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Zabrodskaya Y, Tsvetkov V, Shurygina AP, Vasyliev K, Shaldzhyan A, Gorshkov A, Kuklin A, Fedorova N, Egorov V. How the immune mousetrap works: Structural evidence for the immunomodulatory action of a peptide from influenza NS1 protein. Biophys Chem 2024; 307:107176. [PMID: 38219420 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2024.107176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
One of the critical stages of the T-cell immune response is the dimerization of the intramembrane domains of T-cell receptors (TCR). Structural similarities between the immunosuppressive domains of viral proteins and the transmembrane domains of TCR have led several authors to hypothesize the mechanism of immune response suppression by highly pathogenic viruses: viral proteins embed themselves in the membrane and act on the intramembrane domain of the TCRalpha subunit, hindering its functional oligomerization. It has also been suggested that this mechanism is used by influenza A virus in NS1-mediated immunosuppression. We have shown that the peptide corresponding to the primary structure of the potential immunosuppressive domain of NS1 protein (G51) can reduce concanavalin A-induced proliferation of PBMC cells, as well as in vitro, G51 can affect the oligomerization of the core peptide corresponding to the intramembrane domain of TCR, using AFM and small-angle neutron scattering. The results obtained using in cellulo and in vitro model systems suggest the presence of functional interaction between the NS1 fragment and the intramembrane domain of the TCR alpha subunit. We have proposed a possible scheme for such interaction obtained by computer modeling. This suggests the existence of another NS1-mediated mechanism of immunosuppression in influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yana Zabrodskaya
- Institute of Biomedical Systems and Biotechnology, Peter the Great Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University, 29 Ulitsa Polytechnicheskaya, St. Petersburg 194064, Russia; Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Russian Ministry of Health, 15/17 Ulitsa Prof. Popova, St. Petersburg 197376, Russia.
| | - Vladimir Tsvetkov
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Russian Ministry of Health, 15/17 Ulitsa Prof. Popova, St. Petersburg 197376, Russia; Federal Research and Clinical Center for Physical Chemical Medicine, 1a Ulitsa Malaya Pirogovskaya, Moscow 119435, Russia; Center for Mathematical Modeling in Drug Development, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119146, Russia
| | - Anna-Polina Shurygina
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Russian Ministry of Health, 15/17 Ulitsa Prof. Popova, St. Petersburg 197376, Russia
| | - Kirill Vasyliev
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Russian Ministry of Health, 15/17 Ulitsa Prof. Popova, St. Petersburg 197376, Russia
| | - Aram Shaldzhyan
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Russian Ministry of Health, 15/17 Ulitsa Prof. Popova, St. Petersburg 197376, Russia
| | - Andrey Gorshkov
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Russian Ministry of Health, 15/17 Ulitsa Prof. Popova, St. Petersburg 197376, Russia
| | - Alexander Kuklin
- International Intergovernmental Organization Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, 6 Ulitsa Joliot-Curie, Dubna 141980, Russia; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), 9 Institutskiy pereulok, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Natalya Fedorova
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Named by B. P. Konstantinov of National Research Center, Kurchatov Institute, 1 mkr. Orlova Roshcha, Gatchina 188300, Russia
| | - Vladimir Egorov
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, 12 Ulitsa Akademika Pavlova, St. Petersburg 197376, Russia
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Ng TA, Rashid S, Kwoh CK. Virulence network of interacting domains of influenza a and mouse proteins. FRONTIERS IN BIOINFORMATICS 2023; 3:1123993. [PMID: 36875146 PMCID: PMC9982101 DOI: 10.3389/fbinf.2023.1123993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
There exist several databases that provide virus-host protein interactions. While most provide curated records of interacting virus-host protein pairs, information on the strain-specific virulence factors or protein domains involved, is lacking. Some databases offer incomplete coverage of influenza strains because of the need to sift through vast amounts of literature (including those of major viruses including HIV and Dengue, besides others). None have offered complete, strain specific protein-protein interaction records for the influenza A group of viruses. In this paper, we present a comprehensive network of predicted domain-domain interaction(s) (DDI) between influenza A virus (IAV) and mouse host proteins, that will allow the systematic study of disease factors by taking the virulence information (lethal dose) into account. From a previously published dataset of lethal dose studies of IAV infection in mice, we constructed an interacting domain network of mouse and viral protein domains as nodes with weighted edges. The edges were scored with the Domain Interaction Statistical Potential (DISPOT) to indicate putative DDI. The virulence network can be easily navigated via a web browser, with the associated virulence information (LD50 values) prominently displayed. The network will aid influenza A disease modeling by providing strain-specific virulence levels with interacting protein domains. It can possibly contribute to computational methods for uncovering influenza infection mechanisms mediated through protein domain interactions between viral and host proteins. It is available at https://iav-ppi.onrender.com/home.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Ann Ng
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shamima Rashid
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chee Keong Kwoh
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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3
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Cellular PSMB4 Protein Suppresses Influenza A Virus Replication through Targeting NS1 Protein. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102277. [DOI: 10.3390/v14102277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) of influenza A virus (IAV) possesses multiple functions, such as the inhibition of the host antiviral immune responses, to facilitate viral infection. To search for cellular proteins interacting with the IAV NS1 protein, the yeast two-hybrid system was adopted. Proteasome family member PSMB4 (proteasome subunit beta type 4) was found to interact with the NS1 protein in this screening experiment. The binding domains of these two proteins were also determined using this system. The physical interactions between the NS1 and cellular PSMB4 proteins were further confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation assay and confocal microscopy in mammalian cells. Neither transiently nor stably expressed NS1 protein affected the PSMB4 expression in cells. In contrast, PSMB4 reduced the NS1 protein expression level, especially in the presence of MG132. As expected, the functions of the NS1 protein, such as inhibition of interferon activity and enhancement of transient gene expression, were suppressed by PSMB4. PSMB4 knockdown enhances IAV replication, while its overexpression attenuates IAV replication. Thus, the results of this study suggest that the cellular PSMB4 protein interacts with and possibly facilitates the degradation of the NS1 protein, which in turn suppresses IAV replication.
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Nogales A, DeDiego ML, Martínez-Sobrido L. Live attenuated influenza A virus vaccines with modified NS1 proteins for veterinary use. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:954811. [PMID: 35937688 PMCID: PMC9354547 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.954811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAV) spread rapidly and can infect a broad range of avian or mammalian species, having a tremendous impact in human and animal health and the global economy. IAV have evolved to develop efficient mechanisms to counteract innate immune responses, the first host mechanism that restricts IAV infection and replication. One key player in this fight against host-induced innate immune responses is the IAV non-structural 1 (NS1) protein that modulates antiviral responses and virus pathogenicity during infection. In the last decades, the implementation of reverse genetics approaches has allowed to modify the viral genome to design recombinant IAV, providing researchers a powerful platform to develop effective vaccine strategies. Among them, different levels of truncation or deletion of the NS1 protein of multiple IAV strains has resulted in attenuated viruses able to induce robust innate and adaptive immune responses, and high levels of protection against wild-type (WT) forms of IAV in multiple animal species and humans. Moreover, this strategy allows the development of novel assays to distinguish between vaccinated and/or infected animals, also known as Differentiating Infected from Vaccinated Animals (DIVA) strategy. In this review, we briefly discuss the potential of NS1 deficient or truncated IAV as safe, immunogenic and protective live-attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIV) to prevent disease caused by this important animal and human pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aitor Nogales
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Centro Nacional Instituto de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA, CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Aitor Nogales, ; Luis Martínez-Sobrido,
| | - Marta L. DeDiego
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Martínez-Sobrido
- Department of Disease Intervention and Prevetion, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Aitor Nogales, ; Luis Martínez-Sobrido,
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The Contribution of Viral Proteins to the Synergy of Influenza and Bacterial Co-Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14051064. [PMID: 35632805 PMCID: PMC9143653 DOI: 10.3390/v14051064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A severe course of acute respiratory disease caused by influenza A virus (IAV) infection is often linked with subsequent bacterial superinfection, which is difficult to cure. Thus, synergistic influenza-bacterial co-infection represents a serious medical problem. The pathogenic changes in the infected host are accelerated as a consequence of IAV infection, reflecting its impact on the host immune response. IAV infection triggers a complex process linked with the blocking of innate and adaptive immune mechanisms required for effective antiviral defense. Such disbalance of the immune system allows for easier initiation of bacterial superinfection. Therefore, many new studies have emerged that aim to explain why viral-bacterial co-infection can lead to severe respiratory disease with possible fatal outcomes. In this review, we discuss the key role of several IAV proteins-namely, PB1-F2, hemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA), and NS1-known to play a role in modulating the immune defense of the host, which consequently escalates the development of secondary bacterial infection, most often caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Understanding the mechanisms leading to pathological disorders caused by bacterial superinfection after the previous viral infection is important for the development of more effective means of prevention; for example, by vaccination or through therapy using antiviral drugs targeted at critical viral proteins.
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Tseng YY, Kuan CY, Mibayashi M, Chen CJ, Palese P, Albrecht RA, Hsu WL. Interaction between NS1 and Cellular MAVS Contributes to NS1 Mitochondria Targeting. Viruses 2021; 13:1909. [PMID: 34696339 PMCID: PMC8537625 DOI: 10.3390/v13101909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) plays an important role in evading host innate immunity. NS1 inhibits interferon (IFN) responses via multiple mechanisms, including sequestering dsRNA and suppressing retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) signaling by interacting with RIG-I and tripartite motif-containing protein 25 (TRIM25). In the current study, we demonstrated the mitochondrial localization of NS1 at the early stage of influenza virus infection. Since NS1 does not contain mitochondria-targeting signals, we suspected that there is an association between the NS1 and mitochondrial proteins. This hypothesis was tested by demonstrating the interaction of NS1 with mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS) in a RIG-I-independent manner. Importantly, the association with MAVS facilitated the mitochondrial localization of NS1 and thereby significantly impeded MAVS-mediated Type I IFN production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeu-Yang Tseng
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (Y.-Y.T.); (C.-Y.K.)
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Chih-Ying Kuan
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (Y.-Y.T.); (C.-Y.K.)
| | - Masaki Mibayashi
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (M.M.); (C.-J.C.); (P.P.); (R.A.A.)
| | - Chi-Jene Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (M.M.); (C.-J.C.); (P.P.); (R.A.A.)
| | - Peter Palese
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (M.M.); (C.-J.C.); (P.P.); (R.A.A.)
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Randy A. Albrecht
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (M.M.); (C.-J.C.); (P.P.); (R.A.A.)
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Wei-Li Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (Y.-Y.T.); (C.-Y.K.)
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Host factors involved in influenza virus infection. Emerg Top Life Sci 2020; 4:389-398. [PMID: 33210707 DOI: 10.1042/etls20200232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Influenza virus causes an acute febrile respiratory disease in humans that is commonly known as 'flu'. Influenza virus has been around for centuries and is one of the most successful, and consequently most studied human viruses. This has generated tremendous amount of data and information, thus it is pertinent to summarise these for, particularly interdisciplinary readers. Viruses are acellular organisms and exist at the interface of living and non-living. Due to this unique characteristic, viruses require another organism, i.e. host to survive. Viruses multiply inside the host cell and are obligate intracellular pathogens, because their relationship with the host is almost always harmful to host. In mammalian cells, the life cycle of a virus, including influenza is divided into five main steps: attachment, entry, synthesis, assembly and release. To complete these steps, some viruses, e.g. influenza utilise all three parts - plasma membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus, of the cell; whereas others, e.g. SARS-CoV-2 utilise only plasma membrane and cytoplasm. Hence, viruses interact with numerous host factors to complete their life cycle, and these interactions are either exploitative or antagonistic in nature. The host factors involved in the life cycle of a virus could be divided in two broad categories - proviral and antiviral. This perspective has endeavoured to assimilate the information about the host factors which promote and suppress influenza virus infection. Furthermore, an insight into host factors that play a dual role during infection or contribute to influenza virus-host adaptation and disease severity has also been provided.
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Wang H, Tian Z, Xu Y, Wang Q, Ding SW, Li Y. Altering Intracellular Localization of the RNA Interference Factors by Influenza A Virus Non-structural Protein 1. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:590904. [PMID: 33281788 PMCID: PMC7688628 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.590904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) causes seasonal infections and periodic pandemics in humans. The non-structural protein 1 (NS1) of IAV is the main viral antagonist of the innate immune responses that play a key role in influenza pathogenesis. However, the mechanism to disrupt the host cell homeostasis by IAV NS1 remains poorly understood. Here, we show that expression of NS1 from the WSN strain, but not PR8 strain, of IAV, markedly induced nuclear import of the host RNA interference (RNAi) factors such as Argonaute-2 and microRNA 16. We found that the single residue substitution of aspartic acid with histidine at position 101 (D101H) of IAV-PR8 NS1 was sufficient to induce the nuclear import process and to enhance the virulence of IAV-PR8 in mice. However, we observed no significant differences between the wild-type and mutant IAV-PR8 in virus titers or induction of the interferon response in lung tissues, indicating a novel role of NS1 in the virulence determination of IAV in a mammalian host. Moreover, our bioinformatic analysis of 69,057 NS1 sequences from all IAV subtypes deposited in the NCBI database revealed that the NS1-H101 gene of IAV-WSN was widespread among H1N1 viruses isolated in 1933 but disappeared completely after 1940. Thus, IAV NS1 (H101) is a mutation selected against during evolution of IAV, suggesting that mutation H101 confers an important biological phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhonghui Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shou-Wei Ding
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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9
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Ho JSY, Angel M, Ma Y, Sloan E, Wang G, Martinez-Romero C, Alenquer M, Roudko V, Chung L, Zheng S, Chang M, Fstkchyan Y, Clohisey S, Dinan AM, Gibbs J, Gifford R, Shen R, Gu Q, Irigoyen N, Campisi L, Huang C, Zhao N, Jones JD, van Knippenberg I, Zhu Z, Moshkina N, Meyer L, Noel J, Peralta Z, Rezelj V, Kaake R, Rosenberg B, Wang B, Wei J, Paessler S, Wise HM, Johnson J, Vannini A, Amorim MJ, Baillie JK, Miraldi ER, Benner C, Brierley I, Digard P, Łuksza M, Firth AE, Krogan N, Greenbaum BD, MacLeod MK, van Bakel H, Garcìa-Sastre A, Yewdell JW, Hutchinson E, Marazzi I. Hybrid Gene Origination Creates Human-Virus Chimeric Proteins during Infection. Cell 2020; 181:1502-1517.e23. [PMID: 32559462 PMCID: PMC7323901 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
RNA viruses are a major human health threat. The life cycles of many highly pathogenic RNA viruses like influenza A virus (IAV) and Lassa virus depends on host mRNA, because viral polymerases cleave 5'-m7G-capped host transcripts to prime viral mRNA synthesis ("cap-snatching"). We hypothesized that start codons within cap-snatched host transcripts could generate chimeric human-viral mRNAs with coding potential. We report the existence of this mechanism of gene origination, which we named "start-snatching." Depending on the reading frame, start-snatching allows the translation of host and viral "untranslated regions" (UTRs) to create N-terminally extended viral proteins or entirely novel polypeptides by genetic overprinting. We show that both types of chimeric proteins are made in IAV-infected cells, generate T cell responses, and contribute to virulence. Our results indicate that during infection with IAV, and likely a multitude of other human, animal and plant viruses, a host-dependent mechanism allows the genesis of hybrid genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Sook Yuin Ho
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Matthew Angel
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yixuan Ma
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Elizabeth Sloan
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Guojun Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Carles Martinez-Romero
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Marta Alenquer
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Vladimir Roudko
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Medicine, Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Liliane Chung
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9PS, UK
| | - Simin Zheng
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Max Chang
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yesai Fstkchyan
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Sara Clohisey
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9PS, UK
| | - Adam M Dinan
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SP, UK
| | - James Gibbs
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Robert Gifford
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Rong Shen
- Division of Structural Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Quan Gu
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Nerea Irigoyen
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SP, UK
| | - Laura Campisi
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Cheng Huang
- Department of Pathology, the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Nan Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Joshua D Jones
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SP, UK
| | | | - Zeyu Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Natasha Moshkina
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Léa Meyer
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Justine Noel
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Zuleyma Peralta
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Veronica Rezelj
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Robyn Kaake
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Brad Rosenberg
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Bo Wang
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9PS, UK
| | - Jiajie Wei
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Slobodan Paessler
- Department of Pathology, the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Helen M Wise
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9PS, UK
| | - Jeffrey Johnson
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Alessandro Vannini
- Division of Structural Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, UK; Fondazione Human Technopole, Structural Biology Research Centre, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | | | - J Kenneth Baillie
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9PS, UK
| | - Emily R Miraldi
- Divisions of Immunobiology and Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45257, USA
| | - Christopher Benner
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ian Brierley
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SP, UK
| | - Paul Digard
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9PS, UK
| | - Marta Łuksza
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Andrew E Firth
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SP, UK
| | - Nevan Krogan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Benjamin D Greenbaum
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Medicine, Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Megan K MacLeod
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Harm van Bakel
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Adolfo Garcìa-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jonathan W Yewdell
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Edward Hutchinson
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK.
| | - Ivan Marazzi
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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10
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Rosário-Ferreira N, Preto AJ, Melo R, Moreira IS, Brito RMM. The Central Role of Non-Structural Protein 1 (NS1) in Influenza Biology and Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1511. [PMID: 32098424 PMCID: PMC7073157 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza (flu) is a contagious viral disease, which targets the human respiratory tract and spreads throughout the world each year. Every year, influenza infects around 10% of the world population and between 290,000 and 650,000 people die from it according to the World Health Organization (WHO). Influenza viruses belong to the Orthomyxoviridae family and have a negative sense eight-segment single-stranded RNA genome that encodes 11 different proteins. The only control over influenza seasonal epidemic outbreaks around the world are vaccines, annually updated according to viral strains in circulation, but, because of high rates of mutation and recurrent genetic assortment, new viral strains of influenza are constantly emerging, increasing the likelihood of pandemics. Vaccination effectiveness is limited, calling for new preventive and therapeutic approaches and a better understanding of the virus-host interactions. In particular, grasping the role of influenza non-structural protein 1 (NS1) and related known interactions in the host cell is pivotal to better understand the mechanisms of virus infection and replication, and thus propose more effective antiviral approaches. In this review, we assess the structure of NS1, its dynamics, and multiple functions and interactions, to highlight the central role of this protein in viral biology and its potential use as an effective therapeutic target to tackle seasonal and pandemic influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nícia Rosário-Ferreira
- Coimbra Chemistry Center, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology. University of Coimbra, UC Biotech Building, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - António J. Preto
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology. University of Coimbra, UC Biotech Building, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - Rita Melo
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology. University of Coimbra, UC Biotech Building, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares and Departamento de Engenharia e Ciências Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal
| | - Irina S. Moreira
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology. University of Coimbra, UC Biotech Building, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rui M. M. Brito
- Coimbra Chemistry Center, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
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11
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Olsen LK, Cairns AG, Ådén J, Moriarty N, Cabre S, Alamilla VR, Almqvist F, Dowd E, McKernan DP. Viral mimetic priming enhances α-synuclein-induced degeneration: Implications for Parkinson's disease. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 80:525-535. [PMID: 31029796 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence is accumulating to suggest that viral infections and consequent viral-mediated neuroinflammation may contribute to the etiology of idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Moreover, viruses have been shown to influence α-synuclein oligomerization as well as the autophagic clearance of abnormal intra-cellular proteins aggregations, both of which are key neuropathological events in Parkinson's disease pathogenesis. To further investigate the interaction between viral-mediated neuroinflammation and α-synuclein aggregation in the context of Parkinson's disease, this study sought to determine the impact of viral neuroinflammatory priming on α-synuclein aggregate-induced neuroinflammation and neurotoxicity in the rat nigrostriatal pathway. To do so, male Sprague-Dawley rats were intra-nigrally injected with a synthetic mimetic of viral dsRNA (poly I:C) followed two weeks later by a peptidomimetic small molecule which accelerates α-synuclein fibril formation (FN075). The impact of the viral priming on α-synuclein aggregation-induced neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration and motor dysfunction was assessed. We found that prior administration of the viral mimetic poly I:C significantly exacerbated or precipitated the α-synuclein aggregate induced neuropathological and behavioral effects. Specifically, sequential exposure to the two challenges caused a significant increase in nigral microgliosis (p < 0.001) and astrocytosis (p < 0.01); precipitated a significant degeneration of the nigrostriatal cell bodies (p < 0.05); and precipitated a significant impairment in forelimb kinesis (p < 0.01) and sensorimotor integration (p < 0.01). The enhanced sensitivity of the nigrostriatal neurons to pathological α-synuclein aggregation after viral neuroinflammatory priming further suggests that viral infections may contribute to the etiology and pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura K Olsen
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland
| | | | - Jörgen Ådén
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Sweden
| | - Niamh Moriarty
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland
| | - Silvia Cabre
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland
| | - Veronica R Alamilla
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland
| | | | - Eilís Dowd
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland
| | - Declan P McKernan
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland.
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12
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Blanco-Lobo P, Nogales A, Rodríguez L, Martínez-Sobrido L. Novel Approaches for The Development of Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccines. Viruses 2019; 11:v11020190. [PMID: 30813325 PMCID: PMC6409754 DOI: 10.3390/v11020190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus still represents a considerable threat to global public health, despite the advances in the development and wide use of influenza vaccines. Vaccination with traditional inactivate influenza vaccines (IIV) or live-attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIV) remains the main strategy in the control of annual seasonal epidemics, but it does not offer protection against new influenza viruses with pandemic potential, those that have shifted. Moreover, the continual antigenic drift of seasonal circulating influenza viruses, causing an antigenic mismatch that requires yearly reformulation of seasonal influenza vaccines, seriously compromises vaccine efficacy. Therefore, the quick optimization of vaccine production for seasonal influenza and the development of new vaccine approaches for pandemic viruses is still a challenge for the prevention of influenza infections. Moreover, recent reports have questioned the effectiveness of the current LAIV because of limited protection, mainly against the influenza A virus (IAV) component of the vaccine. Although the reasons for the poor protection efficacy of the LAIV have not yet been elucidated, researchers are encouraged to develop new vaccination approaches that overcome the limitations that are associated with the current LAIV. The discovery and implementation of plasmid-based reverse genetics has been a key advance in the rapid generation of recombinant attenuated influenza viruses that can be used for the development of new and most effective LAIV. In this review, we provide an update regarding the progress that has been made during the last five years in the development of new LAIV and the innovative ways that are being explored as alternatives to the currently licensed LAIV. The safety, immunogenicity, and protection efficacy profile of these new LAIVs reveal their possible implementation in combating influenza infections. However, efforts by vaccine companies and government agencies will be needed for controlled testing and approving, respectively, these new vaccine methodologies for the control of influenza infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Blanco-Lobo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Aitor Nogales
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Laura Rodríguez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Luis Martínez-Sobrido
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, NY 14642, USA.
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13
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Thompson MG, Lynch KW. Functional and Mechanistic Interplay of Host and Viral Alternative Splicing Regulation during Influenza Infection. COLD SPRING HARBOR SYMPOSIA ON QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 2019; 84:123-131. [PMID: 32703803 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.2019.84.039040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Alternative splicing is a pervasive gene regulatory mechanism utilized by both mammalian cells and viruses to expand their genomic coding capacity. The process of splicing and the RNA sequences that guide this process are the same in mammalian and viral transcripts; however, viruses lack the splicing machinery and therefore must usurp both the host spliceosome and many of the associated regulatory proteins in order to correctly process their genes. Here, we use the example of the influenza A virus to both describe how viruses utilize host splicing factors to regulate their own splicing and provide examples of how viral infection can, in turn, alter host splicing. Importantly, we show that at least some of the viral-induced changes in host splicing occur in genes that alter the efficiency of influenza replication. We emphasize the importance of increased understanding of the mechanistic interplay between host and viral splicing, and its functional consequences, in uncovering potential antiviral vulnerabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Kristen W Lynch
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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14
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Global Interactomics Connect Nuclear Mitotic Apparatus Protein NUMA1 to Influenza Virus Maturation. Viruses 2018; 10:v10120731. [PMID: 30572664 PMCID: PMC6316800 DOI: 10.3390/v10120731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) infections remain a major human health threat. IAV has enormous genetic plasticity and can rapidly escape virus-targeted anti-viral strategies. Thus, there is increasing interest to identify host proteins and processes the virus requires for replication and maturation. The IAV non-structural protein 1 (NS1) is a critical multifunctional protein that is expressed to high levels in infected cells. Host proteins that interact with NS1 may serve as ideal targets for attenuating IAV replication. We previously developed and characterized broadly cross-reactive anti-NS1 monoclonal antibodies. For the current study, we used these mAbs to co-immunoprecipitate native IAV NS1 and interacting host proteins; 183 proteins were consistently identified in this NS1 interactome study, 124 of which have not been previously reported. RNAi screens identified 11 NS1-interacting host factors as vital for IAV replication. Knocking down one of these, nuclear mitotic apparatus protein 1 (NUMA1), dramatically reduced IAV replication. IAV genomic transcription and translation were not inhibited but transport of viral structural proteins to the cell membrane was hindered during maturation steps in NUMA1 knockdown (KD) cells.
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15
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Klemm C, Boergeling Y, Ludwig S, Ehrhardt C. Immunomodulatory Nonstructural Proteins of Influenza A Viruses. Trends Microbiol 2018; 26:624-636. [PMID: 29373257 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Influenza epidemics and pandemics still represent a severe public health threat and cause significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. As intracellular parasites, influenza viruses are strongly dependent on the host cell machinery. To ensure efficient production of progeny viruses, viral proteins extensively interfere with cellular signalling pathways to inhibit antiviral responses or to activate virus-supportive functions. Here, we review various functions of the influenza virus nonstructural proteins NS1, PB1-F2, and PA-X in infected cells and how post-transcriptional modifications of these proteins affect the viral life cycle. Furthermore, we discuss newly discovered interactions between these proteins and the antiviral interferon response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Klemm
- Institute of Virology Muenster (IVM), Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, D-48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Yvonne Boergeling
- Institute of Virology Muenster (IVM), Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, D-48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Stephan Ludwig
- Institute of Virology Muenster (IVM), Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, D-48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Christina Ehrhardt
- Institute of Virology Muenster (IVM), Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, D-48149 Muenster, Germany.
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16
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A role for viral infections in Parkinson's etiology? Neuronal Signal 2018; 2:NS20170166. [PMID: 32714585 PMCID: PMC7373231 DOI: 10.1042/ns20170166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite over 200 years since its first description by James Parkinson, the cause(s) of most cases of Parkinson's disease (PD) are yet to be elucidated. The disparity between the current understanding of PD symptomology and pathology has led to numerous symptomatic therapies, but no strategy for prevention or disease cure. An association between certain viral infections and neurodegenerative diseases has been recognized, but largely ignored or dismissed as controversial, for decades. Recent epidemiological studies have renewed scientific interest in investigating microbial interactions with the central nervous system (CNS). This review examines past and current clinical findings and overviews the potential molecular implications of viruses in PD pathology.
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17
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Vasin AV, Petrova-Brodskaya AV, Plotnikova MA, Tsvetkov VB, Klotchenko SA. EVOLUTIONARY DYNAMICS OF STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL DOMAINS OF INFLUENZA A VIRUS NS1 PROTEIN. Vopr Virusol 2017; 62:246-258. [PMID: 36494956 DOI: 10.18821/0507-4088-2017-62-6-246-258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) NS1 protein is one of the key viral factors responsible for virus-host interactions. NS1 counteracts host antiviral defense, participates in the processing and export of cellular mRNAs, regulates the activity of viral RNA polymerase and the expression of viral genes, and influences the cellular signaling systems. Multiple NS1 functions are carried out due to the interactions with cellular factors, the number of which exceeds one hundred. It is noteworthy that only two segments of IAV genome - NS and NP - did not undergo reassortment and evolved in the course of genetic drift, beginning with the pandemic of 1918 to the present. This fact may indicate the importance of NS1 and its numerous interactions with cellular factors in the interspecific adaptation of the virus. The review presents data on the evolution of the human IAV NS1 protein and analysis of the amino acid substitutions in the main structural and functional domains of NS1 protein during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Vasin
- Research Institute of Influenza.,Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University
| | - A V Petrova-Brodskaya
- Research Institute of Influenza.,Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University
| | | | - V B Tsvetkov
- Research Institute of Influenza.,A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences.,Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine
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18
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Zhu C, Zheng F, Zhu J, Liu M, Liu N, Li X, Zhang L, Deng Z, Zhao Q, Liu H. The interaction between NOLC1 and IAV NS1 protein promotes host cell apoptosis and reduces virus replication. Oncotarget 2017; 8:94519-94527. [PMID: 29212246 PMCID: PMC5706892 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
NS1 of the influenza virus plays an important role in the infection ability of the influenza virus. Our previous research found that NS1 protein interacts with the NOLC1 protein of host cells, however, the function of the interaction is unknown. In the present study, the role of the interaction between the two proteins in infection was further studied. Several analyses, including the use of a pull-down assay, Co-IP, western blot analysis, overexpression, RNAi, flow cytometry, etc., were used to demonstrate that the NS1 protein of H3N2 influenza virus interacts with host protein NOLC1 and reduces the quantity of NOLC1. The interaction also promotes apoptosis in A549 host cells, while the suppression of NOLC1 protein reduces the proliferation of the H3N2 virus. Based on these data, it was concluded that during the process of infection, NS1 protein interacts with NOLC1 protein, reducing the level of NOLC1, and that the interaction between the two proteins promotes apoptosis of host cells, thus reducing the proliferation of the virus. These findings provide new information on the biological function of the interaction between NS1 and NOLC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resource and Epidemic Disease Prevention, School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Fangliang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resource and Epidemic Disease Prevention, School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Junfeng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resource and Epidemic Disease Prevention, School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Meichen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resource and Epidemic Disease Prevention, School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Na Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resource and Epidemic Disease Prevention, School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Xue Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resource and Epidemic Disease Prevention, School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resource and Epidemic Disease Prevention, School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Zaidong Deng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resource and Epidemic Disease Prevention, School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Research Center for Computer Simulating and Information Processing of Bio-Macromolecules of Liaoning, Shenyang 110036, China.,School of Mathematics, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Hongsheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resource and Epidemic Disease Prevention, School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China.,Research Center for Computer Simulating and Information Processing of Bio-Macromolecules of Liaoning, Shenyang 110036, China
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19
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Bian Q, Lu J, Zhang L, Chi Y, Li Y, Guo H. Highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus H5N1 non-structural protein 1 is associated with apoptotic activation of the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:4041-4046. [PMID: 29067097 PMCID: PMC5647739 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks of avian influenza A (H5N1) virus infection have significant health and economic consequences. Non-structural protein 1 (NS1) is an essential virulence factor of the highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus and of the apoptosis associated with the pathogenesis of H5N1. Previous studies have revealed that the NS1 protein is able to induce apoptosis via an extrinsic pathway. However, it remains unclear whether the intrinsic pathway is also associated with this apoptosis. The present study used a clone of the NS1 gene from avian influenza A/Jiangsu/1/2007 and observed the localization of the NS1 protein and cytochrome c release from mitochondria and the change of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) in lung cancer cells. Cytotoxicity was detected using an MTT assay and the number of apoptotic cells was counted using a flow cytometer. Following the isolation of mitochondria, western blotting was performed to compare cytochrome c release from the mitochondria in cells before and after apoptosis. The change of MMP was detected using JC-1 staining. Furthermore, the results reveal that the majority of the NS1 protein was localized in the cell nucleus, and that it may induce apoptosis of human lung epithelial cells. The apoptosis occurred with marked cytochrome c release from mitochondria and a change of the MMP. This indicated that the NS1 protein may be associated with apoptosis induced by an intrinsic mitochondrial pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Bian
- Department of Toxicology and Function Assessment, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Jing Lu
- Department of Toxicology and Function Assessment, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Toxicology and Function Assessment, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Ying Chi
- Department of Toxicology and Function Assessment, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Toxicology and Function Assessment, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Hongxiong Guo
- Department of Toxicology and Function Assessment, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
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20
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Liu Q, Liu Y, Yang J, Huang X, Han K, Zhao D, Bi K, Li Y. Two Genetically Similar H9N2 Influenza A Viruses Show Different Pathogenicity in Mice. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1737. [PMID: 27867373 PMCID: PMC5096341 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
H9N2 Avian influenza virus has repeatedly infected humans and other mammals, which highlights the need to determine the pathogenicity and the corresponding mechanism of this virus for mammals. In this study, we found two H9N2 viruses with similar genetic background but with different pathogenicity in mice. The A/duck/Nanjing/06/2003 (NJ06) virus was highly pathogenic for mice, with a 50% mouse lethal dose (MLD50) of 102.83 50% egg infectious dose (EID50), whereas the A/duck/Nanjing/01/1999 (NJ01) virus was low pathogenic for mice, with a MLD50 of >106.81 EID50. Further studies showed that the NJ06 virus grew faster and reached significantly higher titers than NJ01 in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, the NJ06 virus induced more severe lung lesions, and higher levels of inflammatory cellular infiltration and cytokine response in lungs than NJ01 did. However, only 12 different amino acid residues (HA-K157E, NA-A9T, NA-R435K, PB2-T149P, PB2-K627E, PB1-R187K, PA-L548M, PA-M550L, NP-G127E, NP-P277H, NP-D340N, NS1-D171N) were found between the two viruses, and all these residues except for NA-R435K were located in the known functional regions involved in interaction of viral proteins or between the virus and host factors. Summary, our results suggest that multiple amino acid differences may be responsible for the higher pathogenicity of the NJ06 virus for mice, resulting in lethal infection, enhanced viral replication, severe lung lesions, and excessive inflammatory cellular infiltration and cytokine response in lungs. These observations will be helpful for better understanding the pathogenic potential and the corresponding molecular basis of H9N2 viruses that might pose threats to human health in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingtao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and ZoonosesYangzhou, China
| | - Yuzhuo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and ZoonosesYangzhou, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and ZoonosesYangzhou, China
| | - Xinmei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and ZoonosesYangzhou, China
| | - Kaikai Han
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and ZoonosesYangzhou, China
| | - Dongmin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and ZoonosesYangzhou, China
| | - Keran Bi
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and ZoonosesYangzhou, China
| | - Yin Li
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and ZoonosesYangzhou, China
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21
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Anastasina M, Le May N, Bugai A, Fu Y, Söderholm S, Gaelings L, Ohman T, Tynell J, Kyttänen S, Barboric M, Nyman TA, Matikainen S, Julkunen I, Butcher SJ, Egly JM, Kainov DE. Influenza virus NS1 protein binds cellular DNA to block transcription of antiviral genes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2016; 1859:1440-1448. [PMID: 27664935 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Influenza NS1 protein is an important virulence factor that is capable of binding double-stranded (ds) RNA and inhibiting dsRNA-mediated host innate immune responses. Here we show that NS1 can also bind cellular dsDNA. This interaction prevents loading of transcriptional machinery to the DNA, thereby attenuating IAV-mediated expression of antiviral genes. Thus, we identified a previously undescribed strategy, by which RNA virus inhibits cellular transcription to escape antiviral response and secure its replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Anastasina
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00290, Finland; Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Nicolas Le May
- Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, Institute for genetics, molecular and cellular biology (IGBMC), Strasbourg 67404, France
| | - Andrii Bugai
- Medicum, Department of Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Yu Fu
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00290, Finland
| | - Sandra Söderholm
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Lana Gaelings
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00290, Finland
| | - Tiina Ohman
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Janne Tynell
- National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki 00271, Finland
| | - Suvi Kyttänen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00290, Finland
| | - Matjaz Barboric
- Medicum, Department of Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Tuula A Nyman
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014, Finland; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Sognsvannsveien 20, Rikshospitalet, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sampsa Matikainen
- Medicum, Department of Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Ilkka Julkunen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki 00271, Finland; Department of Virology, University of Turku, Turku 20014, Finland
| | - Sarah J Butcher
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Jean-Marc Egly
- Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, Institute for genetics, molecular and cellular biology (IGBMC), Strasbourg 67404, France.
| | - Denis E Kainov
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00290, Finland.
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