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Gao S, Jin W, Quan Y, Li Y, Shen Y, Yuan S, Yi L, Wang Y, Wang Y. Bacterial capsules: Occurrence, mechanism, and function. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2024; 10:21. [PMID: 38480745 PMCID: PMC10937973 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-024-00497-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
In environments characterized by extended multi-stress conditions, pathogens develop a variety of immune escape mechanisms to enhance their ability to infect the host. The capsules, polymers that bacteria secrete near their cell wall, participates in numerous bacterial life processes and plays a crucial role in resisting host immune attacks and adapting to their niche. Here, we discuss the relationship between capsules and bacterial virulence, summarizing the molecular mechanisms of capsular regulation and pathogenesis to provide new insights into the research on the pathogenesis of pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471000, China
- Henan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Detection and Prevention and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Luoyang, 471003, China
| | - Wenjie Jin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471000, China
- Henan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Detection and Prevention and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Luoyang, 471003, China
| | - Yingying Quan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471000, China
- Henan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Detection and Prevention and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Luoyang, 471003, China
| | - Yue Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471000, China
- Henan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Detection and Prevention and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Luoyang, 471003, China
| | - Yamin Shen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471000, China
- Henan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Detection and Prevention and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Luoyang, 471003, China
| | - Shuo Yuan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471000, China
- Henan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Detection and Prevention and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Luoyang, 471003, China
| | - Li Yi
- Henan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Detection and Prevention and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Luoyang, 471003, China
- College of Life Science, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, 471934, China
| | - Yuxin Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471000, China.
- Henan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Detection and Prevention and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Luoyang, 471003, China.
| | - Yang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471000, China.
- Henan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Detection and Prevention and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Luoyang, 471003, China.
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2
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Wales A, Mackintosh A. JMM Profile: Bacillus anthracis. J Med Microbiol 2023; 72. [PMID: 37602808 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Graphical abstract
Principal routes of
Bacillus anthracis
infection and stages of anthrax pathogenesis, consistent with current understandings. Depending on the route of infection, germination of spores may happen in extracellular tissue fluid, or following phagocytosis (a). Successful infection of host cells leads to toxin-associated cell death and release of vegetative cells and toxin (b). Toxin binds and enters other host cells (c), including those of the immune system, disrupting function. In some cases this leads to systemic disease, which typically is fatal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Wales
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7AL, UK
| | - Adrienne Mackintosh
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone Surrey, KT15 3LJ, UK
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3
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Fastenackels S, Mock M, Tournier JN, Goossens PL. Early expression of capsule during Bacillus anthracis germination. Res Microbiol 2023; 174:104054. [PMID: 37003307 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2023.104054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus anthracis is a spore-forming bacterium that produces two major virulence factors, a tripartite toxin with two enzymatic toxic activities and a pseudo-proteic capsule. One of the main described functions of the poly-gamma-d-glutamate capsule is to enable B. anthracis bacilli to escape phagocytosis. Thus, kinetics of expression of the capsule filaments at the surface of the emerging bacillus during germination is an important step for the protection of the nascent bacilli. In this study, through immunofluorescence and electron microscopic approaches, we show the emergence of the capsule through a significant surface of the exosporium in the vast majority of the germinating spores, with co-detection of BclA and capsular material. This suggests that, due to an early capsule expression, the extracellular life of B. anthracis might occur earlier than previously thought, once germination is triggered. This raises the prospect that an anti-capsular vaccine may play a protective role at the initial stage of infection by opsonisation of the nascent encapsulated bacilli before their emergence from the exosporium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solène Fastenackels
- Laboratory "Immune Microenvironment and Immunotherapy", INSERM U1135, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses Paris (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France.
| | - Michèle Mock
- Institut Pasteur, Yersinia Unit, 26 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.
| | | | - Pierre L Goossens
- Institut Pasteur, Yersinia Unit, 26 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.
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Oh SY, Château A, Tomatsidou A, Elli D, Gula H, Schneewind O, Missiakas D. Modeling gastrointestinal anthrax disease. Res Microbiol 2023; 174:104026. [PMID: 36646261 PMCID: PMC10338639 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2023.104026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus anthracis is a spore-forming microbe that persists in soil and causes anthrax disease. The most natural route of infection is ingestion by grazing animals. Gastrointestinal (GI) anthrax also occurs in their monogastric predators, including humans. Exposure of carcasses to oxygen triggers sporulation and contamination of the surrounding soil completing the unusual life cycle of this microbe. The pathogenesis of GI anthrax is poorly characterized. Here, we use B. anthracis carrying the virulence plasmids pXO1 and pXO2, to model gastrointestinal disease in Guinea pigs and mice. We find that spores germinate in the GI tract and precipitate disease in a dose-dependent manner. Inoculation of vegetative bacilli also results in GI anthrax. Virulence is impacted severely by the loss of capsule (pXO2-encoded) but only moderately in absence of toxins (pXO1-encoded). Nonetheless, the lack of toxins leads to reduced bacterial replication in infected hosts. B. cereus Elc4, a strain isolated from a fatal case of inhalational anthrax-like disease, was also found to cause GI anthrax. Because transmission to new hosts depends on the release of large numbers of spores in the environment, we propose that the acquisition of pXO1- and pXO2-like plasmids may promote the successful expansion of members of the Bacillus cereus sensu lato group able to cause anthrax-like disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Young Oh
- The University of Chicago, Department of Microbiology, Howard Taylor Ricketts Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Alice Château
- The University of Chicago, Department of Microbiology, Howard Taylor Ricketts Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Anastasia Tomatsidou
- The University of Chicago, Department of Microbiology, Howard Taylor Ricketts Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Derek Elli
- The University of Chicago, Department of Microbiology, Howard Taylor Ricketts Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Haley Gula
- The University of Chicago, Department of Microbiology, Howard Taylor Ricketts Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Olaf Schneewind
- The University of Chicago, Department of Microbiology, Howard Taylor Ricketts Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Dominique Missiakas
- The University of Chicago, Department of Microbiology, Howard Taylor Ricketts Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA.
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Mondange L, Tessier É, Tournier JN. Pathogenic Bacilli as an Emerging Biothreat? Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11101186. [PMID: 36297243 PMCID: PMC9609551 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus anthracis, present as a very durable endospore in soil, causes zoonotic illness which is mainly associated with herbivores and domestic animals. Human cases are scarce and often involve populations close to infected livestock. If anthrax is no longer of public health concern in developed countries, B. anthracis is one of the top-tier biological weapon agents. It is classified by the CDC as a category A agent. Since 1994, emerging strains of Bacillus cereus have been associated with anthrax-like disease in mammals. Some clinical strains of B. cereus harbor anthrax-like plasmid genes (pXO1 and pXO2) associated with non-human primate and human infections, with the same clinical presentation of inhalation anthrax and mortality rates. Although currently restricted to certain limited areas of circulation, the emergence of these new strains of B. cereus extends the list of potential agents possibly usable for bioterrorism or as a biological weapon. It is therefore important to improve our knowledge of the phylogeny within the B. cereus sensu lato group to better understand the origin of these strains. We can then more efficiently monitor the emergence of new strains to better control the risk of infection and limit potentially malicious uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lou Mondange
- Bacteriology Unit, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 91220 Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
- Yersinia Unit, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
- Correspondence: (L.M.); (J.-N.T.)
| | - Émilie Tessier
- Immunopathology Unit, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 91220 Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Jean-Nicolas Tournier
- CNR-LE Charbon, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 91220 Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
- Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 91220 Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
- École du Val-de-Grâce, 75015 Paris, France
- Correspondence: (L.M.); (J.-N.T.)
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6
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Avril A, Tournier JN, Paucod JC, Fournes B, Thullier P, Pelat T. Antibodies against Anthrax Toxins: A Long Way from Benchlab to the Bedside. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:172. [PMID: 35324669 PMCID: PMC8955606 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14030172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthrax is an acute disease caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis, and is a potential biowarfare/bioterrorist agent. Its pulmonary form, caused by inhalation of the spores, is highly lethal and is mainly related to injury caused by the toxins secretion. Antibodies neutralizing the toxins of B. anthracis are regarded as promising therapeutic drugs, and two are already approved by the Federal Drug Administration. We developed a recombinant human-like humanized antibody, 35PA83 6.20, that binds the protective antigen and that neutralized anthrax toxins in-vivo in White New Zealand rabbits infected with the lethal 9602 strain by intranasal route. Considering these promising results, the preclinical and clinical phase one development was funded and a program was started. Unfortunately, after 5 years, the preclinical development was cancelled due to industrial and scientific issues. This shutdown underlined the difficulty particularly, but not only, for an academic laboratory to proceed to clinical development, despite the drug candidate being promising. Here, we review our strategy and some preliminary results, and we discuss the issues that led to the no-go decision of the pre-clinical development of 35PA83 6.20 mAb. Our review provides general information to the laboratories planning a (pre-)clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Avril
- Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 91220 Brétigny-sur-Orge, France; (J.-N.T.); (J.-C.P.); (P.T.); (T.P.)
| | - Jean-Nicolas Tournier
- Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 91220 Brétigny-sur-Orge, France; (J.-N.T.); (J.-C.P.); (P.T.); (T.P.)
- Ecole du Val-de-Grâce, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Charles Paucod
- Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 91220 Brétigny-sur-Orge, France; (J.-N.T.); (J.-C.P.); (P.T.); (T.P.)
| | - Bénédicte Fournes
- Laboratoire Français du Fractionnement et des Biotechnologies, 91940 Les Ulis, France;
| | - Philippe Thullier
- Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 91220 Brétigny-sur-Orge, France; (J.-N.T.); (J.-C.P.); (P.T.); (T.P.)
| | - Thibaut Pelat
- Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 91220 Brétigny-sur-Orge, France; (J.-N.T.); (J.-C.P.); (P.T.); (T.P.)
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7
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Ochai SO, Crafford JE, Hassim A, Byaruhanga C, Huang YH, Hartmann A, Dekker EH, van Schalkwyk OL, Kamath PL, Turner WC, van Heerden H. Immunological Evidence of Variation in Exposure and Immune Response to Bacillus anthracis in Herbivores of Kruger and Etosha National Parks. Front Immunol 2022; 13:814031. [PMID: 35237267 PMCID: PMC8882864 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.814031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure and immunity to generalist pathogens differ among host species and vary across spatial scales. Anthrax, caused by a multi-host bacterial pathogen, Bacillus anthracis, is enzootic in Kruger National Park (KNP), South Africa and Etosha National Park (ENP), Namibia. These parks share many of the same potential host species, yet the main anthrax host in one (greater kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros) in KNP and plains zebra (Equus quagga) in ENP) is only a minor host in the other. We investigated species and spatial patterns in anthrax mortalities, B. anthracis exposure, and the ability to neutralize the anthrax lethal toxin to determine if observed host mortality differences between locations could be attributed to population-level variation in pathogen exposure and/or immune response. Using serum collected from zebra and kudu in high and low incidence areas of each park (18- 20 samples/species/area), we estimated pathogen exposure from anti-protective antigen (PA) antibody response using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and lethal toxin neutralization with a toxin neutralization assay (TNA). Serological evidence of pathogen exposure followed mortality patterns within each system (kudus: 95% positive in KNP versus 40% in ENP; zebras: 83% positive in ENP versus 63% in KNP). Animals in the high-incidence area of KNP had higher anti-PA responses than those in the low-incidence area, but there were no significant differences in exposure by area within ENP. Toxin neutralizing ability was higher for host populations with lower exposure prevalence, i.e., higher in ENP kudus and KNP zebras than their conspecifics in the other park. These results indicate that host species differ in their exposure to and adaptive immunity against B. anthracis in the two parks. These patterns may be due to environmental differences such as vegetation, rainfall patterns, landscape or forage availability between these systems and their interplay with host behavior (foraging or other risky behaviors), resulting in differences in exposure frequency and dose, and hence immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunday O. Ochai
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Jan E. Crafford
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Ayesha Hassim
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Charles Byaruhanga
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Yen-Hua Huang
- Wisconsin Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Axel Hartmann
- Etosha Ecological Institute, Ministry of Environment, Forestry and Tourism, Okaukuejo, Namibia
| | - Edgar H. Dekker
- Office of the State Veterinarian, Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Government of South Africa, Skukuza, South Africa
| | - O. Louis van Schalkwyk
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Office of the State Veterinarian, Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Government of South Africa, Skukuza, South Africa
- Department of Migration, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Radolfzell, Germany
| | - Pauline L. Kamath
- School of Food and Agriculture, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States
| | - Wendy C. Turner
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wisconsin Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Henriette van Heerden
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Transcriptional Regulators in Bacillus anthracis: A Potent Biothreat Agent. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN MICROBIAL TECHNOLOGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-4439-2_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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9
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Norris MH, Kirpich A, Bluhm AP, Zincke D, Hadfield T, Ponciano JM, Blackburn JK. Convergent evolution of diverse Bacillus anthracis outbreak strains toward altered surface oligosaccharides that modulate anthrax pathogenesis. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3001052. [PMID: 33370274 PMCID: PMC7793302 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus anthracis, a spore-forming gram-positive bacterium, causes anthrax. The external surface of the exosporium is coated with glycosylated proteins. The sugar additions are capped with the unique monosaccharide anthrose. The West African Group (WAG) B. anthracis have mutations rendering them anthrose deficient. Through genome sequencing, we identified 2 different large chromosomal deletions within the anthrose biosynthetic operon of B. anthracis strains from Chile and Poland. In silico analysis identified an anthrose-deficient strain in the anthrax outbreak among European heroin users. Anthrose-deficient strains are no longer restricted to West Africa so the role of anthrose in physiology and pathogenesis was investigated in B. anthracis Sterne. Loss of anthrose delayed spore germination and enhanced sporulation. Spores without anthrose were phagocytized at higher rates than spores with anthrose, indicating that anthrose may serve an antiphagocytic function on the spore surface. The anthrose mutant had half the LD50 and decreased time to death (TTD) of wild type and complement B. anthracis Sterne in the A/J mouse model. Following infection, anthrose mutant bacteria were more abundant in the spleen, indicating enhanced dissemination of Sterne anthrose mutant. At low sample sizes in the A/J mouse model, the mortality of ΔantC-infected mice challenged by intranasal or subcutaneous routes was 20% greater than wild type. Competitive index (CI) studies indicated that spores without anthrose disseminated to organs more extensively than a complemented mutant. Death process modeling using mouse mortality dynamics suggested that larger sample sizes would lead to significantly higher deaths in anthrose-negative infected animals. The model was tested by infecting Galleria mellonella with spores and confirmed the anthrose mutant was significantly more lethal. Vaccination studies in the A/J mouse model showed that the human vaccine protected against high-dose challenges of the nonencapsulated Sterne-based anthrose mutant. This work begins to identify the physiologic and pathogenic consequences of convergent anthrose mutations in B. anthracis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H. Norris
- Spatial Epidemiology & Ecology Research Laboratory, Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Alexander Kirpich
- Department of Population Health Services, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Andrew P. Bluhm
- Spatial Epidemiology & Ecology Research Laboratory, Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Diansy Zincke
- Spatial Epidemiology & Ecology Research Laboratory, Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Ted Hadfield
- Spatial Epidemiology & Ecology Research Laboratory, Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jose Miguel Ponciano
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jason K. Blackburn
- Spatial Epidemiology & Ecology Research Laboratory, Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
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10
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Awad MM, Hutton ML, Quek AJ, Klare WP, Mileto SJ, Mackin K, Ly D, Oorschot V, Bosnjak M, Jenkin G, Conroy PJ, West N, Fulcher A, Costin A, Day CJ, Jennings MP, Medcalf RL, Sanderson-Smith M, Cordwell SJ, Law RHP, Whisstock JC, Lyras D. Human Plasminogen Exacerbates Clostridioides difficile Enteric Disease and Alters the Spore Surface. Gastroenterology 2020; 159:1431-1443.e6. [PMID: 32574621 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The protease plasmin is an important wound healing factor, but it is not clear how it affects gastrointestinal infection-mediated damage, such as that resulting from Clostridioides difficile. We investigated the role of plasmin in C difficile-associated disease. This bacterium produces a spore form that is required for infection, so we also investigated the effects of plasmin on spores. METHODS C57BL/6J mice expressing the precursor to plasmin, the zymogen human plasminogen (hPLG), or infused with hPLG were infected with C difficile, and disease progression was monitored. Gut tissues were collected, and cytokine production and tissue damage were analyzed by using proteomic and cytokine arrays. Antibodies that inhibit either hPLG activation or plasmin activity were developed and structurally characterized, and their effects were tested in mice. Spores were isolated from infected patients or mice and visualized using super-resolution microscopy; the functional consequences of hPLG binding to spores were determined. RESULTS hPLG localized to the toxin-damaged gut, resulting in immune dysregulation with an increased abundance of cytokines (such as interleukin [IL] 1A, IL1B, IL3, IL10, IL12B, MCP1, MP1A, MP1B, GCSF, GMCSF, KC, TIMP-1), tissue degradation, and reduced survival. Administration of antibodies that inhibit plasminogen activation reduced disease severity in mice. C difficile spores bound specifically to hPLG and active plasmin degraded their surface, facilitating rapid germination. CONCLUSIONS We found that hPLG is recruited to the damaged gut, exacerbating C difficile disease in mice. hPLG binds to C difficile spores, and, upon activation to plasmin, remodels the spore surface, facilitating rapid spore germination. Inhibitors of plasminogen activation might be developed for treatment of C difficile or other infection-mediated gastrointestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena M Awad
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Melanie L Hutton
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Adam J Quek
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - William P Klare
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Steven J Mileto
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Kate Mackin
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Diane Ly
- Illawarra health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, Australia; School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience and Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Viola Oorschot
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Australia; Monash Micro Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Marijana Bosnjak
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Grant Jenkin
- Monash Infectious Diseases, Monash Health, Clayton, Australia
| | - Paul J Conroy
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Nick West
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Alex Fulcher
- Monash Micro Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Adam Costin
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | | | | | - Robert L Medcalf
- Molecular Neurotrauma and Haemostasis, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Martina Sanderson-Smith
- Illawarra health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, Australia; School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience and Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Stuart J Cordwell
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ruby H P Law
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - James C Whisstock
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Australia; European Molecular Biology Laboratory Australia, Monash University, Clayton, Australia; South East University-Monash Joint Institute, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dena Lyras
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.
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11
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Rougeaux C, Becher F, Goossens PL, Tournier JN. Very Early Blood Diffusion of the Active Lethal and Edema Factors of Bacillus anthracis After Intranasal Infection. J Infect Dis 2020; 221:660-667. [PMID: 31574153 PMCID: PMC6996859 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lethal and edema toxins are critical virulence factors of Bacillus anthracis. Few data are available on their presence in the early stage of intranasal infection. Methods To investigate the diffusion of edema factor (EF) and lethal factor (LF), we use sensitive quantitative methods to measure their enzymatic activities in mice intranasally challenged with a wild-type B anthracis strain or with an isogenic mutant deficient for the protective antigen. Results One hour after mouse challenge, although only 7% of mice presented bacteremia, LF and EF were detected in the blood of 100% and 42% of mice, respectively. Protective antigen facilitated the diffusion of LF and EF into the blood compartment. Toxins played a significant role in the systemic dissemination of B anthracis in the blood, spleen, and liver. A mouse model of intoxination further confirmed that LT and ET could diffuse rapidly in the circulation, independently of bacteria. Conclusions In this inhalational model, toxins have disseminated rapidly in the blood, playing a significant and novel role in the early systemic diffusion of bacteria, demonstrating that they may represent a very early target for the diagnosis and the treatment of anthrax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Rougeaux
- Unité Biothérapies Anti-Infectieuses et Immunité, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France.,Pathogénie des Toxi-Infections Bactériennes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - François Becher
- Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunoanalyse, Laboratoire d'Etude du Métabolisme des Médicaments, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Pierre L Goossens
- Pathogénie des Toxi-Infections Bactériennes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Nicolas Tournier
- Unité Biothérapies Anti-Infectieuses et Immunité, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France.,Pathogénie des Toxi-Infections Bactériennes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Ecole du Val-de-Grâce, Paris, France.,Centre National de Référence-Laboratoire Expert Charbon, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
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12
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Popescu NI, Keshari RS, Cochran J, Coggeshall KM, Lupu F. C3 Opsonization of Anthrax Bacterium and Peptidoglycan Supports Recognition and Activation of Neutrophils. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1039. [PMID: 32668703 PMCID: PMC7409185 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8071039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the most abundant innate cell population and a key immune player against invading pathogens. Neutrophils can kill both bacterium and spores of Bacillus anthracis, the causative anthrax pathogen. Unlike interactions with professional phagocytes, the molecular recognition of anthrax by neutrophils is largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the role of complement C3 deposition on anthrax particles for neutrophil recognition of bacterium and/or its cell wall peptidoglycan, an abundant pathogen-associated molecular pattern that supports anthrax sepsis. C3 opsonization and recognition by complement receptors accounted for 70-80% of the affinity interactions between neutrophils and anthrax particles at subphysiologic temperatures. In contrast, C3 supported up to 50% of the anthrax particle ingestion under thermophysiologic conditions. Opsonin-dependent low affinity interactions and, to a lower extent, opsonin-independent mechanisms, provide alternative entry routes. Similarly, C3 supported 58% of peptidoglycan-induced degranulation and, to a lower extent, 23% of bacterium-induced degranulation. Interestingly, an opsonin independent mechanism mediated by complement C5, likely through C5a anaphylatoxin, primes azurophilic granules in response to anthrax particles. Overall, we show that C3 deposition supports anthrax recognition by neutrophils but is dispensable for pathogen ingestion and neutrophil degranulation, highlighting immune recognition redundancies that minimize the risk of pathogen evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narcis I. Popescu
- Department of Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (J.C.); (K.M.C.)
| | - Ravi S. Keshari
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA;
| | - Jackie Cochran
- Department of Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (J.C.); (K.M.C.)
| | - K. Mark Coggeshall
- Department of Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (J.C.); (K.M.C.)
| | - Florea Lupu
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA;
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13
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Structural Integrity of the Alveolar-Capillary Barrier in Cynomolgus Monkeys Challenged with Fully Virulent and Toxin-Deficient Strains of Bacillus anthracis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 190:2095-2110. [PMID: 32598882 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2020.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Inhalational anthrax, a disease caused by inhaling Bacillus anthracis spores, leads to respiratory distress, vascular leakage, high-level bacteremia, and often death within days. Anthrax lethal toxin and edema toxin, which are composed of protective antigen (PA) plus either lethal factor (LF) or edema factor (EF), respectively, play an important yet incompletely defined role in the pulmonary pathophysiology. To better understand their contribution, we examined the structural integrity of the alveolar-capillary barrier in archival formalin-fixed lungs of cynomolgus monkeys challenged with the fully virulent B. anthracis Ames wild-type strain or the isogenic toxin-deficient mutants ΔEF, ΔLF, and ΔPA. Pulmonary spore challenge with the wild-type strain caused high mortality, intra-alveolar hemorrhages, extensive alveolar septal sequestration of bacteria and neutrophils, diffuse destabilization of epithelial and endothelial junctions, increased markers of coagulation and complement activation (including tissue factor and C5a), and multifocal intra-alveolar fibrin deposition. ΔEF challenge was lethal and showed similar alveolar-capillary alterations; however, intra-alveolar hemorrhages, bacterial deposition, and markers of coagulation or complement were absent or markedly lower. In contrast, ΔLF or ΔPA challenges were nonlethal and showed no signs of alveolar bacterial deposition or alveolar-capillary changes. These findings provide evidence that lethal toxin plays a determinative role in bacterial dissemination and alveolar-capillary barrier dysfunction, and edema toxin may significantly exacerbate pulmonary pathologies in a systemic infection.
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14
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Lucas R, Hadizamani Y, Gonzales J, Gorshkov B, Bodmer T, Berthiaume Y, Moehrlen U, Lode H, Huwer H, Hudel M, Mraheil MA, Toque HAF, Chakraborty T, Hamacher J. Impact of Bacterial Toxins in the Lungs. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12040223. [PMID: 32252376 PMCID: PMC7232160 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12040223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial toxins play a key role in the pathogenesis of lung disease. Based on their structural and functional properties, they employ various strategies to modulate lung barrier function and to impair host defense in order to promote infection. Although in general, these toxins target common cellular signaling pathways and host compartments, toxin- and cell-specific effects have also been reported. Toxins can affect resident pulmonary cells involved in alveolar fluid clearance (AFC) and barrier function through impairing vectorial Na+ transport and through cytoskeletal collapse, as such, destroying cell-cell adhesions. The resulting loss of alveolar-capillary barrier integrity and fluid clearance capacity will induce capillary leak and foster edema formation, which will in turn impair gas exchange and endanger the survival of the host. Toxins modulate or neutralize protective host cell mechanisms of both the innate and adaptive immunity response during chronic infection. In particular, toxins can either recruit or kill central players of the lung's innate immune responses to pathogenic attacks, i.e., alveolar macrophages (AMs) and neutrophils. Pulmonary disorders resulting from these toxin actions include, e.g., acute lung injury (ALI), the acute respiratory syndrome (ARDS), and severe pneumonia. When acute infection converts to persistence, i.e., colonization and chronic infection, lung diseases, such as bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and cystic fibrosis (CF) can arise. The aim of this review is to discuss the impact of bacterial toxins in the lungs and the resulting outcomes for pathogenesis, their roles in promoting bacterial dissemination, and bacterial survival in disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Lucas
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA;
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA;
- Department of Medicine and Division of Pulmonary Critical Care Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA;
- Correspondence: (R.L.); (J.H.); Tel.: +41-31-300-35-00 (J.H.)
| | - Yalda Hadizamani
- Lungen-und Atmungsstiftung, Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland;
- Pneumology, Clinic for General Internal Medicine, Lindenhofspital Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Joyce Gonzales
- Department of Medicine and Division of Pulmonary Critical Care Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA;
| | - Boris Gorshkov
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA;
| | - Thomas Bodmer
- Labormedizinisches Zentrum Dr. Risch, Waldeggstr. 37 CH-3097 Liebefeld, Switzerland;
| | - Yves Berthiaume
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada;
| | - Ueli Moehrlen
- Pediatric Surgery, University Children’s Hospital, Zürich, Steinwiesstrasse 75, CH-8032 Zürch, Switzerland;
| | - Hartmut Lode
- Insitut für klinische Pharmakologie, Charité, Universitätsklinikum Berlin, Reichsstrasse 2, D-14052 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Hanno Huwer
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Voelklingen Heart Center, 66333 Voelklingen/Saar, Germany;
| | - Martina Hudel
- Justus-Liebig-University, Biomedical Research Centre Seltersberg, Schubertstr. 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (M.H.); (M.A.M.); (T.C.)
| | - Mobarak Abu Mraheil
- Justus-Liebig-University, Biomedical Research Centre Seltersberg, Schubertstr. 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (M.H.); (M.A.M.); (T.C.)
| | - Haroldo Alfredo Flores Toque
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA;
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA;
| | - Trinad Chakraborty
- Justus-Liebig-University, Biomedical Research Centre Seltersberg, Schubertstr. 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (M.H.); (M.A.M.); (T.C.)
| | - Jürg Hamacher
- Lungen-und Atmungsstiftung, Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland;
- Pneumology, Clinic for General Internal Medicine, Lindenhofspital Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Medical Clinic V-Pneumology, Allergology, Intensive Care Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saarland University, University Medical Centre of the Saarland, D-66421 Homburg, Germany
- Institute for Clinical & Experimental Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saarland University, D-66421 Homburg, Germany
- Correspondence: (R.L.); (J.H.); Tel.: +41-31-300-35-00 (J.H.)
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15
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Bier N, Hammerstrom TG, Koehler TM. Influence of the phosphoenolpyruvate:carbohydrate phosphotransferase system on toxin gene expression and virulence in Bacillus anthracis. Mol Microbiol 2019; 113:237-252. [PMID: 31667937 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AtxA, the master virulence gene regulator of Bacillus anthracis, is a PRD-Containing Virulence Regulator (PCVR) as indicated by the crystal structure, post-translational modifications and activity of the protein. PCVRs are transcriptional regulators, named for PTS Regulatory Domains (PRDs) subject to phosphorylation by the phosphoenolpyruvate phosphotransferase system (PEP-PTS) and for their impact on virulence gene expression. Here we present data from experiments employing physiological, genetic and biochemical approaches that support a model in which the PTS proteins HPr and Enzyme I (EI) are required for transcription of the atxA gene, rather than phosphorylation of AtxA. We show that atxA transcription is reduced 2.5-fold in a mutant lacking HPr and EI, and that this change is sufficient to affect anthrax toxin production. Mutants harboring HPr proteins altered for phosphotransfer activity were unable to restore atxA transcription to parent levels, suggesting that phosphotransfer activity of HPr and EI is important for regulation of atxA. In a mouse model for anthrax, a HPr- EI- mutant was attenuated for virulence. Virulence was restored by expressing atxA from an alternative, PTS-independent, promoter. Our data support a model in which HPr transfers a phosphate to an unidentified downstream transcriptional regulator to influence atxA gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Bier
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, McGovern Medical School of the University of Texas - Houston Health Science Center, UTHealth M.D. Anderson Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Troy G Hammerstrom
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, McGovern Medical School of the University of Texas - Houston Health Science Center, UTHealth M.D. Anderson Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Theresa M Koehler
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, McGovern Medical School of the University of Texas - Houston Health Science Center, UTHealth M.D. Anderson Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
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16
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Tournier JN, Rougeaux C, Biot FV, Goossens PL. Questionable Efficacy of Therapeutic Antibodies in the Treatment of Anthrax. mSphere 2019; 4:e00282-19. [PMID: 31217301 PMCID: PMC6584371 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00282-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhalational anthrax caused by Bacillus anthracis, a spore-forming Gram-positive bacterium, is a highly lethal infection. Antibodies targeting the protective antigen (PA) binding component of the toxins have recently been authorized as an adjunct to antibiotics, although no conclusive evidence demonstrates that anthrax antitoxin therapy has any significant benefit. We discuss here the rational basis of anti-PA development regarding the pathogenesis of the disease. We argue that inductive reasoning may induce therapeutic bias. We identified anthrax animal model analysis as another bias. Further studies are needed to assess the benefit of anti-PA antibodies in the treatment of inhalational anthrax, while a clearer consensus should be established around what evidence should be proven in an anthrax model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Nicolas Tournier
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Bacteriology, Anti-infectious Biotherapies, and Immunity Unit, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
- Institut Pasteur, Viral Genomics and Vaccination Unit, CNRS UMR-3569, Paris, France
- National Reference Center for Anthrax (CNR-LE Charbon), Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
- Ecole du Val-de-Grâce, Paris, France
| | - Clémence Rougeaux
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Bacteriology, Anti-infectious Biotherapies, and Immunity Unit, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Fabrice V Biot
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Bacteriology, Anti-infectious Biotherapies, and Immunity Unit, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
- National Reference Center for Anthrax (CNR-LE Charbon), Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Pierre L Goossens
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Bacteriology, Anti-infectious Biotherapies, and Immunity Unit, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
- Institut Pasteur, Yersinia Unit, Paris, France
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17
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Hocke AC, Suttorp N, Hippenstiel S. Human lung ex vivo infection models. Cell Tissue Res 2016; 367:511-524. [PMID: 27999962 PMCID: PMC7087833 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-016-2546-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pneumonia is counted among the leading causes of death worldwide. Viruses, bacteria and pathogen-related molecules interact with cells present in the human alveolus by numerous, yet poorly understood ways. Traditional cell culture models little reflect the cellular composition, matrix complexity and three-dimensional architecture of the human lung. Integrative animal models suffer from species differences, which are of particular importance for the investigation of zoonotic lung diseases. The use of cultured ex vivo infected human lung tissue may overcome some of these limitations and complement traditional models. The present review gives an overview of common bacterial lung infections, such as pneumococcal infection and of widely neglected pathogens modeled in ex vivo infected lung tissue. The role of ex vivo infected lung tissue for the investigation of emerging viral zoonosis including influenza A virus and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus is discussed. Finally, further directions for the elaboration of such models are revealed. Overall, the introduced models represent meaningful and robust methods to investigate principles of pathogen-host interaction in original human lung tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas C Hocke
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Suttorp
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Hippenstiel
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
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18
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Le Gars M, Haustant M, Klezovich-Bénard M, Paget C, Trottein F, Goossens PL, Tournier JN. Mechanisms of Invariant NKT Cell Activity in Restraining Bacillus anthracis Systemic Dissemination. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:3225-3232. [PMID: 27605012 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Exogenous activation of invariant NKT (iNKT) cells by the superagonist α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) can protect against cancer, autoimmune diseases, and infections. In the current study, we investigated the effect of α-GalCer against Bacillus anthracis infection, the agent of anthrax. Using an experimental model of s.c. B. anthracis infection (an encapsulated nontoxigenic strain), we show that concomitant administration of α-GalCer delayed B. anthracis systemic dissemination and prolonged mouse survival. Depletion of subcapsular sinus CD169-positive macrophages by clodronate-containing liposome was associated with a lack of iNKT cell activation in the draining lymph nodes (dLNs) and prevented the protective effect of α-GalCer on bacterial dissemination out of the dLNs. Production of IFN-γ triggered chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 3 synthesis and recruitment of neutrophils in the dLNs, leading to the restraint of B. anthracis dissemination. Our data highlight a novel immunological pathway leading to the control of B. anthracis infection, a finding that might lead to improved therapeutics based on iNKT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Le Gars
- Pathogénie des Toxi-Infections Bactériennes, Département de Microbiologie, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, France;
| | - Michel Haustant
- Pathogénie des Toxi-Infections Bactériennes, Département de Microbiologie, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Maria Klezovich-Bénard
- Pathogénie des Toxi-Infections Bactériennes, Département de Microbiologie, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Christophe Paget
- Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, INSERM U1019, CNRS UMR 8204, Universitaire de Lille, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille-Institut Pasteur de Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - François Trottein
- Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, INSERM U1019, CNRS UMR 8204, Universitaire de Lille, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille-Institut Pasteur de Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Pierre L Goossens
- Pathogénie des Toxi-Infections Bactériennes, Département de Microbiologie, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Nicolas Tournier
- Pathogénie des Toxi-Infections Bactériennes, Département de Microbiologie, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, France.,Unité Interactions Hôte-Agents Pathogènes, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 91223 Brétigny-sur-Orge, France; and.,Ecole du Val-de-Grâce, 75005 Paris, France
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