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Davido B, Jaffal K, Saleh-Mghir A, Vaugier I, Bourlet S, De Truchis P, Annane D. Normalization of eosinophil count is predictive of oxygen weaning over the course of COVID-19 infection among hospitalized adults during the first wave of 2020 pandemic. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1381059. [PMID: 38855100 PMCID: PMC11157028 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1381059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding COVID-19 outcomes remains a challenge. While numerous biomarkers have been proposed for severity at admission, limited exploration exists for markers during the infection course, especially for the requirement of oxygen therapy. This study investigates the potential of eosinophil count normalization as a predictor for oxygen weaning during the initial wave of the pandemic. Methods A retrospective study was conducted between March and April 2020 (first wave) among adults admitted directly to a medicine ward. Biological abnormalities, including lymphocyte count, eosinophil count, and C-reactive protein (CRP), were gathered daily during the first week of admission according to oxygen level. In case of worsening, oxygen level was censored at 15 L/min. The primary aim was to assess whether eosinophil count normalization predicts a subsequent decrease in oxygen requirements. Results Overall, 132 patients were admitted, with a mean age of 59.0 ± 16.3 years. Of the patients, 72% required oxygen, and 20.5% were admitted to the intensive care unit after a median delay of 48 hours. The median CRP at admission was 79 (26-130) mg/L, whereas the eosinophil count was 10 (0-60)/mm3. Eosinophil count normalization (≥100/mm3) by day 2 correlated significantly with decreased oxygen needs (<2 L) with hazard ratio (HR) = 3.7 [1.1-12.9] (p = 0.04). Likewise, CRP < 80 mg/L was associated with reduced oxygen requirements (p < 0.001). Predictors, including underlying chronic respiratory disease, exhibited a trend toward a negative association (p = 0.06). Conclusion The study highlights the relationship between eosinophil count and CRP, with implications for predicting oxygen weaning during COVID-19. Further research is warranted to explore the relevance of these biomarkers in other respiratory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Davido
- Maladies Infectieuses, Université Paris-Saclay, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Garches, France
| | - Karim Jaffal
- Maladies Infectieuses, Université Paris-Saclay, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Garches, France
| | - Azzam Saleh-Mghir
- Maladies Infectieuses, Université Paris-Saclay, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Garches, France
| | - Isabelle Vaugier
- Centre d’Investigation Clinique (Inserm CIC 1429), Université Paris-Saclay, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Garches, France
| | - Stephane Bourlet
- Maladies Infectieuses, Université Paris-Saclay, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Garches, France
| | - Pierre De Truchis
- Maladies Infectieuses, Université Paris-Saclay, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Garches, France
| | - Djillali Annane
- Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Université Paris-Saclay, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Garches, France
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Qian X, Zuo Z, Xu D, He S, Zhou C, Wang Z, Xie S, Zhang Y, Wu F, Lyu F, Zhang L, Qian Z. Demystifying COVID-19 mortality causes with interpretable data mining. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10076. [PMID: 38698064 PMCID: PMC11066015 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60841-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
While COVID-19 becomes periodical, old individuals remain vulnerable to severe disease with high mortality. Although there have been some studies on revealing different risk factors affecting the death of COVID-19 patients, researchers rarely provide a comprehensive analysis to reveal the relationships and interactive effects of the risk factors of COVID-19 mortality, especially in the elderly. Through retrospectively including 1917 COVID-19 patients (102 were dead) admitted to Xiangya Hospital from December 2022 to March 2023, we used the association rule mining method to identify the risk factors leading causes of death among the elderly. Firstly, we used the Affinity Propagation clustering to extract key features from the dataset. Then, we applied the Apriori Algorithm to obtain 6 groups of abnormal feature combinations with significant increments in mortality rate. The results showed a relationship between the number of abnormal feature combinations and mortality rates within different groups. Patients with "C-reactive protein > 8 mg/L", "neutrophils percentage > 75.0 %", "lymphocytes percentage < 20%", and "albumin < 40 g/L" have a 2 × mortality rate than the basic one. When the characteristics of "D-dimer > 0.5 mg/L" and "WBC > 9.5 × 10 9 /L" are continuously included in this foundation, the mortality rate can be increased to 3 × or 4 × . In addition, we also found that liver and kidney diseases significantly affect patient mortality, and the mortality rate can be as high as 100%. These findings can support auxiliary diagnosis and treatment to facilitate early intervention in patients, thereby reducing patient mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Qian
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhihong Zuo
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Danni Xu
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shanyun He
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Conghao Zhou
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Zhanwen Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shucai Xie
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yongmin Zhang
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fan Wu
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Feng Lyu
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Lina Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Zhaoxin Qian
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Xu M, Wang Z, Xu G, Zhu M, Zhang D, Yan Y. Exploring gene signatures and regulatory networks in a rat model of sciatica: implications and validation in neuropathic pain. Front Mol Neurosci 2024; 16:1261217. [PMID: 38379852 PMCID: PMC10877633 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1261217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Sciatica (neuropathic pain [NP]) is a common disease characterized by pain from radiation along the sciatic nerve. The aim of this study was to study the genes associated with chronic systolic injury of sciatic nerve (SCN-CCI) in rats by RNA-Seq technique, and to explore their potential as therapeutic targets. Methods Sciatic nerve rat model was obtained by ligation of sciatic nerve and divided into two groups: SCN-CCI group and Sham group. Behavioral assessments were performed to evaluate pain sensitivity, following which their spinal cord dorsal horn were resected and RNA sequencing was conducted to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Bioinformatics and functional enrichment analysis was performed to identify promising DEGs and their related biological processes and pathways associated with SCN-CCI. PPI network analysis and hub gene identification were conducted. QRT-PCR, western blot, ELISA, and immunofluorescence staining were performed on rat models to validate the expression of these hub genes and investigate related proteins and inflammatory markers. Results The SCN-CCI rat model was successfully obtained, exhibiting increased pain sensitivity compared to the Sham group, as indicated by decreased mechanical allodynia thresholds, thermal latencies, and increased paw withdrawals. RNA-Seq analysis identified 117 DEGs in the SCN-CCI rat model, involved in various biological processes and pathways related to sciatica. PPI network analysis revealed hub genes, including Ly6g6e, which exhibited significant differential expression. QRT-PCR and Western blot analysis confirmed the expression patterns of these hub genes. Pain behavior assessment demonstrated reduced pain thresholds and increased paw flinching responses in the SCN-CCI group. Furthermore, the SCN-CCI group showed upregulated expression of Ly6g6e, increased protein levels of Ly6g6e, CGRP, and NGF, as well as elevated levels of IL-1β, MCP-1, and IL-6, and microglial cell activation in the spinal dorsal horn. ELISA results confirmed the increased levels of IL-1β, MCP-1, and IL-6 in the spinal dorsal horn. Conclusion These comprehensive findings provide valuable insights into the SCN-CCI rat model, DEGs associated with sciatica, hub genes (Ly6g6e as promising targets), pain behavior changes and molecular alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yi Yan
- Department of Pain Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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Rong N, Wei X, Liu J. The Role of Neutrophil in COVID-19: Positive or Negative. J Innate Immun 2024; 16:80-95. [PMID: 38224674 PMCID: PMC10861219 DOI: 10.1159/000535541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neutrophils are the first line of defense against pathogens. They are divided into multiple subpopulations during development and kill pathogens through various mechanisms. Neutrophils are considered one of the markers of severe COVID-19. SUMMARY In-depth research has revealed that neutrophil subpopulations have multiple complex functions. Different subsets of neutrophils play an important role in the progression of COVID-19. KEY MESSAGES In this review, we provide a detailed overview of the developmental processes of neutrophils at different stages and their recruitment and activation after SARS-CoV-2 infection, aiming to elucidate the changes in neutrophil subpopulations, characteristics, and functions after infection and provide a reference for mechanistic research on neutrophil subpopulations in the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection. In addition, we have also summarized research progress on potential targeted drugs for neutrophil immunotherapy, hoping to provide information that aids the development of therapeutic drugs for the clinical treatment of critically ill COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Rong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China,
| | - Xiaohui Wei
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiangning Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Priyandoko D, Widowati W, Lenny L, Novianti S, Revika R, Kusuma HSW, Sholihah IA. Green Tea Extract Reduced Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation in L2 Cells as Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Model Through Genes and Cytokine Pro-Inflammatory. Avicenna J Med Biotechnol 2024; 16:57-65. [PMID: 38605739 PMCID: PMC11005400 DOI: 10.18502/ajmb.v16i1.14172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is a severe lung inflammatory condition that has the capacity to impair gas exchange and lead to hypoxemia. This condition is found to have been one of the most prevalent in patients of COVID-19 with a more serious condition. Green tea (Camellia sinensis L.) contains polyphenols that possess many health benefits. The purpose of this study was to assess the anti-inflammatory activities of green tea extract in Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced lung cells as ARDS cells model. Methods In this study, rat lung cells (L2) were induced by LPS to mimic the inflammation observed in ARDS and later treated with green tea extract. Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as Interleukin (IL)-12, C-Reactive Protein (CRP) as well as Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α) were investigated using the ELISA method. Gene expression of NOD-Like Receptor Protein 3 (NLRP-3), Receptor for Advanced Glycation End-product (RAGE), Toll-like Receptor-4 (TLR-4), and Nuclear Factor-kappa B (NF-κB) were evaluated by qRTPCR. Apoptotic cells were measured using flow cytometry. Results The results showed that green tea extract treatment can reduce inflammation by suppressing gene expressions of NF-κB, NLRP-3, TLR-4, and RAGE, as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-12, TNF-α, and CRP, an acute phase protein. Apoptosis levels of inflamed cells also found to be lowered when green tea extract was administered; thus, also increasing live cells compared to non-treated cells. Conclusion These findings could lead to the future development of supplements from green tea to help alleviate ARDS symptoms, especially during critical moments such as the current pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didik Priyandoko
- Biology Study Program, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Indonesia University of Education, Bandung 40154, Indonesia
| | - Wahyu Widowati
- Faculty of Medicine, Maranatha Christian University, Bandung 40164, Indonesia
| | - Lenny Lenny
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, BSD Campus, Tangerang 15345, Indonesia
| | - Sintya Novianti
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, BSD Campus, Tangerang 15345, Indonesia
| | - Revika Revika
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, BSD Campus, Tangerang 15345, Indonesia
| | | | - Ika Adhani Sholihah
- Biomolecular and Biomedical Research Center, Aretha Medika Utama, Bandung 40163, Indonesia
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
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Muntean M, Briciu V, Lupse M, Colcear D, Macicasan RV, Csiszer A, Manole A, Radulescu A. Effects of COVID-19 on the Liver and Mortality in Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Pneumonia Caused by Delta and Non-Delta Variants: An Analysis in a Single Centre. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 17:3. [PMID: 38275989 PMCID: PMC10820137 DOI: 10.3390/ph17010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to ascertain patient characteristics, outcomes, and liver injuries in patients infected with different SARS-CoV-2 variants. Data from consecutive adult patients with severe/critical COVID-19 admitted to our hospital during the peak month of the Delta wave were compared to the ancestral, Alpha, and Omicron waves. The dataset of 551 hospitalized patients was similar in the Delta/non-Delta waves. At admission and discharge, the median aminotransferase levels were normal or slightly increased. During the Delta wave (172 vs. 379 non-Delta patients), more patients died (OR 1.69, 95%CI 1.09-2.56) or had liver injury at discharge (alanine aminotransferase, ALT ≥ 2 ULN) (OR 1.97, 95%CI 1.08-3.54). In-hospital mortality was associated with age, lung injury, intensive care unit admission, number of and cardiovascular comorbidities, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, and all inflammatory biomarkers. Serious liver injury at admission (ALT ≥ 5 × ULN) was significantly associated with in-hospital mortality (OR = 7.9, 95%CI 2-28.9). At discharge, drug-induced liver injury (DILI) was found in patients treated with remdesivir, ALT ≥ 2 ULN (OR = 2.62, 95%CI 1.22-5.75). Treatment with dexamethasone, remdesivir, and immunomodulators showed improved survival, OR = 0.50 (95%CI 0.33-0.77). Regardless of the variant and treatment options, less than 2% of patients displayed serious liver injury, which was not found to be a death predictor in multivariable analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Muntean
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, The “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400348 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (M.M.); (M.L.); (R.V.M.); (A.C.); (A.M.); (A.R.)
- The Teaching Hospital of Infectious Diseases, 400348 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Violeta Briciu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, The “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400348 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (M.M.); (M.L.); (R.V.M.); (A.C.); (A.M.); (A.R.)
- The Teaching Hospital of Infectious Diseases, 400348 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Mihaela Lupse
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, The “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400348 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (M.M.); (M.L.); (R.V.M.); (A.C.); (A.M.); (A.R.)
- The Teaching Hospital of Infectious Diseases, 400348 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Doina Colcear
- The Teaching Hospital of Infectious Diseases, 400348 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Raul Vlad Macicasan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, The “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400348 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (M.M.); (M.L.); (R.V.M.); (A.C.); (A.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Agnes Csiszer
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, The “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400348 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (M.M.); (M.L.); (R.V.M.); (A.C.); (A.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Alexandra Manole
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, The “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400348 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (M.M.); (M.L.); (R.V.M.); (A.C.); (A.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Amanda Radulescu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, The “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400348 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (M.M.); (M.L.); (R.V.M.); (A.C.); (A.M.); (A.R.)
- The Teaching Hospital of Infectious Diseases, 400348 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
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Musat O, Sorop VB, Sorop MI, Lazar V, Marti DT, Susan M, Avram CR, Oprisoni A, Vulcanescu DD, Horhat FG, Bagiu IC, Horhat DI, Diaconu MM. COVID-19 and Laboratory Markers from Romanian Patients-A Narrative Review. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1837. [PMID: 37763241 PMCID: PMC10532991 DOI: 10.3390/life13091837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 has significantly impacted the whole world, and Romania was no exception. Biomarkers play a crucial role in understanding and managing the disease. However, research regarding laboratory analyses for patients with COVID-19 is fairly limited. For detection, PCR testing is still considered the golden standard, while antibodies are still useful for monitoring both patients and their vaccination status. In our country, biomarkers such as CRP, LDH, transaminases, cardiac, and iron markers have been used to assess the status of patients and even predict illness outcome. CRP, IL-6, LDH, FER, fibrinogen, creatinine, and vitamin D levels have been associated with increased severity, risk of ICU admission, and death. Cardiac markers and D-dimers are also good predictors, but their role seems more important in patients with complications. HDL cholesterol and BUN levels were also suggested as potential biomarkers. Hematological issues in SARS-CoV-2 infections include neutrophilia, lymphopenia and their ratio, while PCT, which is a marker of bacterial infections, is better to be used in patients with co- or supra-infections. The current research is a narrative review that focuses on the laboratory results of Romanian COVID-19 patients. The goal of this article is to provide an update on the research on biomarkers and other laboratory tests conducted inside the borders of Romania and identify gaps in this regard. Secondly, options for further research are discussed and encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ovidiu Musat
- Department of Ophthalmology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Dionisie Lupu Street, No. 37, Sector 2, 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
- Department of Ophthalmology, “Dr Carol Davila” Central Military Emergency University Hospital, Mircea Vulcanescu Street, No. 88, 010825 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Virgiliu Bogdan Sorop
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (V.B.S.); (M.M.D.)
| | - Madalina Ioana Sorop
- Doctoral School, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (M.I.S.); (D.D.V.)
| | - Viorica Lazar
- Department of General Medicine, “Vasile Goldis” University of Medicine, Liviu Rebreanu Street, No. 86, 310048 Arad, Romania;
- Pediatric Clinic II, Clinical Hospital Emergency of Arad County, Andrényi Károly Street, No. 2-4, 310037 Arad, Romania
| | - Daniela Teodora Marti
- Department of Biology and Life Sciences, “Vasile Goldis” University of Medicine, Liviu Rebreanu Street, No. 86, 310048 Arad, Romania;
- Clinical Analysis Laboratory Clinical Hospital Emergency of Arad County, Andrényi Károly Street, No. 2-4, 310037 Arad, Romania
| | - Monica Susan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Centre for Preventive Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Cecilia Roberta Avram
- Department of Residential Training and Post-University Courses, “Vasile Goldis” Western University, Liviu Rebreanu Street 86, 310414 Arad, Romania;
| | - Andrada Oprisoni
- Department of Pediatrics, Discipline of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Dan Dumitru Vulcanescu
- Doctoral School, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (M.I.S.); (D.D.V.)
- Department of Microbiology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
- Multidisciplinary Research Center on Antimicrobial Resistance (MULTI-REZ), Microbiology Department, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Clinical Analysis Laboratory, “Louis Turcanu” Emergency Clinical Hospital for Children, Iosif Nemoianu Street 2, 300011 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Florin George Horhat
- Department of Microbiology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
- Multidisciplinary Research Center on Antimicrobial Resistance (MULTI-REZ), Microbiology Department, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Clinical Analysis Laboratory, “Louis Turcanu” Emergency Clinical Hospital for Children, Iosif Nemoianu Street 2, 300011 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Iulia Cristina Bagiu
- Department of Microbiology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
- Multidisciplinary Research Center on Antimicrobial Resistance (MULTI-REZ), Microbiology Department, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Clinical Analysis Laboratory, “Louis Turcanu” Emergency Clinical Hospital for Children, Iosif Nemoianu Street 2, 300011 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Delia Ioana Horhat
- Department of ENT, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Mircea Mihai Diaconu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (V.B.S.); (M.M.D.)
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