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Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1-Related Diseases May Constitute a Threat to the Elimination of Human Immunodeficiency Virus, by 2030, in Gabon, Central Africa. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122808. [PMID: 36560812 PMCID: PMC9785256 DOI: 10.3390/v14122808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) has adopted the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to end the HIV/AIDS epidemic by 2030. Several factors related to the non-suppression of HIV, including interruptions of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and opportunistic infections could affect and delay this projected epidemic goal. Human T-Cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) appears to be consistently associated with a high risk of opportunistic infections, an early onset of HTLV-1 and its associated pathologies, as well as a fast progression to the AIDS phase in co-infected individuals, when compared to HIV-1 or HTLV-1 mono-infected individuals. In Gabon, the prevalence of these two retroviruses is very high and little is known about HTLV-1 and the associated pathologies, leaving most of them underdiagnosed. Hence, HTLV-1/HIV-1 co-infections could simultaneously imply a non-diagnosis of HIV-1 positive individuals having developed pathologies associated with HTLV-1, but also a high mortality rate among the co-infected individuals. All of these constitute potential obstacles to pursue targeted objectives. A systematic review was conducted to assess the negative impacts of HTLV-1/HIV-1 co-infections and related factors on the elimination of HIV/AIDS by 2030 in Gabon.
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Abad-Fernández M, Hernández-Walias FJ, Ruiz de León MJ, Vivancos MJ, Pérez-Elías MJ, Moreno A, Casado JL, Quereda C, Dronda F, Moreno S, Vallejo A. HTLV-2 Enhances CD8 + T Cell-Mediated HIV-1 Inhibition and Reduces HIV-1 Integrated Proviral Load in People Living with HIV-1. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112472. [PMID: 36366570 PMCID: PMC9695633 DOI: 10.3390/v14112472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
People living with HIV-1 and HTLV-2 concomitantly show slower CD4+ T cell depletion and AIDS progression, more frequency of the natural control of HIV-1, and lower mortality rates. A similar beneficial effect of this infection has been reported on HCV coinfection reducing transaminases, increasing the spontaneous clearance of HCV infection and delaying the development of hepatic fibrosis. Given the critical role of CD8+ T cells in controlling HIV-1 infection, we analysed the role of CD8+ T cell-mediated cytotoxic activity in coinfected individuals living with HIV-1. One hundred and twenty-eight individuals living with HIV-1 in four groups were studied: two groups with HTLV-2 infection, including individuals with HCV infection (N = 41) and with a sustained virological response (SVR) after HCV treatment (N = 25); and two groups without HTLV-2 infection, including individuals with HCV infection (N = 25) and with a sustained virological response after treatment (N = 37). We found that CD8+ T cell-mediated HIV-1 inhibition in vitro was higher in individuals with HTLV-2. This inhibition activity was associated with a higher frequency of effector memory CD8+ T cells, higher levels of granzyme A and granzyme B cytolytic enzymes, and perforin. Hence, cellular and soluble cytolytic factors may contribute to the lower HIV-1 pre-ART viral load and the HIV-1 proviral load during ART therapy associated with HTLV-2 infection. Herein, we confirmed and expanded previous findings on the role of HTLV-2 in the beneficial effect on the pathogenesis of HIV-1 in coinfected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Abad-Fernández
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, UNC Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Correspondence: (M.A.-F.); (A.V.)
| | - Francisco J. Hernández-Walias
- Laboratory of Inmunovirología, Ramón y Cajal Institute for Health Investigation (IRyCIS), University Hospital Ramón y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ramón y Cajal Institute for Health Investigation (IRyCIS), University Hospital Ramón y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Center Network in Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María J. Ruiz de León
- Laboratory of Inmunovirología, Ramón y Cajal Institute for Health Investigation (IRyCIS), University Hospital Ramón y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ramón y Cajal Institute for Health Investigation (IRyCIS), University Hospital Ramón y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Center Network in Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María J. Vivancos
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ramón y Cajal Institute for Health Investigation (IRyCIS), University Hospital Ramón y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Center Network in Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María J. Pérez-Elías
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ramón y Cajal Institute for Health Investigation (IRyCIS), University Hospital Ramón y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Center Network in Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Moreno
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ramón y Cajal Institute for Health Investigation (IRyCIS), University Hospital Ramón y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Center Network in Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - José L. Casado
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ramón y Cajal Institute for Health Investigation (IRyCIS), University Hospital Ramón y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Center Network in Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Quereda
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ramón y Cajal Institute for Health Investigation (IRyCIS), University Hospital Ramón y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Center Network in Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Dronda
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ramón y Cajal Institute for Health Investigation (IRyCIS), University Hospital Ramón y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Center Network in Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Moreno
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ramón y Cajal Institute for Health Investigation (IRyCIS), University Hospital Ramón y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Center Network in Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Vallejo
- Laboratory of Inmunovirología, Ramón y Cajal Institute for Health Investigation (IRyCIS), University Hospital Ramón y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ramón y Cajal Institute for Health Investigation (IRyCIS), University Hospital Ramón y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Center Network in Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.A.-F.); (A.V.)
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Mulherkar TH, Gómez DJ, Sandel G, Jain P. Co-Infection and Cancer: Host–Pathogen Interaction between Dendritic Cells and HIV-1, HTLV-1, and Other Oncogenic Viruses. Viruses 2022; 14:v14092037. [PMID: 36146843 PMCID: PMC9503663 DOI: 10.3390/v14092037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) function as a link between innate and adaptive immune responses. Retroviruses HIV-1 and HTLV-1 modulate DCs to their advantage and utilize them to propagate infection. Coinfection of HTLV-1 and HIV-1 has implications for cancer malignancies. Both viruses initially infect DCs and propagate the infection to CD4+ T cells through cell-to-cell transmission using mechanisms including the formation of virologic synapses, viral biofilms, and conduits. These retroviruses are both neurotrophic with neurovirulence determinants. The neuropathogenesis of HIV-1 and HTLV-1 results in neurodegenerative diseases such as HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Infected DCs are known to traffic to the brain (CNS) and periphery (PNS, lymphatics) to induce neurodegeneration in HAND and HAM/TSP patients. Elevated levels of neuroinflammation have been correlated with cognitive decline and impairment of motor control performance. Current vaccinations and therapeutics for HIV-1 and HTLV-1 are assessed and can be applied to patients with HIV-1-associated cancers and adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL). These diseases caused by co-infections can result in both neurodegeneration and cancer. There are associations with cancer malignancies and HIV-1 and HTLV-1 as well as other human oncogenic viruses (EBV, HBV, HCV, HDV, and HPV). This review contains current knowledge on DC sensing of HIV-1 and HTLV-1 including DC-SIGN, Tat, Tax, and current viral therapies. An overview of DC interaction with oncogenic viruses including EBV, Hepatitis viruses, and HPV is also provided. Vaccines and therapeutics targeting host–pathogen interactions can provide a solution to co-infections, neurodegeneration, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania H. Mulherkar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University, College of Medicine, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Daniel Joseph Gómez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University, College of Medicine, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, 25800 Carlos Bee Blvd, Hayward, CA 94542, USA
| | - Grace Sandel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University, College of Medicine, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Pooja Jain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University, College of Medicine, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
- Correspondence:
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A Panel of Eight miRNAs Is Deregulated in HTLV-2 Infected PBMCs and BJABGu Cell Line. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147583. [PMID: 35886938 PMCID: PMC9320395 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and HTLV-2 being retroviruses closely related at a genomic level, HTLV-2 differs from HTLV-1 in terms of pathogenicity in both single infection and coinfection contexts. Moreover, the HTLV-2 association with clinical outcomes is still debated and several mechanisms underlying HTLV-2 infection remain unexplored as well. Cellular miRNAs are key factors in the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression and they are known to be potential targets for several pathogens to control the host microenvironment and, in particular, escape immune responses. Here, we identified a HTLV-2-related signature of eight miRNAs (miR-125a-3p, miR-381-3p, miR-502-5p, miR-708-5p, miR-548d-5p, miR-548c-5p, miR-1-3p, and miR-511-5p) in both HTLV-2 infected PBMC and BJABGu cell lines. Altered miRNA expression patterns were correlated with the impairment of Th cell differentiation and signaling pathways driven by cytokines and transcriptional factors such as the Runt-related transcription factor (RUNX) family members. Specifically, we demonstrated that the RUNX2 protein was significantly more expressed in the presence of Tax-2 compared with Tax-1 in an in vitro cell model. To the best of our knowledge, these data represent the first contribution to elucidating the HTLV-2 mediated alteration of host cell miRNA profiles that may impact on HTLV-2 replication and persistent infection.
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Montaño-Castellón I, Marconi CSC, Saffe C, Brites C. Clinical and Laboratory Outcomes in HIV-1 and HTLV-1/2 Coinfection: A Systematic Review. Front Public Health 2022; 10:820727. [PMID: 35359787 PMCID: PMC8963803 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.820727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim To perform a systematic review to describe the available findings on clinical outcomes in HIV-1 and HTLV-1/HTLV-2 co-infected individuals since 1995. Design This Systematic Review used PECO criteria follow by PRISMA reporting guidelines and registered as CRD42021279062 (Prospero database). The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale assessed the methodological quality of included studies. Data Collection and Analysis A systematical search in PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Sciences databases for cross-sectional, case-control, or cohort studies design to identify clinical and laboratorial outcomes related to HIV-1 and HTLV-1/2 coinfection. Search strategy: [(“HIV-1” AND “HTLV-1” OR “HTLV-2”) AND (“Coinfection”) AND (1990/01/01:2021/12/31[Date- Publication])]. Results A total of 15 articles were included on this systematic review describing data of 2,566 mono and coinfected patients, 58% male, with mean age was 35.7 ± 5.7 years. HIV-1 and HTLV-1 coinfected patients were more likely to had shorter survival and faster progression to death or mortality than monoinfected ones. Coinfected had higher CD4 cell counts and less likelihood of ART use. In addition, higher frequency of diseases like ichthyosis (22.2 vs. 6.8%), scabies (18.6 vs. 0%), candidiasis (42 vs. 12%), Strongyloidiasis (15.4 vs. 2%) and neurological manifestations like encephalopathy, peripheral neuropathy and HAM/TSP were more frequently reported in coinfected patients. Conclusions HIV-1 and HTLV-1 coinfection and HIV-1 and HTLV-1 /2 triple coinfection were related to shorter survival, higher mortality rate, and faster progression to death, while coinfection by HIV-1/HTLV-2 seems to have neutral association with longer survival, slower AIDS progression, and lower mortality rate. The available evidence indicates an urgent need for prevention and control measures, including screening, diagnosis, and treatment of HIV-1 and HTLV-1/2 coinfected patients. Test-and-treat strategy for patients living with HIV in areas endemic for HTLV infection is mandatory, to avoid the risks of delayed therapy and death for coinfected patients. Systematic Review Registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier: CRD42021279062.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Montaño-Castellón
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Infectologia (LAPI), Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos (HUPES), Salvador, Brazil.,Programa de Pós Graduação em Medicina e Saúde (PPgMS), Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Cleyde Sheyla Chachaqui Marconi
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Infectologia (LAPI), Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos (HUPES), Salvador, Brazil.,Programa de Pós Graduação em Medicina e Saúde (PPgMS), Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Clara Saffe
- Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública (EBMSP), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Carlos Brites
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Infectologia (LAPI), Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos (HUPES), Salvador, Brazil.,Programa de Pós Graduação em Medicina e Saúde (PPgMS), Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Brazil.,Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública (EBMSP), Salvador, Brazil
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Marqué L, Liehl P, De Boer J, Pottel H, Murphy EL, Bruhn R, Stone M, Kaidarova Z, Lee TH, Busch M, Zrein M. A novel high performing multiplex immunoassay Multi-HTLV for serological confirmation and typing of HTLV infections. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009925. [PMID: 34724004 PMCID: PMC8584783 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Viruses (HTLV) type 1 and type 2 account for an estimated 5 to 10 million infections worldwide and are transmitted through breast feeding, sexual contacts and contaminated cellular blood components. HTLV-associated syndromes are considered as neglected diseases for which there are no vaccines or therapies available, making it particularly important to ensure the best possible diagnosis to enable proper counselling of infected persons and avoid secondary transmission. Although high quality antibody screening assays are available, currently available confirmatory tests are costly and have variable performance, with high rates of indeterminate and non-typable results reported in many regions of the world. The objective of this project was to develop and validate a new high-performance multiplex immunoassay for confirmation and discrimination of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 strains. Methodology/Principal findings The multiplex platform was used first as a tool to identify suitable antigens and in a second step for assay development. With data generated on over 400 HTLV-positive blood donors sourced from USA and French blood banks, we developed and validated a high-precision interpretation algorithm. The Multi-HTLV assay demonstrated very high performance for confirmation and strain discrimination with 100% sensitivity, 98.1% specificity and 100% of typing accuracy in validation samples. The assay can be interpreted either visually or automatically with a colorimetric image reader and custom algorithm, providing highly reliable results. Conclusions/Significance The newly developed Multi-HTLV is very competitive with currently used confirmatory assays and reduces considerably the number of indeterminate results. The multiparametric nature of the assay opens new avenues to study specific serological signatures of each patient, follow the evolution of infection, and explore utility for HTLV disease prognosis. Improving HTLV diagnostic testing will be critical to reduce transmission and to improve monitoring of seropositive patients. HTLV viruses are responsible for more than 10 million cases of infection worldwide. The infection is considered as a neglected disease due to lack of vaccines and treatments. Accurate diagnosis is crucial for counselling infected persons and prevention of secondary transmissions. In spite of the development of excellent serological screening assays, many cases of indeterminate and untyped results are still regularly reported and their infection status remain uncertain. To address the need of more precise diagnosis, we have developed a new cutting-edge in-vitro diagnostic confirmation test, named Multi-HTLV, which has been validated on a large panel of HTLV samples. The test is a multiplex immunoassay allowing powerful detection of antibodies against HTLV through combination of a set of selective and validated virus-specific antigens in a blood sample. The Multi-HTLV assay increases the reliability of HTLV diagnostics and strain typing thanks to a high precision mathematical algorithm.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jasper De Boer
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Hans Pottel
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Edward L. Murphy
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Roberta Bruhn
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Mars Stone
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Zhanna Kaidarova
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Tzong-Hae Lee
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Michael Busch
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Maan Zrein
- InfYnity Biomarkers, Lyon, France
- * E-mail:
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Forlani G, Shallak M, Accolla RS, Romanelli MG. HTLV-1 Infection and Pathogenesis: New Insights from Cellular and Animal Models. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158001. [PMID: 34360767 PMCID: PMC8347336 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of the human T-cell leukemia virus-1 (HTLV-1), cellular and animal models have provided invaluable contributions in the knowledge of viral infection, transmission and progression of HTLV-associated diseases. HTLV-1 is the causative agent of the aggressive adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma and inflammatory diseases such as the HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Cell models contribute to defining the role of HTLV proteins, as well as the mechanisms of cell-to-cell transmission of the virus. Otherwise, selected and engineered animal models are currently applied to recapitulate in vivo the HTLV-1 associated pathogenesis and to verify the effectiveness of viral therapy and host immune response. Here we review the current cell models for studying virus–host interaction, cellular restriction factors and cell pathway deregulation mediated by HTLV products. We recapitulate the most effective animal models applied to investigate the pathogenesis of HTLV-1-associated diseases such as transgenic and humanized mice, rabbit and monkey models. Finally, we summarize the studies on STLV and BLV, two closely related HTLV-1 viruses in animals. The most recent anticancer and HAM/TSP therapies are also discussed in view of the most reliable experimental models that may accelerate the translation from the experimental findings to effective therapies in infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Forlani
- Laboratory of General Pathology and Immunology “Giovanna Tosi”, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (G.F.); (M.S.); (R.S.A.)
| | - Mariam Shallak
- Laboratory of General Pathology and Immunology “Giovanna Tosi”, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (G.F.); (M.S.); (R.S.A.)
| | - Roberto Sergio Accolla
- Laboratory of General Pathology and Immunology “Giovanna Tosi”, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (G.F.); (M.S.); (R.S.A.)
| | - Maria Grazia Romanelli
- Department of Biosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Impact of HIV co-infection on immunological biomarker profile of HTLV-1 infected patients. Immunol Lett 2021; 236:68-77. [PMID: 34087263 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2021.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The impact of HIV co-infection on the plasma immunological biomarker profile of HTLV-1 infected patients was evaluated. The plasma levels of leukotrienes and chemokines/cytokines were quantified by ELISA and Cytometric Bead Array. A total of 138 volunteers were enrolled and divided into two subgroups ("HTLV-1(+)HIV(-)" and "HTLV-1(+)(HIV(+)"), which were categorized according to the HTLV-1-associated neurological disease (AS, pHAM and HAM). Reference controls were BD and HIV mono-infected patients. HAM(+) exhibited higher CD4+ T-cell counts as compared to HIV+ mono-infected patients and lower HTLV-1 proviral load as compared to mono-infected HAM(-) patients. AS(+) exhibited higher levels of CysLT, CXCL8/IL-8 and lower levels of CCL5/RANTES as compared to AS(-). Increased levels of IL-6 and TNF with reduced levels of CXCL10/IP10 and CCL5/RANTES were observed in co-infected pHAM(+) as compared to mono-infected pHAM(-). HAM(+) patients revealed an increase in CXCL8/IL-8, CCL2/MCP-1, CXCL-10/IP-10, TNF and a decrease in IL-2 as compared to HAM(-) subgroup.
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Elaiw AM, AlShamrani NH. Modeling and analysis of a within-host HIV/HTLV-I co-infection. BOLETIN DE LA SOCIEDAD MATEMATICA MEXICANA 2021; 27:38. [PMID: 33814640 PMCID: PMC8005865 DOI: 10.1007/s40590-021-00330-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) are two retroviruses that attack the CD4 + T cells and impair their functions. Both HIV and HTLV-I can be transmitted between individuals through direct contact with certain body fluids from infected individuals. Therefore, a person can be co-infected with both viruses. HIV causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), while HTLV-I is the causative agent for adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) and HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Several mathematical models have been developed in the literature to describe the within-host dynamics of HIV and HTLV-I mono-infections. However, modeling a within-host dynamics of HIV/HTLV-I co-infection has not been involved. The present paper is concerned with the formulation and investigation of a new HIV/HTLV-I co-infection model under the effect of Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) immune response. The model describes the interaction between susceptible CD4 + T cells, silent HIV-infected cells, active HIV-infected cells, silent HTLV-infected cells, Tax-expressing HTLV-infected cells, free HIV particles, HIV-specific CTLs and HTLV-specific CTLs. The HIV can spread by virus-to-cell transmission. On the other side, HTLV-I has two modes of transmission, (i) horizontal transmission via direct cell-to-cell contact through the virological synapse, and (ii) vertical transmission through the mitotic division of Tax-expressing HTLV-infected cells. The well-posedness of the model is established by showing that the solutions of the model are nonnegative and bounded. We define a set of threshold parameters which govern the existence and stability of all equilibria of the model. We explore the global asymptotic stability of all equilibria by utilizing Lyapunov function and Lyapunov-LaSalle asymptotic stability theorem. We have presented numerical simulations to justify the applicability and effectiveness of the theoretical results. In addition, we evaluate the effect of HTLV-I infection on the HIV dynamics and vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. M. Elaiw
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut, Egypt
| | - N. H. AlShamrani
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, University of Jeddah, P.O. Box 80327, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
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Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) are two retroviruses that infect the susceptible CD[Formula: see text]T cells. It is known that HIV and HTLV-I have in common a way of transmission through direct contact with certain body fluids related to infected individuals. Therefore, it is not surprising that a mono-infected person with one of these viruses can be co-infected with the other virus. In the literature, a great number of mathematical models has been presented to describe the within-host dynamics of HIV or HTLV-I mono-infection. However, the within-host dynamics of HIV/HTLV-I co-infection has not been modeled. In this paper, we develop a new within-host HIV/HTLV-I co-infection model. The model includes the impact of Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) immune response, which is important to control the progression of viral co-infection. The model describes the interaction between susceptible CD[Formula: see text]T cells, silent HIV-infected cells, active HIV-infected cells, silent HTLV-infected cells, Tax-expressing HTLV-infected cells, free HIV particles, HIV-specific CTLs and HTLV-specific CTLs. We first show the nonnegativity and boundedness of the model’s solutions and then we calculate all possible equilibria. We derive the threshold parameters which govern the existence and stability of all equilibria of the model. We prove the global asymptotic stability of all equilibria by utilizing Lyapunov function and LaSalle’s invariance principle. We have presented numerical simulations to illustrate the effectiveness of our main results. In addition, we discuss the effect of HTLV-I infection on the HIV-infected patients and vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. M. Elaiw
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P. O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, University of Jeddah, P. O. Box 80327, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - N. H. AlShamrani
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P. O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut, Egypt
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Analysis of a within-host HIV/HTLV-I co-infection model with immunity. Virus Res 2020; 295:198204. [PMID: 33157165 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) are two retroviruses that attack the immune cells and impair their functions. Both HIV and HTLV-I can be transmitted between individuals through direct contact with certain body fluids from infected individuals. Therefore, a person can be co-infected with both viruses. HIV causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, while HTLV-I is the causative agent for adult T-cell leukemia and HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis. Several mathematical models have been developed in the literature to describe the within-host dynamics of HIV and HTLV-I mono-infections. However, modeling a within-host dynamics of HIV/HTLV-I co-infection has not been involved. In the present paper, we are concerned to formulate and analyze a new HIV/HTLV co-infection model under the effect of Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) immune response. The model describes the interaction between susceptible CD4+T cells, silent HIV-infected cells, active HIV-infected cells, silent HTLV-infected cells, Tax-expressing HTLV-infected cells, free HIV particles, HIV-specific CTLs and HTLV-specific CTLs. The HIV can spread by two routes of transmission, virus-to-cell and cell-to-cell. On the other side, HTLV-I has two modes of transmission, (i) horizontal transmission via direct cell-to-cell contact, and (ii) vertical transmission through mitotic division of Tax-expressing HTLV-infected cells. The well-posedness of the model is established by showing that the solutions of the model are nonnegative and bounded. We define a set of threshold parameters which govern the existence and stability of all equilibria of the model. We explore the global asymptotic stability of all equilibria by utilizing Lyapunov function and LaSalle's invariance principle. We have presented numerical simulations to justify the applicability and effectiveness of the theoretical results. In addition, we evaluate the effect of HTLV-I infection on the HIV dynamics and vice versa.
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12
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Kardani K, Basimi P, Fekri M, Bolhassani A. Antiviral therapy for the sexually transmitted viruses: recent updates on vaccine development. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2020; 13:1001-1046. [PMID: 32838584 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2020.1814743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The sexually transmitted infections (STIs) caused by viruses including human T cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1), human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1), human simplex virus-2 (HSV-2), hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and human papillomavirus (HPV) are major public health issues. These infections can cause cancer or result in long-term health problems. Due to high prevalence of STIs, a safe and effective vaccine is required to overcome these fatal viruses. AREAS COVERED This review includes a comprehensive overview of the literatures relevant to vaccine development against the sexually transmitted viruses (STVs) using PubMed and Sciencedirect electronic search engines. Herein, we discuss the efforts directed toward development of effective vaccines using different laboratory animal models including mice, guinea pig or non-human primates in preclinical trials, and human in clinical trials with different phases. EXPERT OPINION There is no effective FDA approved vaccine against the sexually transmitted viruses (STVs) except for HBV and HPV as prophylactic vaccines. Many attempts are underway to develop vaccines against these viruses. There are several approaches for improving prophylactic or therapeutic vaccines such as heterologous prime/boost immunization, delivery system, administration route, adjuvants, etc. In this line, further studies can be helpful for understanding the immunobiology of STVs in human. Moreover, development of more relevant animal models is a worthy goal to induce effective immune responses in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimia Kardani
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran , Tehran, Iran
| | - Parya Basimi
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran , Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrshad Fekri
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran , Tehran, Iran
| | - Azam Bolhassani
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran , Tehran, Iran
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13
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Mozhgani SH, Kermani HA, Norouzi M, Arabi M, Soltani S. Nanotechnology based strategies for HIV-1 and HTLV-1 retroviruses gene detection. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04048. [PMID: 32490248 PMCID: PMC7260287 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Early detection of retroviruses including human T-cell lymphotropic virus and human immunodeficiency virus in the human body is indispensable to prevent retroviral infection propagation and improve clinical treatment. Until now, diverse techniques have been employed for the early detection of viruses. Traditional methods are time-consuming, resource-intensive, and laborious performing. Therefore, designing and constructing a selective and sensitive diagnosis system to detect serious diseases is highly demanded. Genetic detection with high sensitivity has striking significance for the early detection and remedy of disparate pathogenic diseases. The nucleic acid biosensors are based on the identification of specific DNA sequences in biological samples. Nanotechnology has an important impact on the development of sensitive biosensors. Different kinds of nanomaterials include nanoparticles, nanoclusters, quantum dots, carbon nanotubes, nanocomposites, etc., with different properties have been used to improve the performance of biosensors. Recently, DNA nanobiosensors are developed to provide simple, fast, selective, low-cost, and sensitive detection of infectious diseases. In this paper, the research progresses of nano genosensors for the detection of HIV-1 and HTLV-1 viruses, based on electrochemical, optical, and photoelectrochemical platforms are overviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayed-Hamidreza Mozhgani
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.,Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Hanie Ahmadzade Kermani
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Norouzi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Arabi
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Saber Soltani
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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14
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Fochi S, Ciminale V, Trabetti E, Bertazzoni U, D’Agostino DM, Zipeto D, Romanelli MG. NF-κB and MicroRNA Deregulation Mediated by HTLV-1 Tax and HBZ. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8040290. [PMID: 31835460 PMCID: PMC6963194 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The risk of developing adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) in individuals infected with human T-cell lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) is about 3–5%. The mechanisms by which the virus triggers this aggressive cancer are still an area of intensive investigation. The viral protein Tax-1, together with additional regulatory proteins, in particular HTLV-1 basic leucine zipper factor (HBZ), are recognized as relevant viral factors required for both viral replication and transformation of infected cells. Tax-1 deregulates several cellular pathways affecting the cell cycle, survival, and proliferation. The effects of Tax-1 on the NF-κB pathway have been thoroughly studied. Recent studies also revealed the impact of Tax-1 and HBZ on microRNA expression. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in understanding the contribution of HTLV-1 Tax- and HBZ-mediated deregulation of NF-κB and the microRNA regulatory network to HTLV-1 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Fochi
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (S.F.); (E.T.); (U.B.); (D.Z.)
| | - Vincenzo Ciminale
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy;
- Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Trabetti
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (S.F.); (E.T.); (U.B.); (D.Z.)
| | - Umberto Bertazzoni
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (S.F.); (E.T.); (U.B.); (D.Z.)
| | | | - Donato Zipeto
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (S.F.); (E.T.); (U.B.); (D.Z.)
| | - Maria Grazia Romanelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (S.F.); (E.T.); (U.B.); (D.Z.)
- Correspondence:
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15
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Tajbakhsh A, Fazeli M, Rezaee M, Ghasemi F, Heravi MM, Gholoobi A, Meshkat Z. Prevalence of CCR5delta32 in Northeastern Iran. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2019; 20:184. [PMID: 31730458 PMCID: PMC6858674 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-019-0913-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background A 32-base pair deletion (∆32) in the open reading frame (ORF) of C-C motif chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) seems to be a protective variant against immune system diseases, especially human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). We aimed to assess the frequency of CCR5∆32 in the healthy Iranian population. Methods In this study, 400 normal samples from Khorasan, northeastern Iran, were randomly selected. The frequency of CCR5∆32 carriers was investigated using PCR analysis. Allele prevalence and the fit to the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were analyzed. Results The prevalence of CCR5∆32 in the northeastern population of Iran was 0.016. Four hundred samples were studied, among which one with CCR5∆32/∆32 and 11 with CCR5Wild/∆32 genotype were detected. Conclusion This study was the first investigation for an assessment of the prevalence of CCR5∆32 in northeastern Iran. The low prevalence of CCR5∆32 allele in the Iranian population may result in the increased susceptibility to HIV-1. In addition, this prevalence is the same as that of reported in East Asia, while is lower than that in the Europeans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Tajbakhsh
- Department of Modern Sciences & Technologies, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mostafa Fazeli
- Department of Modern Sciences & Technologies, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mehdi Rezaee
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Faezeh Ghasemi
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mastoureh Momen Heravi
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, P.O Box: 9196773117, Mashhad, IR, Iran
| | - Aida Gholoobi
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zahra Meshkat
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, P.O Box: 9196773117, Mashhad, IR, Iran.
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16
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High CD8 T cell percentage and HCV replication control are common features in HIV-1 controllers and HTLV-2-co-infected patients with a history of injection drug use. Virus Res 2019; 264:40-44. [PMID: 30776394 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
HTLV-2/HIV-1-coinfected patients and HIV-infected patients with natural HIV-1 control show an immune capacity that allows some control of viral infections. These two groups of patients have showed an immune capacity that allows them to have some control over viral infections, very strong control of HIV-1 replication in the case of HIV-1 controllers. The purpose of this retrospective cross-sectional study was to compare viral and immunologic parameters between three cohorts of Caucasian adult HIV-1-infected patients, including HIV-1 controllers (29 patients), HTLV-2/HIV-1 chronic progressors (56 patients), and HIV-1 chronic progressors (101 patients), followed in two different tertiary University Hospitals in Spain. Demographic parameters, nadir CD4 T cell count, CD4 and CD8 T cell counts and percentage, anti-HCV antibodies, HCV RNA load, HCV genotype, HIV-1 RNA loads, and anti-HTLV-2 antibodies were analyzed. HIV-1 controllers and HTLV-2/HIV-1 chronic progressors were younger and with shorter time since HIV-1 diagnosis compared to HIV-1 chronic progressors. HIV-1 controllers and HTLV-2/HIV-1 chronic progressors had significantly higher CD8 T cell percentage (p = 0.002 and p = 0.016, respectively) and lower levels of HCV RNA loads (0.015 and 0.007, respectively) compared to that of HIV-1 chronic progressors. Multivariate analyses showed that gender and HTLV-2 infection were independently associated to HCV RNA load, while only HTLV-2 infection was independently associated to CD8 T cell percentage. The implication of HTLV-2 infection in the control of HIV-1 and HCV infections is worth being further analyze.
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17
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Haghnazari Sadaghiani N, Pirayeshfard L, Aghaie A, Sharifi Z. The Effect of TAX-1 Gene of Human T-cell Leukemia Virus Type-1 on the Expression of CCR5 in K562 Cell Line. Avicenna J Med Biotechnol 2019; 11:67-71. [PMID: 30800245 PMCID: PMC6359701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tax-1 protein of Human T-cell Leukemia Virus type 1(HTLV-1) serves as a key transcriptional regulatory gene product and has a crucial role in transactivating genes of infected cells by employing their transcriptional factors. This modulation includes induction of genes which encode CC-chemokines and their receptors. In this study, a recombinant vector containing Tax-1 gene was made and tested for its ability to induce CCR5 (CC chemokine receptor 5) expression in K562 cell line. METHODS In order to perform this research, two blood samples of HTLV-1 positive were obtained from Urmia blood transfusion center. After DNA extraction, a complete sequence of Tax-1 gene was amplified by specific primers. Recombinant vectors carrying Tax-1 gene were synthesized and transformed into Escherichia coli (E. coli). After bacteria transformation, bacteria containing recombinant plasmid were selected and purified. Then, the recombinant shuttle vectors, pCDNA3.1-TAX, were transfected into the cell culture (K562 cell line). Expression of CCR5 was measured after 72 hr by Syber Green Real-Time PCR method compared to control cell culture. Normalization was done with GAPDH as a standard gene. RESULTS Cloning of Tax-1 gene in the vector, pCDNA3.1 was confirmed by colony PCR, restriction digestion, and sequencing methods. Expression of Tax-1 and CCR5 genes were confirmed by real time PCR and also, expression of CCR5 gene showed an 8-fold increase in comparison to mock-treated controls (p<0.05). CONCLUSION Our data suggested that recombinant Tax-1 may have the enhancing effect on CCR5 expression rate at mRNA levels in K562 cell line. Further studies are necessary to evaluate the effect of pCDNA3.1-TAX on cell surface CCR5 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Zohreh Sharifi
- Corresponding author: Zohreh Sharifi, Ph.D., Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran, Tel: +98 21 82052151, Fax: +98 21 88601555, E-mail:
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18
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Gilani U, Shaukat M, Rasheed A, Shahid M, Tasneem F, Arshad M, Rashid N, Shahzad N. The implication of CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technology in combating human oncoviruses. J Med Virol 2018; 91:1-13. [PMID: 30133783 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
It is evidenced that 20% of all tumors in humans are caused by oncoviruses, including human papilloma viruses, Epstein-Barr virus, Kaposi sarcoma virus, human polyomaviruses, human T-lymphotrophic virus-1, and hepatitis B and C viruses. Human immunodeficiency virus is also involved in carcinogenesis, although not directly, but by facilitating the infection of many oncoviruses through compromising the immune system. Being intracellular parasites with the property of establishing latency and integrating into the host genome, these viruses are a therapeutic challenge for biomedical researchers. Therefore, strategies able to target nucleotide sequences within episomal or integrated viral genomes are of prime importance in antiviral or anticancerous armamentarium. Recently, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) has emerged as a powerful genome editing tool. Standing out as a precise and efficient oncoviruses method, it has been extensively applied in recent experimental ventures in the field of molecular medicine, particularly in combating infections including tumor inducing viruses. This review is aimed at collating the experimental and clinical advances in CRISPR/Cas9 technology in terms of its applications against oncoviruses. Primarily, it will focus on the application of CRISPR/Cas9 in combating tumor viruses, types of mechanisms targeted, and the significant outcomes till date. The technical pitfalls of the CRISPR/Cas9 and the comparative approaches in evaluating this technique with respect to other available alternatives are also described briefly. Furthermore, the review also discussed the clinical aspects and the ethical, legal, and social issues associated with the use of CRISPR/Cas9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman Gilani
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Memoona Shaukat
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Arisha Rasheed
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mehak Shahid
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Fareeda Tasneem
- Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Arshad
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Naeem Rashid
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Naveed Shahzad
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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19
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Futsch N, Mahieux R, Dutartre H. HTLV-1, the Other Pathogenic Yet Neglected Human Retrovirus: From Transmission to Therapeutic Treatment. Viruses 2017; 10:v10010001. [PMID: 29267225 PMCID: PMC5795414 DOI: 10.3390/v10010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Going back to their discovery in the early 1980s, both the Human T-cell Leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1) and the Human Immunodeficiency Virus type-1 (HIV-1) greatly fascinated the virology scene, not only because they were the first human retroviruses discovered, but also because they were associated with fatal diseases in the human population. In almost four decades of scientific research, both viruses have had different fates, HTLV-1 being often upstaged by HIV-1. However, although being very close in terms of genome organization, cellular tropism, and viral replication, HIV-1 and HTLV-1 are not completely commutable in terms of treatment, especially because of the opposite fate of the cells they infect: death versus immortalization, respectively. Nowadays, the antiretroviral therapies developed to treat HIV-1 infected individuals and to limit HIV-1 spread among the human population have a poor or no effect on HTLV-1 infected individuals, and thus, do not prevent the development of HTLV-1-associated diseases, which still lack highly efficient treatments. The present review mainly focuses on the course of HTLV-1 infection, from the initial infection of the host to diseases development and associated treatments, but also investigates HIV-1/HTLV-1 co-infection events and their impact on diseases development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Futsch
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, Retroviral Oncogenesis Laboratory, INSERM U1111-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France.
- Equipe labellisée "Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer", France.
| | - Renaud Mahieux
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, Retroviral Oncogenesis Laboratory, INSERM U1111-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France.
- Equipe labellisée "Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer", France.
| | - Hélène Dutartre
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, Retroviral Oncogenesis Laboratory, INSERM U1111-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France.
- Equipe labellisée "Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer", France.
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20
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A Luciferase Functional Quantitative Assay for Measuring NF-ĸB Promoter Transactivation Mediated by HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 Tax Proteins. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1582:79-87. [PMID: 28357663 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6872-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 viruses express Tax transactivator proteins required for viral genome transcription and capable of transforming cells in vivo and in vitro. Although Tax oncogenic potential needs to be further elucidated, it is well established that Tax proteins activate, among others, transcription factors of the NF-ĸB family, which are involved in immune and inflammatory responses, cell growth, apoptosis, stress responses and oncogenesis. Here, we describe a reporter gene assay applied for quantitative analysis of Tax-dependent NF-ĸB activation. The procedure is based on co-transfection of two individual vectors containing the cDNA for firefly and Renilla luciferase enzymes and vectors expressing Tax proteins. The luciferase expression is driven by cis-NF-ĸB promoter regulatory elements responsive to Tax transactivating factor. This assay is particularly useful to investigate Tax influence on NF-ĸB activation mediated by viral or host factors.
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22
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Nicolás D, Ambrosioni J, Paredes R, Marcos MÁ, Manzardo C, Moreno A, Miró JM. Infection with human retroviruses other than HIV-1: HIV-2, HTLV-1, HTLV-2, HTLV-3 and HTLV-4. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2015; 13:947-63. [PMID: 26112187 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2015.1056157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 is the most prevalent retrovirus, with over 30 million people infected worldwide. Nevertheless, infection caused by other human retroviruses like HIV-2, HTLV-1, HTLV-2, HTLV-3 and HTLV-4 is gaining importance. Initially confined to specific geographical areas, HIV-2, HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 are becoming a major concern in non-endemic countries due to international migration flows. Clinical manifestations of retroviruses range from asymptomatic carriers to life-threatening conditions, such as AIDS in HIV-2 infection or adult T-cell lymphoma/leukemia or tropical spastic paraparesis in HTLV-1 infection. HIV-2 is naturally resistant to some antiretrovirals frequently used to treat HIV-1 infection, but it does have effective antiretroviral therapy options. Unfortunately, HTLV still has limited therapeutic options. In this article, we will review the epidemiological, clinical, diagnostic, pathogenic and therapeutic aspects of infections caused by these human retroviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Nicolás
- Infectious Diseases Service, Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Delayed liver fibrosis in HTLV-2-infected patients co-infected with HIV-1 and hepatitis C virus with suppressive antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2015; 29:401-9. [PMID: 25565497 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000000555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The absence of direct clinical symptoms clearly associated to HTLV-2 infection may partially explain an underestimate of the real HTLV-2 prevalence rate and its effects in patients concurrently infected with HIV-1 and hepatitis C virus (HCV). Hence, to date, the influence of HTLV-2 on hepatic fibrosis has been poorly studied. DESIGN Retrospective study to clarify the influence of HTLV-2 infection in HCV infection and hepatic fibrosis among patients co-infected with HIV-1. METHODS This is a comparative cohort study including 39 HTLV-2-HIV-1-HCV co-infected patients and 42 HIV-1-HCV co-infected patients conducted in a tertiary care hospital. They were evaluated for transaminase levels, hepatic fibrosis stage, interleukin (IL)-28B genotype, Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokine levels, immune activation, inflammation, and microbial translocation. RESULTS HTLV-2-HIV-1-HCV co-infected patients had lower alanine aminotransferase levels (P = 0.023) and hepatic fibrosis (P = 0.012), compared to HIV-1-HCV co-infected patients. Moreover, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed a delay in hepatic fibrosis development for up to 5 years (P = 0.032). HTLV-2-HIV-1-HCV co-infected patients also had higher Th1/Th2 ratio (interferon γ/IL-4 ratio, P = 0.043; tumor necrosis factor α/IL-4 ratio, P = 0.010) and Th17 response (P = 0.015), whereas lower CD8 T-cell activation (P = 0.017) and lipopolysaccharide level (P = 0.001). CONCLUSION Findings strongly support that HTLV-2 co-infection might delay fibrosis development in HCV-HIV-1 co-infected patients.
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Bertazzoni U. Editorial to the Research Topic "Comparative studies between HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 function and pathobiology". Front Microbiol 2015; 5:792. [PMID: 25642222 PMCID: PMC4294196 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Umberto Bertazzoni
- Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Verona Verona, Italy
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25
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Diani E, Avesani F, Bergamo E, Cremonese G, Bertazzoni U, Romanelli MG. HTLV-1 Tax protein recruitment into IKKε and TBK1 kinase complexes enhances IFN-I expression. Virology 2014; 476:92-99. [PMID: 25531185 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The Tax protein expressed by human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) plays a pivotal role in the deregulation of cellular pathways involved in the immune response, inflammation, cell survival, and cancer. Many of these effects derive from Tax multiple interactions with host factors, including the subunits of the IKK-complex that are required for NF-κB activation. IKKɛ and TBK1 are two IKK-related kinases that allow the phosphorylation of interferon regulatory factors that trigger IFN type I gene expression. We observed that IKKɛ and TBK1 recruit Tax into cellular immunocomplexes. We also found that TRAF3, which regulates cell receptor signaling effectors, forms complexes with Tax. Transactivation analyses revealed that expression of Tax, in presence of IKKɛ and TBK1, enhances IFN-β promoter activity, whereas the activation of NF-κB promoter is not modified. We propose that Tax may be recruited into the TBK1/IKKɛ complexes as a scaffolding-adaptor protein that enhances IFN-I gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Diani
- Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| | - Francesca Avesani
- Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| | - Elisa Bergamo
- Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| | - Giorgia Cremonese
- Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| | - Umberto Bertazzoni
- Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| | - Maria Grazia Romanelli
- Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy.
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