do not benefit from ICI therapy due to a lack of response when first treated (primary resistance) or detection of disease progression months after objective response is observed (acquired resistance). Here, we review the current FDA-approved ICI for the treatment of certain solid malignancies, evaluate the contrasting responses to checkpoint blockade in different cancer types, explore the known mechanisms associated with checkpoint blockade resistance (CBR), and assess current strategies in the field that seek to overcome these mechanisms. In order to improve current therapies and develop new ones, the immunotherapy field still has an unmet need in identifying other molecules that act as immune checkpoints, and uncovering other mechanisms that promote CBR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginette S. Santiago-Sánchez
- Center for Immuno-Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kellsye P. Fabian
- Center for Immuno-Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - James W. Hodge
- Center for Immuno-Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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2
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Saleem A, Saleem Bhat S, A. Omonijo F, A Ganai N, M. Ibeagha-Awemu E, Mudasir Ahmad S. Immunotherapy in mastitis: state of knowledge, research gaps and way forward. Vet Q 2024; 44:1-23. [PMID: 38973225 PMCID: PMC11232650 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2024.2363626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Mastitis is an inflammatory condition that affects dairy cow's mammary glands. Traditional treatment approaches with antibiotics are increasingly leading to challenging scenarios such as antimicrobial resistance. In order to mitigate the unwanted side effects of antibiotics, alternative strategies such as those that harness the host immune system response, also known as immunotherapy, have been implemented. Immunotherapy approaches to treat bovine mastitis aims to enhance the cow's immune response against pathogens by promoting pathogen clearance, and facilitating tissue repair. Various studies have demonstrated the potential of immunotherapy for reducing the incidence, duration and severity of mastitis. Nevertheless, majority of reported therapies are lacking in specificity hampering their broad application to treat mastitis. Meanwhile, advancements in mastitis immunotherapy hold great promise for the dairy industry, with potential to provide effective and sustainable alternatives to traditional antibiotic-based approaches. This review synthesizes immunotherapy strategies, their current understanding and potential future perspectives. The future perspectives should focus on the development of precision immunotherapies tailored to address individual pathogens/group of pathogens, development of combination therapies to address antimicrobial resistance, and the integration of nano- and omics technologies. By addressing research gaps, the field of mastitis immunotherapy can make significant strides in the control, treatment and prevention of mastitis, ultimately benefiting both animal and human health/welfare, and environment health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afnan Saleem
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, SKUAST-K, Srinagar, India
| | | | - Faith A. Omonijo
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | | | - Eveline M. Ibeagha-Awemu
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, Canada
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3
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Stojkic I, Harper L, Coss S, Kallash M, Driest K, Lamb M, Ardoin SP, Akoghlanian S. CAR T cell therapy for refractory pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus: a new era of hope? Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2024; 22:72. [PMID: 39118067 PMCID: PMC11308704 DOI: 10.1186/s12969-024-00990-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune condition that can affect multiple organ systems and is heterogenous in its presentation and response to therapy. When diagnosed in childhood, SLE is associated with increased morbidity and mortality compared to adult SLE, often requiring substantial immunosuppression with the risk of significant side effects. There remains a significant unmet need for new therapies that can improve disease control and reduce glucocorticoid and other toxic medication exposure for patients with severe or refractory disease. The pathogenesis of SLE involves B cell dysregulation and autoantibody production, which are a hallmark of the disease. Currently approved B cell directed therapies often result in incomplete B cell depletion and may not target long-lived plasma cells responsible for SLE autoantibodies. It is hypothesized that by persistently eliminating both B cells and plasmablasts, CAR T therapy can halt autoimmunity and prevent organ damage in patient's refractory to current B cell-depleting treatments. Herein we summarize the current preclinical and clinical data utilizing CAR T cells for SLE and discuss the future of this treatment modality for lupus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Stojkic
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, 46205, USA.
| | - Lauren Harper
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, 46205, USA
| | - Samantha Coss
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, 46205, USA
| | - Mahmoud Kallash
- Division of Nephrology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kyla Driest
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, 46205, USA
| | - Margaret Lamb
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Stacy P Ardoin
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, 46205, USA
| | - Shoghik Akoghlanian
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, 46205, USA
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Li J, Chen P, Ma W. The next frontier in immunotherapy: potential and challenges of CAR-macrophages. Exp Hematol Oncol 2024; 13:76. [PMID: 39103972 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-024-00549-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor macrophage (CAR-MΦ) represents a significant advancement in immunotherapy, especially for treating solid tumors where traditional CAR-T therapies face limitations. CAR-MΦ offers a promising approach to target and eradicate tumor cells by utilizing macrophages' phagocytic and antigen-presenting abilities. However, challenges such as the complex tumor microenvironment (TME), variability in antigen expression, and immune suppression limit their efficacy. This review addresses these issues, exploring mechanisms of CAR-MΦ action, optimal construct designs, and interactions within the TME. It also delves into the ex vivo manufacturing challenges of CAR-MΦ, discussing autologous and allogeneic sources and the importance of stringent quality control. The potential synergies of integrating CAR-MΦ with existing cancer therapies like checkpoint inhibitors and conventional chemotherapeutics are examined to highlight possible enhanced treatment outcomes. Furthermore, regulatory pathways for CAR-MΦ therapies are scrutinized alongside established protocols for CAR-T cells, identifying unique considerations essential for clinical trials and market approval. Proposed safety monitoring frameworks aim to manage potential adverse events, such as cytokine release syndrome, crucial for patient safety. Consolidating current research and clinical insights, this review seeks to refine CAR-MΦ therapeutic applications, overcome barriers, and suggest future research directions to transition CAR-MΦ therapies from experimental platforms to standard cancer care options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, China
| | - Ping Chen
- Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Hematology, Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, China
| | - Wenxue Ma
- Sanford Stem Cell Institute, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, CA, 92093, La Jolla, USA.
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5
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Colman KS, Orofino G, Ruggeri A. Challenges and successes in cellular therapies and CAR-T: insights from the 50th EBMT annual meeting. Bone Marrow Transplant 2024:10.1038/s41409-024-02369-1. [PMID: 39043926 DOI: 10.1038/s41409-024-02369-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine S Colman
- Children's Cancer Centre, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Giorgio Orofino
- Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milano, Italy.
| | - Annalisa Ruggeri
- Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milano, Italy
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Schmidt AH. Unrelated hematopoietic stem cell donor registries: present reality and future prospects. Curr Opin Hematol 2024:00062752-990000000-00084. [PMID: 39046928 DOI: 10.1097/moh.0000000000000835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Stem cell donor registries play an important role in providing stem cell products from unrelated donors to patients with severe blood diseases. In this review, important aspects of donor registry work, current challenges and possible future developments are discussed. RECENT FINDINGS The current growth in global unrelated stem cell donations is in line with the long-term trend, indicating that donor registries have overcome the COVID-19 pandemic. A key challenge for donor registries is the recruitment of donors from disadvantaged populations to create greater equity in access to unrelated stem cell transplantation. In addition, recruiting young donors and increasing the availability of donors who are already registered are important goals. In recent years, numerous studies have looked at the context of these themes and the development of possible solutions. SUMMARY The international community of donor registries, together with the World Marrow Donor Association, has helped many patients in need of a stem cell transplant over the past decades and is, therefore, a bright example of international collaboration for a good cause. It is currently addressing a number of challenges to effectively help as many patients as possible from various populations also in the future.
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Co IL, Fomina A, Nurse M, McGuigan AP. Applications and evolution of 3D cancer-immune cell models. Trends Biotechnol 2024:S0167-7799(24)00155-0. [PMID: 39025680 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2024.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the highly complex tumor-immune landscape is an important goal for developing novel immune therapies for solid cancers. To this end, 3D cancer-immune models have emerged as patient-relevant in vitro tools for modeling the tumor-immune landscape and the cellular interactions within it. In this review, we provide an overview of the components and applications of 3D cancer-immune models and discuss their evolution from 2015 to 2023. Specifically, we observe trends in primary cell-sourced, T cell-based complex models used for therapy evaluation and biological discovery. Finally, we describe the challenges of implementing 3D cancer-immune models and the opportunities for maximizing their potential for deciphering the complex tumor-immune microenvironment and identifying novel, clinically relevant drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ileana L Co
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College St., Toronto, ON, M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Aleksandra Fomina
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College St., Toronto, ON, M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Michelle Nurse
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College St., Toronto, ON, M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Alison P McGuigan
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College St., Toronto, ON, M5S 3G9, Canada; Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College St., Toronto, ON, M5S 3E5, Canada.
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Del Baldo G, Carai A, Mastronuzzi A. Chimeric antigen receptor adoptive immunotherapy in central nervous system tumors: state of the art on clinical trials, challenges, and emerging strategies to addressing them. Curr Opin Oncol 2024:00001622-990000000-00196. [PMID: 38989708 DOI: 10.1097/cco.0000000000001076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Central nervous system (CNS) tumors represent a significant unmet medical need due to their enduring burden of high mortality and morbidity. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy emerges as a groundbreaking approach, offering hope for improved treatment outcomes. However, despite its successes in hematological malignancies, its efficacy in solid tumors, including CNS tumors, remains limited. Challenges such as the intricate tumor microenvironment (TME), antigenic heterogeneity, and CAR T-cell exhaustion hinder its effectiveness. This review aims to explore the current landscape of CAR T-cell therapy for CNS tumors, highlighting recent advancements and addressing challenges in achieving therapeutic efficacy. RECENT FINDINGS Innovative strategies aim to overcome the barriers posed by the TME and antigen diversity, prevent CAR T-cell exhaustion through engineering approaches and combination therapies with immune checkpoint inhibitors to improving treatment outcomes. SUMMARY Researchers have been actively working to address these challenges. Moreover, addressing the unique challenges associated with neurotoxicity in CNS tumors requires specialized management strategies. These may include the development of grading systems, monitoring devices, alternative cell platforms and incorporation of suicide genes. Continued research efforts and clinical advancements are paramount to overcoming the existing challenges and realizing the full potential of CAR T-cell therapy in treating CNS tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giada Del Baldo
- Department of Pediatric Haematology and Oncology, and Cell and Gene Therapy Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome
| | - Andrea Carai
- Department of Neurosciences, Neurosurgery Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Mastronuzzi
- Department of Pediatric Haematology and Oncology, and Cell and Gene Therapy Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS
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Zhong Y, Liu J. Emerging roles of CAR-NK cell therapies in tumor immunotherapy: current status and future directions. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:318. [PMID: 38987565 PMCID: PMC11236993 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-02077-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy harnesses the body's immune system to combat malignancies, building upon an understanding of tumor immunosurveillance and immune evasion mechanisms. This therapeutic approach reactivates anti-tumor immune responses and can be categorized into active, passive, and combined immunization strategies. Active immunotherapy engages the immune system to recognize and attack tumor cells by leveraging host immunity with cytokine supplementation or vaccination. Conversely, passive immunotherapy employs exogenous agents, such as monoclonal antibodies (anti-CTLA4, anti-PD1, anti-PD-L1) or adoptive cell transfers (ACT) with genetically engineered chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T or NK cells, to exert anti-tumor effects. Over the past decades, CAR-T cell therapies have gained significant traction in oncological treatment, offering hope through their targeted approach. However, the potential adverse effects associated with CAR-T cells, including cytokine release syndrome (CRS), off-tumor toxicity, and neurotoxicity, warrant careful consideration. Recently, CAR-NK cell therapy has emerged as a promising alternative in the landscape of tumor immunotherapy, distinguished by its innate advantages over CAR-T cell modalities. In this review, we will synthesize the latest research and clinical advancements in CAR-NK cell therapies. We will elucidate the therapeutic benefits of employing CAR-NK cells in oncology and critically examine the developmental bottlenecks impeding their broader application. Our discussion aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current status and future potential of CAR-NK cells in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhong
- Department of Pathology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jingfeng Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Immunity and Inflammatory Diseases, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China.
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenzhen, China.
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Dreyzin A, Rankin AW, Luciani K, Gavrilova T, Shah NN. Overcoming the challenges of primary resistance and relapse after CAR-T cell therapy. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2024; 20:745-763. [PMID: 38739466 PMCID: PMC11180598 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2024.2349738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION While CAR T-cell therapy has led to remarkable responses in relapsed B-cell hematologic malignancies, only 50% of patients ultimately have a complete, sustained response. Understanding the mechanisms of resistance and relapse after CAR T-cell therapy is crucial to future development and improving outcomes. AREAS COVERED We review reasons for both primary resistance and relapse after CAR T-cell therapies. Reasons for primary failure include CAR T-cell manufacturing problems, suboptimal fitness of autologous T-cells themselves, and intrinsic features of the underlying cancer and tumor microenvironment. Relapse after initial response to CAR T-cell therapy may be antigen-positive, due to CAR T-cell exhaustion or limited persistence, or antigen-negative, due to antigen-modulation on the target cells. Finally, we discuss ongoing efforts to overcome resistance to CAR T-cell therapy with enhanced CAR constructs, manufacturing methods, alternate cell types, combinatorial strategies, and optimization of both pre-infusion conditioning regimens and post-infusion consolidative strategies. EXPERT OPINION There is a continued need for novel approaches to CAR T-cell therapy for both hematologic and solid malignancies to obtain sustained remissions. Opportunities for improvement include development of new targets, optimally combining existing CAR T-cell therapies, and defining the role for adjunctive immune modulators and stem cell transplant in enhancing long-term survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Dreyzin
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center of Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Children's National Hospital, Washington DC, USA
| | - Alexander W Rankin
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center of Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Katia Luciani
- School of Medicine, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | | | - Nirali N Shah
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center of Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Shen J, Hu R, Lin A, Jiang A, Tang B, Liu Z, Cheng Q, Miao K, Zhang J, Luo P. Characterization of second primary malignancies post CAR T-cell therapy: real-world insights from the two global pharmacovigilance databases of FAERS and VigiBase. EClinicalMedicine 2024; 73:102684. [PMID: 39007060 PMCID: PMC11245995 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The FDA's alerts regarding the T-cell lymphoma risk post CAR-T therapy has garnered global attention, yet a comprehensive profile of second primary malignancies (SPMs) following CAR-T treatment is lacking. Methods We extracted adverse event reports of hematological malignancies (HMs) patients with clearly definable SPMs from the FAERS and VigiBase databases (2017-2023). Disproportionality analysis using reporting odds ratio (ROR) and adjusted ROR was performed to assess associations between SPMs and CAR-T therapy. Time-to-onset analysis explored factors affecting SPM manifestation. Findings SPMs post CAR T-cell therapy include HMs and solid tumors. T-cell lymphoma and myelodysplastic syndromes were consistently identified as positive signals across the overall and subgroup analyses. Hematological SPMs showed earlier onset with increasing annual incidence post CAR-T therapy, whereas solid tumors exhibit delayed manifestation. SPMs in CAR-T recipients had significantly earlier onset than non-recipients. Furthermore, age-specific characteristics reveal earlier SPM manifestations in pediatric, adolescent, and young adult populations compared to older populations post CAR-T therapy. Interpretation The current SPM profile highlights the necessity of long-term safety monitoring for all CAR-T recipients given the observed yearly increase of SPMs. Customizing long-term SPM screening across different age groups may enhance early detection and intervention strategies, ultimately improving patient outcomes in the follow-up of CAR-T recipients. Funding This work was supported by grants from the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (2018A030313846 and 2021A1515012593), the Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province (2019A030317020), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81802257, 81871859, 81772457, 82172750, 82172811, and 82260546), the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (Guangdong-Guangzhou Joint Funds) (2022A1515111212), and the Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou (2023A04J1257).
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyi Shen
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Rong Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China
| | - Anqi Lin
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Aimin Jiang
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Bufu Tang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zaoqu Liu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Quan Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Kai Miao
- Cancer Centre and Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, 999078, China
- MoE Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Macau SAR, 999078, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Peng Luo
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
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Ma J, Ding L, Peng X, Jiang L, Liu G. Recent Advances of Engineered Cell Membrane-Based Nanotherapeutics to Combat Inflammatory Diseases. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2308646. [PMID: 38334202 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202308646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
An immune reaction known as inflammation serves as a shield from external danger signals, but an overactive immune system may additionally lead to tissue damage and even a variety of inflammatory disorders. By inheriting biological functionalities and serving as both a therapeutic medication and a drug carrier, cell membrane-based nanotherapeutics offer the potential to treat inflammatory disorders. To further strengthen the anti-inflammatory benefits of natural cell membranes, researchers alter and optimize the membranes using engineering methods. This review focuses on engineered cell membrane-based nanotherapeutics (ECMNs) and their application in treating inflammation-related diseases. Specifically, this article discusses the methods of engineering cell membranes for inflammatory diseases and examines the progress of ECMNs in inflammation-targeted therapy, inflammation-neutralizing therapy, and inflammation-immunomodulatory therapy. Additionally, the article looks into the perspectives and challenges of ECMNs in inflammatory treatment and offers suggestions as well as guidance to encourage further investigations and implementations in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Linyu Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Xuqi Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Lai Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Gang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
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Zhou Z, Mai Y, Zhang G, Wang Y, Sun P, Jing Z, Li Z, Xu Y, Han B, Liu J. Emerging role of immunogenic cell death in cancer immunotherapy: Advancing next-generation CAR-T cell immunotherapy by combination. Cancer Lett 2024; 598:217079. [PMID: 38936505 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.217079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Immunogenic cell death (ICD) is a stress-driven form of regulated cell death (RCD) in which dying tumor cells' specific signaling pathways are activated to release damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), leading to the robust anti-tumor immune response as well as a reversal of the tumor immune microenvironment from "cold" to "hot". Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy, as a landmark in anti-tumor immunotherapy, plays a formidable role in hematologic malignancies but falls short in solid tumors. The Gordian knot of CAR-T cells for solid tumors includes but is not limited to, tumor antigen heterogeneity or absence, physical and immune barriers of tumors. The combination of ICD induction therapy and CAR-T cell immunotherapy is expected to promote the intensive use of CAR-T cell in solid tumors. In this review, we summarize the characteristics of ICD, stress-responsive mechanism, and the synergistic effect of various ICD-based therapies with CAR-T cells to effectively improve anti-tumor capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaokai Zhou
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Yumiao Mai
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Ge Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Province Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair, Henan Province Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Yingjie Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Pan Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Zhaohe Jing
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Zhengrui Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yudi Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Bo Han
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China.
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14
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Nguyen TTT, Greene LA, Mnatsakanyan H, Badr CE. Revolutionizing Brain Tumor Care: Emerging Technologies and Strategies. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1376. [PMID: 38927583 PMCID: PMC11202201 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12061376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most aggressive forms of brain tumor, characterized by a daunting prognosis with a life expectancy hovering around 12-16 months. Despite a century of relentless research, only a select few drugs have received approval for brain tumor treatment, largely due to the formidable barrier posed by the blood-brain barrier. The current standard of care involves a multifaceted approach combining surgery, irradiation, and chemotherapy. However, recurrence often occurs within months despite these interventions. The formidable challenges of drug delivery to the brain and overcoming therapeutic resistance have become focal points in the treatment of brain tumors and are deemed essential to overcoming tumor recurrence. In recent years, a promising wave of advanced treatments has emerged, offering a glimpse of hope to overcome the limitations of existing therapies. This review aims to highlight cutting-edge technologies in the current and ongoing stages of development, providing patients with valuable insights to guide their choices in brain tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trang T. T. Nguyen
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Lloyd A. Greene
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA;
| | - Hayk Mnatsakanyan
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Neuroscience Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA; (H.M.); (C.E.B.)
| | - Christian E. Badr
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Neuroscience Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA; (H.M.); (C.E.B.)
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15
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Xiang M, Yang C, Zhang L, Wang S, Ren Y, Gou M. Dissolving microneedles for transdermal drug delivery in cancer immunotherapy. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:5812-5822. [PMID: 38856691 DOI: 10.1039/d4tb00659c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Immunotherapy is an important approach in cancer treatment. Transdermal administration is emerging as a promising method for delivering immunotherapeutics. Dissolving microneedles are made mainly of soluble or biodegradable polymers and have garnered widespread attention due to their painlessness, safety, convenience, excellent drug loading capacity, and easy availability of various materials, making them an ideal transdermal delivery system. This review comprehensively summarized the preparation methods, materials, and applications of dissolving microneedles in cancer vaccines, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and adoptive cell therapy. Additionally, the challenges and perspectives associated with their future clinical translation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Xiang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington-Seattle Campus, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Chunli Yang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
- Huahang Microcreate Technology Co., Ltd, Chengdu, China
| | - Siyi Wang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Ya Ren
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Maling Gou
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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16
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Edwards JP, Swers JS, Buonato JM, Zaritskaya L, Mu CJ, Gupta A, Shachar S, LaFleur DW, Richman LK, Tice DA, Hilbert DM. Controlling CAR-T cell activity and specificity with synthetic SparX adapters. Mol Ther 2024; 32:1835-1848. [PMID: 38659225 PMCID: PMC11184337 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2024.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
While conventional chimeric antigen-receptor (CAR)-T therapies have shown remarkable clinical activity in some settings, they can induce severe toxicities and are rarely curative. To address these challenges, we developed a controllable cell therapy where synthetic D-domain-containing proteins (soluble protein antigen-receptor X-linker [SparX]) bind one or more tumor antigens and mark those cells for elimination by genetically modified T cells (antigen-receptor complex [ARC]-T). The chimeric antigen receptor was engineered with a D-domain that specifically binds to the SparX protein via a unique TAG, derived from human alpha-fetoprotein. The interaction is mediated through an epitope on the TAG that is occluded in the native alpha-fetoprotein molecule. In vitro and in vivo data demonstrate that the activation and cytolytic activity of ARC-T cells is dependent on the dose of SparX protein and only occurs when ARC-T cells are engaged with SparX proteins bound to antigen-positive cells. ARC-T cell specificity was also redirected in vivo by changing SparX proteins that recognized different tumor antigens to combat inherent or acquired tumor heterogeneity. The ARC-SparX platform is designed to expand patient and physician access to cell therapy by controlling potential toxicities through SparX dosing regimens and enhancing tumor elimination through sequential or simultaneous administration of SparX proteins engineered to bind different tumor antigens.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/metabolism
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/immunology
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/genetics
- Animals
- Mice
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Neoplasms/therapy
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Neoplasms/metabolism
- Protein Binding
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17
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Sin WX, Jagannathan NS, Teo DBL, Kairi F, Fong SY, Tan JHL, Sandikin D, Cheung KW, Luah YH, Wu X, Raymond JJ, Lim FLWI, Lee YH, Seng MSF, Soh SY, Chen Q, Ram RJ, Tucker-Kellogg L, Birnbaum ME. A high-density microfluidic bioreactor for the automated manufacturing of CAR T cells. Nat Biomed Eng 2024:10.1038/s41551-024-01219-1. [PMID: 38834752 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-024-01219-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
The manufacturing of autologous chimaeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells largely relies either on fed-batch and manual processes that often lack environmental monitoring and control or on bioreactors that cannot be easily scaled out to meet patient demands. Here we show that human primary T cells can be activated, transduced and expanded to high densities in a 2 ml automated closed-system microfluidic bioreactor to produce viable anti-CD19 CAR T cells (specifically, more than 60 million CAR T cells from donor cells derived from patients with lymphoma and more than 200 million CAR T cells from healthy donors). The in vitro secretion of cytokines, the short-term cytotoxic activity and the long-term persistence and proliferation of the cell products, as well as their in vivo anti-leukaemic activity, were comparable to those of T cells produced in a gas-permeable well. The manufacturing-process intensification enabled by the miniaturized perfusable bioreactor may facilitate the analysis of the growth and metabolic states of CAR T cells during ex vivo culture, the high-throughput optimization of cell-manufacturing processes and the scale out of cell-therapy manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Xiang Sin
- Critical Analytics for Manufacturing Personalized-Medicine (CAMP), Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology Centre (SMART), Singapore, Singapore
| | - N Suhas Jagannathan
- Critical Analytics for Manufacturing Personalized-Medicine (CAMP), Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology Centre (SMART), Singapore, Singapore
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Denise Bei Lin Teo
- Critical Analytics for Manufacturing Personalized-Medicine (CAMP), Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology Centre (SMART), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Faris Kairi
- Critical Analytics for Manufacturing Personalized-Medicine (CAMP), Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology Centre (SMART), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shin Yie Fong
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joel Heng Loong Tan
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dedy Sandikin
- Critical Analytics for Manufacturing Personalized-Medicine (CAMP), Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology Centre (SMART), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ka-Wai Cheung
- Critical Analytics for Manufacturing Personalized-Medicine (CAMP), Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology Centre (SMART), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yen Hoon Luah
- Critical Analytics for Manufacturing Personalized-Medicine (CAMP), Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology Centre (SMART), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiaolin Wu
- Critical Analytics for Manufacturing Personalized-Medicine (CAMP), Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology Centre (SMART), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joshua Jebaraj Raymond
- Critical Analytics for Manufacturing Personalized-Medicine (CAMP), Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology Centre (SMART), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Francesca Lorraine Wei Inng Lim
- Advanced Cell Therapy and Research Institute, Singapore (ACTRIS), Consortium for Clinical Research and Innovation, Singapore (CRIS), Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Haematology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- SingHealth Duke-NUS Oncology Academic Clinical Programme, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- SingHealth Duke-NUS Cell Therapy Centre, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yie Hou Lee
- Critical Analytics for Manufacturing Personalized-Medicine (CAMP), Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology Centre (SMART), Singapore, Singapore
- SingHealth Duke-NUS Cell Therapy Centre, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Michaela Su-Fern Seng
- SingHealth Duke-NUS Oncology Academic Clinical Programme, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- SingHealth Duke-NUS Cell Therapy Centre, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shui Yen Soh
- SingHealth Duke-NUS Oncology Academic Clinical Programme, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- SingHealth Duke-NUS Cell Therapy Centre, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qingfeng Chen
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rajeev J Ram
- Critical Analytics for Manufacturing Personalized-Medicine (CAMP), Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology Centre (SMART), Singapore, Singapore.
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Lisa Tucker-Kellogg
- Critical Analytics for Manufacturing Personalized-Medicine (CAMP), Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology Centre (SMART), Singapore, Singapore.
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Michael E Birnbaum
- Critical Analytics for Manufacturing Personalized-Medicine (CAMP), Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology Centre (SMART), Singapore, Singapore.
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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18
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Alviano AM, Biondi M, Grassenis E, Biondi A, Serafini M, Tettamanti S. Fully equipped CARs to address tumor heterogeneity, enhance safety, and improve the functionality of cellular immunotherapies. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1407992. [PMID: 38887285 PMCID: PMC11180895 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1407992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Although adoptive transfer of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered T cells has achieved unprecedented response rates in patients with certain hematological malignancies, this therapeutic modality is still far from fulfilling its remarkable potential, especially in the context of solid cancers. Antigen escape variants, off-tumor destruction of healthy tissues expressing tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), poor CAR-T cell persistence, and the occurrence of functional exhaustion represent some of the most prominent hurdles that limit CAR-T cell ability to induce long-lasting remissions with a tolerable adverse effect profile. In this review, we summarize the main approaches that have been developed to face such bottlenecks, including the adapter CAR (AdCAR) system, Boolean-logic gating, epitope editing, the modulation of cell-intrinsic signaling pathways, and the incorporation of safety switches to precisely control CAR-T cell activation. We also discuss the most pressing issues pertaining to the selection of co-stimulatory domains, with a focus on strategies aimed at promoting CAR-T cell persistence and optimal antitumor functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Maria Alviano
- Tettamanti Center and Pediatrics, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza, Italy
| | - Marta Biondi
- Tettamanti Center and Pediatrics, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza, Italy
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Erica Grassenis
- Tettamanti Center and Pediatrics, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza, Italy
| | - Andrea Biondi
- Tettamanti Center and Pediatrics, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza, Italy
| | - Marta Serafini
- Tettamanti Center and Pediatrics, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza, Italy
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Sarah Tettamanti
- Tettamanti Center and Pediatrics, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza, Italy
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19
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Mody H, Sutaria DS, Miles D. Clinical Pharmacology Considerations for the "Off-the-Shelf" Allogeneic Cell Therapies. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2024; 115:1233-1250. [PMID: 38501153 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.3241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Autologous chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapies have garnered unprecedented clinical success with multiple regulatory approvals for the treatment of various hematological malignancies. However, there are still several clinical challenges that limit their broad utilization for aggressive disease conditions. To address some of these challenges, allogeneic cell therapies are evaluated as an alternative approach. As compared with autologous products, they offer several advantages, such as a more standardized "off the shelf" product, reduced manufacturing complexity, and no requirement of bridging therapy. As with autologous CAR-T therapies, allogeneic cell therapies also present clinical pharmacology challenges due to their in vivo living nature, unique pharmacokinetics or cellular kinetics (CKs), and complex dose-exposure-response relationships that are impacted by various patient- and product-related factors. On top of that, allogeneic cell therapies present additional unique challenges, including attenuated in vivo persistence and graft-vs.-host disease risk as compared with autologous counterparts. This review draws comparison between autologous and allogeneic cell therapies, summarizing key engineering aspects unique to allogeneic cell therapy. Clinical pharmacology learnings from emerging clinical data of allogeneic cell therapy programs are also highlighted, with particular emphasis on CK, dose-exposure-response relationship, lymphodepletion regimen, repeat dosing, and patient- and product-related factors that can impact CK and patient outcomes. There are specific unique challenges and opportunities arising from the development of allogeneic cell therapies, especially in optimizing lymphodepletion and establishing a regimen for repeat dosing. This review highlights how clinical pharmacologists are well positioned to help address these challenges by leveraging novel clinical pharmacology and modeling and simulation approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hardik Mody
- Clinical Pharmacology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Dale Miles
- Clinical Pharmacology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, USA
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20
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Shimizu Y, Ntege EH, Inoue Y, Matsuura N, Sunami H, Sowa Y. Optimizing mesenchymal stem cell extracellular vesicles for chronic wound healing: Bioengineering, standardization, and safety. Regen Ther 2024; 26:260-274. [PMID: 38978963 PMCID: PMC11228664 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2024.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic wounds represent a significant global burden, afflicting millions with debilitating complications. Despite standard care, impaired healing persists due to factors like persistent inflammation and impaired tissue regeneration. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) offer an innovative regenerative medicine approach, delivering stem cell-derived therapeutic cargo in engineered nanoscale delivery systems. This review examines pioneering bioengineering strategies to engineer MSC-EVs into precision nanotherapeutics for chronic wounds. Emerging technologies like CRISPR gene editing, microfluidic manufacturing, and biomimetic delivery systems are highlighted for their potential to enhance MSC-EV targeting, optimize therapeutic cargo enrichment, and ensure consistent clinical-grade production. However, key hurdles remain, including batch variability, rigorous safety assessment for potential tumorigenicity, immunogenicity, and biodistribution profiling. Crucially, collaborative frameworks harmonizing regulatory science with bioengineering and patient advocacy hold the key to expediting global clinical translation. By overcoming these challenges, engineered MSC-EVs could catalyze a new era of off-the-shelf regenerative therapies, restoring hope and healing for millions afflicted by non-healing wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Shimizu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara, Nakagami, Okinawa, 903-0215, Japan
| | - Edward Hosea Ntege
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara, Nakagami, Okinawa, 903-0215, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Inoue
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, 1-98, Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Naoki Matsuura
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara, Nakagami, Okinawa, 903-0215, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sunami
- Center for Advanced Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara, Nakagami, Okinawa, 903-0215, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sowa
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1, Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, 329-0498, Tochigi, Japan
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21
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Inamdar VV, Hao S, Stephan SB, Stephan MT. Biomaterial-based scaffolds for direct in situ programming of tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes. J Control Release 2024; 370:310-317. [PMID: 38677524 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Adoptive cell therapy with tumor-infiltrating T cells (TILs) has generated exciting clinical trial results for the treatment of unresectable solid tumors. However, solid tumors remain difficult targets for adoptively transferred T cells, due in part to poor migration of TILs to the tumor, physical barriers to infiltration, and active suppression of TILs by the tumor. Furthermore, a highly skilled team is required to obtain tumor tissue, isolate and expand the TILs ex vivo, and reinfuse them into the patient, which drives up costs and limits patient access. Here, we describe a cell-free polymer implant designed to recruit, genetically reprogram and expand host T cells at tumor lesions in situ. Importantly, the scaffold can be fabricated on a large scale and is stable to lyophilization. Using a mouse breast cancer model, we show that the implants quickly and efficiently amass cancer-specific host lymphocytes at the tumor site in quantities sufficient to bring about long-term tumor regression. Given that surgical care is the mainstay of cancer treatment for many patients, this technology could be easily implemented in a clinical setting as an add-on to surgery for solid tumors. Furthermore, the approach could be broadened to recruit and genetically reprogram other therapeutically desirable host cells, such as macrophages, natural killer cells or dendritic cells, potentially boosting the antitumor effectiveness of the implant even more.
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Affiliation(s)
- V V Inamdar
- Translational Science and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - S Hao
- Translational Science and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - S B Stephan
- Translational Science and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - M T Stephan
- Translational Science and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA; Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA; Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering & Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.
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22
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Brader M, Kim HYA, Koo O, Nagapudi K, Su Y. Industrial Horizons in Pharmaceutical Science. Mol Pharm 2024. [PMID: 38807456 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.4c00544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Brader
- Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Hai-Young Anne Kim
- Therapeutic Discovery, Johnson and Johnson, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Otilia Koo
- Emerging Technologies Portfolio Management, Novo Nordisk, Plainsboro, New Jersey 08536, United States
| | - Karthik Nagapudi
- Synthetic Molecule Pharmaceutics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Yongchao Su
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Supply, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
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23
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Wu MH, Valenca-Pereira F, Cendali F, Giddings EL, Pham-Danis C, Yarnell MC, Novak AJ, Brunetti TM, Thompson SB, Henao-Mejia J, Flavell RA, D'Alessandro A, Kohler ME, Rincon M. Deleting the mitochondrial respiration negative regulator MCJ enhances the efficacy of CD8 + T cell adoptive therapies in pre-clinical studies. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4444. [PMID: 38789421 PMCID: PMC11126743 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48653-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial respiration is essential for the survival and function of T cells used in adoptive cellular therapies. However, strategies that specifically enhance mitochondrial respiration to promote T cell function remain limited. Here, we investigate methylation-controlled J protein (MCJ), an endogenous negative regulator of mitochondrial complex I expressed in CD8 cells, as a target for improving the efficacy of adoptive T cell therapies. We demonstrate that MCJ inhibits mitochondrial respiration in murine CD8+ CAR-T cells and that deletion of MCJ increases their in vitro and in vivo efficacy against murine B cell leukaemia. Similarly, MCJ deletion in ovalbumin (OVA)-specific CD8+ T cells also increases their efficacy against established OVA-expressing melanoma tumors in vivo. Furthermore, we show for the first time that MCJ is expressed in human CD8 cells and that the level of MCJ expression correlates with the functional activity of CD8+ CAR-T cells. Silencing MCJ expression in human CD8 CAR-T cells increases their mitochondrial metabolism and enhances their anti-tumor activity. Thus, targeting MCJ may represent a potential therapeutic strategy to increase mitochondrial metabolism and improve the efficacy of adoptive T cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Han Wu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Felipe Valenca-Pereira
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Francesca Cendali
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Emily L Giddings
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Catherine Pham-Danis
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Michael C Yarnell
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Amanda J Novak
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Tonya M Brunetti
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Scott B Thompson
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jorge Henao-Mejia
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Transplant Immunology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Richard A Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Angelo D'Alessandro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - M Eric Kohler
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
- Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Mercedes Rincon
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
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24
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XIA ZHIGANG, TIAN MENGYAO, CHENG YUCAI, YI WENFANG, DU ZEFAN, LI TIANWEN, WEN YUCHEN, LI LINDI, LIU YONG, CHEN CHUN. Preclinical evaluation of cyclophosphamide and fludarabine combined with CD19 CAR-T in the treatment of B-cell hematologic malignancies in vivo. Oncol Res 2024; 32:1109-1118. [PMID: 38827326 PMCID: PMC11136684 DOI: 10.32604/or.2024.049792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy has achieved marked therapeutic success in ameliorating hematological malignancies. However, there is an extant void in the clinical guidelines concerning the most effective chemotherapy regimen prior to chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy, as well as the optimal timing for CAR-T cell infusion post-chemotherapy. Materials and Methods We employed cell-derived tumor xenograft (CDX) murine models to delineate the optimal pre-conditioning chemotherapy regimen and timing for CAR-T cell treatment. Furthermore, transcriptome sequencing was implemented to identify the therapeutic targets and elucidate the underlying mechanisms governing the treatment regimen. Results Our preclinical in vivo evaluation determined that a combination of cyclophosphamide and fludarabine, followed by the infusion of CD19 CAR-T cells five days subsequent to the chemotherapy, exerts the most efficacious therapeutic effect in B-cell hematological malignancies. Concurrently, RNA-seq data indicated that the therapeutic efficacy predominantly perturbs tumor cell metabolism, primarily through the inhibition of key mitochondrial targets, such as C-Jun Kinase enzyme (C-JUN). Conclusion In summary, the present study offers critical clinical guidance and serves as an authoritative reference for the deployment of CD19 CAR-T cell therapy in the treatment of B-cell hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZHIGANG XIA
- Pediatric Hematology Laboratory, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - MENGYAO TIAN
- Pediatric Hematology Laboratory, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - YUCAI CHENG
- Pediatric Hematology Laboratory, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - WENFANG YI
- Pediatric Hematology Laboratory, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - ZEFAN DU
- Pediatric Hematology Laboratory, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - TIANWEN LI
- Pediatric Hematology Laboratory, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - YUCHEN WEN
- Pediatric Hematology Laboratory, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - LINDI LI
- Pediatric Hematology Laboratory, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - YONG LIU
- Pediatric Hematology Laboratory, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - CHUN CHEN
- Pediatric Hematology Laboratory, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
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Daamen AR, Lipsky PE. Potential and pitfalls of repurposing the CAR-T cell regimen for the treatment of autoimmune disease. Ann Rheum Dis 2024; 83:696-699. [PMID: 38637134 DOI: 10.1136/ard-2024-225638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) are synthetic proteins designed to direct an immune response toward a specific target and have been used in immunotherapeutic applications through the adoptive transfer of T cells genetically engineered to express CARs. This technology received early attention in oncology with particular success in treatment of B cell malignancies leading to the launch of numerous successful clinical trials and the US Food and Drug Administration approval of several CAR-T-based therapies. Many CAR-T constructs have been employed, but have always been administered following a lymphodepletion regimen. The success of CAR-T cell treatment in targeting malignant B cells has led many to consider the potential for using these regimens to delete pathogenic B cells in autoimmune diseases. Preliminary results have suggested efficacy, but the sample size remains small, controlled trials have not been done, the role of immunodepletion has not been established, the most effective CAR-T constructs have not been identified and the most appropriate patient subsets for treatment have not been established.
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Satapathy BP, Sheoran P, Yadav R, Chettri D, Sonowal D, Dash CP, Dhaka P, Uttam V, Yadav R, Jain M, Jain A. The synergistic immunotherapeutic impact of engineered CAR-T cells with PD-1 blockade in lymphomas and solid tumors: a systematic review. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1389971. [PMID: 38799440 PMCID: PMC11116574 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1389971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Currently, therapies such as chimeric antigen receptor-T Cell (CAR-T) and immune checkpoint inhibitors like programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) blockers are showing promising results for numerous cancer patients. However, significant advancements are required before CAR-T therapies become readily available as off-the-shelf treatments, particularly for solid tumors and lymphomas. In this review, we have systematically analyzed the combination therapy involving engineered CAR-T cells and anti PD-1 agents. This approach aims at overcoming the limitations of current treatments and offers potential advantages such as enhanced tumor inhibition, alleviated T-cell exhaustion, heightened T-cell activation, and minimized toxicity. The integration of CAR-T therapy, which targets tumor-associated antigens, with PD-1 blockade augments T-cell function and mitigates immune suppression within the tumor microenvironment. To assess the impact of combination therapy on various tumors and lymphomas, we categorized them based on six major tumor-associated antigens: mesothelin, disialoganglioside GD-2, CD-19, CD-22, CD-133, and CD-30, which are present in different tumor types. We evaluated the efficacy, complete and partial responses, and progression-free survival in both pre-clinical and clinical models. Additionally, we discussed potential implications, including the feasibility of combination immunotherapies, emphasizing the importance of ongoing research to optimize treatment strategies and improve outcomes for cancer patients. Overall, we believe combining CAR-T therapy with PD-1 blockade holds promise for the next generation of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibhu Prasad Satapathy
- Department of Zoology, Non-Coding RNA and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Pooja Sheoran
- Department of Zoology, Non-Coding RNA and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Rohit Yadav
- Department of Zoology, Non-Coding RNA and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Dewan Chettri
- Department of Zoology, Non-Coding RNA and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Dhruba Sonowal
- Department of Zoology, Non-Coding RNA and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Chinmayee Priyadarsini Dash
- Department of Zoology, Non-Coding RNA and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Prachi Dhaka
- Department of Zoology, Non-Coding RNA and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Vivek Uttam
- Department of Zoology, Non-Coding RNA and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Ritu Yadav
- Department of Zoology, Non-Coding RNA and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Manju Jain
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Aklank Jain
- Department of Zoology, Non-Coding RNA and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
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Shumnalieva R, Velikova T, Monov S. Expanding the role of CAR T-cell therapy: From B-cell hematological malignancies to autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Int J Rheum Dis 2024; 27:e15182. [PMID: 38742463 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.15182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy is a form of immunotherapy where the lymphocytes, mostly T-cells, are redirected to specifically recognize and eliminate a target antigen by coupling them with CARs. The binding of CAR and target cell surface antigens leads to vigorous T cell activation and robust anti-tumor immune responses. Areas of implication of CAR T-cell therapies include mainly hematological malignancies (i.e., advanced B-cell cancers); however, recent studies have proven the unprecedented success of the new immunotherapy also in autoimmune rheumatic diseases. We aim to review the recent advances in CAR T-cell therapies in rheumatology but also to address the limitations of their use in the real clinical practice based on the data on their efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russka Shumnalieva
- Department of Rheumatology, Clinic of Rheumatology, Medical University-Sofia, Faculty of Medicine, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Tsvetelina Velikova
- Medical Faculty, Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski"- Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Simeon Monov
- Department of Rheumatology, Clinic of Rheumatology, Medical University-Sofia, Faculty of Medicine, Sofia, Bulgaria
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Leland P, Degheidy H, Lea A, Bauer SR, Puri RK, Joshi BH. Identification and characterisation of novel CAR-T cells to target IL13Rα2 positive human glioma in vitro and in vivo. Clin Transl Med 2024; 14:e1664. [PMID: 38685487 PMCID: PMC11058282 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previously, we discovered that human solid tumours, but not normal human tissues, preferentially overexpress interleukin-13Receptor alpha2, a high binding receptor for IL-13. To develop novel anti-cancer approaches, we constructed a chimeric antigen receptor construct using a high binding and codon optimised scFv-IL-13Rα2 fragment fused with CD3ζ and co-stimulatory cytoplasmic domains of CD28 and 4-1BB. METHODS We developed a scFv clone, designated 14-1, by biopanning the bound scFv phages using huIL-13Rα2Fc chimeric protein and compared its binding with our previously published clone 4-1. We performed bioinformatic analyses for complementary determining regions (CDR) framework and residue analyses of the light and heavy chains. This construct was packaged with helper plasmids to produce CAR-lentivirus and transduced human Jurkat T or activated T cells from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to produce CAR-T cells and tested for their quality attributes in vitro and in vivo. Serum enzymes including body weight from non-tumour bearing mice were tested for assessing general toxicity of CAR-T cells. RESULTS The binding of 14-1 clone is to IL-13Rα2Fc-chimeric protein is ∼5 times higher than our previous clone 4-1. The 14-1-CAR-T cells grew exponentially in the presence of cytokines and maintained phenotype and biological attributes such as cell viability, potency, migration and T cell activation. Clone 14-1 migrated to IL-13Rα2Fc and cell free supernatants only from IL-13Rα2+ve confluent glioma tumour cells in a chemotaxis assay. scFv-IL-13Rα2-CAR-T cells specifically killed IL-13Rα2+ve but not IL-13Rα2-ve tumour cells in vitro and selectively caused significant release of IFN-γ only from IL-13Rα2+ve co-cultures. These CAR-T cells regressed IL-13Rα2+ve glioma xenografts in vivo without any general toxicity. In contrast, the IL-13Rα2 gene knocked-down U251 and U87 xenografts failed to respond to the CAR-T therapy. CONCLUSION Taken together, we conclude that the novel scFv-IL-13Rα2 CAR-T cell therapy may offer an effective therapeutic option after designing a careful pre-clinical and clinical study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Leland
- Tumor Vaccine and Biotechnology BranchDivision of Cell Therapy IISilver SpringMarylandUSA
| | - Heba Degheidy
- Cellular and Tissue Therapy Branch, Office of Cellular Therapy & Human Tissues, Office of Therapeutic ProductsCenter for Biologics Evaluation and ResearchU.S. Food and Drug Administration, White OakSilver SpringMarylandUSA
| | - Ashley Lea
- Tumor Vaccine and Biotechnology BranchDivision of Cell Therapy IISilver SpringMarylandUSA
| | - Steven R. Bauer
- Cellular and Tissue Therapy Branch, Office of Cellular Therapy & Human Tissues, Office of Therapeutic ProductsCenter for Biologics Evaluation and ResearchU.S. Food and Drug Administration, White OakSilver SpringMarylandUSA
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Raj K. Puri
- Tumor Vaccine and Biotechnology BranchDivision of Cell Therapy IISilver SpringMarylandUSA
- Iovance Biotherapeutics, Inc.FrederickMarylandUSA
| | - Bharat H. Joshi
- Tumor Vaccine and Biotechnology BranchDivision of Cell Therapy IISilver SpringMarylandUSA
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Schafer S, Chen K, Ma L. Crosstalking with Dendritic Cells: A Path to Engineer Advanced T Cell Immunotherapy. FRONTIERS IN SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2024; 4:1372995. [PMID: 38911455 PMCID: PMC11192543 DOI: 10.3389/fsysb.2024.1372995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Crosstalk between dendritic cells (DCs) and T cells plays a crucial role in modulating immune responses in natural and pathological conditions. DC-T cell crosstalk is achieved through contact-dependent (i.e., immunological synapse) and contact-independent mechanisms (i.e., cytokines). Activated DCs upregulate co-stimulatory signals and secrete proinflammatory cytokines to orchestrate T cell activation and differentiation. Conversely, activated T helper cells "license" DCs towards maturation, while regulatory T cells (Tregs) silence DCs to elicit tolerogenic immunity. Strategies to efficiently modulate the DC-T cell crosstalk can be harnessed to promote immune activation for cancer immunotherapy or immune tolerance for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Here, we review the natural crosstalk mechanisms between DC and T cells. We highlight bioengineering approaches to modulate DC-T cell crosstalk, including conventional vaccines, synthetic vaccines, and DC-mimics, and key seminal studies leveraging these approaches to steer immune response for the treatment of cancer and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sogand Schafer
- Center for Craniofacial Innovation, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kaige Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Leyuan Ma
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, US
- The Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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30
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Winidmanokul P, Panya A, Okada S. Tri-specific killer engager: unleashing multi-synergic power against cancer. EXPLORATION OF TARGETED ANTI-TUMOR THERAPY 2024; 5:432-448. [PMID: 38745768 PMCID: PMC11090690 DOI: 10.37349/etat.2024.00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer continues to be a global health concern, necessitating innovative solutions for treatment. Tri-specific killer engagers (TriKEs) have emerged as a promising class of immunotherapeutic agents, offering a multifaceted approach to cancer treatment. TriKEs simultaneously engage and activate natural killer (NK) cells while specifically targeting cancer cells, representing an outstanding advancement in immunotherapy. This review explores the generation and mechanisms of TriKEs, highlighting their advantages over other immunotherapies and discussing their potential impact on clinical trials and cancer treatment. TriKEs are composed of three distinct domains, primarily antibody-derived building blocks, linked together by short amino acid sequences. They incorporate critical elements, anti-cluster of differentiation 16 (CD16) and interleukin-15 (IL-15), which activate and enhance NK cell function, together with specific antibody to target each cancer. TriKEs exhibit remarkable potential in preclinical and early clinical studies across various cancer types, making them a versatile tool in cancer immunotherapy. Comparative analyses with other immunotherapies, such as chimeric antigen receptor-T (CAR-T) cell therapy, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), cytokine therapies, and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), reveal the unique advantages of TriKEs. They offer a safer pathway for immunotherapy by targeting cancer cells without hyperactivating T cells, reducing off-target effects and complications. The future of TriKEs involves addressing challenges related to dosing, tumor-associated antigen (TAA) expression, and NK cell suppression. Researchers are exploring innovative dosing strategies, enhancing specificity through tumor-specific antigens (TSAs), and combining TriKEs with other therapies for increased efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peeranut Winidmanokul
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Division of Hematopoiesis, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Aussara Panya
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Cell Engineering for Cancer Therapy Research Group, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Seiji Okada
- Division of Hematopoiesis, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
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Sabile JMG, Swords R, Tyner JW. Evaluating targeted therapies in older patients with TP53-mutated AML. Leuk Lymphoma 2024:1-18. [PMID: 38646877 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2024.2344057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Mutation of thetumor suppressor gene, TP53 (tumor protein 53), occurs in up to 15% of all patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and is enriched within specific clinical subsets, most notably in older adults, and including secondary AML cases arising from preceding myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN), myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), patients exposed to prior DNA-damaging, cytotoxic therapies. In all cases, these tumors have remained difficult to effectively treat with conventional therapeutic regimens. Newer approaches fortreatmentofTP53-mutated AML have shifted to interventions that maymodulateTP53 function, target downstream molecular vulnerabilities, target non-p53 dependent molecular pathways, and/or elicit immunogenic responses. This review will describe the basic biology of TP53, the clinical and biological patterns of TP53 within myeloid neoplasms with a focus on elderly AML patients and will summarize newer therapeutic strategies and current clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean M G Sabile
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Ronan Swords
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Tyner
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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Guijarro-Albaladejo B, Marrero-Cepeda C, Rodríguez-Arbolí E, Sierro-Martínez B, Pérez-Simón JA, García-Guerrero E. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) modified T Cells in acute myeloid leukemia: limitations and expectations. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1376554. [PMID: 38694825 PMCID: PMC11061469 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1376554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an aggressive hematologic malignancy with a poor prognosis despite the advent of novel therapies. Consequently, a major need exists for new therapeutic options, particularly for patients with relapsed/refractory (R/R) AML. In recent years, it has been possible to individualize the treatment of a subgroup of patients, particularly with the emergence of multiple targeted therapies. Nonetheless, a considerable number of patients remain without therapeutic options, and overall prognosis remains poor because of a high rate of disease relapse. In this sense, cellular therapies, especially chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy, have dramatically shifted the therapeutic options for other hematologic malignancies, such as diffuse large B cell lymphoma and acute lymphoblastic leukemia. In contrast, effectively treating AML with CAR-based immunotherapy poses major biological and clinical challenges, most of them derived from the unmet need to identify target antigens with expression restricted to the AML blast without compromising the viability of the normal hematopoietic stem cell counterpart. Although those limitations have hampered CAR-T cell therapy translation to the clinic, there are several clinical trials where target antigens, such as CD123, CLL-1 or CD33 are being used to treat AML patients showing promising results. Moreover, there are continuing efforts to enhance the specificity and efficacy of CAR-T cell therapy in AML. These endeavors encompass the exploration of novel avenues, including the development of dual CAR-T cells and next-generation CAR-T cells, as well as the utilization of gene editing tools to mitigate off-tumor toxicities. In this review, we will summarize the ongoing clinical studies and the early clinical results reported with CAR-T cells in AML, as well as highlight CAR-T cell limitations and the most recent approaches to overcome these barriers. We will also discuss how and when CAR-T cells should be used in the context of AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Guijarro-Albaladejo
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Servicio de Hematología, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain
| | - Cristina Marrero-Cepeda
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Hematología, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Eduardo Rodríguez-Arbolí
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Hematología, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Belén Sierro-Martínez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Servicio de Hematología, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain
| | - José Antonio Pérez-Simón
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Hematología, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Estefanía García-Guerrero
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Servicio de Hematología, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain
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Kalogriopoulos NA, Tei R, Yan Y, Ravalin M, Li Y, Ting A. Synthetic G protein-coupled receptors for programmable sensing and control of cell behavior. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.15.589622. [PMID: 38659921 PMCID: PMC11042292 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.15.589622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Synthetic receptors that mediate antigen-dependent cell responses are transforming therapeutics, drug discovery, and basic research. However, established technologies such as chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) can only detect immobilized antigens, have limited output scope, and lack built-in drug control. Here, we engineer synthetic G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) capable of driving a wide range of native or nonnative cellular processes in response to user-defined antigen. We achieve modular antigen gating by engineering and fusing a conditional auto-inhibitory domain onto GPCR scaffolds. Antigen binding to a fused nanobody relieves auto-inhibition and enables receptor activation by drug, thus generating Programmable Antigen-gated G protein-coupled Engineered Receptors (PAGERs). We create PAGERs responsive to more than a dozen biologically and therapeutically important soluble and cell surface antigens, in a single step, from corresponding nanobody binders. Different PAGER scaffolds permit antigen binding to drive transgene expression, real-time fluorescence, or endogenous G protein activation, enabling control of cytosolic Ca 2+ , lipid signaling, cAMP, and neuronal activity. Due to its modular design and generalizability, we expect PAGER to have broad utility in discovery and translational science.
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Chen Y, Liu C, Fang Y, Chen W, Qiu J, Zhu M, Wei W, Tu J. Developing CAR-immune cell therapy against SARS-CoV-2: Current status, challenges and prospects. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 222:116066. [PMID: 38373592 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-immune cell therapy has revolutionized the anti-tumor field, achieving efficient and precise tumor clearance by directly guiding immune cell activity to target tumors. In addition, the use of CAR-immune cells to influence the composition and function of the immune system and ultimately achieve virus clearance and immune system homeostasis has attracted the interest of researchers. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) triggered a global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). To date, the rapidly mutating SARS-CoV-2 continues to challenge existing therapies and has raised public concerns regarding reinfection. In patients with COVID-19, the interaction of SARS-CoV-2 with the immune system influences the course of the disease, and the coexistence of over-activated immune system components, such as macrophages, and severely compromised immune system components, such as natural killer cells, reveals a dysregulated immune system. Dysregulated immune-induced inflammation may impair viral clearance and T-cell responses, causing cytokine storms and ultimately leading to patient death. Here, we summarize the research progress on the use of CAR-immune cells against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Furthermore, we discuss the feasibility, challenges and prospect of CAR-immune cells as a new immune candidate therapy against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Chong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Yilong Fang
- Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Weile Chen
- Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Jiaqi Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Mengjuan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.
| | - Jiajie Tu
- Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.
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Heeger PS, Haro MC, Jordan S. Translating B cell immunology to the treatment of antibody-mediated allograft rejection. Nat Rev Nephrol 2024; 20:218-232. [PMID: 38168662 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-023-00791-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Antibody-mediated rejection (AMR), including chronic AMR (cAMR), causes ~50% of kidney allograft losses each year. Despite attempts to develop well-tolerated and effective therapeutics for the management of AMR, to date, none has obtained FDA approval, thereby highlighting an urgent unmet medical need. Discoveries over the past decade from basic, translational and clinical studies of transplant recipients have provided a foundation for developing novel therapeutic approaches to preventing and treating AMR and cAMR. These interventions are aimed at reducing donor-specific antibody levels, decreasing graft injury and fibrosis, and preserving kidney function. Innovative approaches emerging from basic science findings include targeting interactions between alloreactive T cells and B cells, and depleting alloreactive memory B cells, as well as donor-specific antibody-producing plasmablasts and plasma cells. Therapies aimed at reducing the cytotoxic antibody effector functions mediated by natural killer cells and the complement system, and their associated pro-inflammatory cytokines, are also undergoing evaluation. The complexity of the pathogenesis of AMR and cAMR suggest that multiple approaches will probably be required to treat these disease processes effectively. Definitive answers await results from large, double-blind, multicentre, randomized controlled clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter S Heeger
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Maria Carrera Haro
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai, NY, USA
| | - Stanley Jordan
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Albert E, Giménez E, Hernani R, Piñana JL, Solano C, Navarro D. Torque Teno Virus DNA Load in Blood as an Immune Status Biomarker in Adult Hematological Patients: The State of the Art and Future Prospects. Viruses 2024; 16:459. [PMID: 38543824 PMCID: PMC10974055 DOI: 10.3390/v16030459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
A solid body of scientific evidence supports the assumption that Torque teno virus (TTV) DNA load in the blood compartment may behave as a biomarker of immunosuppression in solid organ transplant recipients; in this clinical setting, high or increasing TTV DNA levels precede the occurrence of infectious complications, whereas the opposite anticipates the development of acute rejection. The potential clinical value of the TTV DNA load in blood to infer the risk of opportunistic viral infection or immune-related (i.e., graft vs. host disease) clinical events in the hematological patient, if any, remains to be determined. In fact, contradictory data have been published on this matter in the allo-SCT setting. Studies addressing this topic, which we review and discuss herein, are highly heterogeneous as regards design, patient characteristics, time points selected for TTV DNA load monitoring, and PCR assays used for TTV DNA quantification. Moreover, clinical outcomes are often poorly defined. Prospective, ideally multicenter, and sufficiently powered studies with well-defined clinical outcomes are warranted to elucidate whether TTV DNA load monitoring in blood may be of any clinical value in the management of hematological patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliseo Albert
- Microbiology Service, Clinic University Hospital, INCLIVA Health Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (E.A.); (E.G.)
| | - Estela Giménez
- Microbiology Service, Clinic University Hospital, INCLIVA Health Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (E.A.); (E.G.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Hernani
- Hematology Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario, INCLIVA Health Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (R.H.); (J.L.P.); (C.S.)
| | - José Luis Piñana
- Hematology Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario, INCLIVA Health Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (R.H.); (J.L.P.); (C.S.)
| | - Carlos Solano
- Hematology Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario, INCLIVA Health Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (R.H.); (J.L.P.); (C.S.)
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - David Navarro
- Microbiology Service, Clinic University Hospital, INCLIVA Health Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (E.A.); (E.G.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
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Giraudo MF, Jackson Z, Das I, Abiona OM, Wald DN. Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR)-T Cell Therapy for Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma. Pathog Immun 2024; 9:1-17. [PMID: 38550613 PMCID: PMC10972674 DOI: 10.20411/pai.v9i1.647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the use of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy to treat non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), a classification of heterogeneous malignant neoplasms of the lymphoid tissue. Despite various conventional and multidrug chemotherapies, the poor prognosis for NHL patients remains and has prompted the utilization of groundbreaking personalized therapies such as CAR-T cells. CAR-T cells are T cells engineered to express a CAR that enables T cells to specifically lyse tumor cells with extracellular expression of a tumor antigen of choice. A CAR is composed of an extracellular antibody fragment or target protein binding domain that is conjugated to activating intracellular signaling motifs common to T cells. In general, CAR-T cell therapies for NHL are designed to recognize cellular markers ubiquitously expressed on B cells such as CD19+, CD20+, and CD22+. Clinical trials using CAR-T cells such as ZUMA-7 and TRANSFORM demonstrated promising results compared to standard of care and ultimately led to FDA approval for the treatment of relapsed/refractory NHL. Despite the success of CAR-T therapy for NHL, challenges include adverse side effects as well as extrinsic and intrinsic mechanisms of tumor resistance that lead to suboptimal outcomes. Overall, CAR-T cell therapies have improved clinical outcomes in NHL patients and generated optimism around their future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zachary Jackson
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Indrani Das
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - David N. Wald
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
- Department of Pathology, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
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Casey W, Kumaran T, Massey SE, Mishra B. How Mitochondrial Signaling Games May Shape and Stabilize the Nuclear-Mitochondrial Symbiosis. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:187. [PMID: 38534456 DOI: 10.3390/biology13030187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
The eukaryotic lineage has enjoyed a long-term "stable" mutualism between nucleus and mitochondrion, since mitochondrial endosymbiosis began about 2 billion years ago. This mostly cooperative interaction has provided the basis for eukaryotic expansion and diversification, which has profoundly altered the forms of life on Earth. While we ignore the exact biochemical details of how the alpha-proteobacterial ancestor of mitochondria entered into endosymbiosis with a proto-eukaryote, in more general terms, we present a signaling games perspective of how the cooperative relationship became established, and has been maintained. While games are used to understand organismal evolution, information-asymmetric games at the molecular level promise novel insights into endosymbiosis. Using a previously devised biomolecular signaling games approach, we model a sender-receiver information asymmetric game, in which the informed mitochondrial sender signals and the uninformed nuclear receiver may take actions (involving for example apoptosis, senescence, regeneration and autophagy/mitophagy). The simulation shows that cellularization is a stabilizing mechanism for Pareto efficient sender/receiver strategic interaction. In stark contrast, the extracellular environment struggles to maintain efficient outcomes, as senders are indifferent to the effects of their signals upon the receiver. Our hypothesis has translational implications, such as in cellular therapy, as mitochondrial medicine matures. It also inspires speculative conjectures about how an analogous human-AI endosymbiosis may be engineered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Will Casey
- Cyber Science Department, United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, MD 21402, USA
| | - Thiviya Kumaran
- Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, New York, NY 10012, USA
| | - Steven E Massey
- Biology Department, University of Puerto Rico-Rio Piedras, San Juan, PR 00931, USA
| | - Bud Mishra
- Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, New York, NY 10012, USA
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Mandal A, Shetty J, Tran CA, Olson WC, Mandal M, Ban B, Pires ES, Adair SJ, Bauer TW, Slingluff CL, Herr JC. Cancer-oocyte SAS1B protein is expressed at the cell surface of multiple solid tumors and targeted with antibody-drug conjugates. J Immunother Cancer 2024; 12:e008430. [PMID: 38485187 PMCID: PMC10941168 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2023-008430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sperm acrosomal SLLP1 binding (SAS1B) protein is found in oocytes, which is necessary for sperm-oocyte interaction, and also in uterine and pancreatic cancers. Anti-SAS1B antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) arrested growth in these cancers. However, SAS1B expression in cancers and normal tissues has not been characterized. We hypothesized that SAS1B is expressed on the surface of other common solid cancer cells, but not on normal tissue cells, and might be selectively targeted therapeutically. METHODS SAS1B expression in human normal and cancer tissues was determined by immunohistochemistry, and complementary DNA (cDNA) libraries were employed to PCR amplify human SAS1B and its transcripts. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to human SAS1B were generated using mouse hybridomas. SAS1B deletion constructs were developed to map SAS1B's epitope, enabling the creation of a blocking peptide. Indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) of human transfected normal and cancer cells was performed to assess SAS1B expression. SAS1B intracellular versus surface expression in normal and tumor tissues was evaluated by flow cytometry after staining with anti-SAS1B mAb, with specificity confirmed with the blocking peptide. Human cancer lines were treated with increasing mAb and ADC concentrations. ATP was quantitated as a measure of cell viability. RESULTS SAS1B expression was identified in a subset of human cancers and the cytoplasm of pancreatic islet cells. Two new SAS1B splice variants were deduced. Monoclonal antibodies were generated to SAS1B splice variant A. The epitope for mAbs SB2 and SB5 is between SAS1B amino acids 32-39. IIF demonstrated intracellular SAS1B expression in transfected kidney cells and on the cell surface of squamous cell lung carcinoma. Flow cytometry demonstrated intracellular SAS1B expression in all tumors and some normal cells. However, surface expression of SAS1B was identified only on cancer cells. SB2 ADC mediated dose-dependent cytotoxic killing of multiple human cancer lines. CONCLUSION SAS1B is a novel cancer-oocyte antigen with cell surface expression restricted to cancer cells. In vitro, it is an effective target for antibody-mediated cancer cell lysis. These findings support further exploration of SAS1B as a potential therapeutic cancer target in multiple human cancers, either with ADC or as a chimeric antigen receptor-T (CAR-T) cell target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arabinda Mandal
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Jagathpala Shetty
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Christine A Tran
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Walter C Olson
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Mriganka Mandal
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bhupal Ban
- Crossbow Therapeutics Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Eusebio S Pires
- Innovation Ventures, Office for Research, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Sara J Adair
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Todd W Bauer
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Craig L Slingluff
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - John C Herr
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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Shebbo S, Binothman N, Darwaish M, Niaz HA, Abdulal RH, Borjac J, Hashem AM, Mahmoud AB. Redefining the battle against colorectal cancer: a comprehensive review of emerging immunotherapies and their clinical efficacy. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1350208. [PMID: 38533510 PMCID: PMC10963412 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1350208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer globally and presents a significant challenge owing to its high mortality rate and the limitations of traditional treatment options such as surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. While these treatments are foundational, they are often poorly effective owing to tumor resistance. Immunotherapy is a groundbreaking alternative that has recently emerged and offers new hope for success by exploiting the body's own immune system. This article aims to provide an extensive review of clinical trials evaluating the efficacy of various immunotherapies, including CRC vaccines, chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapies, and immune checkpoint inhibitors. We also discuss combining CRC vaccines with monoclonal antibodies, delve into preclinical studies of novel cancer vaccines, and assess the impact of these treatment methods on patient outcomes. This review seeks to provide a deeper understanding of the current state of CRC treatment by evaluating innovative treatments and their potential to redefine the prognosis of patients with CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salima Shebbo
- Strategic Research and Innovation Laboratories, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biological Sciences, Beirut Arab University, Debbieh, Lebanon
| | - Najat Binothman
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences and Arts, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manar Darwaish
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Immunology Research Program, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanan A. Niaz
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rwaa H. Abdulal
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jamilah Borjac
- Department of Biological Sciences, Beirut Arab University, Debbieh, Lebanon
| | - Anwar M. Hashem
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Bakur Mahmoud
- Strategic Research and Innovation Laboratories, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Almadinah Almunawarah, Saudi Arabia
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Murad V, Kohan A, Ortega C, Prica A, Veit-Haibach P, Metser U. Role of FDG PET/CT in Patients With Lymphoma Treated With Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy: Current Concepts. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2024; 222:e2330301. [PMID: 38054958 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.23.30301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy is a cellular therapy in which the patient's T cells are enhanced to recognize and bind to specific tumor antigens. CAR T-cell therapy was initially developed for the treatment of leukemia, but its current main indication is the treatment of relapsed or refractory non-Hodgkin lymphoma. FDG PET/CT plays a fundamental role in the diagnosis, staging, therapy response assessment, and recurrence evaluation of patients with metabolically active lymphoma. Consistent with the examination's role in lymphoma management, FDG PET/CT is also the imaging modality of choice to evaluate patients before and after CAR T-cell therapy, and evidence supporting its utility in this setting continues to accumulate. In this article, we review current concepts in CAR T-cell therapy in patients with lymphoma, emphasizing the critical role of FDG PET/CT before and after therapy. A framework is presented that entails performing FDG PET/CT at four time points over the course of CAR T-cell therapy: pretherapy at baseline at the time of decision to administer CAR T-cell therapy and after any bridging therapies and posttherapy 1 and 3 months after infusion. PET parameters assessed at these time points predict various patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Murad
- Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Medical Imaging, University of Toronto and University Health Net work, Mount Sinai Hospital and Women's College Hospital, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, 610 University Ave, Ste 3-920, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Andres Kohan
- Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Medical Imaging, University of Toronto and University Health Net work, Mount Sinai Hospital and Women's College Hospital, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, 610 University Ave, Ste 3-920, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Claudia Ortega
- Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Medical Imaging, University of Toronto and University Health Net work, Mount Sinai Hospital and Women's College Hospital, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, 610 University Ave, Ste 3-920, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Anca Prica
- Department of Hematology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Patrick Veit-Haibach
- Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Medical Imaging, University of Toronto and University Health Net work, Mount Sinai Hospital and Women's College Hospital, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, 610 University Ave, Ste 3-920, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Ur Metser
- Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Medical Imaging, University of Toronto and University Health Net work, Mount Sinai Hospital and Women's College Hospital, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, 610 University Ave, Ste 3-920, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada
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Bartley JM, Xu M. Unleashing CAR T cells to delay metabolic aging. NATURE AGING 2024; 4:284-286. [PMID: 38360926 PMCID: PMC11074700 DOI: 10.1038/s43587-024-00576-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Amor and colleagues previously developed chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells that can target and eliminate senescent cells. The utility of these senolytic CAR T cells is now expanded to show that they can combat age-related metabolic dysfunction, and that they can be used prophylactically and have effects that persist for months, thus opening the door to the development of long-term senolytic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna M Bartley
- UConn Center on Aging, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA.
- Department of Immunology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA.
| | - Ming Xu
- UConn Center on Aging, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA.
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA.
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Zhu C, Wu Q, Sheng T, Shi J, Shen X, Yu J, Du Y, Sun J, Liang T, He K, Ding Y, Li H, Gu Z, Wang W. Rationally designed approaches to augment CAR-T therapy for solid tumor treatment. Bioact Mater 2024; 33:377-395. [PMID: 38059121 PMCID: PMC10696433 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor T cell denoted as CAR-T therapy has realized incredible therapeutic advancements for B cell malignancy treatment. However, its therapeutic validity has yet to be successfully achieved in solid tumors. Different from hematological cancers, solid tumors are characterized by dysregulated blood vessels, dense extracellular matrix, and filled with immunosuppressive signals, which together result in CAR-T cells' insufficient infiltration and rapid dysfunction. The insufficient recognition of tumor cells and tumor heterogeneity eventually causes cancer reoccurrences. In addition, CAR-T therapy also raises safety concerns, including potential cytokine release storm, on-target/off-tumor toxicities, and neuro-system side effects. Here we comprehensively review various targeting aspects, including CAR-T cell design, tumor modulation, and delivery strategy. We believe it is essential to rationally design a combinatory CAR-T therapy via constructing optimized CAR-T cells, directly manipulating tumor tissue microenvironments, and selecting the most suitable delivery strategy to achieve the optimal outcome in both safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaojie Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Qing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Tao Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Jiaqi Shi
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Xinyuan Shen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Jicheng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yang Du
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, 311121, China
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Tingxizi Liang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Kaixin He
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yuan Ding
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Tumor of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
- ZJU-Pujian Research & Development Center of Medical Artificial Intelligence for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Disease, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Hongjun Li
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Zhen Gu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, 311121, China
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Jinhua, 321299, China
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Weilin Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Tumor of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
- ZJU-Pujian Research & Development Center of Medical Artificial Intelligence for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Disease, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
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Kim H, Kim S, Lim H, Chung AJ. Expanding CAR-T cell immunotherapy horizons through microfluidics. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:1088-1120. [PMID: 38174732 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00622k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapies have revolutionized cancer treatment, particularly in hematological malignancies. However, their application to solid tumors is limited, and they face challenges in safety, scalability, and cost. To enhance current CAR-T cell therapies, the integration of microfluidic technologies, harnessing their inherent advantages, such as reduced sample consumption, simplicity in operation, cost-effectiveness, automation, and high scalability, has emerged as a powerful solution. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the step-by-step manufacturing process of CAR-T cells, identifies existing difficulties at each production stage, and discusses the successful implementation of microfluidics and related technologies in addressing these challenges. Furthermore, this review investigates the potential of microfluidics-based methodologies in advancing cell-based therapy across various applications, including solid tumors, next-generation CAR constructs, T-cell receptors, and the development of allogeneic "off-the-shelf" CAR products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyelee Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, Korea University, 02841 Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health (PPH), Korea University, 02841 Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Suyeon Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, Korea University, 02841 Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health (PPH), Korea University, 02841 Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyunjung Lim
- Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health (PPH), Korea University, 02841 Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Aram J Chung
- Department of Bioengineering, Korea University, 02841 Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health (PPH), Korea University, 02841 Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, 02841 Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- MxT Biotech, 04785 Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Moik F, Riedl JM, Englisch C, Ay C. Update on Thrombosis Risk in Patients with Cancer: Focus on Novel Anticancer Immunotherapies. Hamostaseologie 2024; 44:40-48. [PMID: 38190985 DOI: 10.1055/a-2215-9909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Thromboembolic complications, including venous thromboembolism (VTE) and arterial thromboembolism (ATE), increase mortality and morbidity, and delay treatment in patients with cancer. Therefore, an increased understanding of underlying risk profiles, the identification of risk factors and predictive biomarkers, and ultimately the development of specific cardiovascular prevention strategies in patients with cancer is needed. Medical anticancer therapies have undergone a remarkable development in recent years with the advent of targeted and immunotherapeutic treatment options, including immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI), chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapies and bispecific T-cell engagers (BiTEs). These developments have important implications for the accompanied risk of thromboembolic events in patients with cancer. First, the increased use of these highly effective therapies renders a growing proportion of patients with cancer at risk of thromboembolic events for a prolonged risk period due to an increase in patient survival despite advanced cancer stages. Second, potential direct cardiovascular toxicity and prothrombotic effect of novel anticancer immunotherapies are a matter of ongoing debate, with emerging reports suggesting a relevant risk of VTE and ATE associated with ICI, and relevant dysregulations of hemostasis in the frequently observed cytokine-release syndrome associated with BiTEs and CAR T-cell therapy. The aim of the present narrative review is to summarize the implications of the emerging use of anticancer immunotherapy for thromboembolic events in patients with cancer, and to provide an overview of available data on the rates and risk factors for VTE and ATE associated with ICI, CAR T-cell therapy, and BiTEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Moik
- Division of Haematology and Haemostaseology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Jakob M Riedl
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Cornelia Englisch
- Division of Haematology and Haemostaseology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Cihan Ay
- Division of Haematology and Haemostaseology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Lonez C, Breman E. Allogeneic CAR-T Therapy Technologies: Has the Promise Been Met? Cells 2024; 13:146. [PMID: 38247837 PMCID: PMC10814647 DOI: 10.3390/cells13020146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
This last decade, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has become a real treatment option for patients with B-cell malignancies, while multiple efforts are being made to extend this therapy to other malignancies and broader patient populations. However, several limitations remain, including those associated with the time-consuming and highly personalized manufacturing of autologous CAR-Ts. Technologies to establish "off-the-shelf" allogeneic CAR-Ts with low alloreactivity are currently being developed, with a strong focus on gene-editing technologies. Although these technologies have many advantages, they have also strong limitations, including double-strand breaks in the DNA with multiple associated safety risks as well as the lack of modulation. As an alternative, non-gene-editing technologies provide an interesting approach to support the development of allogeneic CAR-Ts in the future, with possibilities of fine-tuning gene expression and easy development. Here, we will review the different ways allogeneic CAR-Ts can be manufactured and discuss which technologies are currently used. The biggest hurdles for successful therapy of allogeneic CAR-Ts will be summarized, and finally, an overview of the current clinical evidence for allogeneic CAR-Ts in comparison to its autologous counterpart will be given.
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Harrison M, Kavanagh G, Corte TJ, Troy LK. Drug-induced interstitial lung disease: a narrative review of a clinical conundrum. Expert Rev Respir Med 2024; 18:23-39. [PMID: 38501199 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2024.2329612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Drug-induced interstitial lung disease (DI-ILD) is increasing in incidence, due to the use of many new drugs across a broad range of cancers and chronic inflammatory diseases. The presentation and onset of DI-ILD are variable even for the same drug across different individuals. Clinical suspicion is essential for identifying these conditions, with timely drug cessation an important determinant of outcomes. AREAS COVERED This review provides a comprehensive and up-to-date summary of epidemiology, risk factors, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of DI-ILD. Relevant research articles from PubMed and Medline searches up to September 2023 were screened and summarized. Specific drugs including immune checkpoint inhibitors, CAR-T cell therapy, methotrexate, and amiodarone are discussed in detail. The potential role of pharmacogenomic profiling for lung toxicity risk is considered. EXPERT OPINION DI-ILD is likely to be an increasingly important contributor to respiratory disability in the community. These conditions can negatively impact quality of life and patient longevity, due to associated respiratory compromise as well as cessation of evidence-based therapy for the underlying disease. This clinical conundrum is relevant to all areas of medicine, necessitating increased understanding and greater vigilance for drug-related lung toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Harrison
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Grace Kavanagh
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Tamera J Corte
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Lauren K Troy
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
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Azcona MSR, Mussolino C. Protocol for Efficient Generation of Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells with Multiplexed Gene Silencing by Epigenome Editing. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2842:209-223. [PMID: 39012598 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-4051-7_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Multiplex gene regulation enables the controlled and simultaneous alteration of the expression levels of multiple genes and is generally pursued to precisely alter complex cellular pathways with a single intervention. Thus far, this has been typically exploited in combination with genome editing tools (i.e., base-/prime-editing, designer nucleases) to enable simultaneous genetic alterations and modulate complex physiologic cellular pathways. In the field of cancer immunotherapy, multiplex genome editing has been used to simultaneously inactivate three genes (i.e., TRAC, B2M, and PDCD1) and generate universal chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells resistant to the inhibitory activity of the PD-1 ligand. However, the intrinsic risk of genomic aberrations driven by such tools poses concerns because of the generation of multiple single-strand or double-strand DNA breaks followed by DNA repair. Modulating gene expression without DNA damage using epigenome editing promises a safer and efficient approach to alter gene expression. This method enables for simultaneous activation and/or repression of target genes, offering superior fine-tuning capabilities with reduced off-targeting effects and potential reversibility as compared to genome editing. Here we describe a detailed protocol for achieving multiplexed and sustainable gene silencing in CAR T cells. In an exemplary approach, we use designer epigenome modifiers (DEMs) for the simultaneous inactivation of two T cell inhibitory genes, PDCD1 and LAG3 to generate CAR T cells with increased resistance to tumor-induced exhaustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Silvia Roman Azcona
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Gene Therapy, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency & Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Claudio Mussolino
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Gene Therapy, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency & Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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Cripe TP. Molecular Therapy Oncology: What's in a name? Mol Ther Oncolytics 2023; 31:100739. [PMID: 38155922 PMCID: PMC10753381 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2023.100739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy P. Cripe
- MTO Editor-in-Chief, Professor of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Chief, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/BMT, Nationwide Chidren's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
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Seckinger A, Majocchi S, Moine V, Nouveau L, Ngoc H, Daubeuf B, Ravn U, Pleche N, Calloud S, Broyer L, Cons L, Lesnier A, Chatel L, Papaioannou A, Salgado-Pires S, Krämer S, Gockel I, Lordick F, Masternak K, Poitevin Y, Magistrelli G, Malinge P, Shang L, Kallendrusch S, Strein K, Hose D. Development and characterization of NILK-2301, a novel CEACAM5xCD3 κλ bispecific antibody for immunotherapy of CEACAM5-expressing cancers. J Hematol Oncol 2023; 16:117. [PMID: 38087365 PMCID: PMC10717981 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-023-01516-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND T-cell retargeting to eliminate CEACAM5-expressing cancer cells via CEACAM5xCD3 bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) showed limited clinical activity so far, mostly due to insufficient T-cell activation, dose-limiting toxicities, and formation of anti-drug antibodies (ADA). METHODS We present here the generation and preclinical development of NILK-2301, a BsAb composed of a common heavy chain and two different light chains, one kappa and one lambda, determining specificity (so-called κλ body format). RESULTS NILK-2301 binds CD3ɛ on T-cells with its lambda light chain arm with an affinity of ≈100 nM, and the CEACAM5 A2 domain on tumor cells by its kappa light chain arm with an affinity of ≈5 nM. FcγR-binding is abrogated by the "LALAPA" mutation (Leu234Ala, Leu235Ala, Pro329Ala). NILK-2301 induced T-cell activation, proliferation, cytokine release, and T-cell dependent cellular cytotoxicity of CEACAM5-positive tumor cell lines (5/5 colorectal, 2/2 gastric, 2/2 lung), e.g., SK-CO-1 (Emax = 89%), MKN-45 (Emax = 84%), and H2122 (Emax = 97%), with EC50 ranging from 0.02 to 0.14 nM. NILK-2301 binds neither to CEACAM5-negative or primary colon epithelial cells nor to other CEACAM family members. NILK-2301 alone or in combination with checkpoint inhibition showed activity in organotypic tumor tissue slices and colorectal cancer organoid models. In vivo, NILK-2301 at 10 mg/kg significantly delayed tumor progression in colon- and a pancreatic adenocarcinoma model. Single-dose pharmacokinetics (PK) and tolerability in cynomolgus monkeys at 0.5 or 10 mg/kg intravenously or 20 mg subcutaneously showed dose-proportional PK, bioavailability ≈100%, and a projected half-life in humans of 13.1 days. NILK-2301 was well-tolerated. Data were confirmed in human FcRn TG32 mice. CONCLUSIONS In summary, NILK-2301 combines promising preclinical activity and safety with lower probability of ADA-generation due to its format compared to other molecules and is scheduled to enter clinical testing at the end of 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Seckinger
- LamKap Bio Alpha AG, Bahnhofstrasse 1, 8808, Pfäffikon, SZ, Switzerland
| | - Sara Majocchi
- Light Chain Bioscience - Novimmune SA, Chemin du Pré-Fleuri 15, 1228, Plan-les-Ouates, Switzerland
| | - Valéry Moine
- Light Chain Bioscience - Novimmune SA, Chemin du Pré-Fleuri 15, 1228, Plan-les-Ouates, Switzerland
| | - Lise Nouveau
- Light Chain Bioscience - Novimmune SA, Chemin du Pré-Fleuri 15, 1228, Plan-les-Ouates, Switzerland
| | - Hoang Ngoc
- Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University, Liebigstrasse 13, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bruno Daubeuf
- Light Chain Bioscience - Novimmune SA, Chemin du Pré-Fleuri 15, 1228, Plan-les-Ouates, Switzerland
| | - Ulla Ravn
- Light Chain Bioscience - Novimmune SA, Chemin du Pré-Fleuri 15, 1228, Plan-les-Ouates, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Pleche
- Light Chain Bioscience - Novimmune SA, Chemin du Pré-Fleuri 15, 1228, Plan-les-Ouates, Switzerland
| | - Sebastien Calloud
- Light Chain Bioscience - Novimmune SA, Chemin du Pré-Fleuri 15, 1228, Plan-les-Ouates, Switzerland
| | - Lucile Broyer
- Light Chain Bioscience - Novimmune SA, Chemin du Pré-Fleuri 15, 1228, Plan-les-Ouates, Switzerland
| | - Laura Cons
- Light Chain Bioscience - Novimmune SA, Chemin du Pré-Fleuri 15, 1228, Plan-les-Ouates, Switzerland
| | - Adeline Lesnier
- Light Chain Bioscience - Novimmune SA, Chemin du Pré-Fleuri 15, 1228, Plan-les-Ouates, Switzerland
| | - Laurence Chatel
- Light Chain Bioscience - Novimmune SA, Chemin du Pré-Fleuri 15, 1228, Plan-les-Ouates, Switzerland
| | - Anne Papaioannou
- Light Chain Bioscience - Novimmune SA, Chemin du Pré-Fleuri 15, 1228, Plan-les-Ouates, Switzerland
| | - Susana Salgado-Pires
- Light Chain Bioscience - Novimmune SA, Chemin du Pré-Fleuri 15, 1228, Plan-les-Ouates, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Krämer
- Department of Visceral, Transplantation, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 20, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ines Gockel
- Department of Visceral, Transplantation, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 20, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Florian Lordick
- Department of Medicine II, University Cancer Center Leipzig (UCCL), Leipzig University Medical Center, Liebigstrasse 22, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Krzysztof Masternak
- Light Chain Bioscience - Novimmune SA, Chemin du Pré-Fleuri 15, 1228, Plan-les-Ouates, Switzerland
| | - Yves Poitevin
- Light Chain Bioscience - Novimmune SA, Chemin du Pré-Fleuri 15, 1228, Plan-les-Ouates, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni Magistrelli
- Light Chain Bioscience - Novimmune SA, Chemin du Pré-Fleuri 15, 1228, Plan-les-Ouates, Switzerland
| | - Pauline Malinge
- Light Chain Bioscience - Novimmune SA, Chemin du Pré-Fleuri 15, 1228, Plan-les-Ouates, Switzerland
| | - Limin Shang
- Light Chain Bioscience - Novimmune SA, Chemin du Pré-Fleuri 15, 1228, Plan-les-Ouates, Switzerland
| | - Sonja Kallendrusch
- Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University, Liebigstrasse 13, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Research and System Medicine, Health and Medical University Potsdam, Schiffbauergasse 14, 14467, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Klaus Strein
- LamKap Bio Alpha AG, Bahnhofstrasse 1, 8808, Pfäffikon, SZ, Switzerland
| | - Dirk Hose
- LamKap Bio Alpha AG, Bahnhofstrasse 1, 8808, Pfäffikon, SZ, Switzerland.
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