1
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Ahmad S, Sehrish AK, Umair M, Mirino MW, Ali S, Guo H. Effect of biochar amendment on bacterial community and their role in nutrient acquisition in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) grown under elevated CO 2. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 364:143098. [PMID: 39151577 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.143098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Global climate change is anticipated to shift the soil bacterial community structure and plant nutrient utilization. The use of biochar amendment can positively influence soil bacterial community structure, soil properties, and nutrient use efficiency of crops. However, little is known about the underlying mechanism and response of bacterial community structure to biochar amendment, and its role in nutrient enhancement in soil and plants under elevated CO2. Herein, the effect of biochar amendment (0, 0.5, 1.5%) on soil bacterial community structure, spinach growth, physiology, and soil and plant nutrient status were investigated under two CO2 concentrations (400 and 600 μmol mol-1). Findings showed that biochar application 1.5% (B.2.E) significantly increased the abundance of the bacterial community responsible for growth and nutrient uptake i.e. Firmicutes (42.25%) Bacteroidetes (10.46%), and Gemmatimonadetes (125.75%) as compared to respective control (CK.E) but interestingly abundance of proteobacteria decreased (9.18%) under elevated CO2. Furthermore, the soil available N, P, and K showed a significant increase in higher biochar-amended treatments under elevated CO2. Spinach plants exhibited a notable enhancement in growth and photosynthetic pigments when exposed to elevated CO2 levels and biochar, as compared to ambient CO2 conditions. However, there was variability observed in the leaf gas exchange attributes. Elevated CO2 reduced spinach roots and leaves nutrient concentration. In contrast, the biochar amendment (B2.E) enhanced root and shoot Zinc (494.99%-155.33%), magnesium (261.15%-183.37%), manganese (80.04%-152.86%), potassium (576.24%-355.17%), calcium (261.88%-165.65%), copper (325.42%-282.53%) and iron (717.63%-177.90%) concentration by influencing plant physiology and bacterial community. These findings provide insights into the interaction between plant and bacterial community under future agroecosystems in response to the addition of biochar contributing to a deeper understanding of ecological dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoaib Ahmad
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Adiba Khan Sehrish
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Muhammad Umair
- School of Science and the Environment, Grenfell Campus, Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador, Corner Brook A2H 5G4, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Markus W Mirino
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Shafaqat Ali
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Hongyan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China; Joint International Research Centre for Critical Zone Science-University of Leeds and Nanjing University, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Quanzhou Institute for Environment Protection Industry, Nanjing University, Beifeng Road, 362000 Quanzhou, China.
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2
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Gao ZW, Ding J, Ali B, Nawaz M, Hassan MU, Ali A, Rasheed A, Khan MN, Ozdemir FA, Iqbal R, Çiğ A, Ercisli S, Sabagh AE. Putting Biochar in Action: A Black Gold for Efficient Mitigation of Salinity Stress in Plants. Review and Future Directions. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:31237-31253. [PMID: 39072056 PMCID: PMC11270719 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c07921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Soil salinization is a serious concern across the globe that is negatively affecting crop productivity. Recently, biochar received attention for mitigating the adverse impacts of salinity. Salinity stress induces osmotic, ionic, and oxidative damages that disturb physiological and biochemical functioning and nutrient and water uptake, leading to a reduction in plant growth and development. Biochar maintains the plant function by increasing nutrient and water uptake and reducing electrolyte leakage and lipid peroxidation. Biochar also protects the photosynthetic apparatus and improves antioxidant activity, gene expression, and synthesis of protein osmolytes and hormones that counter the toxic effect of salinity. Additionally, biochar also improves soil organic matter, microbial and enzymatic activities, and nutrient and water uptake and reduces the accumulation of toxic ions (Na+ and Cl), mitigating the toxic effects of salinity on plants. Thus, it is interesting to understand the role of biochar against salinity, and in the present Review we have discussed the various mechanisms through which biochar can mitigate the adverse impacts of salinity. We have also identified the various research gaps that must be addressed in future study programs. Thus, we believe that this work will provide new suggestions on the use of biochar to mitigate salinity stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan-Wu Gao
- Tourism
and Geographical Science Institute, Baicheng
Normal University, Baicheng, Jilin 137000, China
| | - Jianjun Ding
- Jiaxiang
Vocational Secondary Technical School, Jiaxiang, Shandong 272400, China
| | - Basharat Ali
- Department
of Agricultural Engineering, Khwaja Fareed
University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Punjab 62400, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Nawaz
- Department
of Agricultural Engineering, Khwaja Fareed
University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Punjab 62400, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Umair Hassan
- Research
Center of Ecological Sciences, Jiangxi Agricultural
University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330029, China
| | - Abid Ali
- Department
of Agricultural and Food Sciences-DISTAL, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Adnan Rasheed
- College
of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Muhammad Nauman Khan
- Department
of Botany, Islamia College Peshawar, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 25120, Pakistan
- University
Public School, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 25120, Pakistan
| | - Fethi Ahmet Ozdemir
- Department
of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Art, Bingol University, 12000 Bingol, Turkey
| | - Rashid Iqbal
- Department
of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Punjab 63100, Pakistan
| | - Arzu Çiğ
- Faculty
of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Siirt University, 56100 Siirt, Turkey
| | - Sezai Ercisli
- Department
of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Ataturk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Ayman El Sabagh
- Faculty
of Agriculture, Department of Field Crops, Siirt University, 56100 Siirt, Turkey
- Department
of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh
University, Kafr al-Sheik 6860404, Egypt
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3
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Chauhan PK, Upadhyay SK, Rajput VD, Dwivedi P, Minkina T, Wong MH. Fostering plant growth performance under drought stress using rhizospheric microbes, their gene editing, and biochar. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2024; 46:41. [PMID: 38227068 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01823-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Stress due to drought lowers crop yield and frequently leads to a rise in food scarcity. Plants' intricate metabolic systems enable them to tolerate drought stress, but they are unable to handle it well. Adding some external, environmentally friendly supplements can boost plant growth and productivity when it comes to drought-stressed plants. In order to prevent the detrimental effects of drought in agricultural regions, environmentally friendly practices must be upheld. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can exhibit beneficial phytostimulation, mineralization, and biocontrol activities under drought stress. The significant impact of the PGPR previously reported has not been accepted as an effective treatment to lessen drought stress. Recent studies have successfully shown that manipulating microbes can be a better option to reduce the severity of drought in plants. In this review, we demonstrate how modifying agents such as biochar, PGPR consortia, PGPR, and mycorrhizal fungi can help overcome drought stress responses in crop plants. This article also discusses CRISPR/Cas9-modifiable genes, increase plant's effectiveness in drought conditions, and increase plant resistance to drought stress. With an eco-friendly approach in mind, there is a need for practical management techniques having potential prospects based on an integrated strategy mediated by CRISPR-Cas9 editing, PGPR, which may alleviate the effects of drought stress in crops and aid in achieving the United Nation Sustainable Development Goals (UN-SDGs-2030).
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhat K Chauhan
- Department of Environmental Science, V.B.S. Purvanchal University, Jaunpur, 222003, India
| | - Sudhir K Upadhyay
- Department of Environmental Science, V.B.S. Purvanchal University, Jaunpur, 222003, India.
| | - Vishnu D Rajput
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia, 344090
| | - Padmanabh Dwivedi
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Tatiana Minkina
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia, 344090
| | - Ming Hung Wong
- Consortium On Health, Environment, Education, and Research (CHEER), and Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong, 999077, China
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Bulak P, Proc-Pietrycha K, Kaczor M, Złotko K, Polakowski C, Wiącek D, Waniak-Nowicka H, Zięba E, Waśko A, Oleszczuk P, Bieganowski A. A novel type of biochar from chitinous Hermetia illucens waste with a built-in stimulating effect on plants and soil arthropods. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8306. [PMID: 37221262 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35460-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The breeding of insects generates waste in the form of insect excrement and feed residues. In addition, a specific chitinous waste in the form of insect larvae and pupae exuvia is also left. Recent research tries to manage it, e.g., by producing chitin and chitosan, which are value-added products. The circular economy approach requires testing new, non-standard management methods that can develop products with unique properties. To date, the possibility of biochar production from chitinous waste derived from insects has not been evaluated. Here we show that the puparia of Hermetia illucens are suitable for biochar production, which in turn exhibits original characteristics. We found that the biochars have a high nitrogen level, which is rarely achievable in materials of natural origin without artificial doping. This study presents a detailed chemical and physical characterization of the biochars. Moreover, ecotoxicological analysis has revealed the biochars' stimulation effect on plant root growth and the reproduction of the soil invertebrate Folsomia candida, as well as the lack of a toxic effect on its mortality. This predisposes these novel materials with already built-in stimulating properties to be used in agronomy, for example as a carriers for fertilizers or beneficial bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Bulak
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Kinga Proc-Pietrycha
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290, Lublin, Poland
| | - Monika Kaczor
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290, Lublin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Złotko
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290, Lublin, Poland
| | - Cezary Polakowski
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290, Lublin, Poland
| | - Dariusz Wiącek
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290, Lublin, Poland
| | - Hanna Waniak-Nowicka
- Analytical Laboratory, Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Science, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, M. Curie-Skłodowska Square 3, 20-031, Lublin, Poland
| | - Emil Zięba
- Department of Biomedicine and Environmental Research, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biological Sciences, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Konstantynów 1J, 20-708, Lublin, Poland
| | - Adam Waśko
- Department of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Skromna 8, 20-704, Lublin, Poland
| | - Patryk Oleszczuk
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Skłodowska-Curie University, Maria Curie-Skłodowska Square 3, 20-031, Lublin, Poland
| | - Andrzej Bieganowski
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290, Lublin, Poland
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Jin X, Bai Y, Khashi u Rahman M, Kang X, Pan K, Wu F, Pommier T, Zhou X, Wei Z. Biochar stimulates tomato roots to recruit a bacterial assemblage contributing to disease resistance against Fusarium wilt. IMETA 2022; 1:e37. [PMID: 38868709 PMCID: PMC10989760 DOI: 10.1002/imt2.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Biochar amendment is acknowledged to favor plant resistance against soil-borne diseases. Although plant-beneficial bacteria enrichment in the rhizosphere is often proposed to be associated with this protection, the mechanism behind this stimulating effect remains unelucidated. Here, we tested whether biochar promotes plants to recruit beneficial bacteria to the rhizosphere, and thus develop a disease-suppressive rhizosphere microbiome. In a pot experiment, biochar amendment decreased tomato Fusarium wilt disease severity. Using a transplanting rhizosphere microbiome experiment, we showed that biochar enhanced the suppressiveness of tomato rhizosphere microbiome against Fusarium wilt disease. High-throughput sequencing of 16S ribosomal RNA gene and in vitro cultures further indicated that the recruited suppressive rhizosphere microbiome was associated with the increase of plant-beneficial bacteria, such as Pseudomonas sp. This amendment also enhanced the in vitro chemoattraction and biofilm promotion activity of tomato root exudates. Collectively, our results demonstrate that biochar amendment induces tomato seedlings to efficiently recruit a disease-suppressive rhizosphere microbiome against Fusarium wilt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Jin
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Department of HorticultureNortheast Agricultural UniversityHarbinChina
| | - Yang Bai
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Department of HorticultureNortheast Agricultural UniversityHarbinChina
| | - Muhammad Khashi u Rahman
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Department of HorticultureNortheast Agricultural UniversityHarbinChina
| | - Xiaojun Kang
- Department of Plant & Microbial BiologyUniversity of MinnesotaSaint PaulMinnesotaUSA
| | - Kai Pan
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Department of HorticultureNortheast Agricultural UniversityHarbinChina
| | - Fengzhi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Department of HorticultureNortheast Agricultural UniversityHarbinChina
| | - Thomas Pommier
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie MicrobienneVilleurbanneFrance
| | - Xingang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Department of HorticultureNortheast Agricultural UniversityHarbinChina
| | - Zhong Wei
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, Laboratory of Bio‐interactions and Crop Health, National Engineering Research Center for Organic‐based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource UtilizationNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
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6
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Malik L, Sanaullah M, Mahmood F, Hussain S, Siddique MH, Anwar F, Shahzad T. Unlocking the potential of co-applied biochar and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) for sustainable agriculture under stress conditions. CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL TECHNOLOGIES IN AGRICULTURE 2022; 9:58. [PMID: 37520585 PMCID: PMC9395882 DOI: 10.1186/s40538-022-00327-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable food security is a major challenge in today's world, particularly in developing countries. Among many factors, environmental stressors, i.e., drought, salinity and heavy metals are major impediments in achieving sustainable food security. This calls for finding environment-friendly and cheap solutions to address these stressors. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) have long been established as an environment-friendly means to enhance agricultural productivity in normal and stressed soils and are being applied at field scale. Similarly, pyrolyzing agro-wastes into biochar with the aim to amend soils is being proposed as a cheap additive for enhancement of soil quality and crop productivity. Many pot and some field-scale experiments have confirmed the potential of biochar for sustainable increase in agricultural productivity. Recently, many studies have combined the PGPR and biochar for improving soil quality and agricultural productivity, under normal and stressed conditions, with the assumption that both of these additives complement each other. Most of these studies have reported a significant increase in agricultural productivity in co-applied treatments than sole application of PGPR or biochar. This review presents synthesis of these studies in addition to providing insights into the mechanistic basis of the interaction of the PGPR and biochar. Moreover, this review highlights the future perspectives of the research in order to realize the potential of co-application of the PGPR and biochar at field scale. Graphical Abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Laraib Malik
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Allama Iqbal Road, Faisalabad, 38000 Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sanaullah
- Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Faisal Mahmood
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Allama Iqbal Road, Faisalabad, 38000 Pakistan
| | - Sabir Hussain
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Allama Iqbal Road, Faisalabad, 38000 Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Hussnain Siddique
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad, Allama Iqbal road, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Faiza Anwar
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Allama Iqbal Road, Faisalabad, 38000 Pakistan
| | - Tanvir Shahzad
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Allama Iqbal Road, Faisalabad, 38000 Pakistan
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Biochar Additions Alter the Abundance of P-Cycling-Related Bacteria in the Rhizosphere Soil of Portulaca oleracea L. under Salt Stress. SOIL SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/soilsystems6030064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Numerous reports confirm a positive impact of biochar amendments on soil enzyme activities, nutrient cycles, and, finally, plant growth and development. However, reports explaining the process behind such diverse observations are scarce. The aim of the present study was (1) to evaluate the effect of biochar on the growth of purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) and nutrients; (2) to determine the response of rhizosphere enzyme activities linked to soil phosphorus cycling after bio-char amendment under non–saline and saline soil conditions. Furthermore, we investigate whether adding biochar to soil alters the abundance of P-cycling-related bacteria. Two rates of biochar (2% and 4%) were applied in pot experiments. Biochar addition of 2% significantly increased plant growth under non-saline and saline soil conditions by 21% and 40%, respectively. Moreover, applying biochar increased soil microbial activity as observed by fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolase activity, as well as phosphomonoesterase activities, and the numbers of colony-forming units (CFU) of P-mobilizing bacteria. Soil amended with 2% biochar concentration increased total soil nitrogen (Nt), phosphorus (P), and total carbon (Ct) concentrations by 18%, 15%, and 90% under non-saline soil conditions and by 29%, 16%, and 90% in saline soil compared the control, respectively. The soil FDA hydrolytic activity and phosphatase strongly correlate with soil Ct, Nt, and P contents. The rhizosphere soil collected after biochar amendment showed a higher abundance of tricalcium phosphate-solubilizing bacteria than the control soil without biochar. Overall, this study demonstrated that 2% maize-derived biochar positively affects halophyte plant growth and thus could be considered for potential use in the reclamation of degraded saline soil.
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Production of pine sawdust biochar supporting phosphate-solubilizing bacteria as an alternative bioinoculant in Allium cepa L., culture. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12815. [PMID: 35896796 PMCID: PMC9329452 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17106-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We produced and characterised biochar made from Caribbean pine sawdust as raw material. The biochar (BC500) was used as biocompatible support to co-inoculate phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) (BC500/PSB) on Allium cepa L., plants at a greenhouse scale for four months. The three biomaterials study included proximate analysis, elemental analysis, aromaticity analysis, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), adsorption studies at different pH and PSB stability as a function of time. The results indicated that BC500 is suitable as organic support or solid matrix to maintain the viability of PSB able to solubilise P from phosphate rock (PR). The biofertilizer (BC500/PSB) allows increasing germination, seedling growth, nutrient assimilation, and growth of Allium cepa L., because PSB immobilised on BC500 promoted nutrient mobilisation, particularly P, during cultivation of Allium cepa L., at pots scale. The two treatments to evaluate the biofertilizer (BC500/PSB) showed the highest concentrations of total P with 1.25 ± 0.13 and 1.38 ± 0.14 mg bulb-1 in A. cepa L. This work presents the benefits of a new product based on bacteria naturally associated with onion and an organic material (BC500) serving as a bacterial carrier that increases the adsorption area of highly reactive nutrients, reducing their leaching or precipitation with other nutrients and fixation to the solid matrix of the soil.
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Biochar, Ochre, and Manure Maturation in an Acidic Technosol Helps Stabilize As and Pb in Soil and Allows Its Vegetation by Salix triandra. ENVIRONMENTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/environments9070087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Past mining extraction activities still have a negative impact in the present time, the resulting metal(loid) contaminated soils affecting both the environment and human health. Assisted phytostabilization technology, combining soil conditioner application to immobilize metal(loid)s and plant growth to reduce erosion and leaching risks, is a useful strategy in the restoration of metal(loid) contaminated lands. However, contaminants will respond differently to a particular amendment, having their own specific characteristics. Therefore, in multi-contaminated soils, soil conditioner combination has been suggested as a good strategy for metal(loid) immobilization. In the present study, in a mesocosm experiment, organic (biochar and manure) and inorganic (ochre) amendments were evaluated in single and combined applications for their effect on metal(loid) stabilization and Salix triandra growth improvement, in an arsenic and lead highly contaminated soil. Specifically, the effects of these amendments on soil properties, metal(loid) behavior, and plant growth were evaluated after they aged in the soil for 6 months. Results showed that all amendments, except biochar alone, could reduce soil acidity, with the best outcomes obtained with the three amendments combined. The combination of the three soil conditioners has also led to reducing soil lead availability. However, only ochre, alone or combined with the other soil fertilizers, was capable of immobilizing arsenic. Moreover, amendment application enhanced plant growth, without affecting arsenic accumulation. On the contrary, plants grown on all the amended soils, except plants grown on soil added with manure alone, showed higher lead concentration in leaves, which poses a risk of return of lead into the soil when leaves will shed in autumn. Considering that the best plant growth improvement, together with the lowest increase in lead aerial accumulation, was observed in manure-treated soil, the addition of manure seems to have potential in the restoration of arsenic and lead contaminated soil.
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Koyro HW, Huchzermeyer B. From Soil Amendments to Controlling Autophagy: Supporting Plant Metabolism under Conditions of Water Shortage and Salinity. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11131654. [PMID: 35807605 PMCID: PMC9269222 DOI: 10.3390/plants11131654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Crop resistance to environmental stress is a major issue. The globally increasing land degradation and desertification enhance the demand on management practices to balance both food and environmental objectives, including strategies that tighten nutrient cycles and maintain yields. Agriculture needs to provide, among other things, future additional ecosystem services, such as water quantity and quality, runoff control, soil fertility maintenance, carbon storage, climate regulation, and biodiversity. Numerous research projects have focused on the food–soil–climate nexus, and results were summarized in several reviews during the last decades. Based on this impressive piece of information, we have selected only a few aspects with the intention of studying plant–soil interactions and methods for optimization. In the short term, the use of soil amendments is currently attracting great interest to cover the current demand in agriculture. We will discuss the impact of biochar at water shortage, and plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) at improving nutrient supply to plants. In this review, our focus is on the interplay of both soil amendments on primary reactions of photosynthesis, plant growth conditions, and signaling during adaptation to environmental stress. Moreover, we aim at providing a general overview of how dehydration and salinity affect signaling in cells. With the use of the example of abscisic acid (ABA) and ethylene, we discuss the effects that can be observed when biochar and PGPB are used in the presence of stress. The stress response of plants is a multifactorial trait. Nevertheless, we will show that plants follow a general concept to adapt to unfavorable environmental conditions in the short and long term. However, plant species differ in the upper and lower regulatory limits of gene expression. Therefore, the presented data may help in the identification of traits for future breeding of stress-resistant crops. One target for breeding could be the removal and efficient recycling of damaged as well as needless compounds and structures. Furthermore, in this context, we will show that autophagy can be a useful goal of breeding measures, since the recycling of building blocks helps the cells to overcome a period of imbalanced substrate supply during stress adjustment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Werner Koyro
- Institute of Plantecology, Justus-Liebig-University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Bernhard Huchzermeyer
- Institute of Botany, Leibniz Universitaet Hannover, Herrenhaeuser Str. 2, 30416 Hannover, Germany; or
- AK Biotechnology, VDI-BV-Hannover, Hanomagstr. 12, 30449 Hannover, Germany
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11
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Ma H, Shurigin V, Jabborova D, dela Cruz JA, dela Cruz TE, Wirth S, Bellingrath-Kimura SD, Egamberdieva D. The Integrated Effect of Microbial Inoculants and Biochar Types on Soil Biological Properties, and Plant Growth of Lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:423. [PMID: 35161404 PMCID: PMC8838139 DOI: 10.3390/plants11030423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Numerous reports confirm the positive effect of biochar application on soil properties and plant development. However, the interaction between root-associated beneficial microbes and different types of biochar is not well understood. The objective of this study was to evaluate the plant growth of lettuce after the application of three types of biochar in loamy, sandy soil individually and in combination with plant-beneficial microbes. Furthermore, total microbial activity in rhizosphere soil of lettuce was measured by means of fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolase and enzyme activities linked to carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycling. We used three types of biochar: (i) pyrolysis char from cherry wood (CWBC), (ii) pyrolysis char from wood (WBC), and (iii) pyrolysis char from maize (MBC) at 2% concentration. Our results showed that pyrolysis biochars positively affected plant interaction with microbial inoculants. Plant dry biomass grown on soil amended with MBC in combination with Klebsiella sp. BS13 and Klebsiella sp. BS13 + Talaromyces purpureogenus BS16aPP inoculants was significantly increased by 5.8% and 18%, respectively, compared to the control plants. Comprehensively, interaction analysis showed that the biochar effect on soil enzyme activities involved in N and P cycling depends on the type of microbial inoculant. Microbial strains exhibited plant growth-promoting traits, including the production of indole 3-acetic-acid and hydrogen cyanide and phosphate-solubilizing ability. The effect of microbial inoculant also depends on the biochar type. In summary, these findings provide new insights into the understanding of the interactions between biochar and microbial inoculants, which may affect lettuce growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Vyacheslav Shurigin
- Faculty of Biology, National University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent 100174, Uzbekistan;
| | - Dilfuza Jabborova
- Institute of Genetics and Plant Experimental Biology, Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan, Tashkent 111226, Uzbekistan;
| | - Jeane Aril dela Cruz
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, University of Santo Tomas, Manila 1008, Philippines; (J.A.d.C.); (T.E.d.C.)
| | - Thomas Edison dela Cruz
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, University of Santo Tomas, Manila 1008, Philippines; (J.A.d.C.); (T.E.d.C.)
- Fungal Biodiversity, Ecogenomics, and Systematics (FBeS) Group, Research Center for the Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, Manila 1008, Philippines
| | - Stephan Wirth
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), 15374 Müncheberg, Germany; (S.W.); (S.D.B.-K.)
| | - Sonoko Dorothea Bellingrath-Kimura
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), 15374 Müncheberg, Germany; (S.W.); (S.D.B.-K.)
- Faculty of Life Science, Humboldt University of Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dilfuza Egamberdieva
- Faculty of Biology, National University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent 100174, Uzbekistan;
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), 15374 Müncheberg, Germany; (S.W.); (S.D.B.-K.)
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12
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Biochar Amendments Improve Licorice ( Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.) Growth and Nutrient Uptake under Salt Stress. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10102135. [PMID: 34685945 PMCID: PMC8539127 DOI: 10.3390/plants10102135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.) is a salt and drought tolerant legume suitable for rehabilitating abandoned saline lands, especially in dry arid regions. We hypothesized that soil amended with maize-derived biochar might alleviate salt stress in licorice by improving its growth, nutrient acquisition, and root system adaptation. Experiments were designed to determine the effect of different biochar concentrations on licorice growth parameters, acquisition of C (carbon), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) and on soil enzyme activities under saline and non-saline soil conditions. Pyrolysis char from maize (600 °C) was used at concentrations of 2% (B2), 4% (B4), and 6% (B6) for pot experiments. After 40 days, biochar improved the shoot and root biomass of licorice by 80 and 41% under saline soil conditions. However, B4 and B6 did not have a significant effect on shoot growth. Furthermore, increased nodule numbers of licorice grown at B4 amendment were observed under both non-saline and saline conditions. The root architectural traits, such as root length, surface area, project area, root volume, and nodulation traits, also significantly increased by biochar application at both B2 and B4. The concentrations of N and K in plant tissue increased under B2 and B4 amendments compared to the plants grown without biochar application. Moreover, the soil under saline conditions amended with biochar showed a positive effect on the activities of soil fluorescein diacetate hydrolase, proteases, and acid phosphomonoesterases. Overall, this study demonstrated the beneficial effects of maize-derived biochar on growth and nutrient uptake of licorice under saline soil conditions by improving nodule formation and root architecture, as well as soil enzyme activity.
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Gao W, Gao K, Guo Z, Liu Y, Jiang L, Liu C, Liu X, Wang G. Different Responses of Soil Bacterial and Fungal Communities to 3 Years of Biochar Amendment in an Alkaline Soybean Soil. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:630418. [PMID: 34122356 PMCID: PMC8187762 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.630418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biochar as a soil amendment has been regarded as a promising way to improve soil fertility. However, the response of microbial community after biochar and biochar compound fertilizer (BCF) application has not been thoroughly elucidated. This study evaluated the changes in abundance and composition of bacterial and fungal communities using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and Illumina MiSeq amplicon sequencing. The field experiment ran for 3 years and comprised five treatments: chemical fertilizer as control (CK), straw-returning combined with chemical fertilizer (CS), low biochar application combined with chemical fertilizer (LB), high biochar application combined with chemical fertilizer (HB) and BCF. The results showed that biochar amendment results no changes in the abundance and diversity of bacteria in the bulk and rhizosphere soils. However, the abundance of soil fungi was significantly increased by biochar amendment (LB and HB). LB treatment significantly increased the fungal alpha diversity, while there was no significant change under HB. Furthermore, the dominant bacterial phyla found in the samples were Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Acidobacteria. Biochar addition increased the relative abundance of Actinobacteria in both bulk and rhizosphere soils. The dominant fungal phyla were Ascomycota, Mortierellomycota, and Basidiomycota. The relative abundance of Ascomycota significantly decreased, but Mortierellomycota significantly increased in LB and HB. In addition, redundancy analysis indicated that the changes in bacterial and fungal communities are associated with soil properties such as SOC and TN, which are crucial contributors in regulating the community composition. This study is expected to provide significant theoretical and practical knowledge for the application of biochar in agricultural ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Gao
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Life Science, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, China
| | - Ke Gao
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Life Science, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, China
| | - Zonghao Guo
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Life Science, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Life Science, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, China
| | - Li Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- Institute of Resources, Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Institute of Resources, Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guangli Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Life Science, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, China
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Role of biochar, compost and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria in the management of tomato early blight disease. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6092. [PMID: 33731746 PMCID: PMC7971063 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85633-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The individual role of biochar, compost and PGPR has been widely studied in increasing the productivity of plants by inducing resistance against phyto-pathogens. However, the knowledge on combined effect of biochar and PGPR on plant health and management of foliar pathogens is still at juvenile stage. The effect of green waste biochar (GWB) and wood biochar (WB), together with compost (Comp) and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR; Bacillus subtilis) was examined on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) physiology and Alternaria solani development both in vivo and in vitro. Tomato plants were raised in potting mixture modified with only compost (Comp) at application rate of 20% (v/v), and along with WB and GWB at application rate of 3 and 6% (v/v), each separately, in combination with or without B. subtilis. In comparison with WB amended soil substrate, percentage disease index was significantly reduced in GWB amended treatments (Comp + 6%GWB and Comp + 3%GWB; 48.21 and 35.6%, respectively). Whereas, in the presence of B. subtilis disease suppression was also maximum (up to 80%) in the substrate containing GWB. Tomato plant growth and physiological parameters were significantly higher in treatment containing GWB (6%) alone as well as in combination with PGPR. Alternaria solani mycelial growth inhibition was less than 50% in comp, WB and GWB amended growth media, whereas B. subtilis induced maximum inhibition (55.75%). Conclusively, the variable impact of WB, GWB and subsequently their concentrations in the soil substrate was evident on early blight development and plant physiology. To our knowledge, this is the first report implying biochar in synergism with PGPR to hinder the early blight development in tomatoes.
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Insights on Molecular Characteristics of Hydrochars by 13C-NMR and Off-Line TMAH-GC/MS and Assessment of Their Potential Use as Plant Growth Promoters. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26041026. [PMID: 33672045 PMCID: PMC7919478 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26041026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrochar is a carbon-based material that can be used as soil amendment. Since the physical-chemical properties of hydrochar are mainly assigned to process parameters, we aimed at evaluating the organic fraction of different hydrochars through 13C-NMR and off-line TMAH-GC/MS. Four hydrochars produced with sugarcane bagasse, vinasse and sulfuric or phosphoric acids were analyzed to elucidate the main molecular features. Germination and initial growth of maize seedlings were assessed using hydrochar water-soluble fraction to evaluate their potential use as growth promoters. The hydrochars prepared with phosphoric acid showed larger amounts of bioavailable lignin-derived structures. Although no differences were shown about the percentage of maize seeds germination, the hydrochar produced with phosphoric acid promoted a better seedling growth. For this sample, the greatest relative percentage of benzene derivatives and phenolic compounds were associated to hormone-like effects, responsible for stimulating shoot and root elongation. The reactions parameters proved to be determinant for the organic composition of hydrochar, exerting a strict influence on molecular features and plant growth response.
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16
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Hou P, Feng Y, Wang N, Petropoulos E, Li D, Yu S, Xue L, Yang L. Win-win: Application of sawdust-derived hydrochar in low fertility soil improves rice yield and reduces greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural ecosystems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 748:142457. [PMID: 33113706 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
As a good soil synergist, biochar has a wide prospect in improving soil fertility and crop production. Although hydrochar, produced by hydrothermal carbonization process has attracted attention due to production advantages, hydrochar application in low fertility soils as well as its impact to the associated greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in farmlands is rarely reported. To advance our understanding on the effect of hydrochar addition on grain yield from low fertility soils and the corresponding CH4 and N2O emissions, a soil-column experiment, with two hydrochar types (sawdust-derived hydrochar (SDH), microbial-aged hydrochar (A-SDH)) at two application rates (5‰, 15‰; (w/w)), was conducted. The results showed that hydrochar addition evidently increased rice yield. The N2O emissions were mainly related to the substrate supply of the hydrochar itself and less affected by the denitrifiers (functional genes) present. Hydrochar amendment at low application rate (5‰; SDH05, A-SDH05) significantly decreased the cumulative N2O emissions by 26.32% ~ 36.84%. Additionally, hydrochar amendment could not increase the CH4 emissions due to the substrate limitation; the cumulative emissions were similar with those from the control, ranging between 11.1-12.8 g m-2. Regarding grain yield and global warming potential, greenhouse gas intensity from the soils subjected to hydrochar (SDH05, A-SDH05, A-SDH15) were significantly lower than that of the control, observation attributed to the high yield and low N2O emissions. Overall, hydrochar addition is an effective strategy to ensure grain yield in low fertility soils with relatively low/controlled GHG emissions, especially when the amendment is applied at low application rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfu Hou
- Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in downstream of Yangze Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Nanjing 210014, China; School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, China
| | - Yanfang Feng
- Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in downstream of Yangze Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Nanjing 210014, China; School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in downstream of Yangze Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Nanjing 210014, China; School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, China
| | | | - Detian Li
- Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in downstream of Yangze Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Shan Yu
- Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in downstream of Yangze Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Lihong Xue
- Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in downstream of Yangze Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Nanjing 210014, China; School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, China.
| | - Linzhang Yang
- Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in downstream of Yangze Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Nanjing 210014, China
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17
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Brewer's Spent Grains-Valuable Beer Industry By-Product. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10121669. [PMID: 33322175 PMCID: PMC7764043 DOI: 10.3390/biom10121669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The brewing sector is a significant part of the global food industry. Breweries produce large quantities of wastes, including wastewater and brewer’s spent grains. Currently, upcycling of food industry by-products is one of the principles of the circular economy. The aim of this review is to present possible ways to utilize common solid by-product from the brewing sector. Brewer’s spent grains (BSG) is a good material for sorption and processing into activated carbon. Another way to utilize spent grains is to use them as a fuel in raw form, after hydrothermal carbonization or as a feedstock for anaerobic digestion. The mentioned by-products may also be utilized in animal and human nutrition. Moreover, BSG is a waste rich in various substances that may be extracted for further utilization. It is likely that, in upcoming years, brewer’s spent grains will not be considered as a by-product, but as a desirable raw material for various branches of industry.
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18
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Mapelli F, Riva V, Vergani L, Choukrallah R, Borin S. Unveiling the Microbiota Diversity of the Xerophyte Argania spinosa L. Skeels Root System and Residuesphere. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2020; 80:822-836. [PMID: 32583006 PMCID: PMC7550381 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-020-01543-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The microbiota associated to xerophyte is a "black box" that might include microbes involved in plant adaptation to the extreme conditions that characterize their habitat, like water shortage. In this work, we studied the bacterial communities inhabiting the root system of Argania spinosa L. Skeels, a tree of high economic value and ecological relevance in Northern Africa. Illumina 16S rRNA gene sequencing and cultivation techniques were applied to unravel the bacterial microbiota's structure in environmental niches associated to argan plants (i.e., root endosphere, rhizosphere, root-surrounding soil), not associated to the plant (i.e., bulk soil), and indirectly influenced by the plant being partially composed by its leafy residue and the associated microbes (i.e., residuesphere). Illumina dataset indicated that the root system portions of A. spinosa hosted different bacterial communities according to their degree of association with the plant, enriching for taxa typical of the plant microbiome. Similar alpha- and beta-diversity trends were observed for the total microbiota and its cultivable fraction, which included 371 isolates. In particular, the residuesphere was the niche with the highest bacterial diversity. The Plant Growth Promotion (PGP) potential of 219 isolates was investigated in vitro, assessing several traits related to biofertilization and biocontrol, besides the production of exopolysaccharides. Most of the multivalent isolates showing the higher PGP score were identified in the residuesphere, suggesting it as a habitat that favor their proliferation. We hypothesized that these bacteria can contribute, in partnership with the argan root system, to the litter effect played by this tree in its native arid lands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Mapelli
- Department of Food Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Valentina Riva
- Department of Food Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Vergani
- Department of Food Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Redouane Choukrallah
- Hassan II, Salinity and Plant Nutrition Laboratory, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Sara Borin
- Department of Food Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133, Milan, Italy
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A Review on Practical Application and Potentials of Phytohormone-Producing Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria for Inducing Heavy Metal Tolerance in Crops. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12219056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Water scarcity and high input costs have compelled farmers to use untreated wastewater and industrial effluents to increase profitability of their farms. Normally, these effluents improve crop productivity by serving as carbon source for microbes, providing nutrients to plants and microbes, and improving soil physicochemical and biological properties. They, however, may also contain significant concentrations of potential heavy metals, the main inorganic pollutants affecting plant systems, in addition to soil deterioration. The continuous use of untreated industrial wastes and agrochemicals may lead to accumulation of phytotoxic concentration of heavy metals in soils. Phytotoxic concentration of heavy metals in soils has been reported in Pakistan along the road sides and around metropolitan areas, which may cause its higher accumulation in edible plant parts. A number of bacterial that can induce heavy metal tolerance in plants due to their ability to produce phytohormones strains have been reported. Inoculation of crop plants with these microbes can help to improve their growth and productivity under normal, as well as stressed, conditions. This review reports the recent developments in heavy metal pollution as one of the major inorganic sources, the response of plants to these contaminants, and heavy metal stress mitigation strategies. We have also summarized the exogenous application of phytohormones and, more importantly, the use of phytohormone-producing, heavy metal-tolerant rhizobacteria as one of the recent tools to deal with heavy metal contamination and improvement in productivity of agricultural systems.
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Response of Soybean to Hydrochar-Based Rhizobium Inoculation in Loamy Sandy Soil. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8111674. [PMID: 33126699 PMCID: PMC7693707 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8111674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrochar is rich in nutrients and may provide a favorable habitat or shelter for bacterial proliferation and survival. Therefore, in this study, we investigate the efficiency of a hydrochar-based rhizobial inoculant (Bradyrhizobium japonicum) on the symbiotic performance of soybean under both greenhouse and field conditions. There were positive and significant effects of hydrochar-based inoculation on the root and shoot growth of soybean as compared to uninoculated plants grown under irrigated and drought conditions. The drought stress significantly inhibited the symbiotic performance of rhizobia with soybean. Soybean inoculated with hydrochar-based B. japonicum produced twofold more nodules under drought stress conditions as compared to plants inoculated with a commercial preparation/inoculant carrier B. japonicum (HISTICK). The N concentration of inoculated plants with hydrochar-based B. japonicum was by 31% higher than that of un-inoculated plants grown in pots and by 22% for HISTICK. Furthermore, the soybean treated with hydrochar-based B. japonicum showed higher grain yield of 29% under irrigated conditions and 40% higher under rainfed condition compared to un-inoculated plants. In conclusion, the obtained results proved the potential of hydrochar-based B. japonicum inoculant for soybean in terms of increased symbiotic performance and agronomic traits, especially under rainfed conditions.
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Olszyk D, Shiroyama T, Novak J, Cantrell K, Sigua G, Watts D, Johnson MG. Biochar affects growth and shoot nitrogen in four crops for two soils. AGROSYSTEMS, GEOSCIENCES & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 3:1-22. [PMID: 35875186 PMCID: PMC9301614 DOI: 10.1002/agg2.20067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
To address the need for information on biochar effects on crop growth and nitrogen (N), a greenhouse study was conducted with carrot, lettuce, soybean, and sweet corn using sandy loam (Coxville series) and loamy sand (Norfolk series) soils and a variety of biochars. Biochar was produced from pine chips (PC), poultry litter (PL), swine solids (SS), switchgrass (SG), and two blends of PC plus PL (50/50% [55] and 80/20% [82], wt/wt), with each feedstock pyrolyzed at 350, 500, or 700 °C. The results confirmed that biochar can increase crop growth; however, the responses varied with crop, soil, and feedstock and to a lesser extent with pyrolysis temperature. In general, lettuce had large increases in shoot and root dry weights vs. no-biochar controls with many biochars, primarily the SS and 55 blend and to a lesser extent with 82 followed by PL, and then PC and SG, especially when grown in the Coxville soil. Biochar had more limited effects on carrot, sweet corn, and soybean weights. Some biochars decreased crop growth (e.g., PL at 700 °C) for soybean shoot and pod dry weights with the Norfolk soil. Shoot N concentrations decreased with SS, 55, and 82 for carrot, lettuce, and sweet corn with the Norfolk soil but tended to increase for soybean. Shoot N uptake increased or decreased depending on biochar feedstock and temperature, crop, and soil. These results confirm that biochar can increase crop growth and affect shoot N, which is essential for crop growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Olszyk
- Pacific Ecological Systems Division, USEPA, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, 200 SW 35th St., Corvallis, OR 97333, USA
| | - Tamotsu Shiroyama
- Senior Environmental Employment Program, National Asian Pacific Center, 200 SW 35th St., Corvallis, OR 97333, USA
| | - Jeffrey Novak
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Coastal Plains Soil, Water, and Plant Research Center, 2611 West Lucas St., Florence, SC 29501, USA
| | - Keri Cantrell
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Coastal Plains Soil, Water, and Plant Research Center, 2611 West Lucas St., Florence, SC 29501, USA
| | - Gilbert Sigua
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Coastal Plains Soil, Water, and Plant Research Center, 2611 West Lucas St., Florence, SC 29501, USA
| | - Donald Watts
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Coastal Plains Soil, Water, and Plant Research Center, 2611 West Lucas St., Florence, SC 29501, USA
| | - Mark G. Johnson
- Pacific Ecological Systems Division, USEPA, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, 200 SW 35th St., Corvallis, OR 97333, USA
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Plant growth response of broad bean (Vicia faba L.) to biochar amendment of loamy sand soil under irrigated and drought conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42398-020-00116-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe broad bean (Vicia faba L.) originated in the Near East, and is cultivated around the world, however, its cultivation is affected by drought stress in several central growing regions of the globe. The present study was designed to determine the effect of biochar on bean plant growth, acquisition of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) and on soil nutrient contents under drought and irrigated conditions. Pyrolysis char from maize (MBC) at 2 and 4% concentrations was used for pot experiments. The shoot and/or root biomass of bean grown in soil amended with 2 and 4% MBC under irrigated condition was increased. Furthermore, increased nodule numbers of bean grown at 4% MBC amendment was observed under both irrigated and drought conditions. P and K uptake of plants under drought conditions increased by 14% and 23% under 2% MBC amendment, and by 23% and 34% under 4% MBC amendment as compared to plants grown without biochar application, respectively. This study demonstrated beneficial effects of biochar produced from maize on growth and nutrient uptake of broad bean, by improving the nodule formation and soil nutritional contents in a sandy loam soil.
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Wang G, Ma Y, Chenia HY, Govinden R, Luo J, Ren G. Biochar-Mediated Control of Phytophthora Blight of Pepper Is Closely Related to the Improvement of the Rhizosphere Fungal Community. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1427. [PMID: 32733402 PMCID: PMC7360685 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Biochar is a new eco-material with the potential to control soilborne diseases. This study explored the relationship between the rhizosphere fungal community and the suppression of Phytophthora blight of pepper in the context of time after biochar application. A pot experiment was conducted and rhizosphere soils were sampled to determine the biochar-induced soil chemical properties, fungal community composition, and abundance of biocontrol fungi. The biochar-enriched fungal strains were screened by the selective isolation method, and their control effects against Phytophthora blight of pepper were determined using a pot experiment. Biochar treatments effectively inhibited pathogen growth and controlled the disease, with biochar applied immediately before planting (BC0) having greater effects than that applied 20 days before planting (BC20). Compared to the control, biochar-amended rhizosphere soils had a higher pH, available nutrient content, and fungal richness and diversity. Moreover, biochar treatments significantly increased the abundance of potential biocontrol fungi. The proliferation in BC0 was stronger as compared to that in BC20. Several strains belonging to Aspergillus, Chaetomium, and Trichoderma, which were enriched by biochar amendment, demonstrated effective control of Phytophthora blight of pepper. Canonical correspondence and Pearson's correlation analysis showed that a high content of soil-available nutrients in biochar treatments was favorable to the proliferation of beneficial fungi, which was negatively correlated with both the abundance of Phytophthora capsici and disease severity. In conclusion, biochar-mediated improvement in the fungal community suppressed the Phytophthora blight of pepper. The biochar application time had a great impact on the control effect, possibly due to the short-term proliferative effect of the biochar on biocontrol fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangfei Wang
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environments, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in Downstream of Yangtze Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Ma
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environments, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in Downstream of Yangtze Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, China
| | - Hafizah Yousuf Chenia
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Roshini Govinden
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Jia Luo
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environments, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in Downstream of Yangtze Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, China
| | - Gaidi Ren
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environments, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in Downstream of Yangtze Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, China
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Interaction of Biochar Type and Rhizobia Inoculation Increases the Growth and Biological Nitrogen Fixation of Robinia pseudoacacia Seedlings. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11060711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Adding biochar to soil can change soil properties and subsequently affect plant growth, but this effect can vary because of different feedstocks and methods (e.g., pyrolysis or gasification) used to create the biochar. Growth and biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) of leguminous plants can be improved with rhizobia inoculation that fosters nodule development. Thus, this factorial greenhouse study examined the effects of two types of biochar (i.e., pyrolysis and gasification) added at a rate of 5% (v:v) to a peat-based growth substrate and rhizobia inoculation (yes or no) on Robinia pseudoacacia (black locust) seedlings supplied with 15NH415NO3. Seedling and nodule growth, nitrogen (N) content, and δ15N × 1000 were evaluated after 3 months. While addition of biochar without inoculation had no effect on seedling growth, inoculation with rhizobia increased seedling growth, BNF, and N status. Inoculated seedlings had reduced δ15N, indicating that N provided via fertilization was being diluted by N additions through BNF. Biochar type and inoculation interacted to affect seedling growth. Combining inoculation with either biochar type increased seedling leaf, stem, and total biomass, whereas gasifier biochar and inoculation improved all seedling growth variables and nodule biomass.
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Alaylar B, Egamberdieva D, Gulluce M, Karadayi M, Arora NK. Integration of molecular tools in microbial phosphate solubilization research in agriculture perspective. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 36:93. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-020-02870-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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De Hita D, Fuentes M, Zamarreño AM, Ruiz Y, Garcia-Mina JM. Culturable Bacterial Endophytes From Sedimentary Humic Acid-Treated Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:837. [PMID: 32636861 PMCID: PMC7316998 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The global decrease in soil fertility leads to a new agricultural scenario where eco-friendly solutions play an important role. The plant growth promotion through the use of microbes, especially endophytes and rhizosphere microbiota, has been proposed as a useful solution. Several studies have shown that humic substances are suitable vehicles for the inoculation of plant growth promoting bacteria, and that this combination has an enhanced effect on the stimulation of plant development. In this work, cucumber plants grown hydroponically have been pre-treated with a sedimentary humic acid (SHA) with known plant growth-enhancing effects, and culturable bacterial endophytes have been isolated from these plants. The hypothesis was that this pre-treatment with SHA could lead to the isolation of certain endophytic taxa whose proliferation within the plant could have been promoted as a result of the effects of the treatment with SHA, and that could eventually reinforce a potential synergistic effect of a combined application of those endophytic bacteria and SHA. The culturable endophytes that have been isolated from humic acid-treated cucumber plants have been identified as members of four main phyla: Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes. Isolates were characterized according to the following plant growth-promoting traits: nitrogen fixation/scavenging, phosphate solubilization, siderophore production and plant hormone production. Most of the isolates were able to fix/scavenge nitrogen and to produce plant hormones (indole-3-acetic acid and several cytokinins), whereas few isolates were able to solubilize phosphate and/or produce siderophores. The most promising endophyte isolates for its use in futures investigations as plant growth-promoting bacterial inocula were Pseudomonas sp. strains (that showed all traits), Sphingomonas sp., Stenotrophomonas sp. strains, or some Arthrobacter sp. and Microbacterium sp. isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- David De Hita
- Department of Environmental Biology, Biological and Agricultural Chemistry Group (BACh), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Marta Fuentes
- Department of Environmental Biology, Biological and Agricultural Chemistry Group (BACh), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Angel M. Zamarreño
- Department of Environmental Biology, Biological and Agricultural Chemistry Group (BACh), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Yaiza Ruiz
- Department of Environmental Biology, Biological and Agricultural Chemistry Group (BACh), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jose M. Garcia-Mina
- Department of Environmental Biology, Biological and Agricultural Chemistry Group (BACh), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Centre Mondial de I’lnnovation (CMI) – Groupe Roullier, Saint-Malo, France
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Wu H, Qin X, Wu H, Li F, Wu J, Zheng L, Wang J, Chen J, Zhao Y, Lin S, Lin W. Biochar mediates microbial communities and their metabolic characteristics under continuous monoculture. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 246:125835. [PMID: 31927385 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.125835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Biochar amendment has been extensively used to improve plant performance and suppress disease in monoculture systems; however, few studies have focused on the underlying control mechanisms of replanting disease. In this study, we assessed the effects of biochar application on Radix pseudostellariae plant growth, rhizosphere soil microbial communities, and the physiological properties of microorganisms in a consecutive monoculture system. We found that biochar addition had little impact on the physiological parameters of tissue cultures of R. pseudostellaria but did significantly mediate microbial abundance in the rhizosphere soil of different consecutive monoculture years, leading to decreases in the abundance of pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum, Talaromyces helicus, and Kosakonia sacchari. Furthermore, biochar amendment had negative effects on the growth of beneficial bacteria, such as Burkholderia ambifaria, Pseudomonas chlororaphis, and Bacillus pumilus. Metabolomic analysis indicated that biochar significantly influenced the metabolic processes of F. oxysporum while inhibiting the mycelial growth and abating the virulence on plants. In summary, this study details the potential mechanisms responsible for the biochar-stimulated changes in the abundances and metabolism of rhizosphere bacteria and fungi, decreases in the contents of pathogens, and therefore improvements in the environmental conditions for plants growth. Further research is needed to evaluate the effects of biochar in long-term field trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmiao Wu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China; Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China
| | - Xianjin Qin
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China; Key Laboratory for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education / College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China
| | - Huiming Wu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China; Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China
| | - Feng Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China; Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China
| | - Jiachun Wu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China; Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China
| | - Ling Zheng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China; Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China
| | - Juanying Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China; Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China
| | - Jun Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China; Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China
| | - Yanlin Zhao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China; Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China
| | - Sheng Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China; Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China.
| | - Wenxiong Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China; Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China; Key Laboratory for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education / College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China.
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The Effect of Biochars and Endophytic Bacteria on Growth and Root Rot Disease Incidence of Fusarium Infested Narrow-Leafed Lupin ( Lupinus angustifolius L.). Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8040496. [PMID: 32244470 PMCID: PMC7232306 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8040496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of biochar on plant growth vary depending on the applied biochar type, study site environmental conditions, microbial species, and plant-microbial interactions. The objectives of the present study were therefore to assess 1) the response of growth parameters of lupin and root disease incidence to the application of three biochar types in a loamy sandy soil, and 2) the role of endophytic bacteria in biological control of root rot disease incidence in lupin after the amendment of soil with different biochar types. As biochar types we tested (i) hydrochar (HTC) from maize silage, (ii) pyrolysis char from maize (MBC), and (iii) pyrolysis char from wood (WBC) at three different concentrations (1%, 2%, and 3% of char as soil amendments). There were no significant effects in lupin shoot and root growth in soils amended with WBC at any of the concentrations. MBC did not affect plant growth except for root dry weight at 2% MBC. HTC char at 2% concentration, significantly increased the root dry weight of lupin by 54-75%, and shoot dry weight by 21-25%. Lupin plants grown in soil amended with 2% and 3% WBC and MBC chars showed 40-50% and 10-20% disease symptoms, respectively. Plants grown in soil without biochar and with HTC char were healthy, and no disease incidence occurred. Pseudomonas putida L2 and Stenotrophomonas pavanii L8 isolates demonstrated a disease reduction compared to un-inoculated plants under MBC and WBC amended soil that was infested with Fusarium solani.
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Egamberdieva D, Li L, Ma H, Wirth S, Bellingrath-Kimura SD. Soil Amendment With Different Maize Biochars Improves Chickpea Growth Under Different Moisture Levels by Improving Symbiotic Performance With Mesorhizobium ciceri and Soil Biochemical Properties to Varying Degrees. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2423. [PMID: 31749774 PMCID: PMC6842948 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is an important legume originating in the Mediterranean and the Middle East and is now cultivated in several varieties throughout the world due to its high protein and fiber content as well as its potential health benefits. However, production is drastically affected by prevalent water stress in most soybean-growing regions. This study investigates the potential of biochar to affect chickpea-Rhizobium symbiotic performance and soil biological activity in a pot experiment. Two different biochar types were produced from maize using different pyrolysis techniques, i.e., by heating at 600°C (MBC) and by batch-wise hydrothermal carbonization at 210°C (HTC), and used as soil amendments. The plant biomass, plant nutrient concentration, nodule numbers, leghemoglobin (Lb) content, soil enzyme activities, and nutrient contents of the grown chickpeas were examined. Our results indicated that plant root and shoot biomass, the acquisition of N, P, K, and Mg, soil nutrient contents, soil alkaline and acid phosphomonoesterases, and proteases were significantly increased by HTC char application in comparison to MBC char under both well-watered and drought conditions. Furthermore, the application of both biochar types caused an increase in nodule number by 52% in well-watered and drought conditions by improving the symbiotic performance of chickpea with Mesorhizobium ciceri. Rhizobial inoculation combined with HTC char showed a positive effect on soil FDA activity, proteases and alkaline phosphomonoesterases under well-watered and drought conditions compared to the control or MBC char-amended soils. This concept, whereby the type of producing biochar plays a central role in the effect of the biochar, conforms to the fact that there is a link between biochar chemical and physical properties and enhanced plant nutrient acquisition, symbiotic performance and stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilfuza Egamberdieva
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, Müncheberg, Germany
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, National University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresource in Arid Land, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Ürümqi, China
| | - Li Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresource in Arid Land, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Ürümqi, China
| | - Hua Ma
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Stephan Wirth
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, Müncheberg, Germany
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Liu X, Liu C, Gao W, Xue C, Guo Z, Jiang L, Li F, Liu Y. Impact of biochar amendment on the abundance and structure of diazotrophic community in an alkaline soil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 688:944-951. [PMID: 31726576 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Biological nitrogen (N) fixation contributes to the pool of plant-available N in soil and helps to minimize the use of inorganic N fertilizer in agricultural ecosystems. Although diazotrophs play an important role in the biological fixation of atmospheric N2 in a range of soil types, the knowledge of their response to biochar amendment is still limited. Here, using the nifH gene as a molecular marker, we investigated the short-term effect of biochar application on the abundance, community composition and activity of diazotroph in an alkaline soil. A field trial was established before soybean sowing in 2017 and five treatments were included: inorganic NPK fertilizer (CK); inorganic NPK fertilizer + wheat straw (CS); inorganic NPK fertilizer + low rate of biochar (B4); inorganic NPK fertilizer + high rate of biochar (B20); biochar compound fertilizer (BCF). The field trial was lasted for one crop season and samples were collected by soybean harvest. The results showed that biochar addition generally increased the concentration of soil organic carbon (SOC) and available phosphorous (AP), while B20 treatment significantly increased the total nitrogen (TN) and available potassium (AK). Biochar addition treatments increased the nifH gene abundance and altered the community structure of soil diazotrophs. The abundance of nifH gene was positively correlated with SOC, indicating that increasing SOC potentially affected diazotrophic population in the alkaline soil. Community structure of diazotrophs in the CS treatment was similar with the CK treatment; thus, there was no effect of crop straw on diazotroph community structure. In contrast, the application of biochar and biochar compound fertilizer altered the diazotroph community structure with shifts in the dominant genus, with higher Sinorhizobium in the biochar-amended treatments. SOC, C/N and AP were the key factors correlated with change in diazotroph community structure. Overall, our results suggest that the addition of biochar or biochar compound fertilizer could increase the abundance and alter the community structure of diazotrophs, which may benefit N fixation in alkaline agricultural soil. Conversely, the direct straw return had no effect on the abundance and community structure of diazotrophs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Liu
- Institute of Resources, Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- Institute of Resources, Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wenhui Gao
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Life Science, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei 235000, Anhui, China
| | - Chen Xue
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Life Science, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei 235000, Anhui, China
| | - Zonghao Guo
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Life Science, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei 235000, Anhui, China
| | - Li Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Science, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Life Science, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei 235000, Anhui, China.
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Life Science, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei 235000, Anhui, China.
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Biochar Fertilization Significantly Increases Nutrient Levels in Plants and Soil but Has No Effect on Biomass of Pinus massoniana (Lamb.) and Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook Saplings During the First Growing Season. FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f10080612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that biochar fertilization has profound effects on plant and fine root growth, but there is a lack of studies on how changes in plant and soil stoichiometry by biochar fertilization influence plant growth and root morphology. We investigated the effects of biochar fertilization on biomass, root morphology, plant nutrient concentrations, and the stoichiometry of plants and soil in a greenhouse experiment with Pinus massoniana (Lamb.) (PM) and Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook. (CL) throughout the 2017 growing season immediately following biochar fertilization application. Four levels of biochar treatment were used, i.e., addition rates of 0 (control), 5 (low biochar), 10 (medium biochar), and 20 t ha−1 (high biochar). Biochar fertilization had no effect on biomass, fine root length, or fine root surface area. Biochar treatment, however, had significant effects on nutrient levels and their stoichiometry in both plants and soil. Detrended correspondence analysis suggested that increases in soil C:N, soil C:P, and soil N:P were associated with increases in plant nutrient levels, especially P concentration. Our results indicate that biochar fertilization prioritizes enhancing plant and soil nutrients over increasing height and diameter in the first growing season. A higher biochar fertilization dosage has a major influence on root morphology for PM and on P concentrations in the plant and soil for CL, probably through different growth characteristics and nutrient resorption rates. Further studies, particularly those considering long-term effects, are necessary before general recommendations regarding biochar application should be given.
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Hashem A, Tabassum B, Fathi Abd Allah E. Bacillus subtilis: A plant-growth promoting rhizobacterium that also impacts biotic stress. Saudi J Biol Sci 2019; 26:1291-1297. [PMID: 31516360 PMCID: PMC6734152 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants encounter many biotic agents, such as viruses, bacteria, nematodes, weeds, and arachnids. These entities induce biotic stress in their hosts by disrupting normal metabolism, and as a result, limit plant growth and/or are the cause of plant mortality. Some biotic agents, however, interact symbiotically or synergistically with their host plants. Some microbes can be beneficial to plants and perform the same role as chemical fertilizers and pesticides, acting as a biofertilizer and/or biopesticide. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can significantly enhance plant growth and represent a mutually helpful plant-microbe interaction. Bacillus species are a major type of rhizobacteria that can form spores that can survive in the soil for long period of time under harsh environmental conditions. Plant growth is enhanced by PGPR through the induction of systemic resistance, antibiosis, and competitive omission. Thus, the application of microbes can be used to induce systemic resistance in plants against biotic agents and enhance environmental stress tolerance. Bacillus subtilis exhibits both a direct and indirect biocontrol mechanism to suppress disease caused by pathogens. The direct mechanism includes the synthesis of many secondary metabolites, hormones, cell-wall-degrading enzymes, and antioxidants that assist the plant in its defense against pathogen attack. The indirect mechanism includes the stimulation of plant growth and the induction of acquired systemic resistance. Bacillus subtilis can also solubilize soil P, enhance nitrogen fixation, and produce siderophores that promote its growth and suppresses the growth of pathogens. Bacillus subtilis enhances stress tolerance in their plant hosts by inducing the expression of stress-response genes, phytohormones, and stress-related metabolites. The present review discusses the activity of B. subtilis in the rhizosphere, its role as a root colonizer, its biocontrol potential, the associated mechanisms of biocontrol and the ability of B. subtilis to increase crop productivity under conditions of biotic and abiotic stress.
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Key Words
- ABA, abscisic acid
- ACC, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase
- Abiotic stress
- Bacillus subtilis
- Biocontrol mechanism
- Biocontrol potential
- Biotic stress
- GA3, gibberellic acid
- IAA, indole acetic acid
- ISR, induced systemic resistance
- JA, jasmonic acid
- LPs, lipopeptides
- PAL, phenylalanine ammonialyase
- PGP, plant growth promotion
- PGPR, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria
- POD, peroxidase
- PPO, polyphenol oxidase
- Rhizobacteria
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- VOCs, volatile organic compounds
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer Hashem
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.,Mycology and Plant Disease Survey Department, Plant Pathology Research Institute, ARC, Giza, Egypt
| | - Baby Tabassum
- Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Government Raza PG College, Rampur, UP, India
| | - Elsayed Fathi Abd Allah
- Plant Production Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Isolation and diversity of culturable rhizobacteria associated with economically important crops and uncultivated plants in Québec, Canada. Syst Appl Microbiol 2018; 41:629-640. [DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Isolation and Properties of Enterobacter sp. LX3 Capable of Producing Indoleacetic Acid. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/app8112108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Indoleacetic acid (IAA) can act as a phytohormone to modulate plant growth and development, thus persistent search for IAA-producing microbes is underway for a potential application in promoting plant growth. In this paper, an IAA-producing bacterium was obtained from maize rhizosphere in biochar-amending field. This strain is a Gram-negative and facultative anaerobic rod. Phenotypic examination and 16S rRNA gene sequencing suggest that this strain is a new strain of the Enterobacter species. We designated this strain LX3. LX3 produced up to 200 mg/L of IAA in nutrient broth and promoted barley development and increased plant chlorophyll level. This suggests that LX3 has potential as a biofertilizer.
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Backer R, Rokem JS, Ilangumaran G, Lamont J, Praslickova D, Ricci E, Subramanian S, Smith DL. Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria: Context, Mechanisms of Action, and Roadmap to Commercialization of Biostimulants for Sustainable Agriculture. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1473. [PMID: 30405652 PMCID: PMC6206271 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 584] [Impact Index Per Article: 97.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Microbes of the phytomicrobiome are associated with every plant tissue and, in combination with the plant form the holobiont. Plants regulate the composition and activity of their associated bacterial community carefully. These microbes provide a wide range of services and benefits to the plant; in return, the plant provides the microbial community with reduced carbon and other metabolites. Soils are generally a moist environment, rich in reduced carbon which supports extensive soil microbial communities. The rhizomicrobiome is of great importance to agriculture owing to the rich diversity of root exudates and plant cell debris that attract diverse and unique patterns of microbial colonization. Microbes of the rhizomicrobiome play key roles in nutrient acquisition and assimilation, improved soil texture, secreting, and modulating extracellular molecules such as hormones, secondary metabolites, antibiotics, and various signal compounds, all leading to enhancement of plant growth. The microbes and compounds they secrete constitute valuable biostimulants and play pivotal roles in modulating plant stress responses. Research has demonstrated that inoculating plants with plant-growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) or treating plants with microbe-to-plant signal compounds can be an effective strategy to stimulate crop growth. Furthermore, these strategies can improve crop tolerance for the abiotic stresses (e.g., drought, heat, and salinity) likely to become more frequent as climate change conditions continue to develop. This discovery has resulted in multifunctional PGPR-based formulations for commercial agriculture, to minimize the use of synthetic fertilizers and agrochemicals. This review is an update about the role of PGPR in agriculture, from their collection to commercialization as low-cost commercial agricultural inputs. First, we introduce the concept and role of the phytomicrobiome and the agricultural context underlying food security in the 21st century. Next, mechanisms of plant growth promotion by PGPR are discussed, including signal exchange between plant roots and PGPR and how these relationships modulate plant abiotic stress responses via induced systemic resistance. On the application side, strategies are discussed to improve rhizosphere colonization by PGPR inoculants. The final sections of the paper describe the applications of PGPR in 21st century agriculture and the roadmap to commercialization of a PGPR-based technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Backer
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - J. Stefan Rokem
- School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - John Lamont
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Dana Praslickova
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Emily Ricci
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Donald L. Smith
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Han I, Wee GN, No JH, Lee TK. Pollution level and reusability of the waste soil generated from demolition of a rural railway. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 240:867-874. [PMID: 29787977 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Railways are typically considered polluted from years of train operation. However, the pollution level of railway in a rural area, which is less exposed to hazardous material from trains and freights, is rarely assessed. This study evaluated common railway pollutants such as heavy metals, total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their chemical properties in the waste soil generated from the renovation of an old railway in rural area of Wonju, South Korea. Furthermore, lab-scale cultivation tests of peas (Pisum sativum) were performed to assess reusability of the waste soil as a soil amendment. Carbonaceous materials were found in the upper layer of the railway (0 to -40 cm) and the concentration of common railway pollutants was comparable to those of the agricultural land nearby. Specifically, total aromatic and aliphatic TPHs were below detection limit; and total PAHs < 1.0 mg kg-1 was 1000-times less than railway functional parts. Applying the carbonaceous waste soil improved the water holding capacity of soil by approximately 10% and sprouts formed on the soil with 10% waste soil composition had greater fresh weight, stem length, and root length than the control. Although this investigation was confined to a small length of the railway route, the results confirm environmental safety and the potential value of the waste generated from rural railways for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il Han
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju, 26493, Republic of Korea; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, United States
| | - Gui Nam Wee
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju, 26493, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee Hyun No
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju, 26493, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Kwon Lee
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju, 26493, Republic of Korea.
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Effectiveness of multi-trait Burkholderia contaminans KNU17BI1 in growth promotion and management of banded leaf and sheath blight in maize seedling. Microbiol Res 2018; 214:8-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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38
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Effects of Poultry-Litter Biochar on Soil Properties and Growth of Water Spinach (Ipomoea aquatica Forsk.). SUSTAINABILITY 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/su10072536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Poultry-litter biochars (PLBs), which were prepared at two pyrolytic temperatures, were applied to the soils of croplands with four consecutive harvests of water spinach to assess the effects of PLBs on the soil properties and the growth of water spinach. The results show that PLB amendment resulted in an increase of soil pH. The electrical conductivity values, and the concentrations of extractable inorganic nitrogen, exchangeable potassium, and available phosphorus in the soils drastically increased in the 0.5% and 1% biochar-amended soils. However, most of the significant changes due to PLB amendment disappeared after four consecutive harvests of water spinach. The growth of water spinach was enhanced in the soils amended with PLBs, especially the one prepared at 350 °C. Nonetheless, the application of 1% PLBs to the soil resulted in an imbalance between calcium and magnesium in water spinach.
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Egamberdieva D, Hua M, Reckling M, Wirth S, Bellingrath-Kimura SD. Potential effects of biochar-based microbial inoculants in agriculture. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s42398-018-0010-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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40
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Anyanwu IN, Alo MN, Onyekwere AM, Crosse JD, Nworie O, Chamba EB. Influence of biochar aged in acidic soil on ecosystem engineers and two tropical agricultural plants. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 153:116-126. [PMID: 29425842 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Biochar amendment to soil is predicted globally as a means to enhance soil health. Alongside the beneficial result on soil nutrient availability and retention, biochar is presumed to increase soil macro / microbiota composition and improve plant growth. However, evidence for such an effect remains elusive in many tropical agricultural soils. The influence of biochar aged in soil was assessed on soil microbiota, macrobiota (Eudrilus eugeniae), seedling emergence and early plant growth of Oryza sativa and Solanum lycopersicum in tropical agricultural soil, over a 90 d biochar-soil contact time. Results showed negative impacts of increased loading of biochar on the survival and growth of E. eugeniae. LC50 and EC50 values ranged from 34.8% to 86.8% and 0.9-23.7% dry biochar kg-1 soil, over time. The growth of the exposed earthworms was strongly reduced (R2 = -0.866, p < 0.05). Biochar significantly increased microbiota abundance relative to the control soil (p < 0.001). However, fungal population was reduced by biochar addition. Biochar application threshold of 10% and 5% was observed for (O. sativa) and (S. lycopersicum), respectively. Furthermore, the addition of biochar to soil resulted in increased aboveground (shoot) biomass (p < 0.01). However, the data revealed that biochar did not increase the belowground (root) biomass of the plant species during the 90 d biochar-soil contact time. The shoot-to-root-biomass increase indicates a direct toxic influence of biochar on plant roots. This reveals that nutrient availability is not the only mechanism involved in biota-biochar interactions. Detailed studies on specific biota-plant-responses to biochars between tropical, temperate and boreal environments are needed to resolve the large variations and mechanisms behind these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihuoma N Anyanwu
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom; Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University Ndufu-Alike Ikwo, PMB 1010, Ebonyi State, Nigeria.
| | - Moses N Alo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University Ndufu-Alike Ikwo, PMB 1010, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
| | - Amos M Onyekwere
- Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University Ndufu-Alike Ikwo, PMB 1010, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
| | - John D Crosse
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Okoro Nworie
- Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University Ndufu-Alike Ikwo, PMB 1010, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
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41
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Al-Wabel MI, Rafique MI, Ahmad M, Ahmad M, Hussain A, Usman ARA. Pyrolytic and hydrothermal carbonization of date palm leaflets: Characteristics and ecotoxicological effects on seed germination of lettuce. Saudi J Biol Sci 2018; 26:665-672. [PMID: 31048990 PMCID: PMC6486509 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2018.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Biochar has vital importance as soil additives due to its characteristics, which are responsible for alleviating environmental problems and climate change. These additives should be evaluated to understand their physico-chemical properties and their ecotoxicological effects on plant growth. Therefore, this study aimed to (i) distinguish the properties of biochar produced from date palm and its derivative hydrochar, and (ii) investigate their ecotoxicological effects. Specifically, the biochar and hydrochar were produced from date palm leaflets by pyrolysis and hydrothermal carbonization, respectively. The produced chars were evaluated for their characteristics before and after water washing, and for their ecotoxicological effects on seed germination of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L). The results show that water washing lowered biochar’s pH and increased hydrochar’s pH. Moreover, water washing of hydrochar caused a significant reduction in the total content of essential elements such as Ca, Mg, Mn, and Zn. Lettuce germination was significantly inhibited to 20% by hydrochar, whereas biochar enhanced lettuce growth by increasing shoot length (by 51%) and dry biomass (by 114%). Hydrochar toxicity was correlated (R > 0.95 at p = 0.05) with high contents of total polyaromatic hydrocarbons (98.8 mg kg−1). Pre-treatment and assessment of hydrochar should be taken into account prior to application as a soil amendment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad I Al-Wabel
- Soil Sciences Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Imran Rafique
- Soil Sciences Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahtab Ahmad
- Soil Sciences Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Munir Ahmad
- Soil Sciences Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abid Hussain
- Soil Sciences Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adel R A Usman
- Soil Sciences Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Soils and Water, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
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42
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A role for the gibberellin pathway in biochar-mediated growth promotion. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5389. [PMID: 29599525 PMCID: PMC5876386 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23677-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Biochar is a carbon negative soil amendment that can promote crop growth. However, the effects of biochar on different plant species and cultivars within a species are not well understood, nor is the underlying basis of biochar-mediated plant growth promotion. This knowledge is critical for optimal use of biochar and for breeding biochar-responsive plants. Here, we investigated the genotype-specific effects of biochar on two cultivars of Solanum lycopersicum (tomato), and two wild relatives of tomato, Solanum pimpinellifolium, and Solanum pennelli, in two types of biochar. Biochar promoted shoot growth in all genotypes independent of biochar type but had genotype-dependent effects on other plant traits. Germination tests, exogenous GA4 application and mutant analysis indicated a role for GA in biochar-mediated plant growth promotion. Together, our results suggest that biochar promotes growth partially through stimulation of the GA pathway.
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43
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Egamberdieva D, Wirth SJ, Alqarawi AA, Abd_Allah EF, Hashem A. Phytohormones and Beneficial Microbes: Essential Components for Plants to Balance Stress and Fitness. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2104. [PMID: 29163398 PMCID: PMC5671593 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants are subjected to various abiotic stresses, such as drought, extreme temperature, salinity, and heavy metals. Abiotic stresses have negative impact on the physiology and morphology of plants through defects in the genetic regulation of cellular pathways. Plants employ several tolerance mechanisms and pathways to avert the effects of stresses that are triggered whenever alterations in metabolism are encountered. Phytohormones are among the most important growth regulators; they are known for having a prominent impact on plant metabolism, and additionally, they play a vital role in the stimulation of plant defense response mechanisms against stresses. Exogenous phytohormone supplementation has been adopted to improve growth and metabolism under stress conditions. Recent investigations have shown that phytohormones produced by root-associated microbes may prove to be important metabolic engineering targets for inducing host tolerance to abiotic stresses. Phytohormone biosynthetic pathways have been identified using several genetic and biochemical methods, and numerous reviews are currently available on this topic. Here, we review current knowledge on the function of phytohormones involved in the improvement of abiotic stress tolerance and defense response in plants exposed to different stressors. We focus on recent successes in identifying the roles of microbial phytohormones that induce stress tolerance, especially in crop plants. In doing so, this review highlights important plant morpho-physiological traits that can be exploited to identify the positive effects of phytohormones on stress tolerance. This review will therefore be helpful to plant physiologists and agricultural microbiologists in designing strategies and tools for the development of broad spectrum microbial inoculants supporting sustainable crop production under hostile environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilfuza Egamberdieva
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, Institute of Landscape Biogeochemistry, Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Stephan J. Wirth
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, Institute of Landscape Biogeochemistry, Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Abdulaziz A. Alqarawi
- Plant Production Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Elsayed F. Abd_Allah
- Plant Production Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abeer Hashem
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Mycology and Plant Disease Survey Department, Plant Pathology Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
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Egamberdieva D, Wirth SJ, Shurigin VV, Hashem A, Abd Allah EF. Endophytic Bacteria Improve Plant Growth, Symbiotic Performance of Chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.) and Induce Suppression of Root Rot Caused by Fusarium solani under Salt Stress. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1887. [PMID: 29033922 PMCID: PMC5625113 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Salinity causes disturbance in symbiotic performance of plants, and increases susceptibility of plants to soil-borne pathogens. Endophytic bacteria are an essential determinant of cross-tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses in plants. The aim of this study was to isolate non–rhizobial endophytic bacteria from the root nodules of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), and to assess their ability to improve plant growth and symbiotic performance, and to control root rot in chickpea under saline soil conditions. A total of 40 bacterial isolates from internal root tissues of chickpea grown in salinated soil were isolated. Four bacterial isolates, namely Bacillus cereus NUU1, Achromobacter xylosoxidans NUU2, Bacillus thuringiensis NUU3, and Bacillus subtilis NUU4 colonizing root tissue demonstrated plant beneficial traits and/or antagonistic activity against F. solani and thus were characterized in more detail. The strain B. subtilis NUU4 proved significant plant growth promotion capabilities, improved symbiotic performance of host plant with rhizobia, and promoted yield under saline soil as compared to untreated control plants under field conditions. A combined inoculation of chickpea with M. ciceri IC53 and B. subtilis NUU4 decreased H2O2 concentrations and increased proline contents compared to the un-inoculated plants indicating an alleviation of adverse effects of salt stress. Furthermore, the bacterial isolate was capable to reduce the infection rate of root rot in chickpea caused by F. solani. This is the first report of F. solani causing root rot of chickpea in a salinated soil of Uzbekistan. Our findings demonstrated that the endophytic B. subtilis strain NUU4 provides high potentials as a stimulator for plant growth and as biological control agent of chickpea root rot under saline soil conditions. These multiple relationships could provide promising practical approaches to increase the productivity of legumes under salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilfuza Egamberdieva
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, Institute of Landscape Biogeochemistry, Müncheberg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, National University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Stephan J Wirth
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, Institute of Landscape Biogeochemistry, Müncheberg, Germany
| | | | - Abeer Hashem
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Mycology and Plant Disease Survey Department, Plant Pathology Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Elsayed F Abd Allah
- Plant Production Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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45
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Egamberdieva D, Wirth S, Behrendt U, Ahmad P, Berg G. Antimicrobial Activity of Medicinal Plants Correlates with the Proportion of Antagonistic Endophytes. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:199. [PMID: 28232827 PMCID: PMC5298987 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Medicinal plants are known to harbor potential endophytic microbes, due to their bioactive compounds. In a first study of ongoing research, endophytic bacteria were isolated from two medicinal plants, Hypericum perforatum and Ziziphora capitata with contrasting antimicrobial activities from the Chatkal Biosphere Reserve of Uzbekistan, and their plant-specific traits involved in biocontrol and plant growth promotion were evaluated. Plant extracts of H. perforatum exhibited a remarkable activity against bacterial and fungal pathogens, whereas extracts of Z. capitata did not exhibit any potential antimicrobial activity. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) was used to identify plant associated culturable endophytic bacteria. The isolated culturable endophytes associated with H. perforatum belong to eight genera (Arthrobacter, Achromobacter, Bacillus, Enterobacter, Erwinia, Pseudomonas, Pantoea, Serratia, and Stenotrophomonas). The endophytic isolates from Z. capitata also contain those genera except Arthrobacter, Serratia, and Stenotrophomonas. H. perforatum with antibacterial activity supported more bacteria with antagonistic activity, as compared to Z. capitata. The antagonistic isolates were able to control tomato root rot caused by Fusarium oxysporum and stimulated plant growth under greenhouse conditions and could thus be a cost-effective source for agro-based biological control agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilfuza Egamberdieva
- Institute of Landscape Biogeochemistry, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape ResearchMüncheberg, Germany
| | - Stephan Wirth
- Institute of Landscape Biogeochemistry, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape ResearchMüncheberg, Germany
| | - Undine Behrendt
- Institute of Landscape Biogeochemistry, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape ResearchMüncheberg, Germany
| | - Parvaiz Ahmad
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, King Saud UniversityRiyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Botany, Sri Pratap CollegeSrinagar, India
| | - Gabriele Berg
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of TechnologyGraz, Austria
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Egamberdieva D, Wirth S, Abd-Allah EF. Tripartite Interaction Among Root-Associated Beneficial Microbes Under Stress. RHIZOTROPHS: PLANT GROWTH PROMOTION TO BIOREMEDIATION 2017:219-236. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-4862-3_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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47
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De Tender C, Haegeman A, Vandecasteele B, Clement L, Cremelie P, Dawyndt P, Maes M, Debode J. Dynamics in the Strawberry Rhizosphere Microbiome in Response to Biochar and Botrytis cinerea Leaf Infection. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:2062. [PMID: 28066380 PMCID: PMC5177642 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.02062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Adding biochar, the solid coproduct of biofuel production, to peat can enhance strawberry growth, and disease resistance against the airborne fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Additionally, biochar can induce shifts in the strawberry rhizosphere microbiome. However, the moment that this biochar-mediated shift occurs in the rhizosphere is not known. Further, the effect of an above-ground infection on the strawberry rhizosphere microbiome is unknown. In the present study we established two experiments in which strawberry transplants (cv. Elsanta) were planted either in peat or in peat amended with 3% biochar. First, we established a time course experiment to measure the effect of biochar on the rhizosphere bacterial and fungal communities over time. In a second experiment, we inoculated the strawberry leaves with B. cinerea, and studied the impact of the infection on the rhizosphere bacterial community. The fungal rhizosphere community was stabilized after 1 week, except for the upcoming Auriculariales, whereas the bacterial community shifted till 6 weeks. An effect of the addition of biochar to the peat on the rhizosphere microbiome was solely measured for the bacterial community from week 6 of plant growth onwards. When scoring the plant development, biochar addition was associated with enhanced root formation, fruit production, and postharvest resistance of the fruits against B. cinerea. We hypothesize that the bacterial rhizosphere microbiome, but also biochar-mediated changes in chemical substrate composition could be involved in these events. Infection of the strawberry leaves with B. cinerea induced shifts in the bacterial rhizosphere community, with an increased bacterial richness. This disease-induced effect was not observed in the rhizospheres of the B. cinerea-infected plants grown in the biochar-amended peat. The results show that an above-ground infection has its effect on the strawberry rhizosphere microbiome, changing the bacterial interactions in the root-substrate interface. This infection effect on the bacterial rhizosphere microbiome seems to be comparable to, but less pronounced than the effect of biochar-addition to the peat. The biological meaning of these observations needs further research, but this study indicates that biochar and an above-ground pathogen attack help the plant to recruit rhizosphere microbes that may aid them in their plant growth and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline De Tender
- Plant Sciences Unit, Crop Protection, Institute of Agricultural and Fisheries ResearchMerelbeke, Belgium; Department of Applied Mathematics Computer Sciences and Statistics, Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium
| | - Annelies Haegeman
- Plant Sciences Unit, Crop Protection, Institute of Agricultural and Fisheries Research Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bart Vandecasteele
- Plant Sciences Unit, Crop Husbandry and Environment, Institute of Agricultural and Fisheries Research Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Lieven Clement
- Department of Applied Mathematics Computer Sciences and Statistics, Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium; Bioinformatics Institute Ghent From Nucleotides to Networks, Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium
| | - Pieter Cremelie
- Plant Sciences Unit, Crop Protection, Institute of Agricultural and Fisheries ResearchMerelbeke, Belgium; Plant Sciences Unit, Crop Husbandry and Environment, Institute of Agricultural and Fisheries ResearchMerelbeke, Belgium
| | - Peter Dawyndt
- Department of Applied Mathematics Computer Sciences and Statistics, Ghent University Ghent, Belgium
| | - Martine Maes
- Plant Sciences Unit, Crop Protection, Institute of Agricultural and Fisheries Research Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Jane Debode
- Plant Sciences Unit, Crop Protection, Institute of Agricultural and Fisheries Research Merelbeke, Belgium
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Egamberdieva D, Wirth S, Li L, Abd-Allah EF, Lindström K. Microbial cooperation in the rhizosphere improves liquorice growth under salt stress. Bioengineered 2016; 8:433-438. [PMID: 27780398 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2016.1250983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.) is one of the most widely used plants in food production, and it can also be used as an herbal medicine or for reclamation of salt-affected soils. Under salt stress, inhibition of plant growth, nutrient acquisition and symbiotic interactions between the medicinal legume liquorice and rhizobia have been observed. We recently evaluated the interactions between rhizobia and root-colonizing Pseudomonas in liquorice grown in potting soil and observed increased plant biomass, nodule numbers and nitrogen content after combined inoculation compared to plants inoculated with Mesorhizobium alone. Several beneficial effects of microbes on plants have been reported; studies examining the interactions between symbiotic bacteria and root-colonizing Pseudomonas strains under natural saline soil conditions are important, especially in areas where a hindrance of nutrients and niches in the rhizosphere are high. Here, we summarize our recent observations regarding the combined application of rhizobia and Pseudomonas on the growth and nutrient uptake of liquorice as well as the salt stress tolerance mechanisms of liquorice by a mutualistic interaction with microbes. Our observations indicate that microbes living in the rhizosphere of liquorice can form a mutualistic association and coordinate their involvement in plant adaptations to stress tolerance. These results support the development of combined inoculants for improving plant growth and the symbiotic performance of legumes under hostile conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilfuza Egamberdieva
- a Institute of Landscape Biogeochemistry , Leibniz Center for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF) , Müncheberg , Germany
| | - Stephan Wirth
- a Institute of Landscape Biogeochemistry , Leibniz Center for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF) , Müncheberg , Germany
| | - Li Li
- b Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresource in Arid Land, Chinese Academy of Science , Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Urumqi , P. R China
| | - Elsayed Fathi Abd-Allah
- c Plant Production Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences , King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
| | - Kristina Lindström
- d Department of Environmental Sciences , University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland
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Marasco R, Mapelli F, Rolli E, Mosqueira MJ, Fusi M, Bariselli P, Reddy M, Cherif A, Tsiamis G, Borin S, Daffonchio D. Salicornia strobilacea (Synonym of Halocnemum strobilaceum) Grown under Different Tidal Regimes Selects Rhizosphere Bacteria Capable of Promoting Plant Growth. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1286. [PMID: 27597846 PMCID: PMC4992691 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Halophytes classified under the common name of salicornia colonize salty and coastal environments across tidal inundation gradients. To unravel the role of tide-related regimes on the structure and functionality of root associated bacteria, the rhizospheric soil of Salicornia strobilacea (synonym of Halocnemum strobilaceum) plants was studied in a tidal zone of the coastline of Southern Tunisia. Although total counts of cultivable bacteria did not change in the rhizosphere of plants grown along a tidal gradient, significant differences were observed in the diversity of both the cultivable and uncultivable bacterial communities. This observation indicates that the tidal regime is contributing to the bacterial species selection in the rhizosphere. Despite the observed diversity in the bacterial community structure, the plant growth promoting (PGP) potential of cultivable rhizospheric bacteria, assessed through in vitro and in vivo tests, was equally distributed along the tidal gradient. Root colonization tests with selected strains proved that halophyte rhizospheric bacteria (i) stably colonize S. strobilacea rhizoplane and the plant shoot suggesting that they move from the root to the shoot and (ii) are capable of improving plant growth. The versatility in the root colonization, the overall PGP traits and the in vivo plant growth promotion under saline condition suggest that such beneficial activities likely take place naturally under a range of tidal regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Marasco
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, ThuwalSaudi Arabia
| | - Francesca Mapelli
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, MilanItaly
| | - Eleonora Rolli
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, MilanItaly
| | - Maria J. Mosqueira
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, ThuwalSaudi Arabia
| | - Marco Fusi
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, ThuwalSaudi Arabia
| | - Paola Bariselli
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, MilanItaly
| | - Muppala Reddy
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, ThuwalSaudi Arabia
- Greenhouse Laboratory, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, ThuwalSaudi Arabia
| | - Ameur Cherif
- Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie Sidi Thabet, BVBGR-LR11ES31, Manouba University, ArianaTunisia
| | - George Tsiamis
- Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Management, University of Patras, Panepistimioupoli PatronGreece
| | - Sara Borin
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, MilanItaly
| | - Daniele Daffonchio
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, ThuwalSaudi Arabia
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, MilanItaly
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