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Abdelhamed H, Mannan SB, Riman MM, Tekedar HC, Lawrence ML. Comparative analysis of three plasmids from Plesiomonas shigelloides strain MS-17-188 and their role in antimicrobial resistance. JAC Antimicrob Resist 2024; 6:dlae109. [PMID: 39035015 PMCID: PMC11258559 DOI: 10.1093/jacamr/dlae109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Plesiomonas shigelloides strain MS-17-188 was isolated from a deceased catfish from East Mississippi and showed resistance to florfenicol, tetracyclines and a sulphonamide. WGS of strain MS-17-188 revealed three plasmids (pPSMS-171881, pPSMS-171882 and pPSMS-171883). Objectives To accurately determine the impact of three plasmids found in P. shigelloides strain MS-17-188 on the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes and to provide insights into the molecular structure of these plasmids. Methods The genetic features of these plasmids in terms of genes associated with antimicrobial resistance (AMR), virulence, transfer, maintenance and replication were identified using bioinformatic tools. Additionally, we investigated the in vitro mobilization and stability of plasmid-mediated resistance. The Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database and Virulence Factors Database were used to detect the AMR genes and virulence genes of P. shigelloides plasmids. Moreover, plasmid mobility was evaluated by a filter-mating assay using strain MS-17-188 as a donor and azide-resistant Escherichia coli J53 as a recipient strain. A stability experiment was conducted to explore the persistence of plasmid-mediated antibiotic resistance in strain MS-17-188 in the absence and presence of selection. Results pPSMS-171881 harboured multidrug efflux complex (adeF) and two genes responsible for arsenic resistance (arsB and arsC). pPSMS-171882 had a region of 7085 bp encoding type IV secretion system proteins. pPSMS-171883 carried the tetracycline resistance genes tet(A) and tet(R), and a phenicol resistance gene (floR), which were flanked by two transposable elements and mobilization proteins, suggesting that there is a conjugative mechanism by which this plasmid can be mobilized. Results from the stability experiment indicated that pPSMS-171883 is lost over time in the absence of selective pressure. Moreover, pPSMS-171883 is more stable in P. shigelloides at growth temperatures of 30°C and 37°C compared with 40°C and 43°C. After intraperitoneal injection in catfish, P. shigelloides strain MS-17-188 resulted in no mortalities. Conclusions This is the first study to report plasmid-mediated AMR in Plesiomonas isolated from cultured fish, which needs continued monitoring. This study will provide an understanding of the genetic mechanisms of AMR and virulence of P. shigelloides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossam Abdelhamed
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Shahnewaj Bin Mannan
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Munshi Mustafiz Riman
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Hasan C Tekedar
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Mark L Lawrence
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
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Zhou H, Lu Z, Liu X, Bie X, Cui X, Wang Z, Sun X, Yang J. Characterization and transmission of plasmid-mediated multidrug resistance in foodborne Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1437660. [PMID: 39144225 PMCID: PMC11322368 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1437660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives The purpose of this study was to determine the structural features and transferability of the multidrug-resistance (MDR) plasmid, and resistance phenotypes for the tested antimicrobials in foodborne Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Methods Plasmids were isolated from a V. parahaemolyticus strain of seafood origin, then sequenced using the Illumina NovaSeq 6000 and PacBio Sequel II sequencing platforms to obtain the complete genome data. Characterization of the MDR plasmid pVP52-1, including determination of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs), plasmid incompatibility groups, and transferability, was carried out. Results V. parahaemolyticus strain NJIFDCVp52 contained two circular chromosomes and two circular plasmids (pVP52-1 and pVP52-2). Plasmid typing indicated that pVP52-1 belonged to the incompatibility group IncA/C2 and the sequence type pST3. pVP52-1 carried 12 different ARGs, an IS110-composite transposon consisting of aac(6')-Ib-cr, qnrVC1, aac(6')-Ib, dfrA14, and the IS26-mphA-IS6100 unit flanked by inverted sequences of IS5075 and IS4321. pVP52-2 carried no ARGs. A plasmid elimination assay showed that only pVP52-1 and its ARGs were lost, the loss of resistance to several antimicrobials, causing a change from the ampicillin-ampicillin/sulbactam-cefazolin-cefoxitin-ceftazidime-cefotaxime-imipenem-trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole resistance pattern to the ampicillin resistance pattern. In accordance, a conjugation transfer assay showed that only pVP52-1 and its ARGs were horizontally transferred, leading to increased antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli strain EC600, causing a change from the ampicillin-nalidixic acid resistance pattern to the ampicillin-ampicillin/sulbactam-cefazolin-cefoxitin-ceftazidime-cefotaxime-imipenem-nalidixic acid-chloramphenicol-tetracycline-trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole-azithromycin resistance pattern. Further transferability experiments revealed that pVP52-1 could be transferred to other enterobacterial strains of E. coli and Salmonella. Discussion This study emphasizes the urgent need for continued surveillance of resistance plasmids and changes in antimicrobial resistance profiles among the V. parahaemolyticus population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Zhou
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Detection and Traceability Technology of Foodborne Pathogenic Bacteria for Jiangsu Province Market Regulation, Nanjing Institute for Food and Drug Control, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhaoxin Lu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinmei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Detection and Traceability Technology of Foodborne Pathogenic Bacteria for Jiangsu Province Market Regulation, Nanjing Institute for Food and Drug Control, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaomei Bie
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinping Cui
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zuwei Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaojie Sun
- Key Laboratory of Detection and Traceability Technology of Foodborne Pathogenic Bacteria for Jiangsu Province Market Regulation, Nanjing Institute for Food and Drug Control, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Detection and Traceability Technology of Foodborne Pathogenic Bacteria for Jiangsu Province Market Regulation, Nanjing Institute for Food and Drug Control, Nanjing, China
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Vishnupriya V, Swaminathan TR, Dharmarathnam A, Sharma SRK, Preena PG. Virulent and Multi-drug-Resistant Edwardsiella tarda Infection in Oscar Fish: Unveiling the Threat of Mass Mortality and AMR Dissemination. Curr Microbiol 2024; 81:174. [PMID: 38753164 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-024-03698-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
The Oscar fish (Astronotus ocellatus) is among the most commonly domesticated and exported ornamental fish species from Kerala. The ornamental fish industry faces a significant challenge with the emergence of diseases caused by multi-drug-resistant bacteria. In the present study, six isolates were resolved from the diseased Oscar fish showing haemorrhages, necrosis, and loss of pigmentation. After phenotypic and genotypic characterization, the bacteria were identified as Edwardsiella tarda, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Brevibacillus borstelensis, and Staphylococcus hominis. Experimental challenge studies in healthy Oscar fish showed that E. tarda caused 100% mortality within 240 h with 6.99 × 106 CFU/fish as LD50 and histopathology revealed the typical signs of infection. The pathogen was re-recovered from the moribund fish thereby confirming Koch's postulates. E. tarda was confirmed through the positive amplification of tarda-specific gene and virulence genes viz., etfD and escB were also detected using PCR. Antibiotic susceptibility tests using disc diffusion displayed that the pathogen is multi-drug-resistant towards antibiotics belonging to aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, and quinolones categories with a MAR index of 0.32, which implicated the antibiotic pressure in the farm. Plasmid curing studies showed a paradigm shift in the resistance pattern with MAR index of 0.04, highlighting the resistance genes are plasmid-borne except for the chromosome-borne tetracycline resistance gene (tetA). This study is the first of its kind in detecting mass mortality caused by E. tarda in Oscar fish. Vigilant surveillance and strategic actions are crucial for the precise detection of pathogens and AMR in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayan Vishnupriya
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Faculty of Ocean Science and Technology, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Panangad, Kochi, Kerala, 682506, India
| | - T Raja Swaminathan
- Peninsular Aquatic Genetic Resources, Centre of ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, CMFRI Campus, P.O. Number 1603, Kochi, Kerala, 682018, India
- Microbiology, Fermentation and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, CIFT Junction, Willingdon Island, Matsyapuri P.O., Kochi, Kerala, 682029, India
| | - Arathi Dharmarathnam
- Peninsular Aquatic Genetic Resources, Centre of ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, CMFRI Campus, P.O. Number 1603, Kochi, Kerala, 682018, India
| | - S R Krupesha Sharma
- Marine Biotechnology, Fish Nutrition and Health Division, ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Ernakulam North PO, Kochi, Kerala, 682018, India
| | - P G Preena
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Faculty of Ocean Science and Technology, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Panangad, Kochi, Kerala, 682506, India.
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Ferreira MR, Queiroga V, Moreira LM. Genomic editing in Burkholderia multivorans by CRISPR/Cas9. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024; 90:e0225023. [PMID: 38299816 PMCID: PMC10880607 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02250-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia cepacia complex bacteria have emerged as opportunistic pathogens in patients with cystic fibrosis and immunocompromised individuals, causing life-threatening infections. Because of the relevance of these microorganisms, genetic manipulation is crucial for explaining the genetic mechanisms leading to pathogenesis. Despite the availability of allelic exchange tools to obtain unmarked gene deletions in Burkholderia, these require a step of merodiploid formation and another of merodiploid resolution through two independent homologous recombination events, making the procedure long-lasting. The CRISPR/Cas9-based system could ease this constraint, as only one step is needed for allelic exchange. Here, we report the modification of a two-plasmid system (pCasPA and pACRISPR) for genome editing in Burkholderia multivorans. Several modifications were implemented, including selection marker replacement, the optimization of araB promoter induction for the expression of Cas9 and λ-Red system encoding genes, and the establishment of plasmid curing procedures based on the sacB gene or growth at a sub-optimal temperature of 18°C-20°C with serial passages. We have shown the efficiency of this CRISPR/Cas9 method in the precise and unmarked deletion of different genes (rpfR, bceF, cepR, and bcsB) from two strains of B. multivorans, as well as its usefulness in the targeted insertion of the gfp gene encoding the green fluorescence protein into a precise genome location. As pCasPA was successfully introduced in other Burkholderia cepacia complex species, this study opens up the possibility of using CRISPR/Cas9-based systems as efficient tools for genome editing in these species, allowing faster and more cost-effective genetic manipulation.IMPORTANCEBurkholderia encompasses different species of bacteria, some of them pathogenic to animals and plants, but others are beneficial by promoting plant growth through symbiosis or as biocontrol agents. Among these species, Burkholderia multivorans, a member of the Burkholderia cepacia complex, is one of the predominant species infecting the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients, often causing respiratory chronic infections that are very difficult to eradicate. Since the B. multivorans species is understudied, we have developed a genetic tool based on the CRISPR/Cas9 system to delete genes efficiently from the genomes of these strains. We could also insert foreign genes that can be precisely placed in a chosen genomic region. This method, faster than other conventional strategies based on allelic exchange, will have a major contribution to understanding the virulence mechanisms in B. multivorans, but it can likely be extended to other Burkholderia species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirela R. Ferreira
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Vasco Queiroga
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Leonilde M. Moreira
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Ye L, Zheng Z, Xu Y, Yang C, Heng H, Li F, Chan EWC, Chen S. Prevalence and genetic basis of tetracycline resistance in Vibrioparahaemolyticus isolates recovered from food products in Shenzhen, China during 2013 to 2021. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 902:166026. [PMID: 37541513 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Understanding tetracycline resistance in Vibrio parahaemolyticus from food products is crucial for effective control measures against this foodborne pathogen. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, evolution routes, and mechanism of transmission of tetracycline resistance in Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates collected from food products in Shenzhen, China. A total of 2342 non-duplicate Vibrio parahaemolyticus were isolated from 3509 food samples during the period 2013-2021. Among these 2342 Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains, 530 (21.37 %) were resistant to tetracycline. These tetracycline-resistant Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains were mainly isolated from shrimp samples, with the highest resistance rate (46.9 %) observed in 2019. Phylogenetic and genomic analyses of 387 isolates carrying the tet genes revealed that five different types of tet genes (tet(34), tet(A), tet(B), tet(M), and tet(E)) were present. The tet(A) gene was the most common (65 % of isolates), while tet(E) and tet(M) genes were only detected in specific years. Although tet(A) is the most commonly detected gene, it only encodes resistance in a low percentage of strains (47/129). On the other hand, the resistance rate is highest in isolates carrying tet(B) (41/55). Interestingly, V. parahaemolyticus carrying the tet genes were not necessarily tetracycline-resistant, and vice versa. A total of six different types of plasmids and two transposable units were found to carry the tet genes. V. parahaemolyticus strains that harbored these plasmids were often resistant to multiple antibiotics, indicating that horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes is common among V. parahaemolyticus strains. Our findings suggest a high prevalence of tetracycline resistance in Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains recovered from food products in Shenzhen, China. These results provide valuable insight into the evolution and transmission of tetracycline resistance in foodborne Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates and highlight the need for effective control measures to prevent the spread of antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianwei Ye
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong; State Key Lab of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery and the Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Zhiwei Zheng
- State Key Lab of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery and the Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong; Shenzhen Key Lab for Biological Safety Control, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yating Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong; State Key Lab of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery and the Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Chen Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong; State Key Lab of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery and the Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Heng Heng
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong; State Key Lab of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery and the Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Fuyong Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Edward Wai Chi Chan
- State Key Lab of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery and the Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Sheng Chen
- State Key Lab of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery and the Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong; Shenzhen Key Lab for Biological Safety Control, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China; Animal Health Research Center, City University of Hong Kong Chengdu Research Institute, Chengdu, China.
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Yu Y, Tang M, Wang Y, Liao M, Wang C, Rong X, Li B, Ge J, Gao Y, Dong X, Zhang Z. Virulence and antimicrobial resistance characteristics assessment of Vibrio isolated from shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) breeding system in south China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 252:114615. [PMID: 36773438 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The diseases caused by Vibrio during shrimp breeding program have the risk of spreading in different aquatic areas through larvae transportation between different regions. Therefore, the population distribution and the virulence and antibiotic resistance risk of 5 pathogenic Vibrio in shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) breeding system in China were evaluated for the first time. A total of 418 isolates were recovered from shrimp, breeding water and biological baits samples, and 312 isolates were identified as Vibrio genus based on 16s rDNA, among which V. alginolyticus, V. harveyi, V. parahaemolyticus, V. cholerae and V. campbellii were the dominant species. And 10/20 kinds of virulence genes (chiA, luxR, vhh, tlh, chxA, sepro, flaA, vch, VAC and rpoS) were detected among the 5 Vibrio species. Multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index of the 5 dominant Vibrio isolates were 0.13-0.88 %, and 36.5 % isolates with MAR < 0.2. But the antibiotic resistance pattern abundance (ARPA) index ranged from 0.25 to 0.56, which indicated the antibiotic phenotypes of Vibrio species in the shrimp breeding system in China were homogeneity. Furthermore, resistance quotients (RQs) calculation results displayed that the dominant Vibrio species in the shrimp breeding system in China showed no or low selection pressure for resistance to cefoperazone/sulbactam, enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, fluoroquine, florfenicol, tetracycline and doxycycline. But only 5 resistance genes were detected, which were strA (43.8 %), strB (11.7 %), QnrVC (2.9 %), sul2 (8.8 %) and Int4 (8.8 %), respectively, and the antimicrobial resistance genotypes were not previously correlated with their phenotypes. The relevant research results provide theoretical basis for epizootic tracking in aquatic system in China, and targeting its final risk in aquatic ecosystem and public health perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxiang Yu
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Miaomiao Tang
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Yingeng Wang
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Meijie Liao
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Chunyuan Wang
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xiaojun Rong
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Bin Li
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jianlong Ge
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yingli Gao
- School of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Xuan Dong
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
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Investigation of antibiotic-resistant vibrios associated with shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) farms. Arch Microbiol 2022; 205:41. [PMID: 36571636 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-03376-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
For the sustainable farming of disease-free and healthy shrimps, antimicrobial use is frequent nowadays in shrimp-cultured system. Considering the serious impact of global antimicrobial resistance (AMR), the present study was focused to investigate the prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant vibrios among infected shrimps (Penaeus vannamei) from two brackish water-cultured farms. Diverse species of vibrios viz. V. alginolyticus, V. parahaemolyticus, V. cholerae, V. mimicus, and V. fluvialis along with Aeromonas hydrophila, A. salmonicida and Shewanella algae were recovered from the shrimps on TCBS medium. Shannon-Wiener diversity index and H' (loge) were 1.506 and 1.69 for the isolates from farm 1 and farm 2, respectively. V. alginolyticus was found to be the most resistant isolate by showing multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index of 0.60 followed by V. mimicus (0.54) and V. parahaemolyticus (0.42). Among the 35 antibiotics of 15 different classes tested, tetracyclines, beta-lactams and cephalosporins were found as the most resistant antibiotic classes. All the isolates possessed a MAR index > 0.2 and the majority exhibited minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) > 256 mcg/ml, thereby indicating the excess exposure of antibiotics in the systems. An enhanced altered resistance phenotype and a significant shift in the MAR index were noticed after plasmid curing. Public health is further concerning because plasmid-borne AMR is evident among the isolates and the studied shrimp samples are significant in the food industry. This baseline information will help the authorities to curb antimicrobial use and pave the way for establishing new alternative strategies by undertaking a multidimensional "One-Health" approach.
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Prevalence, Antibiotics Resistance and Plasmid Profiling of Vibrio spp. Isolated from Cultured Shrimp in Peninsular Malaysia. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10091851. [PMID: 36144453 PMCID: PMC9505939 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10091851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio is the most common bacterium associated with diseases in crustaceans. Outbreaks of vibriosis pose a serious threat to shrimp production. Therefore, antibiotics are commonly used as preventative and therapeutic measures. Unfortunately, improper use of antibiotics leads to antibiotic resistance. Nevertheless, information on the occurrence of Vibrio spp. and antibiotic use in shrimp, particularly in Malaysia, is minimal. This study aimed to provide information on the occurrence of Vibrio spp., its status of antibiotic resistance and the plasmid profiles of Vibrio spp. isolated from cultured shrimp in Peninsular Malaysia. Shrimp were sampled from seven farms that were located in different geographical regions of Peninsular Malaysia. According to the observations, 85% of the shrimp were healthy, whereas 15% were unhealthy. Subsequently, 225 presumptive Vibrio isolates were subjected to biochemical tests and molecular detection using the pyrH gene. The isolates were also tested for antibiotic susceptibility against 16 antibiotics and were subjected to plasmid profiling. Eventually, 13 different Vibrio spp. were successfully isolated and characterized using the pyrH gene. They were the following: V. parahaemolyticus (55%), V. communis (9%), V. campbellii (8%), V. owensii (7%), V. rotiferianus (5%), Vibrio spp. (4%), V. alginolyticus (3%), V. brasiliensis (2%), V. natriegens (2%), V. xuii (1%), V. harveyi (1%), V. hepatarius (0.4%) and P. damselae (3%). Antibiotic susceptibility profiles revealed that all isolates were resistant to penicillin G (100%), but susceptible to norfloxacin (96%). Furthermore, 16% of the isolates revealed MAR of less than 0.2, while 84% were greater than 0.2. A total of 125 isolates harbored plasmids with molecular weights between 1.0 and above 10 kb, detected among the resistant isolates. The resistant isolates were mediated by both chromosomal and plasmid factors. These findings support the use of surveillance data on the emerging patterns of antimicrobial-resistance and plasmid profiles of Vibrio spp. in shrimp farms. The findings from this study can be used to develop a better disease management strategy for shrimp farming.
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Valdez C, Costa C, Simões M, de Carvalho CCCR, Baptista T, Campos MJ. Detection of mcr-1 Gene in Undefined Vibrio Species Isolated from Clams. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10020394. [PMID: 35208850 PMCID: PMC8876837 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The increase of antimicrobial resistant strains is leading to an emerging threat to public health. Pathogenic Vibrio are responsible for human and animal illness. The Enterobacteriaceae family includes microorganisms that affect humans, causing several infections. One of the main causes of human infection is related to the ingestion of undercooked seafood. Due to their filter-feeding habit, marine invertebrates, such as clams, are known to be a natural reservoir of specific microbial communities. In the present study, Vibrionaceae and coliforms microorganisms were isolated from clams. A microbial susceptibility test was performed using the disk diffusion method. From 43 presumptive Vibrio spp. and 17 coliforms, three Vibrio spp. with MICs to colistin >512 mg L−1 were found. From the 23 antimicrobial resistance genes investigated, only the three isolates that showed phenotypic resistance to colistin contained the mcr-1 gene. Genotypic analysis for virulence genes in EB07V indicated chiA gene presence. The results from the plasmid cure and transformation showed that the resistance is chromosomally mediated. Biochemical analysis and MLSA, on the basis of four protein-coding gene sequences (recA, rpoB, groEL and dnaJ), grouped the isolates into the genus Vibrio but distinguished them as different from any known Vibrio spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Valdez
- MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Polytechnic of Leiria, 2520-630 Peniche, Portugal; (C.V.); (C.C.); (M.S.); (T.B.)
| | - Cátia Costa
- MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Polytechnic of Leiria, 2520-630 Peniche, Portugal; (C.V.); (C.C.); (M.S.); (T.B.)
| | - Marco Simões
- MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Polytechnic of Leiria, 2520-630 Peniche, Portugal; (C.V.); (C.C.); (M.S.); (T.B.)
| | - Carla C. C. R. de Carvalho
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Department of Bioengineering, Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Teresa Baptista
- MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Polytechnic of Leiria, 2520-630 Peniche, Portugal; (C.V.); (C.C.); (M.S.); (T.B.)
| | - Maria J. Campos
- MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Polytechnic of Leiria, 2520-630 Peniche, Portugal; (C.V.); (C.C.); (M.S.); (T.B.)
- Correspondence:
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10
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Systematic review and meta-analysis of environmental Vibrio species - antibiotic resistance. Heliyon 2022; 8:e08845. [PMID: 35265752 PMCID: PMC8899705 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Adequate comprehension of the genomics of microbial resistance to an antimicrobial agent will advance knowledge on the management of associated pathologies and public health safety. However, continued emergences and reemergence of pathogens, including Vibrio species, hallmarks a potential knowledge gap. A clear understanding of the process and forecast of the next trend should be in place to nip in the bud, microbial acquisition of resistance to antibiotics. Therefore, this two-decade (1 January 2000 to 31 December 2019) systematic review and meta-analytical study articulated the prevalence and incidence of antibiotics resistance genes in Vibrio species isolated from environmental samples. Articles from the Web of Science and PubMed electronic databases was engaged. Heterogeneity of the data and bias were analyzed with random effect model meta-analysis and funnel plot. A total of 1920 Vibrio sp. were reported by the ten selected articles included in this study; out of which 32.39% of identified isolates displayed antimicrobial resistance and associated genes. The distribution of antibiotics resistance genes in Vibrio sp., reported within six countries was 21% tetracycline (tet), and 20% sulphonamide (sul) and β-lactamase (bla) respectively. The quinolone, tetracycline and sulfonamide resistance genes showed 32.97% (95% CI 0.18–0.53) prevalence while chloramphenicol, macrolides and aminoglycoside resistance genes are expressed in percentages as 28.67% (95% CI 0.15–0.47) and β-lactamase resistance genes 27.93% (95% CI 0.11–0.56) respectively. The Vibrio antibiotics resistance genes (V-ARG) distribution depicts no regular trend or pattern from the analyzed data. Consequently, more studies would be required to articulate the structure of cohesion in the distribution of the resistance determinants in microbes.
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11
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Prevalence, detection of virulence genes and antimicrobial susceptibility of pathogen Vibrio species isolated from different types of seafood samples at "La Nueva Viga" market in Mexico City. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2021; 114:1417-1429. [PMID: 34255280 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-021-01591-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Some Vibrio species are important human pathogens owing to they cause infectious diseases such as gastroenteritis, wound infections, septicemia or even death. Many of these illnesses are associated with consumption of contaminated seafood. In the present study, we evaluated the presence of pathogenic Vibrio species, their virulence and antimicrobial susceptibility from 285 different kind of seafood samples from "La Nueva Viga" market in Mexico City. The PCR assay was used for amplification the vppC (collagenase), vmh (hemolysin), tlh (thermolabile hemolysin), and vvhA (hemolytic cytolysin) genes that are specific to Vibrio alginolyticus (detected in 27%), Vibrio mimicus (23.2%), Vibrio parahaemolyticus (28.8%) and Vibrio vulnificus (21.1%), respectively. Several genes encoding virulence factors were amplified. These included V. alginolyticus: pvuA (17.9%), pvsA (50%), wza and lafA (100%); V. mimicus: iut A (60%), toxR (100%); V. parahaemolyticus: pvuA (58.7%), pvsA (26.1%), wza (2.2%), and lafA (100%); and V. vulnificus: wcrA (77.5%), gmhD (57.5%), lafA (100%) and motA (30%). The antibiotic susceptibility of the Vibrio species isolates revealed that most of them were resistant to ampicillin, cephalothin and carbenicillin but susceptible to pefloxacin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Our results indicated a high prevalence of pathogenic Vibrio species in seafood, a high presence of virulence genes and that Vibrio species continuously exposed to antibiotics, therefore, consumption of these kind of seafood carries a potential risk for foodborne illness.
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Occurrence and plasmid profiles of multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae isolated from hawked soymilk samples in the Polytechnic of Ibadan Community, Nigeria. BIOTECHNOLOGIA 2021; 102:209-223. [PMID: 36606028 PMCID: PMC9642925 DOI: 10.5114/bta.2021.106524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the occurrence, antibiotic susceptibility pattern, and plasmid profile of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Enterobacteriaceae isolated from soymilk hawked in the Ibadan Polytechnic Community, Nigeria. Bacterial isolation and identification were performed using a culture-dependent method and biochemical characterization, respectively, while antibiotic susceptibility was tested using the disk diffusion method. Plasmid analysis and curing were performed using standard procedures. The results revealed the following occurrence rate of bacterial species in soymilk samples collected from all axes (South, North, East, West, and Central) of Ibadan Polytechnic: Citrobacter spp., 64%; Klebsiella spp., 7%; Enterobacter spp., Escherichia coli, and Serratia spp., 6% each; Proteus spp., 5%; and Salmonella spp. and Shigella spp., 3% each. The highest heterotrophic bacterial count of 9.3 × 103 CFU/ml was recorded at Ibadan Polytechnic North and South, while the least count (3.2 × 107 CFU/ml) was recorded at Ibadan Polytechnic Central. The highest enteric bacterial count of 1.3 × 103 CFU/ml was recorded in soymilk samples from Ibadan Polytechnic Central, while the least count of 1.7 × 107 CFU/ml was recorded in soymilk samples from Ibadan Polytechnic North. A total of 26% of the isolates showed resistance to cefpodoxime, while 88% of the isolates were susceptible to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Four of the MDR isolates possessed plasmid bands ranging from 6 to 1 with molecular weights from 2.7 to 17.2 kbp. Enterobacteriaceae such as isolates O14 (Klebsiella spp.) and B10 (E. coli ) retained their resistance to antibiotics even after removal of plasmids, while isolates S13 (Citrobacter spp.) and O4 (Shigella spp.) were susceptible to some antibiotics after curing. Conclusively, soymilk sold in the sampled areas was highly contaminated with Enterobacteriaceae, thereby indicating poor hygiene standards of soymilk production.
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13
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Naphthoquinones and Their Derivatives: Emerging Trends in Combating Microbial Pathogens. COATINGS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings11040434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the current era, an ever-emerging threat of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens pose serious health challenges to mankind. Researchers are uninterruptedly putting their efforts to design and develop alternative, innovative strategies to tackle the antibiotic resistance displayed by varied pathogens. Among several naturally derived and chemically synthesized compounds, quinones have achieved a distinct position to defeat microbial pathogens. This review unleashes the structural diversity and promising biological activities of naphthoquinones (NQs) and their derivatives documented in the past two decades. Further, realizing their functional potentialities, researchers were encouraged to approach NQs as lead molecules. We have retrieved information that is dedicated on biological applications (antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic) of NQs. The multiple roles of NQs offer them a promising armory to combat microbial pathogens including MDR and the ESKAPE (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp.) group. In bacteria, NQs may exhibit their function in the following ways (1) plasmid curing, (2) inhibiting efflux pumps (EPs), (3) generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), (4) the inhibition of topoisomerase activity. Sparse but meticulous literature suggests the mechanistic roles of NQs. We have highlighted the possible mechanisms of NQs and how the targeted drug synthesis can be achieved via molecular docking analysis. This bioinformatics-oriented approach will explicitly lead to the development of effective and most potent drugs against targeted pathogens. The mechanistic approaches of emerging molecules like NQs might prove a milestone to defeat the battle against microbial pathogens.
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Olawale SI, Busayo OOM, Olatunji OI, Mariam M, Olayinka OS. Plasmid profiles and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of bacteria isolated from abattoirs wastewater within Ilorin, Kwara, Nigeria. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 2021; 12:547-555. [PMID: 33613909 PMCID: PMC7884279 DOI: 10.18502/ijm.v12i6.5029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Waste water from abattoirs could harbour bacteria some of which are pathogenic. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the quality of wastewater from some abattoirs in Ilorin, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: The counts of viable bacteria, total coliform, faecal coliform, enterococci, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and Salmonella/Shigella spp. of the wastewater was determined using selective media. The sanitary condition appraisal, antibiotic susceptibility test and plasmid profile of the isolates were assessed using standard methods. Results: The highest count of viable bacteria and total coliform obtained were 9.0 × 107 and 3.0 × 107 CFU/ml respectively. Faecal coliform and enterococcal count had the same highest value of 3.0 × 105 CFU/ml. The highest count of pathogenic bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella spp. were 2.5 × 108, 1.9 × 107 and 3.0 × 104 CFU/ml respectively. The abattoirs sanitary scores ranged from 28.6–57.1%. The isolates showed multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index ranging from 0.5–1.0. Plasmid curing with 0.1 mg/ml of acridine orange solution led to reduction in the MAR index of most of the Gram negative bacteria. Pseudomonas stutzeri was susceptible to all the antibiotics while Proteus vulgaris was resistant to all the antibiotics after curing. Most of the Gram negative bacteria isolated belong to the families Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonadaceae while the Gram positive bacteria belong to the families Staphylococcaceae, Enterococcaceae and Streptococcaceae. Conclusion: It was concluded from this study that wastewaters from the abattoirs were contaminated by bacteria with high MAR index. Most of these bacteria borne their antibiotic resistant factors in their plasmid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sule Ismaila Olawale
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Muhammed Mariam
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara, Nigeria
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15
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Prevalence and mechanisms of linezolid resistance among staphylococcal clinical isolates from Egypt. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 40:815-823. [PMID: 33104900 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-020-04045-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of methicillin-resistant staphylococci necessitated the search for alternative agents as linezolid, introduced to treat infections due to multidrug-resistant bacteria. Linezolid resistance has since emerged, yet its global prevalence remains low. In Egypt, little is known about the situation. We investigated the prevalence and mechanisms of resistance among Egyptian staphylococcal clinical isolates. Linezolid resistance among 232 staphylococcal isolates obtained from Alexandria Main Hospitals between 2011 and 2016 was assessed using disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration. Resistant isolates were checked for cfr presence using polymerase chain reaction. The V domain of different alleles of 23S rRNA gene was investigated for mutations. Selection for linezolid-resistant mutants was performed in vitro through serial passages in linezolid sub-inhibitory concentrations. Combinations of linezolid with imipenem or anti-inflammatory agents were investigated using time-kill and modified checkerboard assays. Three Staphylococcus haemolyticus isolates (1.3%) from 2015 to 2016 were linezolid-resistant. One isolate carried cfr which was plasmid-borne, and together with another isolate which had a G2603T point mutation in the V domain of 23S rRNA gene. Successive exposure to linezolid sub-inhibitory concentrations was selected for three resistant Staphylococcus aureus mutants out of ten susceptible isolates. These mutants were more resistant towards different antibiotic classes than their susceptible parents. Linezolid combinations with imipenem, ibuprofen, or aspirin were synergistic against the isolates and mutants. Despite unregulated use of linezolid, resistance remains fairly low among the Egyptian isolates. Strict antimicrobial stewardship guidelines are needed in hospitals and the community to guard against further evolution of resistant mutants.
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16
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Håkonsholm F, Lunestad BT, Aguirre Sánchez JR, Martinez‐Urtaza J, Marathe NP, Svanevik CS. Vibrios from the Norwegian marine environment: Characterization of associated antibiotic resistance and virulence genes. Microbiologyopen 2020; 9:e1093. [PMID: 32558371 PMCID: PMC7520990 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 116 Vibrio isolates comprising V. alginolyticus (n = 53), V. metschnikovii (n = 38), V. anguillarum (n = 21), V. antiquarius (n = 2), and V. fujianensis (n = 2) were obtained from seawater, fish, or bivalve molluscs from temperate Oceanic and Polar Oceanic area around Norway. Antibiotic sensitivity testing revealed resistance or reduced susceptibility to ampicillin (74%), oxolinic acid (33%), imipenem (21%), aztreonam (19%), and tobramycin (17%). Whole-genome sequence analysis of eighteen drug-resistant isolates revealed the presence of genes like β-lactamases, chloramphenicol-acetyltransferases, and genes conferring tetracycline and quinolone resistance. The strains also carried virulence genes like hlyA, tlh, rtxA to D and aceA, E and F. The genes for cholerae toxin (ctx), thermostable direct hemolysin (tdh), or zonula occludens toxin (zot) were not detected in any of the isolates. The present study shows low prevalence of multidrug resistance and absence of virulence genes of high global concern among environmental vibrios in Norway. However, in the light of climate change, and projected rising sea surface temperatures, even in the cold temperate areas, there is a need for frequent monitoring of resistance and virulence in vibrios to be prepared for future public health challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jaime Martinez‐Urtaza
- Department of Genetics and MicrobiologyUniversitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB)BarcelonaSpain
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17
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Antibiotic-resistant Enterobacteriaceae from diseased freshwater goldfish. Arch Microbiol 2020; 203:219-231. [PMID: 32803348 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-020-02021-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Goldfish farming gained more attention among the ornamental fishes in aquaculture industry. The occurrence of bacterial infections and further antimicrobial treatment lead to the major crisis of antibiotic resistance in aquaculture. We have isolated diverse enterobacteriaceae groups which affect the goldfish and identified their response towards 46 antimicrobials of 15 different classes. Thirteen significant bacterial isolates such as Edwardsiella tarda, Serratia marcescens, Klebsiella aerogenes, Proteus penneri, P. hauseri, Enterobacter cloacae, E. cancerogenus, E. ludwigii, Citrobacter freundii, E. coli, Kluyvera cryocrescens, Plesiomonas shigelloides and Providencia vermicola were recovered from the infected fish with the Shannon-wiener diversity index of 2.556. Multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index was found to be maximum for P. penneri (0.87) and minimum for C. freundii and E. cloacae (0.22), highlighting the hyper antibiotic selection pressure in the farm. The minimum concentration of antibiotics required to inhibit most of the resistant isolates was found to be > 256 mcg/ml. All the isolates were susceptible towards ciprofloxacin. Plasmid curing and further AMR tests could reveal the location of antibiotic resistance genes mainly as plasmids which determine the large extent of AMR spread through horizontal gene transfer. This study is the first of its kind to investigate the antimicrobial resistance profile of enterobacteriaceae recovered from goldfish, before and after plasmid curing.
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18
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A risk as an infection route: Nasal colonization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus USA300 clone among contact sport athletes in Japan. J Infect Chemother 2020; 26:862-864. [PMID: 32482515 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2020.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL)-positive USA300 clone is a highly pathogenic and global epidemic community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) clone. Athletes are particularly vulnerable to CA-MRSA infection because of the frequency of skin trauma, close-contact situations, and sharing of equipment that is customary in the athletic setting. We experienced a case of Japanese collegiate football player with septic pulmonary emboli secondary to infectious iliofemoral deep venous thrombosis caused by the USA300 clone. Here, we screened the nasal carriage of USA300 clone colonization among asymptomatic teammate of the patient to elucidate the infection route. Among 69 nasal samples, CA-MRSA strains were found in 5.8% (four samples). Molecular epidemiological analyses showed that three of the CA-MRSA strains were USA300 clone. Furthermore, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis revealed that all nasal USA300 clones showed 100% identity with the USA300 clone isolated from their teammate with critical infection. Our findings indicate that nasal colonization of the PVL-positive CA-MRSA, especially USA300 clone, pose a threat among contact sport athletes in Japan likewise other countries. An immediate infection control strategy for contact sport athletes is necessary to prevent outbreaks of PVL-positive CA-MRSA infections.
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19
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Hadjadj L, Baron SA, Olaitan AO, Morand S, Rolain JM. Co-occurrence of Variants of mcr-3 and mcr- 8 Genes in a Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolate From Laos. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2720. [PMID: 31849875 PMCID: PMC6887894 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Colistin is considered as a last resort antibiotic. The re-use of this antibiotic highlighted the emergence of colistin resistance mediated by chromosomal and plasmidic resistance mechanisms. Five colistin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strains from Laos and Thailand were analyzed by Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) approaches to determine their colistin resistance mechanisms. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing, conjugation and transformation were performed on these strains. Moreover, whole genome sequencing (WGS) combining Illumina (MiSeq) and Oxford Nanopore technologies (MinION) was realized to obtain closed genomes and plasmids. Resistome analyses as well as location of mcr genes and its genetic environments were done in silico. All five strains had colistin MIC of 32 mg/L and were positive for mcr-3 variants including additionally positive for a mcr-8 variant gene. The novel variants were named mcr-3.21, mcr-3.26, mcr-3.28, and mcr-8.3 genes. The mcr-3 variants genes were located on plasmids IncP1, IncFII, and IncI1 type, while mcr-8.3 gene was found on an IncFII type plasmid. The genetic environment of mcr-3.21 and mcr-3.26 genes were composed of a composite transposon ISKpn40- mcr-3-dgkA- ISKpn40. Concerning mcr-8.3 gene, a similar genetic environment of mcr-8.1 gene surrounded by ISIX2 and IS903B was observed. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first description of the novel variants mcr-3.21, mcr-3.26, mcr-3.28 and mcr-8.3 genes as well as the first study on co-occurrence of mcr-3 and mcr-8 genes. Spread and evolution of mcr genes should be monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Hadjadj
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, MEPHI, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Marseille, France.,IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Sophie Alexandra Baron
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, MEPHI, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Marseille, France.,IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.,Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Abiola Olumuyiwa Olaitan
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, MEPHI, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Marseille, France.,IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Serge Morand
- Institut des Sciences de l'Évolution, CNRS-IRD-UM2, CC065, Université Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Marc Rolain
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, MEPHI, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Marseille, France.,IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.,Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
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20
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Amalina NZ, Santha S, Zulperi D, Amal MNA, Yusof MT, Zamri-Saad M, Ina-Salwany MY. Prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility and plasmid profiling of Vibrio spp. isolated from cultured groupers in Peninsular Malaysia. BMC Microbiol 2019; 19:251. [PMID: 31711432 PMCID: PMC6849203 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1624-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous prevalence studies of Vibrio spp. infection in fish have been extensively reported worldwide, including Malaysia. Unfortunately, information on the prevalence of Vibrio spp. in groupers (Epinephelus spp.) is limited. In this study, groupers obtained from nine farms located at different geographical regions in Malaysia were sampled for the presence of pathogenic Vibrio spp. and their susceptibility profiles against seven antibiotics. RESULTS Out of 270 grouper samples, 195 (72%) were detected with the presence of Vibrio spp. Vibrio communis showed highest prevalence in grouper (28%), followed by V. parahaemolyticus (25%), V. alginolyticus (19%), V. vulnificus (14%), V. rotiferianus (3%), Vibrio sp. (3%), V. campbellii (2%), V. mytili (2%), V. furnissii (2%), V. harveyi (1%), V. tubiashii (1%), V. fluvialis (0.3%) and V. diabolicus (0.3%). Assessment on the antibiotic susceptibility profiles of the Vibrio spp. revealed that majority of the isolates were susceptible to tetracycline, streptomycin, erythromycin and bacitracin, but resistance to ampicillin, penicillin G and vancomycin. The mean MAR index of the Vibrio isolates was 0.51, with 85% of the isolates showed MAR index value of higher than 0.2. Results indicate that the Vibrio spp. were continuously exposed to antibiotics. Furthermore, the plasmid profiles of Vibrio spp. showed that 38.7% of the isolates harbored plasmid with molecular weight of more than 10 kb, while 61.3% were without plasmid. During curing process, Vibrio spp. lost their plasmid, but remained resistant to ampicillin, penicillin G, bacitracin and vancomycin while a few isolates remained resistant to erythromycin, streptomycin and tetracycline. The results suggested that the resistance to antibiotics in isolated Vibrio spp. might be due to chromosomal and plasmid borne. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the prevalence of Vibrio spp. in groupers and the distribution of multidrug resistance strains that could be of concern to the farmers in Malaysia. In addition, data from this study can be further used in fish disease management plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nor Zulkiply Amalina
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Silvaraj Santha
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Dzarifah Zulperi
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Noor Azmai Amal
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Mohd Termizi Yusof
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Mohd Zamri-Saad
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
- Department of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Md Yasin Ina-Salwany
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
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Blázquez J, Rodríguez-Beltrán J, Matic I. Antibiotic-Induced Genetic Variation: How It Arises and How It Can Be Prevented. Annu Rev Microbiol 2019; 72:209-230. [PMID: 30200850 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-090817-062139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
By targeting essential cellular processes, antibiotics provoke metabolic perturbations and induce stress responses and genetic variation in bacteria. Here we review current knowledge of the mechanisms by which these molecules generate genetic instability. They include production of reactive oxygen species, as well as induction of the stress response regulons, which lead to enhancement of mutation and recombination rates and modulation of horizontal gene transfer. All these phenomena influence the evolution and spread of antibiotic resistance. The use of strategies to stop or decrease the generation of resistant variants is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Blázquez
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain; .,Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiologia y Medicina Preventiva, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, 41013 Seville, Spain.,Red Española de Investigacion en Patologia Infecciosa, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Ivan Matic
- Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, INSERM 1001, CNRS, Université Paris-Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France;
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22
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Yang R, Santos Garcia D, Pérez Montaño F, da Silva GM, Zhao M, Jiménez Guerrero I, Rosenberg T, Chen G, Plaschkes I, Morin S, Walcott R, Burdman S. Complete Assembly of the Genome of an Acidovorax citrulli Strain Reveals a Naturally Occurring Plasmid in This Species. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1400. [PMID: 31281298 PMCID: PMC6595937 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acidovorax citrulli is the causal agent of bacterial fruit blotch (BFB), a serious threat to cucurbit crop production worldwide. Based on genetic and phenotypic properties, A. citrulli strains are divided into two major groups: group I strains have been generally isolated from melon and other non-watermelon cucurbits, while group II strains are closely associated with watermelon. In a previous study, we reported the genome of the group I model strain, M6. At that time, the M6 genome was sequenced by MiSeq Illumina technology, with reads assembled into 139 contigs. Here, we report the assembly of the M6 genome following sequencing with PacBio technology. This approach not only allowed full assembly of the M6 genome, but it also revealed the occurrence of a ∼53 kb plasmid. The M6 plasmid, named pACM6, was further confirmed by plasmid extraction, Southern-blot analysis of restricted fragments and obtention of M6-derivative cured strains. pACM6 occurs at low copy numbers (average of ∼4.1 ± 1.3 chromosome equivalents) in A. citrulli M6 and contains 63 open reading frames (ORFs), most of which (55.6%) encoding hypothetical proteins. The plasmid contains several genes encoding type IV secretion components, and typical plasmid-borne genes involved in plasmid maintenance, replication and transfer. The plasmid also carries an operon encoding homologs of a Fic-VbhA toxin-antitoxin (TA) module. Transcriptome data from A. citrulli M6 revealed that, under the tested conditions, the genes encoding the components of this TA system are among the highest expressed genes in pACM6. Whether this TA module plays a role in pACM6 maintenance is still to be determined. Leaf infiltration and seed transmission assays revealed that, under tested conditions, the loss of pACM6 did not affect the virulence of A. citrulli M6. We also show that pACM6 or similar plasmids are present in several group I strains, but absent in all tested group II strains of A. citrulli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongzhi Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Diego Santos Garcia
- Department of Entomology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Francisco Pérez Montaño
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel.,Department of Microbiology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Gustavo Mateus da Silva
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Mei Zhao
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Irene Jiménez Guerrero
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Tally Rosenberg
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Gong Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Inbar Plaschkes
- Bioinformatics Unit, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shai Morin
- Department of Entomology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ron Walcott
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Saul Burdman
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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23
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Silvester R, Pires J, Van Boeckel TP, Madhavan A, Balakrishnan Meenakshikutti A, Hatha M. Occurrence of β-Lactam Resistance Genes and Plasmid-Mediated Resistance Among Vibrios Isolated from Southwest Coast of India. Microb Drug Resist 2019; 25:1306-1315. [PMID: 31219408 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2019.0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a serious global threat driven by the overuse of drugs in humans, animals, as well as the contamination of natural environments with antimicrobial residues. In recent years, the rise of community-acquired infections resistant to antibiotics has drawn renewed attention to the environmental compartment, in particular for pathogens found in aquaculture systems. We quantified the prevalence of antibiotic resistance in Vibrios isolated from the Cochin Estuary as well as the adjoining shrimp farms, and seafood from markets. A total of 280 Vibrio strains were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing and screened for the presence of blaTEM, blaCTX-M, and blaNDM-1 genes. All strains identified were resistant to at least three antimicrobials, and the percentage of drugs resistant per strain ranged from 16% up to 60%. All the strains from the estuary were resistant to amoxicillin, ampicillin, cephalothin, and colistin. Similarly, strains isolated from seafood were resistant to enrofloxacin, furazolidone, and trimethoprim, and all strains from shrimp farms were resistant to colistin. Plasmid-mediated antibiotic resistance was observed in 21% of the strains. In addition, the presence of blaNDM-1 gene was confirmed in 22.85% of the strains. The presence of multiple resistant phenotypes in vibrios, including resistance to last-resort compounds in domestic food sources, raises serious concerns for public health in the Cochin Estuary. Although localized in nature, our findings also have vital implications for the spread of AMR internationally, given the prominence of South India for seafood exports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshma Silvester
- Department of Marine Biology, Microbiology and Biochemistry, CUSAT, Kochi, India.,Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics and Policy (CDDEP), New Delhi, India
| | - Joao Pires
- Department of Earth Systems Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas P Van Boeckel
- Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics and Policy (CDDEP), New Delhi, India.,Department of Earth Systems Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ajin Madhavan
- Department of Marine Biology, Microbiology and Biochemistry, CUSAT, Kochi, India
| | | | - Mohamed Hatha
- Department of Marine Biology, Microbiology and Biochemistry, CUSAT, Kochi, India
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24
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Lee LH, Ab Mutalib NS, Law JWF, Wong SH, Letchumanan V. Discovery on Antibiotic Resistance Patterns of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Selangor Reveals Carbapenemase Producing Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Marine and Freshwater Fish. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2513. [PMID: 30410472 PMCID: PMC6209626 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus, a Gram-negative halophilic bacterium is often associated with fish and fishery products, thus causing gastroenteritis in humans upon ingestion of contaminated food. V. parahaemolyticus has become a globally well-known pathogen with yearly reported cases in many countries. This study aimed to discover the antibiotic resistance patterns of V. parahaemolyticus as well as detect Carbapenem resistant isolates from marine and freshwater fish in Selangor. A total of 240 freshwater and marine fish samples collected from wet market and supermarket in Selangor were tested for the presence of V. parahaemolyticus. All the fish samples were determined positive for V. parahaemolyticus using conventional microbiological culture-based method. The toxR gene were detected via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 165/240 (69%) isolates. The two-virulence factor of V. parahaemolyticus, thermostable direct hemolysin (tdh) and TDH-related hemolysin (trh) was screened via PCR. As such, four isolates were trh+and none were tdh+. Majority of the isolates presented high resistance to ampicillin (88%), amikacin (64%), and kanamycin (50%). In addition, this study identified 19-imipenem resistant isolates isolated from freshwater and marine fish samples. Further analysis of these 19-imipenem resistant isolates revealed that the resistance toward imipenem was plasmid mediated after plasmid curing assay. The multiple antibiotics resistance index was >0.2 for 70% of the isolates. In summary, the results confirm the presence of V. parahaemolyticus in freshwater and marine fish samples in Selangor, Malaysia. To our best knowledge, this is the first report discovering the antibiotic resistant patterns and Carbapenem-resistant isolates of V. parahaemolyticus isolated from marine and freshwater fish samples in Selangor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Learn-Han Lee
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group, Biomedicine Research Advancement Centre, School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
- Center of Health Outcomes Research and Therapeutic Safety, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao, Thailand
| | - Nurul-Syakima Ab Mutalib
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, UKM Medical Centre, National University of Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Jodi Woan-Fei Law
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group, Biomedicine Research Advancement Centre, School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Sunny Hei Wong
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Vengadesh Letchumanan
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group, Biomedicine Research Advancement Centre, School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
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25
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Lee LH, Raghunath P. Editorial: Vibrionaceae Diversity, Multidrug Resistance and Management. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:563. [PMID: 29632526 PMCID: PMC5879112 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Learn-Han Lee
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia.,Center of Health Outcomes Research and Therapeutic Safety, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao, Thailand
| | - Pendru Raghunath
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Texila American University, Georgetown, Guyana
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26
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Vibrio Pathogens: A Public Health Concern in Rural Water Resources in Sub-Saharan Africa. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14101188. [PMID: 28991153 PMCID: PMC5664689 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14101188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Members of the Vibrio genus are autochthonous inhabitants of aquatic environments and play vital roles in sustaining the aquatic milieu. The genus comprises about 100 species, which are mostly of marine or freshwater origin, and their classification is frequently updated due to the continuous discovery of novel species. The main route of transmission of Vibrio pathogens to man is through drinking of contaminated water and consumption inadequately cooked aquatic food products. In sub-Saharan Africa and much of the developing world, some rural dwellers use freshwater resources such as rivers for domestic activities, bathing, and cultural and religious purposes. This review describes the impact of inadequately treated sewage effluents on the receiving freshwater resources and the associated risk to the rural dwellers that depends on the water. Vibrio infections remain a threat to public health. In the last decade, Vibrio disease outbreaks have created alertness on the personal, economic, and public health uncertainties associated with the impact of contaminated water in the aquatic environment of sub-Saharan Africa. In this review, we carried out an overview of Vibrio pathogens in rural water resources in Sub-Saharan Africa and the implication of Vibrio pathogens on public health. Continuous monitoring of Vibrio pathogens among environmental freshwater and treated effluents is expected to help reduce the risk associated with the early detection of sources of infection, and also aid our understanding of the natural ecology and evolution of Vibrio pathogens.
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27
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Selenium nanoparticle-enriched biomass of Yarrowia lipolytica enhances growth and survival of Artemia salina. Enzyme Microb Technol 2017; 106:48-54. [PMID: 28859809 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Controlling disease outbreaks is a major challenge in aquaculture farms and conventional methods are often ineffective. Nutritional supplementation and probiotic preparations help in reducing severity of such infections. The generally regarded as safe yeast (Yarrowia lipolytica) was used in the current study. A marine strain of Y. lipolytica exhibited tolerance towards sodium selenite and formed cell associated selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs). The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM) observations. Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy indicated the role of carboxylic and amine groups in the synthesis of nanoparticles. This SeNP-enriched biomass was used as feed for the model aquaculture system, Artemia salina and compared with normal feed, baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). A. salina fed with SeNP-enriched biomass, showed increased survival rates (96.66%) as compared to those fed with S. cerevisiae (60.0%). The size of the larvae fed with SeNP-enriched biomass of Y. lipolytica was also found to be larger. Additionally, larval groups fed with SeNP-enriched biomass were better protected (70.0% survival) against V. harveyi infection when compared with groups fed with S. cerevisiae (24.44%). This combination of selenium in the nanoparticle form associated with the biomass of Y. lipolytica has potential application in improving health of aquaculture species in farms.
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28
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Heng SP, Letchumanan V, Deng CY, Ab Mutalib NS, Khan TM, Chuah LH, Chan KG, Goh BH, Pusparajah P, Lee LH. Vibrio vulnificus: An Environmental and Clinical Burden. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:997. [PMID: 28620366 PMCID: PMC5449762 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio vulnificus is a Gram negative, rod shaped bacterium that belongs to the family Vibrionaceae. It is a deadly, opportunistic human pathogen which is responsible for the majority of seafood-associated deaths worldwide. V. vulnificus infection can be fatal as it may cause severe wound infections potentially requiring amputation or lead to sepsis in susceptible individuals. Treatment is increasingly challenging as V. vulnificus has begun to develop resistance against certain antibiotics due to their indiscriminate use. This article aims to provide insight into the antibiotic resistance of V. vulnificus in different parts of the world as well as an overall review of its clinical manifestations, treatment, and prevention. Understanding the organism's antibiotic resistance profile is vital in order to select appropriate treatment and initiate appropriate prevention measures to treat and control V. vulnificus infections, which should eventually help lower the mortality rate associated with this pathogen worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sing-Peng Heng
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University MalaysiaBandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Vengadesh Letchumanan
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of MalayaKuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University MalaysiaBandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Chuan-Yan Deng
- Zhanjiang Evergreen South Ocean Science and Technology CorporationGuangdong, China
| | - Nurul-Syakima Ab Mutalib
- UKM Medical Centre, UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan MalaysiaKuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Tahir M. Khan
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University MalaysiaBandar Sunway, Malaysia
- Department of Pharmacy, Absyn University PeshawarPeshawar, Pakistan
| | - Lay-Hong Chuah
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University MalaysiaBandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Kok-Gan Chan
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of MalayaKuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Bey-Hing Goh
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University MalaysiaBandar Sunway, Malaysia
- Center of Health Outcomes Research and Therapeutic Safety (Cohorts), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of PhayaoPhayao, Thailand
| | - Priyia Pusparajah
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University MalaysiaBandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Learn-Han Lee
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University MalaysiaBandar Sunway, Malaysia
- Center of Health Outcomes Research and Therapeutic Safety (Cohorts), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of PhayaoPhayao, Thailand
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29
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Elimination of indigenous linear plasmids in Streptomyces hygroscopicus var. jinggangensis and Streptomyces sp. FR008 to increase validamycin A and candicidin productivities. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:4247-4257. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8165-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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30
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Letchumanan V, Ser HL, Tan WS, Ab Mutalib NS, Goh BH, Chan KG, Lee LH. Genome Sequence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus VP152 Strain Isolated from Penaeus indicus in Malaysia. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1410. [PMID: 27656174 PMCID: PMC5013126 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vengadesh Letchumanan
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala LumpurMalaysia; Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar SunwayMalaysia
| | - Hooi-Leng Ser
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway Malaysia
| | - Wen-Si Tan
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Nurul-Syakima Ab Mutalib
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, UKM Medical Centre, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Bey-Hing Goh
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar SunwayMalaysia; Center of Health Outcomes Research and Therapeutic Safety, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Phayao, PhayaoThailand
| | - Kok-Gan Chan
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Learn-Han Lee
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar SunwayMalaysia; Center of Health Outcomes Research and Therapeutic Safety, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Phayao, PhayaoThailand
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31
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Letchumanan V, Ser HL, Chan KG, Goh BH, Lee LH. Genome Sequence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus VP103 Strain Isolated from Shrimp in Malaysia. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1496. [PMID: 27708636 PMCID: PMC5030250 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vengadesh Letchumanan
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of MalayaKuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University MalaysiaBandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Hooi-Leng Ser
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Kok-Gan Chan
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Bey-Hing Goh
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University MalaysiaBandar Sunway, Malaysia; Center of Health Outcomes Research and Therapeutic Safety, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of PhayaoPhayao, Thailand
| | - Learn-Han Lee
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University MalaysiaBandar Sunway, Malaysia; Center of Health Outcomes Research and Therapeutic Safety, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of PhayaoPhayao, Thailand
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32
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Letchumanan V, Chan KG, Pusparajah P, Saokaew S, Duangjai A, Goh BH, Ab Mutalib NS, Lee LH. Insights into Bacteriophage Application in Controlling Vibrio Species. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1114. [PMID: 27486446 PMCID: PMC4949243 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infections from various organisms including Vibrio sp. pose a serious hazard to humans in many forms from clinical infection to affecting the yield of agriculture and aquaculture via infection of livestock. Vibrio sp. is one of the main foodborne pathogens causing human infection and is also a common cause of losses in the aquaculture industry. Prophylactic and therapeutic usage of antibiotics has become the mainstay of managing this problem, however, this in turn led to the emergence of multidrug resistant strains of bacteria in the environment; which has raised awareness of the critical need for alternative non-antibiotic based methods of preventing and treating bacterial infections. Bacteriophages - viruses that infect and result in the death of bacteria - are currently of great interest as a highly viable alternative to antibiotics. This article provides an insight into bacteriophage application in controlling Vibrio species as well underlining the advantages and drawbacks of phage therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vengadesh Letchumanan
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala LumpurMalaysia
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Selangor Darul EhsanMalaysia
| | - Kok-Gan Chan
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala LumpurMalaysia
| | - Priyia Pusparajah
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Selangor Darul EhsanMalaysia
| | - Surasak Saokaew
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Selangor Darul EhsanMalaysia
- Center of Health Outcomes Research and Therapeutic Safety, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Phayao, PhayaoThailand
- Pharmaceutical Outcomes Research Center, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, PhitsanulokThailand
| | - Acharaporn Duangjai
- Center of Health Outcomes Research and Therapeutic Safety, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Phayao, PhayaoThailand
- Division of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, PhayaoThailand
| | - Bey-Hing Goh
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Selangor Darul EhsanMalaysia
- Center of Health Outcomes Research and Therapeutic Safety, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Phayao, PhayaoThailand
| | - Nurul-Syakima Ab Mutalib
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, UKM Medical Centre, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala LumpurMalaysia
| | - Learn-Han Lee
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Selangor Darul EhsanMalaysia
- Center of Health Outcomes Research and Therapeutic Safety, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Phayao, PhayaoThailand
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33
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Tan LTH, Chan KG, Lee LH, Goh BH. Streptomyces Bacteria as Potential Probiotics in Aquaculture. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:79. [PMID: 26903962 PMCID: PMC4742533 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to the increased seafood demand from the ever-going human population, aquaculture has become the fastest growing animal food-producing sector. However, the indiscriminate use of antibiotics as a biological control agents for fish pathogens has led to the emergence of antibiotic resistance bacteria. Probiotics are defined as living microbial supplement that exert beneficial effects on hosts as well as improvement of environmental parameters. Probiotics have been proven to be effective in improving the growth, survival and health status of the aquatic livestock. This review aims to highlight the genus Streptomyces can be a good candidate for probiotics in aquaculture. Studies showed that the feed supplemented with Streptomyces could protect fish and shrimp from pathogens as well as increase the growth of the aquatic organisms. Furthermore, the limitations of Streptomyces as probiotics in aquaculture is also highlighted and solutions are discussed to these limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loh Teng-Hern Tan
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University MalaysiaBandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Kok-Gan Chan
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of MalayaKuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Learn-Han Lee
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University MalaysiaBandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Bey-Hing Goh
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University MalaysiaBandar Sunway, Malaysia
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34
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Letchumanan V, Pusparajah P, Tan LTH, Yin WF, Lee LH, Chan KG. Occurrence and Antibiotic Resistance of Vibrio parahaemolyticus from Shellfish in Selangor, Malaysia. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1417. [PMID: 26697003 PMCID: PMC4678184 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
High consumer demand for shellfish has led to the need for large-scale, reliable shellfish supply through aquaculture or shellfish farming. However, bacterial infections which can spread rapidly among shellfish poses a major threat to this industry. Shellfish farmers therefore often resort to extensive use of antibiotics, both prophylactically and therapeutically, in order to protect their stocks. The extensive use of antibiotics in aquaculture has been postulated to represent a major contributing factor in the rising incidence of antimicrobial resistant pathogenic bacteria in shellfish. This study aimed to investigate the incidence of pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus and determine the antibiotic resistance profile as well as to perform plasmid curing in order to determine the antibiotic resistance mediation. Based on colony morphology, all 450 samples tested were positive for Vibrio sp; however, tox-R assay showed that only 44.4% (200/450) of these were V. parahaemolyticus. Out of these 200 samples, 6.5% (13/200) were trh-positive while none were tdh-positive. Antibiotic resistance was determined for all V. parahaemolyticus identified against 14 commonly used antibiotics and the multiple antibiotic resistance index (MAR) was calculated. The isolates demonstrated high resistance to several antibiotics tested- including second and third-line antibiotics- with 88% resistant to ampicillin, 81% to amikacin,70.5% to kanamycin, 73% to cefotaxime, and 51.5% to ceftazidime. The MAR index ranged from 0.00 to 0.79 with the majority of samples having an index of 0.36 (resistant to five antibiotics). Among the 13 trh-positive strains, almost 70% (9/13) demonstrated resistance to 4 or more antibiotics. Plasmid profiling for all V. parahaemolyticus isolates revealed that 86.5% (173/200) contained plasmids - ranging from 1 to 7 plasmids with DNA band sizes ranging from 1.2 kb to greater than 10 kb. 6/13 of the pathogenic V. pathogenic strains contained plasmid. After plasmid curing, the plasmid containing pathogenic strains isolated in our study have chromosomally mediated ampicillin resistance while the remaining resistance phenotypes are plasmid mediated. Overall, our results indicate that while the incidence of pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus in shellfish in Selangor still appears to be at relatively reassuring levels, antibiotic resistance is a real concern and warrants ongoing surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vengadesh Letchumanan
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia ; Biomedical Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Priyia Pusparajah
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Loh Teng-Hern Tan
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Wai-Fong Yin
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Learn-Han Lee
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Kok-Gan Chan
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Law JWF, Ab Mutalib NS, Chan KG, Lee LH. An insight into the isolation, enumeration, and molecular detection of Listeria monocytogenes in food. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1227. [PMID: 26579116 PMCID: PMC4630303 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes, a foodborne pathogen that can cause listeriosis through the consumption of food contaminated with this pathogen. The ability of L. monocytogenes to survive in extreme conditions and cause food contaminations have become a major concern. Hence, routine microbiological food testing is necessary to prevent food contamination and outbreaks of foodborne illness. This review provides insight into the methods for cultural detection, enumeration, and molecular identification of L. monocytogenes in various food samples. There are a number of enrichment and plating media that can be used for the isolation of L. monocytogenes from food samples. Enrichment media such as buffered Listeria enrichment broth, Fraser broth, and University of Vermont Medium (UVM) Listeria enrichment broth are recommended by regulatory agencies such as Food and Drug Administration-bacteriological and analytical method (FDA-BAM), US Department of Agriculture-Food and Safety (USDA-FSIS), and International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Many plating media are available for the isolation of L. monocytogenes, for instance, polymyxin acriflavin lithium-chloride ceftazidime aesculin mannitol, Oxford, and other chromogenic media. Besides, reference methods like FDA-BAM, ISO 11290 method, and USDA-FSIS method are usually applied for the cultural detection or enumeration of L. monocytogenes. most probable number technique is applied for the enumeration of L. monocytogenes in the case of low level contamination. Molecular methods including polymerase chain reaction, multiplex polymerase chain reaction, real-time/quantitative polymerase chain reaction, nucleic acid sequence-based amplification, loop-mediated isothermal amplification, DNA microarray, and next generation sequencing technology for the detection and identification of L. monocytogenes are discussed in this review. Overall, molecular methods are rapid, sensitive, specific, time- and labor-saving. In future, there are chances for the development of new techniques for the detection and identification of foodborne with improved features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi Woan-Fei Law
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash UniversityBandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | | | - Kok-Gan Chan
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of MalayaKuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Learn-Han Lee
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash UniversityBandar Sunway, Malaysia
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