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Ratshisusu L, Simani OE, Blackard JT, Selabe SG. The Impact of Drugs and Substance Abuse on Viral Pathogenesis-A South African Perspective. Viruses 2024; 16:971. [PMID: 38932263 PMCID: PMC11209167 DOI: 10.3390/v16060971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Illicit drug and alcohol abuse have significant negative consequences for individuals who inject drugs/use drugs (PWID/UDs), including decreased immune system function and increased viral pathogenesis. PWID/UDs are at high risk of contracting or transmitting viral illnesses such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV). In South Africa, a dangerous drug-taking method known as "Bluetoothing" has emerged among nyaope users, whereby the users of this drug, after injecting, withdraw blood from their veins and then reinject it into another user. Hence, the transmission of blood-borne viruses (BBVs) is exacerbated by this "Bluetooth" practice among nyaope users. Moreover, several substances of abuse promote HIV, HBV, and HCV replication. With a specific focus on the nyaope drug, viral replication, and transmission, we address the important influence of abused addictive substances and polysubstance use in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lufuno Ratshisusu
- HIV and Hepatitis Research Unit, Department of Virology, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria 0208, South Africa; (O.E.S.); (J.T.B.); (S.G.S.)
| | - Omphile E. Simani
- HIV and Hepatitis Research Unit, Department of Virology, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria 0208, South Africa; (O.E.S.); (J.T.B.); (S.G.S.)
| | - Jason T. Blackard
- HIV and Hepatitis Research Unit, Department of Virology, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria 0208, South Africa; (O.E.S.); (J.T.B.); (S.G.S.)
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0595, USA
| | - Selokela G. Selabe
- HIV and Hepatitis Research Unit, Department of Virology, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria 0208, South Africa; (O.E.S.); (J.T.B.); (S.G.S.)
- National Health Laboratory Service, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria 0208, South Africa
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2
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Cachay ER, Moges TS, Qin H, Bamford L, Grelotti DJ, Mathews WC. Effects of drug and hazardous alcohol use on having a detectable HIV viral load: An adherence mediation analysis. Addict Behav Rep 2023; 17:100486. [PMID: 36950716 PMCID: PMC10025983 DOI: 10.1016/j.abrep.2023.100486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives People living with HIV (PWH) with substance or alcohol use often have unsuppressed plasma HIV viral loads (pVL). The degree to which substance and alcohol use effects on HIV viral suppression are mediated through medication nonadherence is incompletely understood. Methods We included PWH prescribed antiretroviral therapy and receiving care at an academic HIV clinic between 2014 and 2018 who completed both patient-reported outcomes (PRO) questionnaires and had subsequent pVL measurements. Measures included assessments of alcohol use (AUDIT-C), drug use (NIDA-ASSIST), and self-reported adherence measured using four different methods. Substances found in bivariate analysis to predict detectable pVL were modeled separately for mediation effects through adherence. We report natural direct (NDE) and indirect effect (NIE), marginal total effect (MTE), and percentage mediated. Results Among 3125 PWH who met eligibility criteria, 25.8% reported hazardous alcohol use, 27.1% cannabis, 13.1% amphetamines, 1.9% inhalants, 5.3% cocaine, 4.5% sedative-hypnotics, 2.9% opioids, and 2.3% hallucinogens. Excellent adherence was reported by 58% of PWH, and 10% had detectable pVL. Except for sedatives, using other substances was significantly associated with worse adherence. Bivariate predictors of detectable pVL were [OR (95% CI)]: amphetamine use 2.4 (1.8-3.2) and opioid use 2.3 (1.3-4.0). The percent of marginal total effect mediated by nonadherence varied by substance: 36% for amphetamine use, 27% for opioid use, and 39% for polysubstance use. Conclusion Use of amphetamines, opioids, and multiple substances predicted detectable pVL. Up to 40% of their effects were mediated by self-reported nonadherence. Confirmation using longitudinal measurement models will strengthen causal inference from this cross-sectional analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward R. Cachay
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease and Global Public Health, Owen Clinic, UC San Diego School of Medicine, United States
- Corresponding authors at: University of California San Diego, 200 W Arbor Drive, San Diego, CA 92103-8681, USA (E. Cachay). 4168 Front St., 3rd floor, San Diego, CA 92103, USA (W.C. Mathews).
| | - Tesfaye S. Moges
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease and Global Public Health, Owen Clinic, UC San Diego School of Medicine, United States
| | - Huifang Qin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease and Global Public Health, Owen Clinic, UC San Diego School of Medicine, United States
| | - Laura Bamford
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease and Global Public Health, Owen Clinic, UC San Diego School of Medicine, United States
| | - David J. Grelotti
- HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, UC San Diego School of Medicine, United States
| | - Wm. Christopher Mathews
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease and Global Public Health, Owen Clinic, UC San Diego School of Medicine, United States
- Corresponding authors at: University of California San Diego, 200 W Arbor Drive, San Diego, CA 92103-8681, USA (E. Cachay). 4168 Front St., 3rd floor, San Diego, CA 92103, USA (W.C. Mathews).
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Yndart Arias A, Kolishetti N, Vashist A, Madepalli L, Llaguno L, Nair M. Anti-inflammatory effects of CBD in human microglial cell line infected with HIV-1. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7376. [PMID: 37147420 PMCID: PMC10162654 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32927-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is associated with a chronic inflammatory stage and continuous activation of inflammasome pathway. We studied the anti-inflammatory effects of the compound cannabidiol (CBD) in comparison with Δ (9)-tetrahydrocannabinol [Δ(9)-THC] in human microglial cells (HC69.5) infected with HIV. Our results showed that CBD reduced the production of various inflammatory cytokines and chemokines such as MIF, SERPIN E1, IL-6, IL-8, GM-CSF, MCP-1, CXCL1, CXCL10, and IL-1 β compared to Δ(9)-THC treatment. In addition, CBD led to the deactivation of caspase 1, reduced NLRP3 gene expression which play a crucial role in the inflammasome cascade. Furthermore, CBD significantly reduced the expression of HIV. Our study demonstrated that CBD has anti-inflammatory properties and exhibits significant therapeutic potential against HIV-1 infections and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Yndart Arias
- Department of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA.
- Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA.
| | - Nagesh Kolishetti
- Department of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
- Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Arti Vashist
- Department of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
- Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Lakshmana Madepalli
- Department of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
- Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Lorgeleys Llaguno
- Department of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Madhavan Nair
- Department of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA.
- Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA.
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4
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Schantell M, Springer SD, Arif Y, Sandal ME, Willett MP, Johnson HJ, Okelberry HJ, O’Neill JL, May PE, Bares SH, Wilson TW. Regular cannabis use modulates the impact of HIV on the neural dynamics serving cognitive control. J Psychopharmacol 2022; 36:1324-1337. [PMID: 36416285 PMCID: PMC9835727 DOI: 10.1177/02698811221138934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabis use and HIV are independently associated with decrements in cognitive control. However, the combined effects of HIV and regular cannabis use on the brain circuitry serving higher-order cognition are unclear. AIMS Investigate the interaction between cannabis and HIV on neural interference effects during the flanker task and spontaneous activity in regions underlying higher-order cognition. METHODS The sample consisted of 100 participants, including people with HIV (PWH) who use cannabis, PWH who do not use cannabis, uninfected cannabis users, and uninfected nonusers. Participants underwent an interview regarding their substance use history and completed the Eriksen flanker task during magnetoencephalography (MEG). MEG data were imaged in the time-frequency domain and oscillatory maps depicting the neural flanker interference effect were probed for group differences. Voxel time series were then assessed for group-level differences in spontaneous activity. RESULTS Group differences in behavioral performance were identified along with group differences in theta and alpha neural interference responses in higher-order regions across the cortex, with nonusers with HIV generally exhibiting the most aberrant responses. Likewise, time series analyses indicated that nonusers with HIV also had significantly elevated spontaneous alpha activity in the left inferior frontal and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices (dlPFC). Finally, we found that spontaneous and oscillatory alpha activity were significantly coupled in the inferior frontal cortex and dlPFC among cannabis users, but not nonusers. CONCLUSIONS Regular cannabis use appears to suppress the impact of HIV on spontaneous and oscillatory alpha deficits in the left inferior frontal cortex and dlPFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikki Schantell
- Institute for Human Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE, USA,College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC), Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Seth D Springer
- Institute for Human Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE, USA,College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC), Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Yasra Arif
- Institute for Human Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE, USA
| | - Megan E Sandal
- Institute for Human Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE, USA
| | - Madelyn P Willett
- Institute for Human Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE, USA
| | - Hallie J Johnson
- Institute for Human Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE, USA
| | - Hannah J Okelberry
- Institute for Human Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE, USA
| | - Jennifer L O’Neill
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC), Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Pamela E May
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC), Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Sara H Bares
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC), Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Tony W Wilson
- Institute for Human Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE, USA,College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC), Omaha, NE, USA,Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA
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Drugs of Abuse and Their Impact on Viral Pathogenesis. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122387. [PMID: 34960656 PMCID: PMC8707190 DOI: 10.3390/v13122387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Commonly misused substances such as alcohol, cocaine, heroin, methamphetamine, and opioids suppress immune responses and may impact viral pathogenesis. In recent years, illicit use of opioids has fueled outbreaks of several viral pathogens, including the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV). This review focuses on the myriad of mechanisms by which drugs of abuse impact viral replication and disease progression. Virus–drug interactions can accelerate viral disease progression and lead to increased risk of virus transmission.
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Confound, Cause, or Cure: The Effect of Cannabinoids on HIV-Associated Neurological Sequelae. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071242. [PMID: 34206839 PMCID: PMC8310358 DOI: 10.3390/v13071242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The persistence of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV)-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) in the era of effective antiretroviral therapy suggests that modern HIV neuropathogenesis is driven, at least in part, by mechanisms distinct from the viral life cycle. Identifying more subtle mechanisms is complicated by frequent comorbidities in HIV+ populations. One of the common confounds is substance abuse, with cannabis being the most frequently used psychoactive substance among people living with HIV. The psychoactive effects of cannabis use can themselves mimic, and perhaps magnify, the cognitive deficits observed in HAND; however, the neuromodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties of cannabinoids may counter HIV-induced excitotoxicity and neuroinflammation. Here, we review our understanding of the cross talk between HIV and cannabinoids in the central nervous system by exploring both clinical observations and evidence from preclinical in vivo and in vitro models. Additionally, we comment on recent advances in human, multi-cell in vitro systems that allow for more translatable, mechanistic studies of the relationship between cannabinoid pharmacology and this uniquely human virus.
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Parira T, Figueroa G, Granado S, Napuri J, Castillo-Chabeco B, Nair M, Agudelo M. Trichostatin A Shows Transient Protection from Chronic Alcohol-Induced Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Production in Human Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells. JOURNAL OF ALCOHOLISM AND DRUG DEPENDENCE 2018; 6:316. [PMID: 30596124 PMCID: PMC6309403 DOI: 10.4172/2329-6488.1000316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to understand whether histone deacetylase (HDACs) inhibitor Trichostatin A or TSA can block and/or reverse chronic alcohol exposure-induced ROS in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDCs). Additionally, since nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) is a known regulator of antioxidant responses, we studied the effects of alcohol and TSA on ROS production and modulation of Nrf2 by MDDCs. METHODS Intra-cellular, extra-cellular, and total ROS levels were measured in MDDCs treated chronically with alcohol (0.1 and 0.2 % EtOH) using 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCF-DA) followed by detection of ROS in microplate reader and imaging flow cytometer. Nrf2 expression was analyzed by qRT- PCR and western blot. In addition, NFE2L2 (Nrf2), class I HDAC genes HDAC1, HDAC2, and histone acetyltransferase genes KAT5 were analyzed in silico using the GeneMania prediction server. RESULTS Our results confirmed alcohol's ability to increase intracellular ROS levels in MDDCs within minutes of treatment. Our findings have also demonstrated, for the first time, that TSA has a transient protective effect on MDDCs treated chronically with alcohol since the ability of TSA to reduce intracellular ROS levels is only detected up to 15 minutes post-chronic alcohol treatment with no significant protective effects by 10 hours. In addition, chronic alcohol treatment was able to increase the expression of the antioxidant regulator Nrf2 in a dose dependent manner, and the effect of the higher amount of alcohol (0.2%) on Nrf2 gene expression was significantly enhanced by TSA. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that TSA has a transient protective effect against ROS induced by chronic alcohol exposure of human MDDCs and chronic long-term exposure of MDDCs with alcohol and TSA induces cellular toxicity. It also highlights imaging flow cytometry as a novel tool to detect intracellular ROS levels. Overall, the effect of TSA might be mediated through Nrf2; however, further studies are needed to fully understand the molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiyash Parira
- Department of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Gloria Figueroa
- Department of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Sherly Granado
- Department of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Jacqueline Napuri
- Department of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Boris Castillo-Chabeco
- Department of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Madhavan Nair
- Department of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Marisela Agudelo
- Department of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
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Oláh A, Szekanecz Z, Bíró T. Targeting Cannabinoid Signaling in the Immune System: "High"-ly Exciting Questions, Possibilities, and Challenges. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1487. [PMID: 29176975 PMCID: PMC5686045 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that certain active ingredients of the plants of Cannabis genus, i.e., the "phytocannabinoids" [pCBs; e.g., (-)-trans-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), (-)-cannabidiol, etc.] can influence a wide array of biological processes, and the human body is able to produce endogenous analogs of these substances ["endocannabinoids" (eCB), e.g., arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide, AEA), 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), etc.]. These ligands, together with multiple receptors (e.g., CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors, etc.), and a complex enzyme and transporter apparatus involved in the synthesis and degradation of the ligands constitute the endocannabinoid system (ECS), a recently emerging regulator of several physiological processes. The ECS is widely expressed in the human body, including several members of the innate and adaptive immune system, where eCBs, as well as several pCBs were shown to deeply influence immune functions thereby regulating inflammation, autoimmunity, antitumor, as well as antipathogen immune responses, etc. Based on this knowledge, many in vitro and in vivo studies aimed at exploiting the putative therapeutic potential of cannabinoid signaling in inflammation-accompanied diseases (e.g., multiple sclerosis) or in organ transplantation, and to dissect the complex immunological effects of medical and "recreational" marijuana consumption. Thus, the objective of the current article is (i) to summarize the most recent findings of the field; (ii) to highlight the putative therapeutic potential of targeting cannabinoid signaling; (iii) to identify open questions and key challenges; and (iv) to suggest promising future directions for cannabinoid-based drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Oláh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Szekanecz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tamás Bíró
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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Midde NM, Gong Y, Cory TJ, Li J, Meibohm B, Li W, Kumar S. Influence of Ethanol on Darunavir Hepatic Clearance and Intracellular PK/PD in HIV-Infected Monocytes, and CYP3A4-Darunavir Interactions Using Inhibition and in Silico Binding Studies. Pharm Res 2017; 34:1925-1933. [PMID: 28616684 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-017-2203-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although the prevalence of alcohol consumption is higher in HIV+ people than general public, limited information is available on how alcohol affects the metabolism and bioavailability of darunavir (DRV). METHODS DRV was quantified by using LC-MS/MS method. All in vitro experiments were performed using human liver microsomes and HIV-infected monocytic cells. CYP3A4 and DRV/Ritonavir (RTV) docking was performed using GOLD suite 5.8. RESULTS Ethanol (20 mM) significantly decreased apparent half-life and increased degradation rate constant of RTV-boosted DRV but not for DRV alone. Similarly, ethanol exposure increased hepatic intrinsic clearance for RTV-boosted DRV with no significant influence on DRV alone. Ethanol showed a limited influence on intracellular total DRV exposure in the presence of RTV without altering maximum concentration (Cmax) values in HIV-infected monocytic cells. Ethanol alone elevated HIV replication but this effect was nullified with the addition of DRV or DRV + RTV. Additionally, inhibitory potency of DRV was significantly reduced in the presence of ethanol. Our docking results projected that ethanol increases the average distance between DRV and CYP3A4 heme, and alter the orientation of DRV-CYP3A4 binding. CONCLUSIONS Collectively these findings suggest that DRV metabolism is primarily influenced by ethanol in the liver, but has minor effect in HIV-residing monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narasimha M Midde
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 881 Madison Ave, Rm 456, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA.
| | - Yuqing Gong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 881 Madison Ave, Rm 456, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Theodore J Cory
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center,, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Junhao Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology,, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Bernd Meibohm
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 881 Madison Ave, Rm 456, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Weihua Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology,, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 881 Madison Ave, Rm 456, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA.
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Midde NM, Sinha N, Lukka PB, Meibohm B, Kumar S. Alterations in cellular pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of elvitegravir in response to ethanol exposure in HIV-1 infected monocytic (U1) cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172628. [PMID: 28231276 PMCID: PMC5322882 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethanol consumption is negatively associated with antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence and general health in HIV positive individuals. Previously, we demonstrated ethanol-mediated alterations to metabolism of elvitegravir (EVG) in human liver microsomes. In the current study, we investigated ethanol influence on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions of EVG in HIV infected monocytic (U1) cells. U1 cells were treated with 5 μM EVG, 2 μM Cobicistat (COBI), a booster drug, and 20 mM ethanol for up to 24 hours. EVG, HIV p24 levels, alterations in cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4, MRP1, and MDR1 protein expressions were measured. Presence of ethanol demonstrated a significant effect on the total exposures of both EVG and EVG in combination with COBI. Ethanol also increased the HIV replication despite the presence of drugs and this elevated HIV replication was reduced in the presence of MRP1 and MDR1 inhibitors. Consequently, a slight increase in EVG concentration was observed in the presence of MRP1 inhibitor but not with MDR1 inhibitor. Furthermore, CYP3A4, MRP1 and MDR1 protein levels were significantly induced in treatment groups which included ethanol compared to those with no treatment. In summary, these findings suggest that Ethanol reduces intra cellular EVG exposure by modifying drug metabolism and transporter protein expression. This study provides valuable evidence for further investigation of ethanol effects on the intracellular concentration of EVG in ex vivo or in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narasimha M. Midde
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis TN, United States of America
| | - Namita Sinha
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis TN, United States of America
| | - Pradeep B. Lukka
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis TN, United States of America
| | - Bernd Meibohm
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis TN, United States of America
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis TN, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Monnig MA. Immune activation and neuroinflammation in alcohol use and HIV infection: evidence for shared mechanisms. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2017; 43:7-23. [PMID: 27532935 PMCID: PMC5250549 DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2016.1211667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging research points to innate immune mechanisms in the neuropathological and behavioral consequences of heavy alcohol use. Alcohol use is common among people living with HIV infection (PLWH), a chronic condition that carries its own set of long-term effects on brain and behavior. Notably, neurobiological and cognitive profiles associated with heavy alcohol use and HIV infection share several prominent features. This observation raises questions about interacting biological mechanisms as well as compounded impairment when HIV infection and heavy drinking co-occur. OBJECTIVE AND METHOD This narrative overview discusses peer-reviewed research on specific immune mechanisms of alcohol that exhibit apparent potential to compound the neurobiological and psychiatric sequelae of HIV infection. These include microbial translocation, systemic immune activation, blood-brain barrier compromise, microglial activation, and neuroinflammation. RESULTS Clinical and preclinical evidence supports overlapping mechanistic actions of HIV and alcohol use on peripheral and neural immune systems. In preclinical studies, innate immune signaling mediates many of the detrimental neurocognitive and behavioral effects of alcohol use. Neuropsychopharmacological research suggests potential for a feed-forward cycle in which heavy drinking induces innate immune signaling, which in turn stimulates subsequent alcohol use behavior. CONCLUSION Alcohol-induced immune activation and neuroinflammation are a serious health concern for PLWH. Future research to investigate specific immune effects of alcohol in the context of HIV infection has potential to identify novel targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mollie A. Monnig
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI
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Sagar V, Atluri VSR, Pilakka-Kanthikeel S, Nair M. Magnetic nanotherapeutics for dysregulated synaptic plasticity during neuroAIDS and drug abuse. Mol Brain 2016; 9:57. [PMID: 27216740 PMCID: PMC4878083 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-016-0236-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a neurotropic virus. It induces neurotoxicity and subsequent brain pathologies in different brain cells. Addiction to recreational drugs remarkably affects the initiation of HIV infections and expedites the progression of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) associated neuropathogenesis. Symptoms of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) are noticed in many AIDS patients. At least 50 % of HIV diagnosed cases show one or other kind of neuropathological signs or symptoms during different stages of disease progression. In the same line, mild to severe neurological alterations are seen in at least 80 % autopsies of AIDS patients. Neurological illnesses weaken the connections between neurons causing significant altercations in synaptic plasticity. Synaptic plasticity alterations during HIV infection and recreational drug abuse are mediated by complex cellular phenomena involving changes in gene expression and subsequent loss of dendritic and spine morphology and physiology. New treatment strategies with ability to deliver drugs across blood-brain barrier (BBB) are being intensively investigated. In this context, magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) based nanoformulations have shown significant potential for target specificity, drug delivery, drug release, and bioavailability of desired amount of drugs in non-invasive brain targeting. MNPs-based potential therapies to promote neuronal plasticity during HIV infection and recreational drug abuse are being developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidya Sagar
- Department of Immunology, Center for Personalized Nanomedicine/Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Venkata Subba Rao Atluri
- Department of Immunology, Center for Personalized Nanomedicine/Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Sudheesh Pilakka-Kanthikeel
- Department of Immunology, Center for Personalized Nanomedicine/Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Madhavan Nair
- Department of Immunology, Center for Personalized Nanomedicine/Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL, 33199, USA.
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