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Henry B, Merz M, Hoang H, Abdulkarim G, Wosik J, Schoettker P. Cuffless Blood Pressure in clinical practice: challenges, opportunities and current limits. Blood Press 2024; 33:2304190. [PMID: 38245864 DOI: 10.1080/08037051.2024.2304190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Background: Cuffless blood pressure measurement technologies have attracted significant attention for their potential to transform cardiovascular monitoring.Methods: This updated narrative review thoroughly examines the challenges, opportunities, and limitations associated with the implementation of cuffless blood pressure monitoring systems.Results: Diverse technologies, including photoplethysmography, tonometry, and ECG analysis, enable cuffless blood pressure measurement and are integrated into devices like smartphones and smartwatches. Signal processing emerges as a critical aspect, dictating the accuracy and reliability of readings. Despite its potential, the integration of cuffless technologies into clinical practice faces obstacles, including the need to address concerns related to accuracy, calibration, and standardization across diverse devices and patient populations. The development of robust algorithms to mitigate artifacts and environmental disturbances is essential for extracting clear physiological signals. Based on extensive research, this review emphasizes the necessity for standardized protocols, validation studies, and regulatory frameworks to ensure the reliability and safety of cuffless blood pressure monitoring devices and their implementation in mainstream medical practice. Interdisciplinary collaborations between engineers, clinicians, and regulatory bodies are crucial to address technical, clinical, and regulatory complexities during implementation. In conclusion, while cuffless blood pressure monitoring holds immense potential to transform cardiovascular care. The resolution of existing challenges and the establishment of rigorous standards are imperative for its seamless incorporation into routine clinical practice.Conclusion: The emergence of these new technologies shifts the paradigm of cardiovascular health management, presenting a new possibility for non-invasive continuous and dynamic monitoring. The concept of cuffless blood pressure measurement is viable and more finely tuned devices are expected to enter the market, which could redefine our understanding of blood pressure and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Henry
- Service of Anesthesiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maxime Merz
- Service of Anesthesiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Harry Hoang
- Service of Anesthesiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ghaith Abdulkarim
- Neuro-Informatics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jedrek Wosik
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Patrick Schoettker
- Service of Anesthesiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Fisher NDL, Almeida TP, Perruchoud D, Shah J, Sola J. Optimizing time-in-target-range assessment for blood pressure: insights from a large-scale study with continual cuffless monitoring. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1396962. [PMID: 38988353 PMCID: PMC11233795 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1396962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Blood pressure (BP) time-in-target-range (TTR) is an emerging predictor of cardiovascular risk. Conventional BP methods are fundamentally unable to provide an optimal assessment of TTR, using irregular measurements separated by lengthy intervals. We investigated the optimal duration and frequency for reliable, practical TTR assessment in clinical settings using continual monitoring. Methods This retrospective study analyzed 2.3 million BP readings from 5,189 European home users (55 ± 11 years, 82% male, BMI 28.0 ± 5.8) using a cuffless BP monitor (Aktiia SA). Systolic BP (SBP) data over 15 consecutive days were assessed (29 ± 11 readings/subject/24-h; 434 + 132 readings/subject/15-day). Subjects were classified into risk-related TTR groups based on 15-day SBP data (24-h, target 90-125 mmHg; ≥6 daytime readings). Various measurement frequencies and durations (1-14 days; 24-h/daytime; 2, 4 or ≥ 6 readings/day) were compared to this reference. Two specific configurations paralleling ambulatory ("One-Day-24 h") and home ("One-Week-Daytime") BP monitoring were selected for detailed analysis. Results The reference TTR classified 63.0% of the subjects as high risk, 19.0% intermediate, and 18.0% low. "One-Day-24 h" schedule inaccurately classified 26% of subjects compared to the reference TTR, and "One-Week-Daytime" schedule inaccurately classified 45%. Classification accuracy with both schedules was high for subjects with very low or very high reference TTR, but poor otherwise. Accuracy of ≥90% in TTR classification only occurred with 7 days of continual 24-h monitoring. Discussion For the first time, with the benefit of a cuffless device that measures BP with sufficient frequency and duration, practical use of TTR is enabled as a potentially enhanced metric to manage hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jay Shah
- Aktiia SA, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Lee H, Park S, Kwon H, Cho B, Park JH, Lee HY. Feasibility and Effectiveness of a Ring-Type Blood Pressure Measurement Device Compared With 24-Hour Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring Device. Korean Circ J 2024; 54:93-104. [PMID: 38196118 PMCID: PMC10864248 DOI: 10.4070/kcj.2023.0303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS AND OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate the applicability and precision of a ring-type cuffless blood pressure (BP) measurement device, CART-I Plus, compared to conventional 24-hour ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM). METHODS Forty patients were recruited, and 33 participants were included in the final analysis. Each participant wore both CART-I Plus and ABPM devices on the same arm for approximately 24 hours. BP estimation from CART-I Plus, derived from photoplethysmography (PPG) signals, were compared with the corresponding ABPM measurements. RESULTS The CART-I Plus recorded systolic blood pressure (SBP)/diastolic blood pressure (DBP) values of 131.4±14.1/81.1±12.0, 132.7±13.9/81.9±11.9, and 128.7±14.6/79.3±12.2 mmHg for 24-hour, daytime, and nighttime periods respectively, compared to ABPM values of 129.7±11.7/84.4±11.2, 131.9±11.6/86.3±11.1, and 124.5±13.6/80.0±12.2 mmHg. Mean differences in SBP/DBP between the two devices were 1.74±6.69/-3.24±6.51 mmHg, 0.75±7.44/-4.41±7.42 mmHg, and 4.15±6.15/-0.67±5.23 mmHg for 24-hour, daytime, and nighttime periods respectively. Strong correlations were also observed between the devices, with r=0.725 and r=0.750 for transitions in SBP and DBP from daytime to nighttime, respectively (both p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS The CART-I Plus device, with its unique ring-type design, shows promising accuracy in BP estimation and offers a potential avenue for continuous BP monitoring in clinical practice. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT06084065.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijin Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sungjoon Park
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyuktae Kwon
- Department of Family Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Belong Cho
- Department of Family Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Ho Park
- Department of Family Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hae-Young Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Stergiou GS, Avolio AP, Palatini P, Kyriakoulis KG, Schutte AE, Mieke S, Kollias A, Parati G, Asmar R, Pantazis N, Stamoulopoulos A, Asayama K, Castiglioni P, De La Sierra A, Hahn JO, Kario K, McManus RJ, Myers M, Ohkubo T, Shroff SG, Tan I, Wang J, Zhang Y, Kreutz R, O'Brien E, Mukkamala R. European Society of Hypertension recommendations for the validation of cuffless blood pressure measuring devices: European Society of Hypertension Working Group on Blood Pressure Monitoring and Cardiovascular Variability. J Hypertens 2023; 41:2074-2087. [PMID: 37303198 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000003483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is intense effort to develop cuffless blood pressure (BP) measuring devices, and several are already on the market claiming that they provide accurate measurements. These devices are heterogeneous in measurement principle, intended use, functions, and calibration, and have special accuracy issues requiring different validation than classic cuff BP monitors. To date, there are no generally accepted protocols for their validation to ensure adequate accuracy for clinical use. OBJECTIVE This statement by the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) Working Group on BP Monitoring and Cardiovascular Variability recommends procedures for validating intermittent cuffless BP devices (providing measurements every >30 sec and usually 30-60 min, or upon user initiation), which are most common. VALIDATION PROCEDURES Six validation tests are defined for evaluating different aspects of intermittent cuffless devices: static test (absolute BP accuracy); device position test (hydrostatic pressure effect robustness); treatment test (BP decrease accuracy); awake/asleep test (BP change accuracy); exercise test (BP increase accuracy); and recalibration test (cuff calibration stability over time). Not all these tests are required for a given device. The necessary tests depend on whether the device requires individual user calibration, measures automatically or manually, and takes measurements in more than one position. CONCLUSION The validation of cuffless BP devices is complex and needs to be tailored according to their functions and calibration. These ESH recommendations present specific, clinically meaningful, and pragmatic validation procedures for different types of intermittent cuffless devices to ensure that only accurate devices will be used in the evaluation and management of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- George S Stergiou
- Hypertension Center STRIDE-7, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Third Department of Medicine, Sotiria Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Alberto P Avolio
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paolo Palatini
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Konstantinos G Kyriakoulis
- Hypertension Center STRIDE-7, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Third Department of Medicine, Sotiria Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Aletta E Schutte
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stephan Mieke
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anastasios Kollias
- Hypertension Center STRIDE-7, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Third Department of Medicine, Sotiria Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Gianfranco Parati
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Cardiology Unit and Department of Cardiovascular, Neural and Metabolic Sciences, S. Luca Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Roland Asmar
- Foundation-Medical Research Institutes, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nikos Pantazis
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology & Medical Statistics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Achilleas Stamoulopoulos
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology & Medical Statistics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Kei Asayama
- Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Paolo Castiglioni
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi Onlus, Milan, Italy; Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Alejandro De La Sierra
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Mutua Terrassa, University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jin-Oh Hahn
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Kazuomi Kario
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Richard J McManus
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Martin Myers
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Takayoshi Ohkubo
- Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sanjeev G Shroff
- Department of Bioengineering and Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Isabella Tan
- The George Institute for Global Health, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jiguang Wang
- The Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai
| | - Yuanting Zhang
- Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-Cardiovascular Health Engineering (COCHE), Hong Kong, China
| | - Reinhold Kreutz
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eoin O'Brien
- The Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ramakrishna Mukkamala
- Department of Bioengineering and Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Freithaler M, Chandrasekhar A, Dhamotharan V, Landry C, Shroff SG, Mukkamala R. Smartphone-Based Blood Pressure Monitoring via the Oscillometric Finger Pressing Method: Analysis of Oscillation Width Variations Can Improve Diastolic Pressure Computation. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2023; 70:3052-3063. [PMID: 37195838 PMCID: PMC10640822 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2023.3275031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Oscillometric finger pressing is a potential method for absolute blood pressure (BP) monitoring via a smartphone. The user presses their fingertip against a photoplethysmography-force sensor unit on a smartphone to steadily increase the external pressure on the underlying artery. Meanwhile, the phone guides the finger pressing and computes systolic BP (SP) and diastolic BP (DP) from the measured blood volume oscillations and finger pressure. The objective was to develop and evaluate reliable finger oscillometric BP computation algorithms. METHODS The collapsibility of thin finger arteries was exploited in an oscillometric model to develop simple algorithms for computing BP from the finger pressing measurements. These algorithms extract features from "width" oscillograms (oscillation width versus finger pressure functions) and the conventional "height" oscillogram for markers of DP and SP. Finger pressing measurements were obtained using a custom system along with reference arm cuff BP measurements from 22 subjects. Measurements were also obtained during BP interventions in some subjects for 34 total measurements. RESULTS An algorithm employing the average of width and height oscillogram features predicted DP with correlation of 0.86 and precision error of 8.6 mmHg with respect to the reference measurements. Analysis of arm oscillometric cuff pressure waveforms from an existing patient database provided evidence that the width oscillogram features are better suited to finger oscillometry. CONCLUSION Analysis of oscillation width variations during finger pressing can improve DP computation. SIGNIFICANCE The study findings may help in converting widely available devices into truly cuffless BP monitors for improving hypertension awareness and control.
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Almeida TP, Perruchoud D, Vermare P, Sola J, Shah J, Marques L, Pellaton C. The future of blood pressure monitoring: what's next? Hypertens Res 2023; 46:2254-2255. [PMID: 37443262 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-023-01370-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jay Shah
- Aktiia SA, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Luisa Marques
- Division of Cardiology, Réseau Hospitalier Neuchâtelois (RHNe), Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Cyril Pellaton
- Division of Cardiology, Réseau Hospitalier Neuchâtelois (RHNe), Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Tan I, Gnanenthiran SR, Chan J, Kyriakoulis KG, Schlaich MP, Rodgers A, Stergiou GS, Schutte AE. Evaluation of the ability of a commercially available cuffless wearable device to track blood pressure changes. J Hypertens 2023; 41:1003-1010. [PMID: 37016925 PMCID: PMC10158604 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000003428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cuffless wearable blood pressure (BP) devices may allow detailed evaluation of BP for prolonged periods, but their ability to accurately track BP changes is uncertain. We investigated whether a commercially available cuffless wearable device tracks: 24-h systolic (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) compared to conventional ambulatory monitoring (ABPM); and antihypertensive medication-induced BP changes compared to cuff-based home BP monitoring (HBPM). METHODS We fitted 41 participants (32% females, 58 ± 14 years, 80% hypertensive) with a wrist-wearable cuffless BP device (Aktiia) continuously for 6-12 days. At the beginning and the end of this period, 24-h ABPM was performed. Three participants with hypertension (one female; 60 ± 8 years) wore the Aktiia device and performed HBPM continuously one week before and 2 weeks after antihypertensive medication uptitration. RESULTS Compared to ABPM, Aktiia reported higher average SBP for 24-h (difference 4.9 mmHg, 95% CI [1.9, 7.9]) and night-time (15.5[11.8, 19.1] mmHg; all P ≤ 0.01), but similar daytime (1.0 [-1.8, 3.8] mmHg; P = 0.48). Similarly, average cuffless DBP was higher for 24-h (4.2 [2.3, 6.0] mmHg) and night-time (11.8 [9.5, 14.1] mmHg; both P < 0.001), but similar during daytime (1.4 [-0.4, 3.23] mmHg; P = 0.13). Aktiia also reported reduced night-time dip for SBP (difference 14.2 [12.1, 16.3] mmHg) and DBP (10.2 [8.5, 11.9] mmHg; both P < 0.001). The average medication-induced SBP/DBP decline after 2 weeks of uptitration was -1.0/-0.8 mmHg with Aktiia vs. -19.7/-11.5 mmHg with HBPM ( P = 0.03 for difference). CONCLUSION This cuffless wearable device did not accurately track night-time BP decline and results suggested it was unable to track medication-induced BP changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Tan
- The George Institute for Global Health
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University
| | - Sonali R. Gnanenthiran
- The George Institute for Global Health
- Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord West, Sydney
| | - Justine Chan
- Dobney Hypertension Centre, Medical School, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, University of Western Australia, Perth, and Departments of Cardiology and Nephrology, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - Konstantinos G. Kyriakoulis
- Hypertension Center STRIDE-7, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Third Department of Medicine, Sotiria Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Markus P. Schlaich
- Dobney Hypertension Centre, Medical School, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, University of Western Australia, Perth, and Departments of Cardiology and Nephrology, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | | | - George S. Stergiou
- Hypertension Center STRIDE-7, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Third Department of Medicine, Sotiria Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Aletta E. Schutte
- The George Institute for Global Health
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Almeida TP, Cortés M, Perruchoud D, Alexandre J, Vermare P, Sola J, Shah J, Marques L, Pellaton C. Aktiia cuffless blood pressure monitor yields equivalent daytime blood pressure measurements compared to a 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitor: Preliminary results from a prospective single-center study. Hypertens Res 2023; 46:1456-1461. [PMID: 37012424 PMCID: PMC10239726 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-023-01258-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
In this preliminary study, we compared daytime blood pressure (BP) measurements performed by a commercially available cuffless-and continual-BP monitor (Aktiia monitor, Neuchâtel, Switzerland) and a traditional ambulatory BP monitor (ABPM; Dyasis 3, Novacor, Paris, France) from 52 patients enrolled in a 12-week cardiac rehabilitation (CR) program (Neuchâtel, Switzerland). Daytime (9am-9pm) systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) BP from 7-day averaged data from Aktiia monitor were compared to 1-day averaged BP data from ABPM. No significant differences were found between the Aktiia monitor and the ABPM for SBP (μ ± σ [95% confidence interval]: 1.6 ± 10.5 [-1.5, 4.6] mmHg, P = 0.306; correlation [R2]: 0.70; ± 10/ ± 15 mmHg agreements: 60%, 84%). Marginally non-significant bias was found for DBP (-2.2 ± 8.0 [-4.5, 0.1] mmHg, P = 0.058; R2: 0.66; ±10/±15 mmHg agreements: 78%, 96%). These intermediate results show that daytime BP measurements using the Aktiia monitor generate data comparable to that of an ABPM monitor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jay Shah
- Aktiia SA, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- Division of Cardiology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Luisa Marques
- Division of Cardiology, Réseau Hospitalier Neuchâtelois (RHNe), Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Cyril Pellaton
- Division of Cardiology, Réseau Hospitalier Neuchâtelois (RHNe), Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Abstract
We stand at a critical juncture in the delivery of health care for hypertension. Blood pressure control rates have stagnated, and traditional health care is failing. Fortunately, hypertension is exceptionally well-suited to remote management, and innovative digital solutions are proliferating. Early strategies arose with the spread of digital medicine, long before the COVID-19 pandemic forced lasting changes to the way medicine is practiced. Highlighting one contemporary example, this review explores salient features of remote management hypertensive programs, including: an automated algorithm to guide clinical decisions, home (as opposed to office) blood pressure measurements, an interdisciplinary care team, and robust information technology and analytics. Dozens of emerging hypertension management solutions are contributing to a highly fragmented and competitive landscape. Beyond viability, profit and scalability are critical. We explore the challenges impeding large-scale acceptance of these programs and conclude with a hopeful look to the future when remote hypertension care will have dramatic impact on global cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simin Gharib Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Naomi D.L. Fisher
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Alexandre J, Tan K, Almeida TP, Sola J, Alpert BS, Shah J. Validation of the Aktiia blood pressure cuff for clinical use according to the ANSI/AAMI/ISO 81060-2:2013 protocol. Blood Press Monit 2023; 28:109-112. [PMID: 36795403 PMCID: PMC9981319 DOI: 10.1097/mbp.0000000000000639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Assess the accuracy and precision of the Aktiia initialization oscillometric upper-arm cuff device (Aktiia SA, Neuchâtel, Switzerland) for home blood pressure (BP) monitoring in the general population according to the American National Standards Institute / Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation/International Organization for Standardization (ANSI/AAMI/ISO) 81060-2:2013 standard. METHODS Three trained observers validated BP measurements performed using the Aktiia cuff versus BP measurements performed using a standard mercury sphygmomanometer. Two ISO 81060-2 criteria were used to validate the Aktiia cuff. Criterion 1 evaluated, for both SBP and DBP, whether the mean error between BP readings performed by the Aktiia cuff and auscultation was ≤±5 mmHg, and whether the SD of the error was ≤8 mmHg. Criterion 2 assessed whether, for the SBP and DBP of each individual subject, the SD of the averaged paired determinations per subject of the Aktiia cuff and of the auscultation met the criteria listed in the table of Averaged Subject Data Acceptance. RESULTS Mean differences between the Aktiia cuff and the standard mercury sphygmomanometer (criterion 1) were 1.3 ± 7.11 mmHg for SBP and -0.2 ± 5.46 mmHg for DBP. The SD of the averaged paired differences per subject (criterion 2) was 6.55 mmHg for SBP and 5.15 mmHg for DBP. CONCLUSION Aktiia initialization cuff complies with the requirements of the ANSI/AAMI/ISO guidelines and can be safely recommended for BP measurements in the adult population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin Tan
- Guangdong Transtek Medical Electronics, Zhongshan, China
| | | | | | - Bruce S. Alpert
- Retired from Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jay Shah
- Aktiia SA, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Mukkamala R, Shroff SG, Landry C, Kyriakoulis KG, Avolio AP, Stergiou GS. The Microsoft Research Aurora Project: Important Findings on Cuffless Blood Pressure Measurement. Hypertension 2023; 80:534-540. [PMID: 36458550 PMCID: PMC9931644 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.122.20410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Conventional blood pressure (BP) measurement devices based on an inflatable cuff only provide a narrow view of the continuous BP profile. Cuffless BP measuring technologies could permit numerous BP readings throughout daily life and thereby considerably improve the assessment and management of hypertension. Several wearable cuffless BP devices based on pulse wave analysis (applied to a photoplethysmography or tonometry waveform) with or without use of pulse arrival time are now available on the market. The key question is: Can these devices provide accurate measurement of BP? Microsoft Research recently published a complex article describing perhaps the most important and highest resource project to date (Aurora Project) on assessing the accuracy of several pulse wave analysis and pulse wave analysis-pulse arrival time devices. The overall results from 1125 participants were clear-cut negative. The present article motivates and describes emerging cuffless BP devices and then summarizes the Aurora Project. The study methodology and findings are next discussed in the context of regulatory-cleared devices, physiology, and related studies, and the study strengths and limitations are pinpointed thereafter. Finally, the implications of the Aurora Project are briefly stated and recommendations for future work are offered to finally realize the considerable potential of cuffless BP measurement in health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramakrishna Mukkamala
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sanjeev G. Shroff
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Cederick Landry
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Konstantinos G. Kyriakoulis
- Hypertension Center STRIDE-7, School of Medicine, Third Department of Medicine, Sotiria Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Alberto P. Avolio
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - George S. Stergiou
- Hypertension Center STRIDE-7, School of Medicine, Third Department of Medicine, Sotiria Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Wang CF, Wang TY, Kuo PH, Wang HL, Li SZ, Lin CM, Chan SC, Liu TY, Lo YC, Lin SH, Chen YY. Upper-Arm Photoplethysmographic Sensor with One-Time Calibration for Long-Term Blood Pressure Monitoring. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:321. [PMID: 36979533 PMCID: PMC10046397 DOI: 10.3390/bios13030321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Wearable cuffless photoplethysmographic blood pressure monitors have garnered widespread attention in recent years; however, the long-term performance values of these devices are questionable. Most cuffless blood pressure monitors require initial baseline calibration and regular recalibrations with a cuffed blood pressure monitor to ensure accurate blood pressure estimation, and their estimation accuracy may vary over time if left uncalibrated. Therefore, this study assessed the accuracy and long-term performance of an upper-arm, cuffless photoplethysmographic blood pressure monitor according to the ISO 81060-2 standard. This device was based on a nonlinear machine-learning model architecture with a fine-tuning optimized method. The blood pressure measurement protocol followed a validation procedure according to the standard, with an additional four weekly blood pressure measurements over a 1-month period, to assess the long-term performance values of the upper-arm, cuffless photoplethysmographic blood pressure monitor. The results showed that the photoplethysmographic signals obtained from the upper arm had better qualities when compared with those measured from the wrist. When compared with the cuffed blood pressure monitor, the means ± standard deviations of the difference in BP at week 1 (baseline) were -1.36 ± 7.24 and -2.11 ± 5.71 mmHg for systolic and diastolic blood pressure, respectively, which met the first criterion of ≤5 ± ≤8.0 mmHg and met the second criterion of a systolic blood pressure ≤ 6.89 mmHg and a diastolic blood pressure ≤ 6.84 mmHg. The differences in the uncalibrated blood pressure values between the test and reference blood pressure monitors measured from week 2 to week 5 remained stable and met both criteria 1 and 2 of the ISO 81060-2 standard. The upper-arm, cuffless photoplethysmographic blood pressure monitor in this study generated high-quality photoplethysmographic signals with satisfactory accuracy at both initial calibration and 1-month follow-ups. This device could be a convenient and practical tool to continuously measure blood pressure over long periods of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Fu Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong St., Taipei 112304, Taiwan
- Biomedical Engineering Research and Development Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yun Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong St., Taipei 112304, Taiwan
- Material and Chemical Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, No. 195, Sec. 4, Chunghsing Rd., Hsinchu 310401, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Hsin Kuo
- Department of Neurology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu chi Medical Foundation, No. 707, Sec. 3, Zhongyang Rd., Hualien 970473, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
| | - Han-Lin Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong St., Taipei 112304, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Zhang Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong St., Taipei 112304, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ming Lin
- Microlife Corporation, 9F, No. 431, Ruiguang Rd., Taipei 114063, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chieh Chan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong St., Taipei 112304, Taiwan
- Microlife Corporation, 9F, No. 431, Ruiguang Rd., Taipei 114063, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Yu Liu
- Material and Chemical Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, No. 195, Sec. 4, Chunghsing Rd., Hsinchu 310401, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chun Lo
- The Ph.D. Program in Medical Neuroscience, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, No. 250, Wu-Xing St., Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Huang Lin
- Department of Neurology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu chi Medical Foundation, No. 707, Sec. 3, Zhongyang Rd., Hualien 970473, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
| | - You-Yin Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong St., Taipei 112304, Taiwan
- The Ph.D. Program in Medical Neuroscience, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, No. 250, Wu-Xing St., Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Medical Device Innovation and Translation Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
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