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Guo W, Lakshminarayanan H, Rodriguez-Palacios A, Salata RA, Xu K, Draz MS. Glycan Nanostructures of Human Coronaviruses. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:4813-4830. [PMID: 34290504 PMCID: PMC8289332 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s302516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human coronaviruses present a substantial global disease burden, causing damage to populations’ health, economy, and social well-being. Glycans are one of the main structural components of all microbes and organismic structures, including viruses—playing multiple essential roles in virus infection and immunity. Studying and understanding virus glycans at the nanoscale provide new insights into the diagnosis and treatment of viruses. Glycan nanostructures are considered potential targets for molecular diagnosis, antiviral therapeutics, and the development of vaccines. This review article describes glycan nanostructures (eg, glycoproteins and glycolipids) that exist in cells, subcellular structures, and microbes. We detail the structure, characterization, synthesis, and functions of virus glycans. Furthermore, we describe the glycan nanostructures of different human coronaviruses, such as human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E), human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43), severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV), human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63), human coronavirus HKU1 (HCoV-HKU1), the Middle East respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and how glycan nanotechnology can be useful to prevent and combat human coronaviruses infections, along with possibilities that are not yet explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanru Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Harini Lakshminarayanan
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University of Zurich and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alex Rodriguez-Palacios
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Digestive Health Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Germ-Free and Gut Microbiome Core, Cleveland Digestive Diseases Research Core Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,University Hospitals Research and Education Institute, University Hospital Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Robert A Salata
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Kaijin Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Mohamed S Draz
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Rowan NJ, Moral RA. Disposable face masks and reusable face coverings as non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to prevent transmission of SARS-CoV-2 variants that cause coronavirus disease (COVID-19): Role of new sustainable NPI design innovations and predictive mathematical modelling. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 772:145530. [PMID: 33581526 PMCID: PMC7848491 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Best-published evidence supports the combined use of vaccines with non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs), to reduce the relative risk of contracting severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that causes COVID-19; this will enable a safe transition to achieving herd immunity. Albeit complex, the strategic public health goal is to bundle NPIs to keep the basic reproduction number R0 below one. However, validation of these NPIs is conducted using random clinical trials, which is challenging in a swiftly moving pandemic given the need for recruiting large participant cohort over a longitudinal analysis period. This review highlights emerging innovations for potentially improving the design, functionality and improved waste management of disposable face masks such as filtering facepiece (FFPs) respirators, medical masks, and reusable face coverings to help prevent COVID-19. It describes use of different mathematical models under varying scenarios to inform efficacy of single and combined use of NPIs as important counter-measures to break the cycle of COVID-19 infection including new SARS-CoV-2 variants. Demand for face masks during COVID-19 pandemic keeps increasing, especially for FFPs worn by medical workers. Collaborative and well-conducted randomised controlled trials across borders are required to generate robust data to inform common and consistent policies for COVID-19 and future pandemic planning and management; however, current use of systematic reviews of best available evidence can be considered to guide interim policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil J Rowan
- Department of Nursing and Healthcare, Athlone Institute of Technology, Ireland; Centre for Disinfection, Sterilization and Biosecurity, Athlone Institute of Technology, Ireland; Empower Eco Sustainability Hub, Lough Boora, Co. Offaly, Ireland; School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland.
| | - Rafael A Moral
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Maynooth University, Ireland
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Kitamura H, Kawanami S, Saito M, Horie S. Literature review to integrate information to assist workers to select masks even at workplaces without occupational health personnel. J Occup Health 2021; 63:e12309. [PMID: 34957644 PMCID: PMC8710917 DOI: 10.1002/1348-9585.12309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the COVID-19 pandemic, the idea of universal mask wearing to prevent infecting others when one becomes infected has prevailed among people. In general, any workplace is not exempt and workers are required to wear a mask while working at the sites. OBJECTIVES This study aims to integrate information to assist workers to select effective protectors for the prevention of droplet infection even at workplaces without occupational health personnel. METHODS A total of 94 studies were included in this study: 91 studies were identified in MEDLINE, which was used for the literature search, and an additional three studies were identified from other information sources. The studies were checked to eliminate duplication and narrowed down to 31 based on the titles and abstracts. The contents of the 31 studies were read through and then 19 studies were extracted for careful reading. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Regarding the protectors used at workplaces, it was suggested that (1) workers continue to use respiratory protectors as needed at sites where respiratory protectors such as an N95 respirator had to be used even before the spread of COVID-19 and (2) wear surgical masks, multi-layer cloth masks, or hybrid fabric masks made of several types of fabrics that are recommended in terms of preventing dissemination of droplets and protecting against inhalation of droplets, selected according to the working conditions, taking account of air permeability, breathability, and durability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Kitamura
- Occupational Health Training CenterUniversity of Occupational and Environmental Health, JapanKitakyushuJapan
| | - Shoko Kawanami
- Occupational Health Training CenterUniversity of Occupational and Environmental Health, JapanKitakyushuJapan
| | - Mitsumasa Saito
- Department of MicrobiologyUniversity of Occupational and Environmental Health, JapanKitakyushuJapan
| | - Seichi Horie
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Institute of Industrial Ecological SciencesUniversity of Occupational and Environmental Health, JapanKitakyushuJapan
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Eichler SE, Hopperton AP, Alava JJ, Pereira A, Ahmed R, Kozlakidis Z, Ilic S, Rodriguez-Palacios A. A Citizen Science Facemask Experiment and Educational Modules to Improve Coronavirus Safety in Communities and Schools. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:486. [PMID: 33015086 PMCID: PMC7494729 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Eichler
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University at Salem, Salem, OH, United States
| | - Austin P. Hopperton
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Juan José Alava
- Institute for Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Antonio Pereira
- Institute of Technology, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Rukhsana Ahmed
- Department of Communication, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Zisis Kozlakidis
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Sanja Ilic
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Alexander Rodriguez-Palacios
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- University Hospitals Research and Education Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
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