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Hossain Mollah J, Hatimuria A, Kumar Chauhan V. Transcriptomic analysis of Bombyx mori in its early larval stage (2 nd instar) of development upon Nosema bombycis transovarial infection. J Invertebr Pathol 2024; 206:108157. [PMID: 38908473 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2024.108157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
The infection caused by Nosema bombycis often known as pebrine, is a devastating sericulture disease. The infection can be transmitted to the next generation through eggs laid by infected female Bombyx mori moths (transovarial) as well as with N. bombycis contaminated food (horizontal). Most diagnoses were carried out in the advanced stages of infection until the time that infection might spread to other healthy insects. Hence, early diagnosis of pebrine is of utmost importance to quarantine infected larvae from uninfected silkworm batches and stop further spread of the infection. The findings of our study provide an insight into how the silkworm larval host defence system was activated against early N. bombycis transovarial infection. The results obtained from transcriptome analysis of infected 2nd instar larvae revealed significant (adjusted P-value < 0.05) expression of 1888 genes of which 801 genes were found to be upregulated and 1087 genes were downregulated when compared with the control. Pathway analysis indicated activation of the immune deficiency (IMD) pathway, which shows a potential immune defence response against pebrine infection as well as suppression of the melanin synthesis pathway due to lower expression of prophenoloxidase activating enzyme (PPAE). Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis of haemolymph from infected larvae shows the secretion of serpin binding protein of N. bombycis which might be involved in the suppression of the melanization pathway. Moreover, among the differentially expressed genes, we found that LPMC-61, yellow-y, gasp and osiris 9 can be utilised as potential markers for early diagnosis of transovarial pebrine infection in B. mori. Physiological as well as biochemical roles and functions of many of the essential genes are yet to be established, and enlightened research will be required to characterize the products of these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jahid Hossain Mollah
- Department of Zoology, Siksha Bhavana (Institute of Science), Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, West Bengal-731235, India
| | - Arindam Hatimuria
- Department of Zoology, Siksha Bhavana (Institute of Science), Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, West Bengal-731235, India
| | - Vinod Kumar Chauhan
- Department of Zoology, Siksha Bhavana (Institute of Science), Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, West Bengal-731235, India.
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Lai Y, Zheng W, Zheng Y, Lu H, Qu S, Wang L, Li M, Wang S. Unveiling a novel entry gate: Insect foregut as an alternative infection route for fungal entomopathogens. Innovation (N Y) 2024; 5:100644. [PMID: 38933340 PMCID: PMC11201351 DOI: 10.1016/j.xinn.2024.100644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Insects and their natural microbial pathogens are intertwined in constant arms races, with pathogens continually seeking entry into susceptible hosts through distinct routes. Entomopathogenic fungi are primarily believed to infect host insects through external cuticle penetration. Here, we report a new variety, Beauveria bassiana var. majus (Bbm), that can infect insects through the previously unrecognized foregut. Dual routes of infection significantly accelerate insect mortality. The pH-responsive transcription factor PacC in Bbm exhibits rapid upregulation and efficient proteolytic processing via PalC for alkaline adaptation in the foregut. Expression of PalC is regulated by the adjacent downstream gene Aia. Compared to non-enteropathogenic strains such as ARSEF252, Aia in Bbm lacks a 249-bp fragment, resulting in its enhanced alkaline-induced expression. This induction promotes PalC upregulation and facilitates PacC activation. Expressing the active form of BbmPacC in ARSEF252 enables intestinal infection. This study uncovers the pH-responsive Aia-PalC-PacC cascade enhancing fungal alkaline tolerance for intestinal infection, laying the foundation for developing a new generation of fungal insecticides to control destructive insect pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiling Lai
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200032, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weilu Zheng
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200032, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yitong Zheng
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200032, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haiquan Lu
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200032, China
- Sericultural Research Institute, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212000, China
| | - Shuang Qu
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Lili Wang
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200032, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Muwang Li
- Sericultural Research Institute, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212000, China
| | - Sibao Wang
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200032, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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3
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Miao Z, Liao Y, Huang X, Wang X, Liao W, Wang G. New insights into the effects of UV light on individual Nosema bombycis spores, as determined using single-cell optical approaches. Photochem Photobiol 2024; 100:596-603. [PMID: 37698249 DOI: 10.1111/php.13858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Nosema bombycis (Nb) is a pathogen causing pebrine in sericulture. Ultraviolet (UV) light exposure is a common physical disinfection method, but the mechanisms underlying UV-based disinfection have only been studied at the population level. In this study, changes in and germination of UV-irradiated spores were observed using Raman tweezers and phase-contrast imaging to evaluate the effects of UV radiation on Nb spores at the single-cell level. We found that irradiation caused the complete leakage of trehalose from individual spores. We also found that more spores leaked as the UV dose increased. There was no significant loss of intracellular biomacromolecules and no marked changes in the peaks associated with protein secondary structures. Low-dose radiation promoted spore germination and high-dose radiation decreased the germination rate, while the germination time did not undergo significant alterations. These results suggest that UV radiation disrupts the permeability of the inner membrane and alters the spore wall, thereby affecting the ability of the spore to sense and respond to extracellular stimuli, which further triggers germination and reduces or stops spore germination. This study provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying conventional disinfection measures on microsporidian spores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenbin Miao
- Institute of Eco-Environmental Research, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yanlian Liao
- Guangxi Vocational & Technical College, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xuhua Huang
- Guangxi Academy of Sericultural Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiaochun Wang
- Institute of Eco-Environmental Research, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Wei Liao
- Guangxi Vocational & Technical College, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Guiwen Wang
- Institute of Eco-Environmental Research, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Natural Products and Combinatorial Biosynthesis Chemistry, Nanning, Guangxi, China
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Huang Q, Chen J, Lv Q, Long M, Pan G, Zhou Z. Germination of Microsporidian Spores: The Known and Unknown. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:774. [PMID: 37504762 PMCID: PMC10381864 DOI: 10.3390/jof9070774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Microsporidia are a large group of mysterious obligate intracellular eukaryotic parasites. The microsporidian spore can survive in the absence of nutrients for years under harsh conditions and germinate within seconds under the stimulation of environmental changes like pH and ions. During germination, microsporidia experience an increase in intrasporal osmotic pressure, which leads to an influx of water into the spore, followed by swelling of the polaroplasts and posterior vacuole, which eventually fires the polar filament (PF). Infectious sporoplasm was transported through the extruded polar tube (PT) and delivered into the host cell. Despite much that has been learned about the germination of microsporidia, there are still several major questions that remain unanswered, including: (i) There is still a lack of knowledge about the signaling pathways involved in spore germination. (ii) The germination of spores is not well understood in terms of its specific energetics. (iii) Limited understanding of how spores germinate and how the nucleus and membranes are rearranged during germination. (iv) Only a few proteins in the invasion organelles have been identified; many more are likely undiscovered. This review summarizes the major resolved and unresolved issues concerning the process of microsporidian spore germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Qing Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Mengxian Long
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Guoqing Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zeyang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Pollinator Insect of the upper reaches of the Yangtze River (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 400047, China
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Angst P, Ebert D, Fields PD. Population genetic analysis of the microsporidium Ordospora colligata reveals the role of natural selection and phylogeography on its extremely compact and reduced genome. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2023; 13:jkad017. [PMID: 36655395 PMCID: PMC9997559 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkad017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The determinants of variation in a species' genome-wide nucleotide diversity include historical, environmental, and stochastic aspects. This diversity can inform us about the species' past and present evolutionary dynamics. In parasites, the mode of transmission and the interactions with the host might supersede the effects of these aspects in shaping parasite genomic diversity. We used genomic samples from 10 populations of the microsporidian parasite Ordospora colligata to investigate present genomic diversity and how it was shaped by evolutionary processes, specifically, the role of phylogeography, co-phylogeography (with the host), natural selection, and transmission mode. Although very closely related microsporidia cause diseases in humans, O. colligata is specific to the freshwater crustacean Daphnia magna and has one of the smallest known eukaryotic genomes. We found an overlapping phylogeography between O. colligata and its host highlighting the long-term, intimate relationship between them. The observed geographic distribution reflects previous findings that O. colligata exhibits adaptations to colder habitats, which differentiates it from other microsporidian gut parasites of D. magna predominantly found in warmer areas. The co-phylogeography allowed us to calibrate the O. colligata phylogeny and thus estimate its mutation rate. We identified several genetic regions under potential selection. Our whole-genome study provides insights into the evolution of one of the most reduced eukaryotic genomes and shows how different processes shape genomic diversity of an obligate parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Angst
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoology, University of Basel, Basel 4051, Switzerland
| | - Dieter Ebert
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoology, University of Basel, Basel 4051, Switzerland
| | - Peter D Fields
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoology, University of Basel, Basel 4051, Switzerland
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Imura Y, Nakamura H, Arai R, Hatakeyama Y. Comparison of the Germination Conditions of Two Large-Spore Microsporidia Using Potassium and Sodium Ion Solutions. INSECTS 2023; 14:185. [PMID: 36835754 PMCID: PMC9958894 DOI: 10.3390/insects14020185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The germination of a microsporidian polar tube generally occurs under alkaline conditions. Typically, microsporidian spores can be stored in physiological salt solution for short periods. However, because of differences in the lodging area, the requirements may not always be uniform. In fact, Trachipleistophora sp. OSL-2012-10 (nomen nudum Trachipleistophora haruka) germinated when preserved in physiological salt solution. In this study, the germination characteristics of the large-spore microsporidia Trachipleistophora sp. FOA-2014-10 and Vavraia sp. YGSL-2015-13 were compared with those of Trachipleistophora sp. OSL-2012-10; moreover, we investigated whether these characteristics are specific to these microsporidia. We found that both microsporidia germinated in physiological salt solution. These differences in germination rates were affected by the preservation solution and temperature.
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Zhang X, Feng H, He J, Muhammad A, Zhang F, Lu X. Features and Colonization Strategies of Enterococcus faecalis in the Gut of Bombyx mori. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:921330. [PMID: 35814682 PMCID: PMC9263704 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.921330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex gut microbiome is a malleable microbial community that can undergo remodeling in response to many factors, including the gut environment and microbial properties. Enterococcus has emerged as one of the predominant gut commensal bacterial and plays a fundamental role in the host physiology and health of the major economic agricultural insect, Bombyx mori. Although extensive research on gut structure and microbiome diversity has been carried out, how these microbial consortia are established in multifarious niches within the gut has not been well characterized to date. Here, an Enterococcus species that was stably associated with its host, the model organism B. mori, was identified in the larval gut. GFP–tagged E. faecalis LX10 was constructed as a model bacterium to track the colonization mechanism in the intestine of B. mori. The results revealed that the minimum and optimum colonization results were obtained by feeding at doses of 105 CFU/silkworm and 107 CFU/silkworm, respectively, as confirmed by bioassays and fluorescence-activated cell sorting analyses (FACS). Furthermore, a comprehensive genome-wide exploration of signal sequences provided insight into the relevant colonization properties of E. faecalis LX10. E. faecalis LX10 grew well under alkaline conditions and stably reduced the intestinal pH through lactic acid production. Additionally, the genomic features responsible for lactic acid fermentation were characterized. We further expressed and purified E. faecalis bacteriocin and found that it was particularly effective against other gut bacteria, including Enterococcus casselifavus, Enterococcus mundtii, Serratia marcescens, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, and Escherichia coli. In addition, the successful colonization of E. faecalis LX10 led to drastically increased expression of all adhesion genes (znuA, lepB, hssA, adhE, EbpA, and Lap), defense genes (cspp, tagF, and esp), regulation gene (BfmRS), secretion gene (prkC) and immune evasion genes (patA and patB), while the expression of iron acquisition genes (ddpD and metN) was largely unchanged or decreased. This work establishes an unprecedented conceptual model for understanding B. mori–gut microbiota interactions in an ecological context. Moreover, these results shed light on the molecular mechanisms of gut microbiota proliferation and colonization in the intestinal tract of this insect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiancui Zhang
- College of Animal Sciences, Institute of Sericulture and Apiculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huihui Feng
- College of Animal Sciences, Institute of Sericulture and Apiculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jintao He
- College of Animal Sciences, Institute of Sericulture and Apiculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Abrar Muhammad
- College of Animal Sciences, Institute of Sericulture and Apiculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Fan Zhang,
| | - Xingmeng Lu
- College of Animal Sciences, Institute of Sericulture and Apiculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Xingmeng Lu,
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Zhang X, Zhang F, Lu X. Diversity and Functional Roles of the Gut Microbiota in Lepidopteran Insects. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10061234. [PMID: 35744751 PMCID: PMC9231115 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Lepidopteran insects are one of the most widespread and speciose lineages on Earth, with many common pests and beneficial insect species. The evolutionary success of their diversification depends on the essential functions of gut microorganisms. This diverse gut microbiota of lepidopteran insects provides benefits in nutrition and reproductive regulation and plays an important role in the defence against pathogens, enhancing host immune homeostasis. In addition, gut symbionts have shown promising applications in the development of novel tools for biological control, biodegradation of waste, and blocking the transmission of insect-borne diseases. Even though most microbial symbionts are unculturable, the rapidly expanding catalogue of microbial genomes and the application of modern genetic techniques offer a viable alternative for studying these microbes. Here, we discuss the gut structure and microbial diversity of lepidopteran insects, as well as advances in the understanding of symbiotic relationships and interactions between hosts and symbionts. Furthermore, we provide an overview of the function of the gut microbiota, including in host nutrition and metabolism, immune defence, and potential mechanisms of detoxification. Due to the relevance of lepidopteran pests in agricultural production, it can be expected that the research on the interactions between lepidopteran insects and their gut microbiota will be used for biological pest control and protection of beneficial insects in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiancui Zhang
- Institute of Sericulture and Apiculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China;
| | - Fan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
- Correspondence: (F.Z.); (X.L.)
| | - Xingmeng Lu
- Institute of Sericulture and Apiculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China;
- Correspondence: (F.Z.); (X.L.)
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Zhang X, Feng H, He J, Liang X, Zhang N, Shao Y, Zhang F, Lu X. The gut commensal bacterium Enterococcus faecalis LX10 contributes to defending against Nosema bombycis infection in Bombyx mori. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:2215-2227. [PMID: 35192238 PMCID: PMC9314687 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microsporidia, a group of obligate intracellular fungal-related parasites, have been used as efficient biocontrol agents for agriculture and forestry pests due to their host specificity and transovarial transmission. They mainly infect insect pests through the intestinal tract, but the interactions between microsporidia and the gut microbiota of the host have not been well demonstrated. RESULTS Based on the microsporidia-Bombyx mori model, we report that the susceptibility of silkworms to exposure to the microsporidium Nosema bombycis was both dose and time dependent. Comparative analyses of the silkworm gut microbiome revealed substantially increased abundance of Enterococcus belonging to Firmicutes after N. bombycis infection. Furthermore, a bacterial strain (LX10) was obtained from the gut of B. mori and identified as Enterococcus faecalis based on 16S rRNA sequence analysis. E. faecalis LX10 reduced the N. bombycis spore germination rate and the infection efficiency in vitro and in vivo, as confirmed by bioassay tests and histopathological analyses. In addition, after simultaneous oral feeding with E. faecalis LX10 and N. bombycis, gene (Akirin, Cecropin A, Mesh, Ssk, DUOX and NOS) expression, hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide levels, and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity showed different degrees of recovery and correction compared with those under N. bombycis infection alone. Finally, the enterococcin LX protein was identified from sterile LX10 fermentation liquid based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. CONCLUSION Altogether, the results revealed that E. faecalis LX10 with anti-N. bombycis activity might play an important role in protecting silkworms from microsporidia. Removal of these specific commensal bacteria with antibiotics and utilization of transgenic symbiotic systems may effectively improve the biocontrol value of microsporidia. © 2022 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiancui Zhang
- Institute of Sericulture and Apiculture, College of Animal SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Huihui Feng
- Institute of Sericulture and Apiculture, College of Animal SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Jintao He
- Institute of Sericulture and Apiculture, College of Animal SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Xili Liang
- Institute of Sericulture and Apiculture, College of Animal SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Nan Zhang
- Institute of Sericulture and Apiculture, College of Animal SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Yongqi Shao
- Institute of Sericulture and Apiculture, College of Animal SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Fan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life ScienceShandong Normal UniversityJinanChina
| | - Xingmeng Lu
- Institute of Sericulture and Apiculture, College of Animal SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
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Zhang N, He J, Shen X, Sun C, Muhammad A, Shao Y. Contribution of sample processing to gut microbiome analysis in the model Lepidoptera, silkworm Bombyx mori. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:4658-4668. [PMID: 34504661 PMCID: PMC8390955 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbes that live inside insects play various roles in host biology, ranging from nutrient supplementation to host defense. Although Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) are one of the most diverse insect taxa and important in natural ecosystems, their microbiotas are little-studied, and to understand their structure and function, it is necessary to identify potential factors that affect microbiome analysis. Using a model organism, the silkworm Bombyx mori, we investigated the effects of different sample types (whole gut, gut content, gut tissue, starvation, or frass) and metagenomic DNA extraction methodologies (small-scale versus large-scale) on the composition and diversity of the caterpillar gut microbial communities. High-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing and computational analysis of the resulting data unraveled that DNA extraction has a large effect on the outcome of metagenomic analysis: significant biases were observed in estimates of community diversity and in the ratio between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Furthermore, bacterial communities differed significantly among sample types. The gut content and whole gut samples differed least, both had a higher percentage of Enterococcus and Acinetobacter species; whereas the frass and starvation samples differed substantially from the whole gut and were poor representatives of the gut microbiome. Thus, we recommend a small-scale DNA extraction methodology for sampling the whole gut under normal insect rearing conditions whenever possible, as this approach provides the most accurate assessment of the gut microbiome. Our study highlights that evaluation of the optimal sample-processing approach should be the first step taken to confidently assess the contributions of microbiota to Lepidoptera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhang
- Max Planck Partner Group, Institute of Sericulture and Apiculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jintao He
- Max Planck Partner Group, Institute of Sericulture and Apiculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Shen
- Max Planck Partner Group, Institute of Sericulture and Apiculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chao Sun
- Analysis Center of Agrobiology and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Abrar Muhammad
- Max Planck Partner Group, Institute of Sericulture and Apiculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongqi Shao
- Max Planck Partner Group, Institute of Sericulture and Apiculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, China
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Balotf S, Wilson R, Tegg RS, Nichols DS, Wilson CR. Quantitative proteomics provides an insight into germination-related proteins in the obligate biotrophic plant pathogen Spongospora subterranea. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2021; 13:521-532. [PMID: 33928759 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The soil-borne and obligate plant-associated nature of S. subterranea has hindered a detailed study of this pathogen and in particular, the regulatory pathways driving the germination of S. subterranea remain unknown. To better understand the mechanisms that control the transition from dormancy to germination, protein profiles between dormant and germination stimulant-treated resting spores were compared using label-free quantitative proteomics. Among the ~680 proteins identified 20 proteins were found to be differentially expressed during the germination of S. subterranea resting spores. Elongation factor Tu, histones (H2A and H15), proteasome and DJ-1_PfpI, involved in transcription and translation, were upregulated during the germination of resting spores. Downregulation of both actin and beta-tubulin proteins occurred in the germinating spores, indicating that the changes in the cell wall cytoskeleton may be necessary for the morphological changes during the germination of the resting spore in S. subterranea. Our findings provide new approaches for the study of these and similar recalcitrant micro-organisms provide the first insights into the basic protein components of S. subterranea spores. A better understanding of S. subterranea biology may lead to the development of novel approaches for the management of persistent soil inoculum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadegh Balotf
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, New Town Research Laboratories, University of Tasmania, New Town, Tas., 7008, Australia
| | - Richard Wilson
- Central Science Laboratory, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas., 7001, Australia
| | - Robert S Tegg
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, New Town Research Laboratories, University of Tasmania, New Town, Tas., 7008, Australia
| | - David S Nichols
- Central Science Laboratory, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas., 7001, Australia
| | - Calum R Wilson
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, New Town Research Laboratories, University of Tasmania, New Town, Tas., 7008, Australia
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12
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Balotf S, Tegg RS, Nichols DS, Wilson CR. Spore Germination of the Obligate Biotroph Spongospora subterranea: Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Germination Associated Genes. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:691877. [PMID: 34234764 PMCID: PMC8256667 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.691877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
For soilborne pathogens, germination of the resting or dormant propagule that enables persistence within the soil environment is a key point in pathogenesis. Spongospora subterranea is an obligate soilborne protozoan that infects the roots and tubers of potato causing root and powdery scab disease for which there are currently no effective controls. A better understanding of the molecular basis of resting spore germination of S. subterranea could be important for development of novel disease interventions. However, as an obligate biotroph and soil dwelling organism, the application of new omics techniques for the study of the pre-infection process in S. subterranea has been problematic. Here, RNA sequencing was used to analyse the reprogramming of S. subterranea resting spores during the transition to zoospores in an in-vitro model. More than 63 million mean high-quality reads per sample were generated from the resting and germinating spores. By using a combination of reference-based and de novo transcriptome assembly, 6,664 unigenes were identified. The identified unigenes were subsequently annotated based on known proteins using BLAST search. Of 5,448 annotated genes, 570 genes were identified to be differentially expressed during the germination of S. subterranea resting spores, with most of the significant genes belonging to transcription and translation, amino acids biosynthesis, transport, energy metabolic processes, fatty acid metabolism, stress response and DNA repair. The datasets generated in this study provide a basic knowledge of the physiological processes associated with spore germination and will facilitate functional predictions of novel genes in S. subterranea and other plasmodiophorids. We introduce several candidate genes related to the germination of an obligate biotrophic soilborne pathogen which could be applied to the development of antimicrobial agents for soil inoculum management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadegh Balotf
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, New Town Research Laboratories, University of Tasmania, New Town, TAS, Australia
| | - Robert S Tegg
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, New Town Research Laboratories, University of Tasmania, New Town, TAS, Australia
| | - David S Nichols
- Central Science Laboratory, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Calum R Wilson
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, New Town Research Laboratories, University of Tasmania, New Town, TAS, Australia
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13
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Hou W, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Yue Q, Wang L, Min T, Wang H. Label-free proteomics study on Shewanella putrefaciens regulated by ε-poly-lysine treatment. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 131:791-800. [PMID: 33289172 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The purpose of this study was to investigate the regulatory mechanism of ε-PL on Shewanella putrefaciens. METHODS AND RESULTS Proteomics analysis of inhibitory effect of ε-PL against S. putrefaciens was performed by label-free quantitative assay based on high-resolution mass spectrometry (MS). Quantification of 2206 proteins was obtained with high confidence, and a total of 36 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), with 10 and 26 proteins showing upregulation and downregulation, respectively, were identified. Upon Go functional enrichment, 11, 5 and 8 specific Go terms in biological processes, molecular functions and cellular components were identified, respectively. Six KEGG pathways, including 'ribosome', were significantly enriched. Among the ribosome pathway, there were seven DEPs and all of them were distributed on large and small subunits of ribosome. CONCLUSIONS The significant downregulation of proteins, large subunits of ribosomal proteins RP-L18, L30 and L27, small subunits ribosomal proteins S16 and S20, and RNA polymerase β' subunit protein rpoC were the critical action sites of ε-PL to inhibit S. putrefaciens growth. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Shewanella putrefaciens is one of the representative fish-spoilage bacteria regardless of fish type, and poses significant problems for the fish brewery. A better understanding of the antibacterial mechanism of ε-PL on S. putrefaciens could make important contributions to development of biological control strategies of these economically important pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Hou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Y Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Y Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Q Yue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - L Wang
- School of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - T Min
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - H Wang
- School of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
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14
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Jaroenlak P, Cammer M, Davydov A, Sall J, Usmani M, Liang FX, Ekiert DC, Bhabha G. 3-Dimensional organization and dynamics of the microsporidian polar tube invasion machinery. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008738. [PMID: 32946515 PMCID: PMC7526891 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Microsporidia, a divergent group of single-celled eukaryotic parasites, harness a specialized harpoon-like invasion apparatus called the polar tube (PT) to gain entry into host cells. The PT is tightly coiled within the transmissible extracellular spore, and is about 20 times the length of the spore. Once triggered, the PT is rapidly ejected and is thought to penetrate the host cell, acting as a conduit for the transfer of infectious cargo into the host. The organization of this specialized infection apparatus in the spore, how it is deployed, and how the nucleus and other large cargo are transported through the narrow PT are not well understood. Here we use serial block-face scanning electron microscopy to reveal the 3-dimensional architecture of the PT and its relative spatial orientation to other organelles within the spore. Using high-speed optical microscopy, we also capture and quantify the entire PT germination process of three human-infecting microsporidian species in vitro: Anncaliia algerae, Encephalitozoon hellem and E. intestinalis. Our results show that the emerging PT experiences very high accelerating forces to reach velocities exceeding 300 μm⋅s-1, and that firing kinetics differ markedly between species. Live-cell imaging reveals that the nucleus, which is at least 7 times larger than the diameter of the PT, undergoes extreme deformation to fit through the narrow tube, and moves at speeds comparable to PT extension. Our study sheds new light on the 3-dimensional organization, dynamics, and mechanism of PT extrusion, and shows how infectious cargo moves through the tube to initiate infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pattana Jaroenlak
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine and Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Michael Cammer
- Microscopy Laboratory, Division of Advanced Research Technologies, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Alina Davydov
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine and Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Joseph Sall
- Microscopy Laboratory, Division of Advanced Research Technologies, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Mahrukh Usmani
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine and Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Feng-Xia Liang
- Microscopy Laboratory, Division of Advanced Research Technologies, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Damian C. Ekiert
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine and Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Gira Bhabha
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine and Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
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15
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Han B, Takvorian PM, Weiss LM. Invasion of Host Cells by Microsporidia. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:172. [PMID: 32132983 PMCID: PMC7040029 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Microsporidia are found worldwide and both vertebrates and invertebrates can serve as hosts for these organisms. While microsporidiosis in humans can occur in both immune competent and immune compromised hosts, it has most often been seen in the immune suppressed population, e.g., patients with advanced HIV infection, patients who have had organ transplantation, those undergoing chemotherapy, or patients using other immune suppressive agents. Infection can be associated with either focal infection in a specific organ (e.g., keratoconjunctivitis, cerebritis, or hepatitis) or with disseminated disease. The most common presentation of microsporidiosis being gastrointestinal infection with chronic diarrhea and wasting syndrome. In the setting of advanced HIV infection or other cases of profound immune deficiency microsporidiosis can be extremely debilitating and carries a significant mortality risk. Microsporidia are transmitted as spores which invade host cells by a specialized invasion apparatus the polar tube (PT). This review summarizes recent studies that have provided information on the composition of the spore wall and PT, as well as insights into the mechanism of invasion and interaction of the PT and spore wall with host cells during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Han
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Peter M. Takvorian
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Louis M. Weiss
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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16
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Morphology and Transcriptome Analysis of Nosema bombycis Sporoplasm and Insights into the Initial Infection of Microsporidia. mSphere 2020; 5:5/1/e00958-19. [PMID: 32051240 PMCID: PMC7021473 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00958-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Once awoken from dormancy, the cellular matter of microsporidia is delivered directly into the host cell cytoplasm through the polar tube. This means that the microsporidia are difficult to study biologically in their active state without a contaminating signal from the host cell. Sporoplasm is a cell type of microsporidia in vitro, but relatively little attention has been paid to the sporoplasm in the past 150 years due to a lack of an effective separation method. Nosema bombycis, the first reported microsporidium, is a type of obligate intracellular parasite that infects silkworms and can be induced to germinate in alkaline solution in vitro. We successfully separated the N. bombycis sporoplasm in vitro, and the morphological and structural characteristics were investigated. These results provide important insight into the biology and pathogenesis of microsporidia and potentially provide a possible strategy for genetic manipulation of microsporidia targeting the sporoplasm. Microsporidia are obligate intracellular parasites that infect a wide variety of host organisms, including humans. The sporoplasm is the initial stage of microsporidian infection and proliferation, but its morphological and molecular characteristics are poorly understood. In this study, the sporoplasm of Nosema bombycis was successfully isolated and characterized after the induction of spore germination in vitro. The sporoplasm was spherical, 3.64 ± 0.41 μm in diameter, had the typical two nuclei, and was nonrefractive. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy analyses revealed that the sporoplasm was surrounded by a single membrane, and the cytoplasm was usually filled with relatively homogeneous granules, possibly ribosomes, and contained a vesicular structure comprising a concentric ring and coiled tubules. Propidium iodide staining revealed that the sporoplasm membrane showed stronger membrane permeability than did the cell plasma membrane. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that the sporoplasm can gain entry to the host cell by phagocytosis. Transcriptome analysis of mature spores and sporoplasms showed that 541 significantly differentially expressed genes were screened (adjusted P value [Padj] < 0.05), of which 302 genes were upregulated and 239 genes were downregulated in the sporoplasm. The majority of the genes involved in trehalose synthesis metabolism, glycolysis, and the pentose phosphate pathway were downregulated, whereas 10 transporter genes were upregulated, suggesting that the sporoplasm may inhibit its own carbon metabolic activity and obtain the substances required for proliferation through transporter proteins. This study represents the first comprehensive and in-depth investigation of the sporoplasm at the morphological and molecular levels and provides novel insights into the biology of microsporidia and their infection mechanism. IMPORTANCE Once awoken from dormancy, the cellular matter of microsporidia is delivered directly into the host cell cytoplasm through the polar tube. This means that the microsporidia are difficult to study biologically in their active state without a contaminating signal from the host cell. Sporoplasm is a cell type of microsporidia in vitro, but relatively little attention has been paid to the sporoplasm in the past 150 years due to a lack of an effective separation method. Nosema bombycis, the first reported microsporidium, is a type of obligate intracellular parasite that infects silkworms and can be induced to germinate in alkaline solution in vitro. We successfully separated the N. bombycis sporoplasm in vitro, and the morphological and structural characteristics were investigated. These results provide important insight into the biology and pathogenesis of microsporidia and potentially provide a possible strategy for genetic manipulation of microsporidia targeting the sporoplasm.
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17
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Label free-based proteomic analysis of Escherichia coli O157:H7 subjected to ohmic heating. Food Res Int 2020; 128:108815. [PMID: 31955771 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the inactivation mechanism of ohmic heating (OH) on Escherichia coli O157:H7 at the same inactivation levels, a label-free quantitative proteomic approach was employed in this study. Quantification of 2633 proteins was obtained with high confidence. Compared to untreated samples (CT), a total of 169, 84, and 26 proteins showed significantly differential abundance after high voltage OH (HVOH, 10 V/cm), low voltage OH (LVOH, 5 V/cm), and water bath heating (WB), respectively. Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, ABC transporters, biosynthesis of amino acids, glycerophospholipid metabolism, and ribosome pathway were the main KEGG pathways mediated by OH, but only ribosome pathway was greatly affected by WB. The significant differences in proteome changes of E. coli O157:H7 among HVOH, LVOH, and WB treatments, especially the greater number of differential proteins in HVOH, indicated that OH might exert additional effects on proteome of E. coli O157:H7 due to the electric current, particularly in HVOH with higher electric field. This result enriched our understanding of molecular changes of E. coli O157:H7 induced by OH and provided data reference for further research into the inactivation mechanism of OH.
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18
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Zhang SZ, Wang J, Zhu LB, Toufeeq S, Xu X, You LL, Li B, Hu P, Xu JP. Quantitative label-free proteomic analysis reveals differentially expressed proteins in the digestive juice of resistant versus susceptible silkworm strains and their predicted impacts on BmNPV infection. J Proteomics 2019; 210:103527. [PMID: 31610263 PMCID: PMC7102787 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2019.103527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) is a major pathogen causing severe economic loss. Previous studies have revealed that some proteins in silkworm digestive juice show antiviral activity. In this study, antiviral activity examination of different resistant strains showed that the digestive juice of the resistant strain (A35) had higher inhibition to virus than the susceptible strain (P50). Subsequently, the label-free quantitative proteomics was used to study the midgut digestive juice response to BmNPV infection in P50 and A35 strains. A total of 98 proteins were identified, of which 80 were differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) with 54 enzymes and 26 nonenzymatic proteins by comparing the proteomes of infected and non-infected P50 and A35 silkworms. These DEPs are mainly involved in metabolism, proteolysis, neuroactive ligand receptor interaction, starch and sucrose metabolism and glutathione metabolism. After removing the genetic background and individual immune stress response proteins, 9 DEPs were identified potentially involved in resistance to BmNPV. Further studies showed that a serine protease, an alkaline phosphatase and serine protease inhibitor 2 isoform X1 were differentially expressed in A35 compared to P50 or post BmNPV infection. Taken together, these results provide insights into the potential mechanisms for silkworm digestive juice to provide resistance to BmNPV infection. Signifcance: Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) is highly pathogenic, which has a great impact on the sericulture. BmNPV entered the midgut lumen and exposed to digestive juices after oral infection. Previous studies have revealed that some proteins in silkworm digestive juice show antiviral activity, however, current information on the digestive juice proteome of high resistant silkworm strain after BmNPV challenge compared to susceptible strain is incomprehensive. Here, we combined label-free quantification method, bioinformatics, RT-qPCR and western blot analysis and found that BmNPV infection causes some protein changes in the silkworm midgut digestive juice. The DEPs were identified in the digestive juices of different resistant strains following BmNPV infection, and screened out some proteins potentially related to resistance to BmNPV. Three important differentially expression proteins were validated by independent approaches. These findings uncover the potential role of silkworm digestive juice in providing resistance to BmNPV and supplemented the profile of the proteome of the digestive juices in B. mori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Zhi Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China; Anhui International Joint Research and Developmental Center of Sericulture Resources Utilization, China
| | - Jie Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China; Anhui International Joint Research and Developmental Center of Sericulture Resources Utilization, China
| | - Lin-Bao Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China; Anhui International Joint Research and Developmental Center of Sericulture Resources Utilization, China
| | - Shahzad Toufeeq
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China; Anhui International Joint Research and Developmental Center of Sericulture Resources Utilization, China
| | - Xin Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China; Anhui International Joint Research and Developmental Center of Sericulture Resources Utilization, China
| | - Ling-Ling You
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China; Anhui International Joint Research and Developmental Center of Sericulture Resources Utilization, China
| | - Bing Li
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China; Anhui International Joint Research and Developmental Center of Sericulture Resources Utilization, China
| | - Pei Hu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China; Anhui International Joint Research and Developmental Center of Sericulture Resources Utilization, China
| | - Jia-Ping Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China; Anhui International Joint Research and Developmental Center of Sericulture Resources Utilization, China.
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19
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Label free-based proteomic analysis of proteins in Bacillus cereus spores regulated by high pressure processing and slightly acidic electrolyzed water treatment. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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20
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Chen B, Du K, Sun C, Vimalanathan A, Liang X, Li Y, Wang B, Lu X, Li L, Shao Y. Gut bacterial and fungal communities of the domesticated silkworm (Bombyx mori) and wild mulberry-feeding relatives. ISME JOURNAL 2018; 12:2252-2262. [PMID: 29895989 PMCID: PMC6092317 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-018-0174-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Bombyx mori, the domesticated silkworm, is of great importance as a silk producer and as a powerful experimental model for the basic and applied research. Similar to other animals, abundant microorganisms live inside the silkworm gut; however, surprisingly, the microbiota of this model insect has not been well characterized to date. Here, we comprehensively characterized the gut microbiota of the domesticated silkworm and its wild relatives. Comparative analyses with the mulberry-feeding moths Acronicta major and Diaphania pyloalis revealed a highly diverse but distinctive silkworm gut microbiota despite thousands of years of domestication, and stage-specific signatures in both total (DNA-based) and active (RNA-based) bacterial populations, dominated by the phyla Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes. Most fungal sequences were assigned to the phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. Environmental factors, including diet and human manipulation (egg production), likely influence the silkworm gut composition. Despite a lack of spatial variation along the gut, microbial community shifts were apparent between early instars and late instars, in concert with host developmental changes. Our results demonstrate that the gut microbiota of silkworms assembles into increasingly identical community throughout development, which differs greatly from those of other mulberry-feeding lepidopterans from the same niche, highlighting host-specific effects on microbial associations and the potential roles these communities play in host biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bosheng Chen
- Institute of Sericulture and Apiculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kaiqian Du
- Institute of Sericulture and Apiculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chao Sun
- Analysis Center of Agrobiology and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Arunprasanna Vimalanathan
- Institute of Sericulture and Apiculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xili Liang
- Institute of Sericulture and Apiculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yong Li
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Baohong Wang
- National Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xingmeng Lu
- Institute of Sericulture and Apiculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lanjuan Li
- National Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongqi Shao
- Institute of Sericulture and Apiculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. .,Key Laboratory for Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.
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García-Torres I, De la Mora-De la Mora I, Hernández-Alcántara G, Molina-Ortiz D, Caballero-Salazar S, Olivos-García A, Nava G, López-Velázquez G, Enríquez-Flores S. First characterization of a microsporidial triosephosphate isomerase and the biochemical mechanisms of its inactivation to propose a new druggable target. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8591. [PMID: 29872223 PMCID: PMC5988755 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26845-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The microsporidia are a large group of intracellular parasites with a broad range of hosts, including humans. Encephalitozoon intestinalis is the second microsporidia species most frequently associated with gastrointestinal disease in humans, especially immunocompromised or immunosuppressed individuals, including children and the elderly. The prevalence reported worldwide in these groups ranges from 0 to 60%. Currently, albendazole is most commonly used to treat microsporidiosis caused by Encephalitozoon species. However, the results of treatment are variable, and relapse can occur. Consequently, efforts are being directed toward identifying more effective drugs for treating microsporidiosis, and the study of new molecular targets appears promising. These parasites lack mitochondria, and oxidative phosphorylation therefore does not occur, which suggests the enzymes involved in glycolysis as potential drug targets. Here, we have for the first time characterized the glycolytic enzyme triosephosphate isomerase of E. intestinalis at the functional and structural levels. Our results demonstrate the mechanisms of inactivation of this enzyme by thiol-reactive compounds. The most striking result of this study is the demonstration that established safe drugs such as omeprazole, rabeprazole and sulbutiamine can effectively inactivate this microsporidial enzyme and might be considered as potential drugs for treating this important disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itzhel García-Torres
- Grupo de Investigación en Biomoléculas, Laboratorio de Errores Innatos del Metabolismo y Tamiz, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de México, 04530, Mexico
| | - Ignacio De la Mora-De la Mora
- Grupo de Investigación en Biomoléculas, Laboratorio de Errores Innatos del Metabolismo y Tamiz, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de México, 04530, Mexico
| | - Gloria Hernández-Alcántara
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico
| | - Dora Molina-Ortiz
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Genética, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de México, 04530, Mexico
| | - Silvia Caballero-Salazar
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de México, 04530, Mexico
| | - Alfonso Olivos-García
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México y Hospital General, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Nava
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico
| | - Gabriel López-Velázquez
- Grupo de Investigación en Biomoléculas, Laboratorio de Errores Innatos del Metabolismo y Tamiz, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de México, 04530, Mexico.
| | - Sergio Enríquez-Flores
- Grupo de Investigación en Biomoléculas, Laboratorio de Errores Innatos del Metabolismo y Tamiz, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de México, 04530, Mexico.
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Zhou T, Wang X, Luo J, Ye B, Zhou Y, Zhou L, Lai T. Identification of differentially expressed genes involved in spore germination of Penicillium expansum by comparative transcriptome and proteome approaches. Microbiologyopen 2018; 7:e00562. [PMID: 29205951 PMCID: PMC6011939 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, Penicillium expansum, a common destructive phytopathogen and patulin producer was isolated from naturally infected apple fruits and identified by morphological observation and rDNA-internal transcribed spacer analysis. Subsequently, a global view of the transcriptome and proteome alteration of P. expansum spores during germination was evaluated by RNA-seq (RNA sequencing) and iTRAQ (isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation) approaches. A total of 3,026 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), 77 differentially expressed predicted transcription factors and 489 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified. The next step involved screening out 130 overlapped candidates through correlation analysis between the RNA-seq and iTRAQ datasets. Part of them showed a different expression trend in the mRNA and protein levels, and most of them were involved in metabolism and genetic information processing. These results not only highlighted a set of genes and proteins that were important in deciphering the molecular processes of P. expansum germination but also laid the foundation to develop effective control methods and adequate environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products of Hangzhou CityCollege of Life and Environmental SciencesHangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Research Centre for Plant RNA SignalingCollege of Life and Environmental SciencesHangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Jin Luo
- Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products of Hangzhou CityCollege of Life and Environmental SciencesHangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Bishun Ye
- Research Centre for Plant RNA SignalingCollege of Life and Environmental SciencesHangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Yingying Zhou
- Research Centre for Plant RNA SignalingCollege of Life and Environmental SciencesHangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Liwan Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products of Hangzhou CityCollege of Life and Environmental SciencesHangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Tongfei Lai
- Research Centre for Plant RNA SignalingCollege of Life and Environmental SciencesHangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhouChina
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Liang X, Sun C, Chen B, Du K, Yu T, Luang-In V, Lu X, Shao Y. Insect symbionts as valuable grist for the biotechnological mill: an alkaliphilic silkworm gut bacterium for efficient lactic acid production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:4951-4962. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-8953-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Li Z, Wang Y, Wang L, Zhou Z. Molecular and biochemical responses in the midgut of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, infected with Nosema bombycis. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:147. [PMID: 29510742 PMCID: PMC5840838 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2755-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microsporidia are a group of eukaryotic intracellular parasites that infect almost all vertebrates and invertebrates. However, there is little information available of how microsporidia obtain nutrients and energy from host cells. The purpose of this study was to investigate the energy and material requirements of Nosema bombycis for the invasion procedure through analyzing the global variation of the gene expression, protein abundance, fatty acids level and ATP flux induced by the microsporidia N. bombycis infection in the midgut of the silkworm Bombyx mori. METHODS A suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) analysis were performed to identify the genes upregulated in the midgut of B. mori 48 h following N. bombycis infection. Gene Ontology (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses were used to annotate and summarize the differentially expressed genes, according to the categories 'molecular function', 'cellular component' and 'biological process'. To evaluate the nutrition material and energy costs in B.mori infected by N. bombycis, biochemical analysis was performed to determine the variation of protein abundance, fatty acid levels and ATP flux with or without the microsporidia N. bombycis infection in the midgut of the silkworm B. mori. RESULTS A total of 744 clones were obtained, 288 clones were randomly selected for sequencing, and 110 unigenes were generated. Amongst these, 49.21%, 30.16% and 14.29% genes were involved in 19 molecular functions, 19 biological processes and nine cellular components, respectively. A total of 11 oxidative phosphorylation- and eight proton-coupled ATP synthesis-related genes were upregulated. Seven protein degradation-, three fat degradation-related genes were upregulated, and no genes related to the de novo synthesis of amino acids and fatty acids were significantly upregulated. The data from the biochemical analysis showed the contents of total protein and ATP of B. mori midgut tissues decreased significantly, whereas the fatty acid content did not significantly change after four days of N. bombycis infection. Microsporidia N. bombycis infection upregulated the expression level of genes involved in host ATP synthesis, protein and fat degradation, which eventually causes the obvious decline of protein content and ATP synthesis in the host midgut, whereas the fatty acids content did not change significantly. CONCLUSIONS This study suggested to some extent that N. bombycis invasion can activate the host protein degradation and accelerate the production of host ATP. Microsporidia of N. bombycis show preference for proteins rather than fatty acids from the host to ensure the material preparation required by their parasitic life-cycle. Requirements of N. bombycis for energy were also mainly dependent on the host ATP production. This study provides a new data that may help our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of obtaining energy and nutrients from the host by the microsporidium N. bombycis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Li
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331 China
| | - Yu Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331 China
| | - Linling Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331 China
| | - Zeyang Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331 China
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716 China
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25
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Chen J, Guo W, Dang X, Huang Y, Liu F, Meng X, An Y, Long M, Bao J, Zhou Z, Xiang Z, Pan G. Easy labeling of proliferative phase and sporogonic phase of microsporidia Nosema bombycis in host cells. PLoS One 2017. [PMID: 28640848 PMCID: PMC5480951 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Microsporidia are eukaryotic, unicellular parasites that have been studied for more than 150 years. These organisms are extraordinary in their ability to invade a wide range of hosts including vertebrates and invertebrates, such as human and commercially important animals. A lack of appropriate labeling methods has limited the research of the cell cycle and protein locations in intracellular stages. In this report, an easy fluorescent labeling method has been developed to mark the proliferative and sporogonic phases of microsporidia Nosema bombycis in host cells. Based on the presence of chitin, Calcofluor White M2R was used to label the sporogonic phase, while β-tubulin antibody coupled with fluorescence secondary antibody were used to label the proliferative phase by immunofluorescence. This method is simple, efficient and can be used on both infected cells and tissue slices, providing a great potential application in microsporidia research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Wei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqun Dang
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Yukang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Fangyan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Xianzhi Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Yaoyao An
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Mengxian Long
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Jialing Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Zeyang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing, P. R. China
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Zhonghuai Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Guoqing Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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