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Hussain SS, Libby EF, Lever JEP, Tipper JL, Phillips SE, Mazur M, Li Q, Campos-Gómez J, Harrod KS, Rowe SM. ACE-2 Blockade & TMPRSS2 Inhibition Mitigate SARS-CoV-2 Severity Following Cigarette Smoke Exposure in Airway Epithelial Cells In Vitro. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.23.600238. [PMID: 38979208 PMCID: PMC11230175 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.23.600238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is associated with COVID-19 prevalence and severity, but the mechanistic basis for how smoking alters SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis is unknown. A potential explanation is that smoking alters the expression of the SARS-CoV-2 cellular receptor and point of entry, angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2), and its cofactors including transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2). We investigated the impact of cigarette smoking on the expression of ACE-2, TMPRSS2, and other known cofactors of SARS-CoV-2 infection and the resultant effects on infection severity in vitro. Cigarette smoke extract (CSE) exposure increased ACE-2 and TMPRSS2 mRNA expression compared to air control in ferret airway cells, Calu-3 cells, and primary human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells derived from normal and COPD donors. CSE-exposed ferret airway cells inoculated with SARS-CoV-2 had a significantly higher intracellular viral load versus vehicle-exposed cells. Likewise, CSE-exposure increased both SARS-CoV-2 intracellular viral load and viral replication in both normal and COPD HBE cells over vehicle control. Apoptosis was increased in CSE-exposed, SARS-CoV-2-infected HBE cells. Knockdown of ACE-2 via an antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) reduced SARS-CoV-2 viral load and infection in CSE-exposed ferret airway cells that was augmented by co-administration of camostat mesylate to block TMPRSS2 activity. Smoking increases SARS-CoV-2 infection via upregulation of ACE2 and TMPRSS2.
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Olímpio F, Andreata-Santos R, Rosa PC, Santos W, Oliveira C, Aimbire F. Lactobacillus rhamnosus Restores Antiviral Signaling and Attenuates Cytokines Secretion from Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells Exposed to Cigarette Smoke and Infected with SARS-CoV-2. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2023; 15:1513-1528. [PMID: 36346611 PMCID: PMC9643982 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-022-09998-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are more susceptible to exacerbation crisis triggered by secondary lung infections due to the dysfunction of antiviral signaling, principally via suppression of IFN-γ. Although the probiotic is known for controlling pulmonary inflammation in COPD, the influence of the Lactobacillus rhamnosus (Lr) on antiviral signaling in bronchial epithelium exposed to cigarette smoke extract (CSE) and viruses, remains unknown. Thus, the present study investigated the Lr effect on the antiviral signaling and the secretion of inflammatory mediators from bronchial epithelial cells (16HBE cells) exposed to CSE and SARS-CoV-2. The 16HBE cells were cultured, treated with Lr, stimulated with CSE, and infected with SARS-CoV-2. The cellular viability was evaluated using the MTT assay and cytotoxicity measured by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity. The viral load, TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR7, TLR8, MAVS, MyD88, and TRIF were quantified using specific PCR. The pro-inflammatory mediators were measured by a multiplex biometric immunoassay, and angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) activity, NF-κB, RIG-I, MAD5, and IRF3 were measured using specific ELISA kits. Lr decreased viral load, ACE2, pro-inflammatory mediators, TLR2, TLR4, NF-κB, TLR3, TLR7, and TLR8 as well as TRIF and MyD88 expression in CSE and SARS-CoV-2 -exposed 16HBE cells. Otherwise, RIG-I, MAD5, IRF3, IFN-γ, and the MAVS expression were restored in 16HBE cells exposed to CSE and SARS-CoV-2 and treated with Lr. Lr induces antiviral signaling associated to IFN-γ secreting viral sensors and attenuates cytokine storm associated to NF-κB in bronchial epithelial cells, supporting its emerging role in prevention of COPD exacerbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Olímpio
- Department of Medicine, Postgraduate Program in Translational Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Pedro De Toledo 720 - 2° Andar, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP, 04039-002, Brazil
- Department of Science and Technology, Lab. Immunopharmacology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Talim, 330, Vila Nair, São José dos Campos, SP, 12231-280, Brazil
| | - Robert Andreata-Santos
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Lab. Retrovirology, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Botucatu 862 - 6° Andar, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP, 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Paloma Cristina Rosa
- Department of Science and Technology, Lab. Immunopharmacology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Talim, 330, Vila Nair, São José dos Campos, SP, 12231-280, Brazil
| | - Wellington Santos
- Nucleus of Research in Biotechnology - State University of Piaui, Teresina, PI, CEP, 64003-120, Brazil
| | - Carlos Oliveira
- Department of Science and Technology, Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Engineering, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Talim, 330, Vila Nair, São José dos Campos, SP, 12231-280, Brazil
| | - Flavio Aimbire
- Department of Medicine, Postgraduate Program in Translational Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Pedro De Toledo 720 - 2° Andar, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP, 04039-002, Brazil.
- Department of Science and Technology, Lab. Immunopharmacology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Talim, 330, Vila Nair, São José dos Campos, SP, 12231-280, Brazil.
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The establishment of COPD organoids to study host-pathogen interaction reveals enhanced viral fitness of SARS-CoV-2 in bronchi. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7635. [PMID: 36496442 PMCID: PMC9735280 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35253-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterised by airflow limitation and infective exacerbations, however, in-vitro model systems for the study of host-pathogen interaction at the individual level are lacking. Here, we describe the establishment of nasopharyngeal and bronchial organoids from healthy individuals and COPD that recapitulate disease at the individual level. In contrast to healthy organoids, goblet cell hyperplasia and reduced ciliary beat frequency were observed in COPD organoids, hallmark features of the disease. Single-cell transcriptomics uncovered evidence for altered cellular differentiation trajectories in COPD organoids. SARS-CoV-2 infection of COPD organoids revealed more productive replication in bronchi, the key site of infection in severe COVID-19. Viral and bacterial exposure of organoids induced greater pro-inflammatory responses in COPD organoids. In summary, we present an organoid model that recapitulates the in vivo physiological lung microenvironment at the individual level and is amenable to the study of host-pathogen interaction and emerging infectious disease.
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4
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Hamon R, Ween MP. E-Cigarette Vapour Increases ACE2 and TMPRSS2 Expression in a Flavour- and Nicotine-Dependent Manner. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:14955. [PMID: 36429673 PMCID: PMC9691196 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192214955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 infects via the respiratory system, but it can affect multiple systems and lead to multi system failure. There is growing evidence that smoking may be associated with higher rates of COVID-19 infections and worse outcomes due to increased levels of ACE2 in lung epithelial cells, but it is unknown whether E-cigarette use may lead to increased risk of COVID-19 infection from the SARS-CoV-2 virus. In this study, healthy donor bronchial epithelial cells (NHBE) and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) were exposed to cigarette smoke extract (CSE) or nicotine or flavoured E-cigarette vapour extract (EVE) before the assessment of SARS-CoV-2 recognition receptors ACE2 and TMPRSS2 genes. MDMs exposed to CSE and Tobacco EVE showed increased ACE2 expression; however, no treatment altered the TMPRSS2 expression. ACE2 was found to be upregulated by >2-fold in NHBE cells exposed to CSE, as well as nicotine, banana, or chocolate EVE, while TMPRSS2 was only upregulated by CSE or nicotine EVE exposure. These findings suggesting that flavourings can increase ACE2 expression in multiple cell types, while TMPRSS2 expression increases are limited to the epithelial cells in airways and may be limited to nicotine and/or cigarette smoke exposure. Therefore, increased risk of COVID-19 infection cannot be ruled out for vapers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhys Hamon
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5000, Australia
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide 5000, Australia
| | - Miranda P. Ween
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5000, Australia
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide 5000, Australia
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5
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Kasper B, Yue X, Goldmann T, Gülsen A, Kugler C, Yu X, Petersen F. Air exposure and cell differentiation are essential for investigation of SARS-CoV-2 entry genes in human primary airway epithelial cells in vitro. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:897695. [PMID: 36148455 PMCID: PMC9487839 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.897695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In-vitro models of differentiated primary human airway epithelial cells are a valuable tool to study severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Through the use of these models, it has been shown that the expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry genes in human airway epithelia is influenced by various factors such as age, sex, smoking status, and pathogenic conditions. In this study, we aimed to determine the effects of cell culture conditions and donor demographic and clinical characteristics on the expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry genes including angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2), cathepsin L (CTSL), and tyrosine protein kinase receptor UFO (AXL) in primary airway epithelial cells. Methods Eleven lung cancer patients with or without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or asthma were recruited. Human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC) or small airway epithelial cells (SAEC) isolated from submerged or air-liquid interface (ALI) cultures were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR. We also tested for correlations with clinical data. Results In ALI cultures, the expression of AXL was significantly higher in HBEC than in SAEC. In addition, the expression of ACE2, TMPRSS2, and CTSL was significantly increased in both HBEC and SAEC differentiated under ALI conditions compared with the submerged culture. Negligible association was found between the expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry genes in SAEC and the age, sex, smoking status, and complication of COPD, asthma or hypertension of the cell donors. Conclusion These results demonstrate that the expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry genes in differentiated primary airway epithelial cells in-vitro is much more influenced by individual culture conditions than by specific characteristics of individual donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Kasper
- Priority Area Chronic Lung Diseases, Research Center Borstel, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
| | - Xiaoyang Yue
- Priority Area Chronic Lung Diseases, Research Center Borstel, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
| | - Torsten Goldmann
- Pathology, Research Center Borstel, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
| | - Askin Gülsen
- Priority Area Chronic Lung Diseases, Research Center Borstel, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
- Department of Surgery, LungenClinicGrosshansdorf, Grosshansdorf, Germany
| | - Christian Kugler
- Priority Area Chronic Lung Diseases, Research Center Borstel, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
- Department of Surgery, LungenClinicGrosshansdorf, Grosshansdorf, Germany
| | - Xinhua Yu
- Priority Area Chronic Lung Diseases, Research Center Borstel, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
- *Correspondence: Xinhua Yu
| | - Frank Petersen
- Priority Area Chronic Lung Diseases, Research Center Borstel, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
- Frank Petersen
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6
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Ho JQ, Sepand MR, Bigdelou B, Shekarian T, Esfandyarpour R, Chauhan P, Serpooshan V, Beura LK, Hutter G, Zanganeh S. The immune response to COVID-19: Does sex matter? Immunology 2022; 166:429-443. [PMID: 35470422 PMCID: PMC9111683 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic has created unprecedented challenges worldwide. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) causes COVID‐19 and has a complex interaction with the immune system, including growing evidence of sex‐specific differences in the immune response. Sex‐disaggregated analyses of epidemiological data indicate that males experience more severe symptoms and suffer higher mortality from COVID‐19 than females. Many behavioural risk factors and biological factors may contribute to the different immune response. This review examines the immune response to SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in the context of sex, with emphasis on potential biological mechanisms explaining differences in clinical outcomes. Understanding sex differences in the pathophysiology of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection will help promote the development of specific strategies to manage the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim Q Ho
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States
| | - Mohammad Reza Sepand
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, Dartmouth, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Banafsheh Bigdelou
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, Dartmouth, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Tala Shekarian
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rahim Esfandyarpour
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Prashant Chauhan
- Laboratory of Functional Biology of Protists, Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Vahid Serpooshan
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University School of Medicine and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Lalit K Beura
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States
| | - Gregor Hutter
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Steven Zanganeh
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, Dartmouth, Massachusetts, United States
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7
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Schneider MA, Richtmann S, Gründing AR, Wrenger S, Welte T, Meister M, Kriegsmann M, Winter H, Muley T, Janciauskiene S. Transmembrane serine protease 2 is a prognostic factor for lung adenocarcinoma. Int J Oncol 2022; 60:39. [PMID: 35211754 PMCID: PMC8878627 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2022.5329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) has been intensively investigated during the current Sars-CoV-2 pandemic as a virus activating protease. Furthermore, TMPRSS2 is an oncogenic gene associated with several cancer entities. Co-expression of TMPRSS2 and serpin family A member 1 (SERPINA1) (encoding alpha-1-antitrypsin; AAT) has been reported in the human lung. Recently, AAT was identified as a novel TMPRSS2 inhibitor. We previously reported that lower SERPINA1 expression in tumor tissues and higher levels of plasma AAT are associated with worse survival of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In the present study, we sought to examine TMPRSS2 and SERPINA1/AAT expression in tumor and adjacent lung tissues from 347 NSCLC patients. Based on clinical data and gene expression analysis, we performed Cox regression for the survival analysis, and correlated TMPRSS2 and AAT protein levels in tissue samples by immunohistochemical and western blot analyses. We found that lower TMPRSS2 expression in tumor compared to adjacent non-tumor tissues is linked to a poor overall survival in patients with adenocarcinoma (ADC) and those who are current smokers. IHC staining of TMPRSS2 validated our findings in regard to overall survival while we did not observe a correlation with AAT staining. Based on western blot analyses, we found only a slight negative correlation between full-length TMPRSS2 and AAT in non-tumor tissues, which seems to be related to smoking status. Taken together, we demonstrated that TMPRSS2 is a prognostic factor in patients with lung ADC; however, a link between AAT and TMPRSS2 proteins warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc A Schneider
- Translational Research Unit, Thoraxklinik at Heidelberg University Hospital, D-69126 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sarah Richtmann
- Translational Research Unit, Thoraxklinik at Heidelberg University Hospital, D-69126 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna R Gründing
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Sabine Wrenger
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Tobias Welte
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael Meister
- Translational Research Unit, Thoraxklinik at Heidelberg University Hospital, D-69126 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mark Kriegsmann
- Translational Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), Member of The German Center for Lung Research (DZL), D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hauke Winter
- Translational Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), Member of The German Center for Lung Research (DZL), D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Muley
- Translational Research Unit, Thoraxklinik at Heidelberg University Hospital, D-69126 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sabina Janciauskiene
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
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8
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Mohseni Afshar Z, Hosseinzadeh R, Barary M, Ebrahimpour S, Alijanpour A, Sayad B, Hosseinzadeh D, Miri SR, Sio TT, Sullman MJM, Carson‐Chahhoud K, Babazadeh A. Challenges posed by COVID-19 in cancer patients: A narrative review. Cancer Med 2022; 11:1119-1135. [PMID: 34951152 PMCID: PMC8855916 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.4519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel coronavirus, or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was identified as the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In early 2020, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 the sixth public health emergency of international concern. The COVID-19 pandemic has substantially affected many groups within the general population, but particularly those with extant clinical conditions, such as having or being treated for cancer. Cancer patients are at a higher risk of developing severe COVID-19 since the malignancy and chemotherapy may negatively affect the immune system, and their immunocompromised condition also increases the risk of infection. Substantial international efforts are currently underway to develop specific methods for diagnosing and treating COVID-19. However, cancer patients' risk profiles, management, and outcomes are not well understood. Thus, the main objective of this review is to discuss the relevant evidence to understand the prognosis of COVID-19 infections in cancer patients more clearly, as well as helping to improve the clinical management of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Mohseni Afshar
- Clinical Research Development CenterImam Reza HospitalKermanshah University of Medical SciencesKermanshahIran
| | | | - Mohammad Barary
- Student Research CommitteeBabol University of Medical SciencesBabolIran
- Students’ Scientific Research Center (SSRC)Tehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Soheil Ebrahimpour
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research CenterHealth Research InstituteBabol University of Medical SciencesBabolIran
| | | | - Babak Sayad
- Clinical Research Development CenterImam Reza HospitalKermanshah University of Medical SciencesKermanshahIran
| | | | - Seyed Rouhollah Miri
- Cancer Research CenterCancer Institute of IranTehran University of Medical ScienceTehranIran
| | - Terence T. Sio
- Department of Radiation OncologyMayo ClinicPhoenixArizonaUSA
| | - Mark J. M. Sullman
- Department of Social SciencesUniversity of NicosiaNicosiaCyprus
- Department of Life and Health SciencesUniversity of NicosiaNicosiaCyprus
| | | | - Arefeh Babazadeh
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research CenterHealth Research InstituteBabol University of Medical SciencesBabolIran
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9
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Liu L, Qin JF, Zuo MZ, Zhou Q. Multi-omics of the expression and clinical outcomes of TMPRSS2 in human various cancers: A potential therapeutic target for COVID-19. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 26:709-724. [PMID: 34951103 PMCID: PMC8817140 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence has shown that Transmembrane Serine Protease 2 (TMPRSS2) not only contributes to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection, but is also closely associated with the incidence and progression of tumours. However, the correlation of coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) and cancers, and the prognostic value and molecular function of TMPRSS2 in various cancers have not been fully understood. In this study, the expression, genetic variations, correlated genes, immune infiltration and prognostic value of TMPRSS2 were analysed in many cancers using different bioinformatics platforms. The observed findings revealed that the expression of TMPRSS2 was considerably decreased in many tumour tissues. In the prognostic analysis, the expression of TMPRSS2 was considerably linked with the clinical consequences of the brain, blood, colorectal, breast, ovarian, lung and soft tissue cancer. In protein network analysis, we determined 27 proteins as protein partners of TMPRSS2, which can regulate the progression and prognosis of cancer mediated by TMPRSS2. Besides, a high level of TMPRSS2 was linked with immune cell infiltration in various cancers. Furthermore, according to the pathway analysis of differently expressed genes (DEGs) with TMPRSS2 in lung, breast, ovarian and colorectal cancer, 160 DEGs genes were found and were significantly enriched in respiratory system infection and tumour progression pathways. In conclusion, the findings of this study demonstrate that TMPRSS2 may be an effective biomarker and therapeutic target in various cancers in humans, and may also provide new directions for specific tumour patients to prevent SARS‐CoV‐2 infection during the COVID‐19 outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University and Yichang Central People's Hospital, Yichang, China
| | - Ju-Fang Qin
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The People's Hospital, China Three Gorges University/the First People's Hospital of Yichang, Yichang, China
| | - Man-Zhen Zuo
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The People's Hospital, China Three Gorges University/the First People's Hospital of Yichang, Yichang, China
| | - Quan Zhou
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The People's Hospital, China Three Gorges University/the First People's Hospital of Yichang, Yichang, China
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10
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Prats-Uribe A, Xie J, Prieto-Alhambra D, Petersen I. Smoking and COVID-19 Infection and Related Mortality: A Prospective Cohort Analysis of UK Biobank Data. Clin Epidemiol 2021; 13:357-365. [PMID: 34079378 PMCID: PMC8164669 DOI: 10.2147/clep.s300597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several papers have shown contradictory evidence about the relationship between smoking and COVID-19-related deaths. There is little evidence about smoking and risk of infection. We aim to examine association between smoking and COVID-19 infection and subsequent mortality. Methods This was a prospective study with participants from the UK Biobank cohort. Participants who lived in England were followed up from 01/02/2020 to 28/06/2020 with data linked to hospital episode statistics, Office for National Statistics and Public Health England PCR tests. We compared current-smokers, previous-smokers with never-smokers and estimated risk ratio (RR) of COVID-19 infection and subsequent mortality using Poisson regression adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity, body mass index and socio-economic status. Interactions between smoking status and age and sex were tested for using multiplicative interactions, and analyses were stratified by median age (49–68 years, 69–86 years) and sex. Results In total, 402,978 participants were included in the analyses. The majority were never smokers, 226,294 (56.2%), 140,090 (34.8%) were previous smokers, and 39,974 (9.9%) current smokers. COVID-19 infection was identified in 1591 (0.39%) people, and 372/1591 (23.4%) died. Amongst the younger participants, smokers were nearly twice as likely to become infected with COVID-19 than never smokers (RR 1.88 [1.49–2.38]) whereas there was no difference for those aged 69+ (RR 1.05 [0.82–1.34]). In contrast, amongst the older participants, smokers were twice as likely to die from COVID-19 compared to non-smokers (RR 2.15 [1.11–4.16]) whereas there was no difference for those under the age of 69 (RR 1.22[0.83–1.79]). Similar patterns were observed for previous smokers. The impact of smoking was similar in men and women. Conclusion The association between smoking and COVID-19 infection and subsequent death is modified by age. Smokers and previous smokers aged under 69 were at higher risk of COVID-19 infection, suggesting the risk is associated with increased exposure to SARS-COV-2 virus. Once infected, older smokers were twice as likely to die from COVID-19 than never smokers, possibly mediated by increased risk of chronic conditions/illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Prats-Uribe
- Pharmaco- and Device Epidemiology, Centre for Statistics in Medicine - Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Junqing Xie
- Pharmaco- and Device Epidemiology, Centre for Statistics in Medicine - Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Daniel Prieto-Alhambra
- Pharmaco- and Device Epidemiology, Centre for Statistics in Medicine - Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Irene Petersen
- Department of Primary Care and Population Health, UCL, London, NW3 2PF, UK.,Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus N, 8200, Denmark
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11
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Cazzola M, Ora J, Bianco A, Rogliani P, Matera MG. Management of COPD patients during COVID: difficulties and experiences. Expert Rev Respir Med 2021; 15:1025-1033. [PMID: 33975511 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2021.1929176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The role of COPD in COVID-19 is not yet well understood. However, there is increasing evidence showing that COPD patients with COVID-19 have a higher risk of presenting a serious infection, a greater likelihood of requiring ICU support, and a higher mortality than other groups.Areas covered: In this article, we address some critical questions on COVID-19 as they pertain to COPD. In particular, we discuss whether the usual algorithms of pharmacological and non-pharmacological management in COPD still apply.Expert opinion: Patients with COPD must continue their regular therapy, regardless of whether they are affected by COVID-19. Corticosteroids reduce mortality in COVID-19 patients in need of supportive oxygen therapy or invasive mechanical ventilation. It is essential that a COPD patient who has tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 is closely followed over time because any delay in diagnosis and initiation of appropriate therapy could negatively affect his/her prognosis. However, we still do not know if COVID-19 infection occurs and evolves differently in each of the recognized COPD phenotypes and, therefore, whether it needs a different management. There are other open questions concerning COVID-19 and COPD that need to be considered. Future studies are absolutely necessary to answer these questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Cazzola
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Josuel Ora
- Respiratory Diseases Unit, "Tor Vergata" University Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Bianco
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"/Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Rogliani
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.,Respiratory Diseases Unit, "Tor Vergata" University Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Gabriella Matera
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
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