Akt-Dependent Glycolysis-Driven Lipogenesis Supports Proliferation and Survival of Human Pulmonary Arterial Smooth Muscle Cells in Pulmonary Hypertension

Glycolysis modulation: New therapeutic strategies to improve pulmonary hypertension (Review)

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a progressive life‑threatening cardiopulmonary vascular disease involving various pathological mechanisms, including hypoxia, cellular metabolism, inflammation, abnormal proliferation and apoptosis. Specifically, metabolism has attracted the most attention. Glucose metabolism is essential to maintain the cardiopulmonary vascular function. However, once exposed to a noxious stimulus, intracellular glucose metabolism changes or switches to an alternative pathway more suitable for adaptation, which is known as metabolic reprogramming. By promoting the switch from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis, cellular metabolic reprogramming plays an important role in PH development. Suppression of glucose oxidation and secondary upregulation of glycolysis are responsible for various features of PH, including the proliferation and apoptosis resistance of pulmonary artery endothelial and smooth muscle cells. In the present review, the roles and importance of the glucose metabolism shift were discussed to aid in the development of new treatment approaches for PH.

Roles of posttranslational modifications in lipid metabolism and cancer progression

Lipid metabolism reprogramming has emerged as a hallmark of malignant tumors. Lipids represent a complex group of biomolecules that not only compose the essential components of biological membranes and act as an energy source, but also function as messengers to integrate various signaling pathways. In tumor cells, de novo lipogenesis plays a crucial role in acquiring lipids to meet the demands of rapid growth. Increasing evidence has suggested that dysregulated lipid metabolism serves as a driver of cancer progression. Posttranslational modifications (PTMs), which occurs in most eukaryotic proteins throughout their lifetimes, affect the activity, abundance, function, localization, and interactions of target proteins. PTMs of crucial molecules are potential intervention sites and are emerging as promising strategies for the cancer treatment. However, there is limited information available regarding the PTMs that occur in cancer lipid metabolism and the potential treatment strategies associated with these PTMs. Herein, we summarize current knowledge of the roles and regulatory mechanisms of PTMs in lipid metabolism. Understanding the roles of PTMs in lipid metabolism in cancer could provide valuable insights into tumorigenesis and progression. Moreover, targeting PTMs in cancer lipid metabolism might represent a promising novel therapeutic strategy.

Endothelium-specific SIRT7 targeting ameliorates pulmonary hypertension through Krüpple-like factor 4 deacetylation

AIMS

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a pulmonary vascular disease characterized by a high mortality rate. Pulmonary arterial endothelium cells (PAECs) serve as a primary sensor of various environmental cues, such as shear stress and hypoxia, but PAEC dysfunction may trigger vascular remodelling during the onset of PH. This study aimed to illustrate the role of Sirtuin 7 (SIRT7) in endothelial dysfunction during PH and explore the potential therapeutic strategy for PH.

METHODS AND RESULTS

SIRT7 levels were measured in human and murine experimental PH samples. Bioinformatic analysis, immunoprecipitation, and deacetylation assay were used to identify the association between SIRT7 and Krüpple-like factor 4 (KLF4), a key transcription factor essential for endothelial cell (EC) homeostasis. Sugen5416 + hypoxia (SuHx)-induced PH mouse models and cell cultures were used for the study of the therapeutic effect of SIRT7 for PH. SIRT7 level was significantly reduced in lung tissues and PAECs from PH patients and the SuHx-induced PH mouse model as compared with healthy controls. Pulmonary endothelium-specific depletion of Sirt7 increased right ventricular systolic pressure and exacerbated right ventricular hypertrophy in the SuHx-induced PH model. At the molecular level, we identified KLF4 as a downstream target of SIRT7, which deacetylated KLF4 at K228 and inhibited the ubiquitination-proteasome degradation. Thus, the SIRT7/KLF4 axis maintained PAEC homeostasis by regulating proliferation, migration, and tube formation. PAEC dysfunction was reversed by adeno-associated virus type 1 vector-mediated endothelial overexpression of Sirt7 or supplementation with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)+ intermediate nicotinamide riboside which activated Sirt7; both approaches successfully reversed PH phenotypes.

CONCLUSION

The SIRT7/KLF4 axis ensures PAEC homeostasis, and pulmonary endothelium-specific SIRT7 targeting might constitute a PH therapeutic strategy.

SIRT7: the seventh key to unlocking the mystery of aging

Aging is a chronic yet natural physiological decline of the body. Throughout life, humans are continuously exposed to a variety of exogenous and endogenous stresses, which engender various counteractive responses at the cellular, tissue, organ, as well as organismal levels. The compromised cellular and tissue functions that occur because of genetic factors or prolonged stress (or even the stress response) may accelerate aging. Over the last two decades, the sirtuin (SIRT) family of lysine deacylases has emerged as a key regulator of longevity in a variety of organisms. SIRT7, the most recently identified member of the SIRTs, maintains physiological homeostasis and provides protection against aging by functioning as a watchdog of genomic integrity, a dynamic sensor and modulator of stresses. SIRT7 decline disrupts metabolic homeostasis, accelerates aging, and increases the risk of age-related pathologies including cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, pulmonary and renal disorders, inflammatory diseases, and cancer, etc. Here, we present SIRT7 as the seventh key to unlock the mystery of aging, and its specific manipulation holds great potential to ensure healthiness and longevity.

Hydroxycitric Acid Tripotassium Hydrate Attenuates Monocrotaline and Hypoxia-Induced Pulmonary Hypertension in Rats

This study investigated the effects of hydroxycitric acid tripotassium hydrate on right ventricular function, myocardial and pulmonary vascular remodeling in rats with pulmonary hypertension, and possible mechanisms.

METHODS

Pulmonary hypertension was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats by a single subcutaneous injection of monocrotaline or hypoxic chamber. In vivo, inflammatory cytokine (including TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and TGF-β, the level of SOD) expression, superoxide dismutase and hydrogen peroxide levels, and p-IκBα and p65 expressions were detected. In vitro, pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration, ROS production, and hypoxia-inducible factor-1 expression were also studied.

RESULTS

Hydroxycitric acid tripotassium hydrate decreased right ventricular systolic pressure and reduced right ventricular fibrosis and pulmonary vascular remodeling in rats with two kinds of pulmonary hypertension. Moreover, the expression of both inflammatory and oxidative stress factors was effectively reduced, and the p65 signaling pathway was found to be inhibited in this study. Additionally, hydroxycitric acid tripotassium hydrate inhibited human pulmonary artery smooth cell proliferation and migration in vitro.

CONCLUSIONS

This study shows that hydroxycitric acid tripotassium hydrate can alleviate pulmonary hypertension caused by hypoxia and monocycloline in rats, improve remodeling of the right ventricle and pulmonary artery, and inhibit pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration. The protective effects may be achieved by regulating inflammation and oxidative stress through the p65 signaling pathway.

Identification of Zip8-correlated hub genes in pulmonary hypertension by informatic analysis

Background

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a syndrome characterized by marked remodeling of the pulmonary vasculature and increased pulmonary vascular resistance, ultimately leading to right heart failure and even death. The localization of Zrt/Irt-like Protein 8 (ZIP8, a metal ion transporter, encoded by SLC39A8) was abundantly in microvasculature endothelium and its pivotal role in the lung has been demonstrated. However, the role of Zip8 in PH remains unclear.

Methods

Bioinformatics analysis was employed to identify SLC39A8 expression patterns and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between PH patients and normal controls (NC), based on four datasets (GSE24988, GSE113439, GSE117261, and GSE15197) from the Biotechnology Gene Expression Omnibus (NCBI GEO) database. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was performed to analyze signaling pathways enriched for DEGs. Hub genes were identified by cytoHubba analysis in Cytoscape. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction was used to validate SLC39A8 and its correlated metabolic DEGs expression in PH (SU5416/Hypoxia) mice.

Results

SLC39A8 expression was downregulated in PH patients, and this expression pattern was validated in PH (SU5416/Hypoxia) mouse lung tissue. SLC39A8-correlated genes were mainly enriched in the metabolic pathways. Within these SLC39A8-correlated genes, 202 SLC39A8-correlated metabolic genes were screened out, and seven genes were identified as SLC39A8-correlated metabolic hub genes. The expression patterns of hub genes were analyzed between PH patients and controls and further validated in PH mice. Finally, four genes (Fasn, Nsdhl, Acat2, and Acly) were downregulated in PH mice. However, there were no significant differences in the expression of the other three hub genes between PH mice and controls. Of the four genes, Fasn and Acly are key enzymes in fatty acids synthesis, Nsdhl is involved in cholesterol synthesis, and Acat2 is implicated in cholesterol metabolic transformation. Taken together, these results provide novel insight into the role of Zip8 in PH.

Single Nucleotide Polymorphism rs9277336 Controls the Nuclear Alpha Actinin 4-Human Leukocyte Antigen-DPA1 Axis and Pulmonary Endothelial Pathophenotypes in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

Background Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a complex, fatal disease where disease severity has been associated with the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs2856830, located near the human leukocyte antigen DPA1 (HLA-DPA1) gene. We aimed to define the genetic architecture of functional variants associated with PAH disease severity by identifying allele-specific binding transcription factors and downstream targets that control endothelial pathophenotypes and PAH. Methods and Results Electrophoretic mobility shift assays of oligonucleotides containing SNP rs2856830 and 8 SNPs in linkage disequilibrium revealed functional SNPs via allele-imbalanced binding to human pulmonary arterial endothelial cell nuclear proteins. DNA pulldown proteomics identified SNP-binding proteins. SNP genotyping and clinical correlation analysis were performed in 84 patients with PAH at University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and in 679 patients with PAH in the All of Us database. SNP rs9277336 was identified as a functional SNP in linkage disequilibrium (r2>0.8) defined by rs2856830, and the minor allele was associated with decreased hospitalizations and improved cardiac output in patients with PAH, an index of disease severity. SNP pulldown proteomics showed allele-specific binding of nuclear ACTN4 (alpha actinin 4) protein to rs9277336 minor allele. Both ACTN4 and HLA-DPA1 were downregulated in pulmonary endothelium in human patients and rodent models of PAH. Via transcriptomic and phenotypic analyses, knockdown of HLA-DPA1 phenocopied knockdown of ACTN4, both similarly controlling cell structure pathways, immune pathways, and endothelial dysfunction. Conclusions We defined the pathogenic activity of functional SNP rs9277336, entailing the allele-specific binding of ACTN4 and controlling expression of the neighboring HLA-DPA1 gene. Through inflammatory or genetic means, downregulation of this ACTN4-HLA-DPA1 regulatory axis promotes endothelial pathophenotypes, providing a mechanistic explanation for the association between this SNP and PAH outcomes.