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Rampam S, Carnino JM, Xiao B, Khan RR, Miyawaki S, Goh GS. Extracellular Vesicles: An Emerging Clinical Opportunity in Musculoskeletal Disease. TISSUE ENGINEERING. PART B, REVIEWS 2024; 30:359-370. [PMID: 37930727 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2023.0208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are important mediators of cell-to-cell communication in the extracellular space. These membranous nanoparticles carry various molecules, often referred to as "cargo," which are delivered to nearby target cells. In the past decade, developments in nanotechnology have allowed for various new laboratory techniques for the increased utilization of EVs in cellular and animal studies. Such techniques have evolved for the isolation, characterization, and delivery of EVs to biological tissues. This emerging technology has immense clinical potential for both diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Various EV cargo molecules, including DNA, RNA, and proteins, can act as pathological biomarkers. Furthermore, EVs derived from certain cell sources have shown therapeutic benefit in certain pathologies. In addition to their native therapeutic benefit, EVs can be engineered to carry and selectively deliver therapeutic agents. While EVs have gained increasing interest in various pathologies, few studies have compiled their clinical potential in musculoskeletal pathologies. To bridge this gap, we present an overview of EVs, introduce current laboratory preparation techniques, and outline the most recent literature regarding the potential therapeutic applications of EVs in musculoskeletal pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Rampam
- Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jonathan M Carnino
- Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Boyuan Xiao
- Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rehan R Khan
- Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Steven Miyawaki
- Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Graham S Goh
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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2
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Grätz C, Schuster M, Brandes F, Meidert AS, Kirchner B, Reithmair M, Schelling G, Pfaffl MW. A pipeline for the development and analysis of extracellular vesicle-based transcriptomic biomarkers in molecular diagnostics. Mol Aspects Med 2024; 97:101269. [PMID: 38552453 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2024.101269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are shed by every cell type and can be found in any biofluid. They contain different molecules that can be utilized as biomarkers, including several RNA species which they protect from degradation. Here, we present a pipeline for the development and analysis of extracellular vesicle-associated transcriptomic biomarkers that our group has successfully applied multiple times. We highlight the key steps of the pipeline and give particular emphasis to the necessary quality control checkpoints, which are linked to numerous available guidelines that should be considered along the workflow. Our pipeline starts with patient recruitment and continues with blood sampling and processing. The purification and characterization of extracellular vesicles is explained in detail, as well as the isolation and quality control of extracellular vesicle-associated RNA. We point out the possible pitfalls during library preparation and RNA sequencing and present multiple bioinformatic tools to pinpoint biomarker signature candidates from the sequencing data. Finally, considerations and pitfalls during the validation of the biomarker signature using RT-qPCR will be elaborated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Grätz
- Department of Animal Physiology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.
| | - Martina Schuster
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Brandes
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Agnes S Meidert
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Benedikt Kirchner
- Department of Animal Physiology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marlene Reithmair
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Gustav Schelling
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael W Pfaffl
- Department of Animal Physiology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.
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Lo Feudo CM, Stucchi L, Bazzocchi C, Consiglio AL, Comazzi S, Cozzi MC, Gusmara C, Gaspari G, Cialini C, Bizzotto D, Dellacà R, Ferrucci F. Cytokine mRNA expression in the bronchoalveolar lavage cells from horses affected by different equine asthma subtypes. J Equine Vet Sci 2024; 135:105033. [PMID: 38423374 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2024.105033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Equine asthma (EA) is a respiratory syndrome associated with the increase of different leukocyte populations in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Its pathogenetic mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the associations between the mRNA expression of different cytokines in the BALF, different EA subtypes and lung function. Fifteen horses underwent physical examination, airway endoscopy, BALF cytology and lung function testing (8/15). One horse did not have evidence of EA and was used as healthy reference, while the others were classified as affected by neutrophilic or mixed granulocytic EA. Cells isolated from the residual BALF were used for IL-1β, IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-17A genes expression by quantitative RT-PCR., Cytokine expression was compared between groups, and their correlations with BALF leukocyte and lung function were evaluated. IL-1β expression was positively correlated with BALF neutrophils count (p=0.038, r=0.56) and with increased expiratory resistance (p=0.047, r=0.76). IFN-γ was correlated with BALF mast cells (p=0.029, r=0.58). IL-4 was higher in horses with mixed granulocytic EA than neutrophilic (p=0.008), positively correlated with BALF mast cells (p=0.028, r=0.59) and inversely with whole-breath (p=0.046, r=-0.76) and expiratory reactance (p=0.003, r=-0.93). Finally, IL-17A was inversely correlated with expiratory reactance (p=0.009, r=-0.92). These results support that multiple immune responses are involved in EA pathogenesis; innate, Th2, and Th17 responses. Innate immunity appeared associated with neutrophilic inflammation, and Th2 response with increased mast cells. The role of Th1 response in EA remains questionable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Maria Lo Feudo
- Equine Sports Medicine Laboratory "Franco Tradati", Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell'Università 6, Lodi 26900, Italy
| | - Luca Stucchi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via Vienna 2, Sassari 07100, Italy.
| | - Chiara Bazzocchi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell'Università 6, Lodi 26900, Italy
| | - Anna Lange Consiglio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell'Università 6, Lodi 26900, Italy
| | - Stefano Comazzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell'Università 6, Lodi 26900, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Cozzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell'Università 6, Lodi 26900, Italy
| | - Claudia Gusmara
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell'Università 6, Lodi 26900, Italy
| | - Giulia Gaspari
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell'Università 6, Lodi 26900, Italy
| | - Chiara Cialini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell'Università 6, Lodi 26900, Italy
| | - Davide Bizzotto
- TechRes Lab, Department of Electronics, Information and Biomedical Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Via Giuseppe Colombo 40, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Raffaele Dellacà
- TechRes Lab, Department of Electronics, Information and Biomedical Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Via Giuseppe Colombo 40, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Francesco Ferrucci
- Equine Sports Medicine Laboratory "Franco Tradati", Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell'Università 6, Lodi 26900, Italy
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Tao J, Wang H, Sun Y, Sun X, Hu Y. Self-assembled nanovesicles based on chiral bis-H 8-BINOL for Fe 3+ recognition and secondary recognition of l-cysteine by 1 + 1 complex. RSC Adv 2024; 14:2422-2428. [PMID: 38223697 PMCID: PMC10785047 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra07654g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
A novel fluorescent "off" sensor, R-β-d-1, was obtained in high yield (91.2%) by using octahydronaphthol as a backbone, introducing an alkyne group at the 2-position, and linking azido-glucose via a click reaction. The sensor was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy and was found to be a self-assembled vesicle. AFM results showed that the fluorescence burst was extinguished by the addition of Fe3+, and the fluorescence was restored by the addition of cysteine. This is due to charge transfer within the molecular structure, resulting in the ICT effect and phototransfer of electrons (PET), as well as redshifting (from 331 nm to 351 nm) and quenching of the fluorescence. The self-assembled vesicles of the fluorescent sensor R-β-d-1 encapsulated Fe3+, but upon addition of cysteine, the vesicles of R-β-d-1-Fe3+ were also complexed with it, forming the R-β-d-1-Fe3+-l-Cys complex, at which point fluorescence gradually returned. Therefore, the fluorescence test of this probe showed that the lowest detection limit of iron ions was 1.67 × 10-7 mol L-1, and its complexation mode was in the form of 1 + 1. The novel probe formed by R-β-d-1-Fe3+ can be used for the fluorescence detection of cysteine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisheng Tao
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University Nanchang 330013 China
| | - Huizhen Wang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University Nanchang 330013 China
| | - Yue Sun
- College of Chemistry, Nanchang University Nanchang China
| | - Xiaoxia Sun
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University Nanchang 330013 China
| | - Yu Hu
- College of Chemistry, Nanchang University Nanchang China
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Soloveva N, Novikova S, Farafonova T, Tikhonova O, Zgoda V. Proteomic Signature of Extracellular Vesicles Associated with Colorectal Cancer. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28104227. [PMID: 37241967 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28104227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The proteins of extracellular vesicles (EVs) provide proteomic signatures that reflect molecular features of EV-producing cells, including cancer cells. Detection of cancer cell EV proteins is of great interest due to the development of novel predictive diagnostic approaches. Using targeted mass spectrometry with stable-isotope-labeled peptide standards (SIS), we measured in this study the levels of 34 EV-associated proteins in vesicles and whole lysate derived from the colorectal cancer (CRC) cell lines Caco-2, HT29 and HCT116. We also evaluated the abundance of 13 EV-associated proteins (FN1, TLN1, ITGB3, HSPA8, TUBA4A, CD9, CD63, HSPG2, ITGB1, GNAI2, TSG101, PACSIN2, and CDC42) in EVs isolated from blood plasma samples from 11 CRC patients and 20 healthy volunteers. Downregulation of TLN1, ITGB3, and TUBA4A with simultaneous upregulation of HSPG2 protein were observed in cancer samples compared to healthy controls. The proteomic cargo of the EVs associated with CRC represents a promising source of potential prognostic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Soloveva
- Orekhovich Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya 10, 119121 Moscow, Russia
| | - Svetlana Novikova
- Orekhovich Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya 10, 119121 Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana Farafonova
- Orekhovich Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya 10, 119121 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Tikhonova
- Orekhovich Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya 10, 119121 Moscow, Russia
| | - Victor Zgoda
- Orekhovich Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya 10, 119121 Moscow, Russia
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The Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Diseases of the Ear, Nose, and Throat. Med Sci (Basel) 2022; 11:medsci11010006. [PMID: 36649043 PMCID: PMC9844415 DOI: 10.3390/medsci11010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous nanoparticles produced by most cell types into the extracellular space and play an important role in cell-to-cell communication. Historically, EVs were categorized based on their methods of biogenesis and size into three groups: exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies. Most recently, EV nomenclature has evolved to categorize these nanoparticles based on their size, surface markers, and/or the cell type which secreted them. Many techniques have been adopted in recent years which leverage these characteristics to isolate them from cell culture media and biological fluids. EVs carry various "cargo", including DNA, RNA, proteins, and small signaling molecules. After isolation, EVs can be characterized by various methods to analyze their unique cargo profiles which define their role in cell-to-cell communication, normal physiology, and disease progression. The study of EV cargo has become more common recently as we continue to delineate their role in various human diseases. Further understanding these mechanisms may allow for the future use of EVs as novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets in diseases. Furthermore, their unique cargo delivery mechanisms may one day be exploited to selectively deliver therapeutic agents and drugs. Despite the growing research interest in EVs, limited studies have focused on the role of EVs in the diseases of the ear, nose, and throat. In this review, we will introduce EVs and their cargo, discuss methods of isolation and characterization, and summarize the most up-to-date literature thus far into the role of EVs in diseases of the ear, nose, and throat.
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Identification of Downregulated Exosome-Associated Gene ENPP1 as a Novel Lipid Metabolism and Immune-Associated Biomarker for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2022; 2022:4834791. [PMID: 36199794 PMCID: PMC9529392 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4834791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Exosome plays an important role in the occurrence and development of tumors, such as hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC). However, the functions and mechanisms of exosome-associated molecules in LIHC are still underexplored. Here, we investigated the role of the exosome-related gene ENPP1 in LIHC. Comprehensive bioinformatics from multiple databases revealed that ENPP1 was significantly downregulated in LIHC tissues. The patients with downregulated ENPP1 displayed a poor prognosis. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to further confirm the downregulated ENPP1 in LIHC tissues. In addition, the coexpression network of ENPP1 was also explored to understand its roles in the underlying signaling pathways, including fatty acid degradation and the PPAR signaling pathway. Simultaneously, GSEA analysis indicated the potential roles of ENPP1 in the lipid metabolism-associated signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of LIHC, including fatty acid metabolism, fatty acid synthesis, and so on. Finally, immunological analysis indicated that ENPP1 might also be involved in multiple immune-related features, including immunoinhibitors, immunostimulators, and chemokines. Taken together, these findings could enhance our understanding of ENPP1 in LIHC pathogenesis and immune response and provide a new target for ENPP1-related immunotherapy in clinical treatment.
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Exosomal Micro-RNAs as Intercellular Communicators in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911047. [PMID: 36232350 PMCID: PMC9569972 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Communication between neighboring or distant cells is made through a complex network that includes extracellular vesicles (EVs). Exosomes, which are a subgroup of EVs, are released from most cell types and have been found in biological fluids such as urine, plasma, and airway secretions like bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), nasal lavage, saliva, and sputum. Mainly, the cargo exosomes are enriched with mRNAs and microRNAs (miRNAs), which can be transferred to a recipient cell consequently modifying and redirecting its biological function. The effects of miRNAs derive from their role as gene expression regulators by repressing or degrading their target mRNAs. Nowadays, various types of research are focused on evaluating the potential of exosomal miRNAs as biomarkers for the prognosis and diagnosis of different pathologies. Nevertheless, there are few reports on their role in the pathophysiology of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), a chronic lung disease characterized by progressive lung scarring with no cure. In this review, we focus on the role and effect of exosomal miRNAs as intercellular communicators in the onset and progression of IPF, as well as discussing their potential utility as therapeutic agents for the treatment of this disease.
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Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Mesenchymal Stem Cells: A Potential Biodrug for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Treatment. BioDrugs 2022; 36:701-715. [PMID: 36087245 PMCID: PMC9463673 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-022-00555-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a severe respiratory disease associated with high morbidity and mortality in the clinic. In the face of limited treatment options for ARDS, extracellular vesicles derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSC-EVs) have recently shown promise. They regulate levels of growth factors, cytokines, and other internal therapeutic molecules. The possible therapeutic mechanisms of MSC-EVs include anti-inflammatory, cell injury repair, alveolar fluid clearance, and microbe clearance. The potent therapeutic ability and biocompatibility of MSC-EVs have enabled them as an alternative option to ameliorate ARDS. In this review, recent advances, therapeutic mechanisms, advantages and limitations, as well as improvements of using MSC-EVs to treat ARDS are summarized. This review is expected to provide a brief view of the potential applications of MSC-EVs as novel biodrugs to treat ARDS.
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Scalable Production of Extracellular Vesicles and Its Therapeutic Values: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147986. [PMID: 35887332 PMCID: PMC9315612 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are minute vesicles with lipid bilayer membranes. EVs are secreted by cells for intercellular communication. Recently, EVs have received much attention, as they are rich in biological components such as nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins that play essential roles in tissue regeneration and disease modification. In addition, EVs can be developed as vaccines against cancer and infectious diseases, as the vesicle membrane has an abundance of antigenic determinants and virulent factors. EVs for therapeutic applications are typically collected from conditioned media of cultured cells. However, the number of EVs secreted by the cells is limited. Thus, it is critical to devise new strategies for the large-scale production of EVs. Here, we discussed the strategies utilized by researchers for the scalable production of EVs. Techniques such as bioreactors, mechanical stimulation, electrical stimulation, thermal stimulation, magnetic field stimulation, topographic clue, hypoxia, serum deprivation, pH modification, exposure to small molecules, exposure to nanoparticles, increasing the intracellular calcium concentration, and genetic modification have been used to improve the secretion of EVs by cultured cells. In addition, nitrogen cavitation, porous membrane extrusion, and sonication have been utilized to prepare EV-mimetic nanovesicles that share many characteristics with naturally secreted EVs. Apart from inducing EV production, these upscaling interventions have also been reported to modify the EVs’ cargo and thus their functionality and therapeutic potential. In summary, it is imperative to identify a reliable upscaling technique that can produce large quantities of EVs consistently. Ideally, the produced EVs should also possess cargo with improved therapeutic potential.
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Carnino JM, Lee H, Smith LC, Sunil VR, Rancourt RC, Vayas K, Cervelli J, Kwok ZH, Ni K, Laskin JD, Jin Y, Laskin DL. Microvesicle-Derived miRNAs Regulate Proinflammatory Macrophage Activation in the Lung Following Ozone Exposure. Toxicol Sci 2022; 187:162-174. [PMID: 35201360 PMCID: PMC9041552 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfac025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Ozone is a ubiquitous air pollutant that causes lung damage and altered functioning. Evidence suggests that proinflammatory macrophages contribute to ozone toxicity. Herein, we analyzed the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) and microRNA (miRNA) cargo in ozone-induced macrophage activation. Exposure of mice to ozone (0.8 ppm, 3 h) resulted in increases in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid EVs, which were comprised predominantly of microvesicles (MVs). NanoFACS analysis revealed that MVs generated following both air and ozone exposure was largely from CD45+ myeloid cells; these MVs were readily taken up by macrophages. Functionally, MVs from ozone, but not air treated mice, upregulated mRNA expression of inflammatory proteins in macrophages including inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), CXCL-1, CXCL-2, and interleukin (IL)-1β. The miRNA profile of MVs in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was altered after ozone exposure; thus, increases in miR-21, miR-145, miR320a, miR-155, let-7b, miR744, miR181, miR-17, miR-92a, and miR-199a-3p were observed, whereas miR-24-3p and miR-20 were reduced. Ingenuity pathway analysis revealed that these miRNAs regulate pathways that promote inflammatory macrophage activation, and predicted that let-7a-5p/let-7b, miR-24-3p, miR-21-5p, miR-17, and miR-181a-5p are key upstream regulators of inflammatory proteins. After ozone exposure, miR-199a-3p, but not precursor miR-199a-3p, was increased in lung macrophages, indicating that it is derived from MV-mediated delivery. Furthermore, lung macrophage mRNA expression of IL-1β was upregulated after administration of MVs containing miR-199a-3p mimic but downregulated by miR-199a-3p inhibitor. Collectively, these data suggest that MVs generated following ozone exposure contribute to proinflammatory macrophage activation via MV-derived miRNAs including miR-199a-3p. These findings identify a novel pathway regulating macrophage inflammatory responses to inhaled ozone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Carnino
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Heedoo Lee
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Ley Cody Smith
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Vasanthi R Sunil
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Raymond C Rancourt
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Kinal Vayas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Jessica Cervelli
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Zhi Hao Kwok
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Kareemah Ni
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Laskin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Justice, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Yang Jin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Debra L Laskin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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Duarte-Silva E, Oriá AC, Mendonça IP, de Melo MG, Paiva IHR, Maes M, Joca SRL, Peixoto CA. TINY IN SIZE, BIG IN IMPACT: EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES AS MODULATORS OF MOOD, ANXIETY AND NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 135:104582. [PMID: 35182538 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) are tiny vesicles used by cells as means of cellular communication, through which the function and state of a given cell can be changed. A body of evidence has suggested that EVs could be culprits in the development and progression of various types of diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases such as Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Unsurprisingly, EVs have also been implicate in mood, anxiety and neurodevelopmental disorders, such as Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), anxiety disorder and Autism-Spectrum Disorder (ASD), respectively. Here, we review the state-of-art regarding the roles of EVs in the aforementioned diseases and focus on the mechanisms by which they can cause and worsen disease. Harnessing the knowledge of EVs is not only important to deliver different cargos to cells in a specific manner to treat these diseases, but also to establish reliable disease biomarkers, which will aid in the early disease diagnosis and treatment, increasing the chance of successful treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Duarte-Silva
- Laboratory of Ultrastructure, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Recife, PE, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Biosciences and Biotechnology for Health (PPGBBS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ-PE)/Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Recife, PE, Brazil; Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Recife, PE, Brazil; Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, 40255 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | | | - Ingrid Prata Mendonça
- Laboratory of Ultrastructure, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Recife, PE, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences (PPGCB), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Michel Gomes de Melo
- Laboratory of Ultrastructure, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Recife, PE, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences (PPGCB), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Igor Henrique R Paiva
- Laboratory of Ultrastructure, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Recife, PE, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences (PPGCB), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Michael Maes
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria; IMPACT Strategic Research Center, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Sâmia R L Joca
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto (FCFRP), University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Christina Alves Peixoto
- Laboratory of Ultrastructure, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Recife, PE, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM, CNPq), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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13
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Jahan S, Mukherjee S, Ali S, Bhardwaj U, Choudhary RK, Balakrishnan S, Naseem A, Mir SA, Banawas S, Alaidarous M, Alyenbaawi H, Iqbal D, Siddiqui AJ. Pioneer Role of Extracellular Vesicles as Modulators of Cancer Initiation in Progression, Drug Therapy, and Vaccine Prospects. Cells 2022; 11:490. [PMID: 35159299 PMCID: PMC8833976 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading diseases, causing deaths worldwide. Nearly 10 million deaths were reported in 2020 due to cancer alone. Several factors are involved in cancer progressions, such as lifestyle and genetic characteristics. According to a recent report, extracellular vesicles (EVs) are involved in cancer initiation, progression, and therapy failure. EVs can play a major role in intracellular communication, the maintenance of tissue homeostasis, and pathogenesis in several types of diseases. In a healthy person, EVs carry different cargoes, such as miRNA, lncRNA etc., to help other body functions. On the other hand, the same EV in a tumor microenvironment carries cargoes such as miRNA, lncRNA, etc., to initiate or help cancer progression at various stages. These stages may include the proliferation of cells and escape from apoptosis, angiogenesis, cell invasion, and metastasis, reprogramming energy metabolism, evasion of the immune response, and transfer of mutations. Tumor-derived EVs manipulate by altering normal functions of the body and affect the epigenetics of normal cells by limiting the genetic makeup through transferring mutations, histone modifications, etc. Tumor-derived EVs also pose therapy resistance through transferring drug efflux pumps and posing multiple drug resistances. Such EVs can also help as biomarkers for different cancer types and stages, which ultimately help with cancer diagnosis at early stages. In this review, we will shed light on EVs' role in performing normal functions of the body and their position in different hallmarks of cancer, in altering the genetics of a normal cell in a tumor microenvironment, and their role in therapy resistance, as well as the importance of EVs as diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadaf Jahan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shouvik Mukherjee
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Shaheen Ali
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Urvashi Bhardwaj
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Ranjay Kumar Choudhary
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Santhanaraj Balakrishnan
- Medical Equipment Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asma Naseem
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shabir Ahmad Mir
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saeed Banawas
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Mohammed Alaidarous
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hadeel Alyenbaawi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Danish Iqbal
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arif Jamal Siddiqui
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hail, Hail 81451, Saudi Arabia
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14
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You J, Fu Z, Zou L. Mechanism and Potential of Extracellular Vesicles Derived From Mesenchymal Stem Cells for the Treatment of Infectious Diseases. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:761338. [PMID: 34764947 PMCID: PMC8576143 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.761338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-sized membrane vesicles secreted by cells. EVs serve as a mediator for cell-to-cell communication by regulating the exchange of genetic materials and proteins between the donor and surrounding cells. Current studies have explored the therapeutic value of mesenchymal stem cells-derived EVs (MSC-EVs) for the treatment of infectious diseases extensively. MSC-EVs can eliminate the pathogen, regulate immunity, and repair tissue injury in contagious diseases through the secretion of antimicrobial factors, inhibiting the replication of pathogens and activating the phagocytic function of macrophages. MSC-EVs can also repair tissue damage associated with the infection by upregulating the levels of anti-inflammatory factors, downregulating the pro-inflammatory factors, and participating in the regulation of cellular biological behaviors. The purpose of this mini-review is to discuss in detail the various mechanisms of MSC-EV treatment for infectious diseases including respiratory infections, sepsis, and intestinal infections, as well as challenges for implementing MSC-EVs from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi You
- Department of Respiratory Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Stem Cell Therapy, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhou Fu
- Department of Respiratory Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Stem Cell Therapy, Chongqing, China
| | - Lin Zou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Stem Cell Therapy, Chongqing, China.,Clinical Research Unit, Children's Hospital of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Pediatric Infection, Immunity, and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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