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Heinrichs AL, Hardorp OJ, Hillebrand H, Schott T, Striebel M. Direct and indirect cumulative effects of temperature, nutrients, and light on phytoplankton growth. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e70073. [PMID: 39091334 PMCID: PMC11289788 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.70073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Temperature and resource availability are pivotal factors influencing phytoplankton community structures. Numerous prior studies demonstrated their significant influence on phytoplankton stoichiometry, cell size, and growth rates. The growth rate, serving as a reflection of an organism's success within its environment, is linked to stoichiometry and cell size. Consequently, alterations in abiotic conditions affecting cell size or stoichiometry also exert indirect effects on growth. However, such results have their limitations, as most studies used a limited number of factors and factor levels which gives us limited insights into how phytoplankton respond to environmental conditions, directly and indirectly. Here, we tested for the generality of patterns found in other studies, using a combined multiple-factor gradient design and two single species with different size characteristics. We used a structural equation model (SEM) that allowed us to investigate the direct cumulative effects of temperature and resource availability (i.e., light, N and P) on phytoplankton growth, as well as their indirect effects on growth through changes in cell size and cell stoichiometry. Our results mostly support the results reported in previous research thus some effects can be identified as dominant effects. We identified rising temperature as the dominant driver for cell size reduction and increase in growth, and nutrient availability (i.e., N and P) as dominant factor for changes in cellular stoichiometry. However, indirect effects of temperature and resources (i.e., light and nutrients) on species' growth rates through cell size and cell stoichiometry differed across the two species suggesting different strategies to acclimate to its environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lena Heinrichs
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM)Carl‐von‐Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, School of Mathematics and ScienceOldenburgGermany
| | - Onja Johannes Hardorp
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM)Carl‐von‐Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, School of Mathematics and ScienceOldenburgGermany
| | - Helmut Hillebrand
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM)Carl‐von‐Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, School of Mathematics and ScienceOldenburgGermany
- Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity (HIFMB)Carl‐von‐Ossietzky University of OldenburgOldenburgGermany
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz‐Centre for Polar and Marine Research [AWI]BremerhavenGermany
| | - Toni Schott
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM)Carl‐von‐Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, School of Mathematics and ScienceOldenburgGermany
| | - Maren Striebel
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM)Carl‐von‐Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, School of Mathematics and ScienceOldenburgGermany
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2
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Orizar IDS, Repetti SI, Lewandowska AM. Phytoplankton stoichiometry along the salinity gradient under limited nutrient and light supply. JOURNAL OF PLANKTON RESEARCH 2024; 46:387-397. [PMID: 39091691 PMCID: PMC11290246 DOI: 10.1093/plankt/fbae031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Ongoing climate warming alters precipitation and water column stability, leading to salinity and nutrient supply changes in the euphotic zone of many coastal ecosystems and semi-enclosed seas. Changing salinity and nutrient conditions affect phytoplankton physiology by altering elemental ratios of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). This study aimed to understand how salinity stress and resource acquisition affect phytoplankton stoichiometry. We incubated a phytoplankton polyculture composed of 10 species under different light, inorganic nutrient ratio and salinity levels. At the end of the incubation period, we measured particulate elemental composition (C, N and P), chlorophyll a and species abundances. The phytoplankton polyculture, dominated by Phaeodactylum tricornutum, accumulated more particulate organic carbon (POC) with increasing salinity. The low POC and low particulate C:N and C:P ratios toward 0 psu suggest that the hypoosmotic conditions highly affected primary production. The relative abundance of different species varied with salinity, and some species grew faster under low nutrient supply. Still, the dominant diatom regulated the overall POC of the polyculture, following the classic concept of the foundation species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris D S Orizar
- Tvärminne Zoological Station, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, J.A. Palmenin 260, 10900 Hanko, Finland
| | - Sonja I Repetti
- Tvärminne Zoological Station, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, J.A. Palmenin 260, 10900 Hanko, Finland
| | - Aleksandra M Lewandowska
- Tvärminne Zoological Station, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, J.A. Palmenin 260, 10900 Hanko, Finland
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3
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Selden CR, LaBrie R, Ganley LC, Crocker DR, Peleg O, Perry DC, Reich HG, Sasaki M, Thibodeau PS, Isanta-Navarro J. Is our understanding of aquatic ecosystems sufficient to quantify ecologically driven climate feedbacks? GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2024; 30:e17351. [PMID: 38837306 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
The Earth functions as an integrated system-its current habitability to complex life is an emergent property dependent on interactions among biological, chemical, and physical components. As global warming affects ecosystem structure and function, so too will the biosphere affect climate by altering atmospheric gas composition and planetary albedo. Constraining these ecosystem-climate feedbacks is essential to accurately predict future change and develop mitigation strategies; however, the interplay among ecosystem processes complicates the assessment of their impact. Here, we explore the state-of-knowledge on how ecological and biological processes (e.g., competition, trophic interactions, metabolism, and adaptation) affect the directionality and magnitude of feedbacks between ecosystems and climate, using illustrative examples from the aquatic sphere. We argue that, despite ample evidence for the likely significance of many, our present understanding of the combinatorial effects of ecosystem dynamics precludes the robust quantification of most ecologically driven climate feedbacks. Constraining these effects must be prioritized within the ecological sciences for only by studying the biosphere as both subject and arbiter of global climate can we develop a sufficiently holistic view of the Earth system to accurately predict Earth's future and unravel its past.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corday R Selden
- Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Richard LaBrie
- Interdisciplinary Environmental Research Centre, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Freiberg, Germany
| | - Laura C Ganley
- Anderson Cabot Center for Ocean Life, New England Aquarium, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel R Crocker
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ohad Peleg
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Danielle C Perry
- Department of Natural Resources Science, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Hannah G Reich
- Department of Biological Sciences, Biological Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Matthew Sasaki
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Mansfield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Patricia S Thibodeau
- School of Marine and Environmental Programs, University of New England, Biddeford, Maine, USA
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4
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Sun S, Hu X, Kang W, Yao M. Combined effects of microplastics and warming enhance algal carbon and nitrogen storage. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 233:119815. [PMID: 36881974 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Algae dominate primary production in groundwater and oceans and play a critical role in global carbon dioxide fixation and climate change but are threatened by ongoing global warming events (such as heatwaves) and increasing microplastic (MP) pollution. However, whether and how ecologically important phytoplankton respond to the combined effects of warming and MPs remain poorly understood. We thus investigated the combined effects of these factors on carbon and nitrogen storage and the mechanisms underlying the alterations in the physiological performance of a model diatom, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, exposed to a warming stressor (25 °C compared with 21 °C) and polystyrene MP acclimation. Although warmer conditions decreased the cell viability, the diatoms subjected to the synergistic effects of MPs and warming showed significant increases in the growth rate (1.10-fold) and nitrogen uptake rate (1.26-fold). Metabolomics and transcriptomic analyses revealed that MPs and warming mainly promoted fatty acid metabolism, the urea cycle, glutamine and glutamate production, and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle due to an increased level of 2-oxoglutarate, which is the hub of carbon and nitrogen metabolism and accounts for the acquisition and utilization of carbon and nitrogen. Our findings emphasize the nonnegligible effects of MPs and HWs on the algal carbon and nitrogen cycles in waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education)/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xiangang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education)/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Weilu Kang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education)/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Mingqi Yao
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education)/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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Beck M, Billoir E, Floury M, Usseglio-Polatera P, Danger M. A 34-year survey under phosphorus decline and warming: Consequences on stoichiometry and functional trait composition of freshwater macroinvertebrate communities. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159786. [PMID: 36377090 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide, freshwater systems are subjected to increasing temperatures and nutrient changes. Under phosphorus and nitrogen enrichment consumer communities are often thought to shift towards fast-growing and P-rich taxa, supporting the well-known link between growth rate and body stoichiometry. While these traits are also favoured under warming, the temperature effect on stoichiometry is less clear. As recently shown, there is a general link between functional traits and body stoichiometry, which makes the integration of stoichiometric traits a promising tool to help understanding the mechanisms behind taxonomic and functional community responses to nutrient changes and/or warming. Yet, such approaches have been scarcely developed at community level and on a long-term perspective. In this study, we investigated long-term responses in stoichiometry and functional trait composition of macroinvertebrate communities to nutrient changes (decreasing water P; increasing water N:P) and warming over a 34-year period in the Middle Loire River (France), testing the potentially opposing responses to these drivers. Both drivers should cause shifts in species composition, which will alter the overall community stoichiometry and functional composition following assumptions from ecological stoichiometry theory. We found that the macroinvertebrate community shifted towards P-poor taxa, causing significant trends in overall community stoichiometry which indicates long-term changes in the nutrient pool provided by these consumers (i.e. decrease in %N and %P, increase in N:P). Further, while the former high-P conditions favoured traits associated to detritus feeding and fast development (i.e. small maximum body size, short life duration), recent conditions favoured predators and slow-developing taxa. These results suggest nutrients to be a more important driver than temperature over this period. By providing a pivotal link between environmental changes and functional trait composition of communities, approaches based on stoichiometric traits offer sound perspectives to investigate ecological relationships between multiple drivers operating at various scales and ecosystem functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mathieu Floury
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR 5023 LEHNA, F- 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | | | - Michael Danger
- LIEC, Université de Lorraine, France; Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
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Sefbom J, Kremp A, Hansen PJ, Johannesson K, Godhe A, Rengefors K. Local adaptation through countergradient selection in northern populations of Skeletonema marinoi. Evol Appl 2023; 16:311-320. [PMID: 36793694 PMCID: PMC9923485 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine microorganisms have the potential to disperse widely with few obvious barriers to gene flow. However, among microalgae, several studies have demonstrated that species can be highly genetically structured with limited gene flow among populations, despite hydrographic connectivity. Ecological differentiation and local adaptation have been suggested as drivers of such population structure. Here we tested whether multiple strains from two genetically distinct Baltic Sea populations of the diatom Skeletonema marinoi showed evidence of local adaptation to their local environments: the estuarine Bothnian Sea and the marine Kattegat Sea. We performed reciprocal transplants of multiple strains between culture media based on water from the respective environments, and we also allowed competition between strains of estuarine and marine origin in both salinities. When grown alone, both marine and estuarine strains performed best in the high-salinity environment, and estuarine strains always grew faster than marine strains. This result suggests local adaptation through countergradient selection, that is, genetic effects counteract environmental effects. However, the higher growth rate of the estuarine strains appears to have a cost in the marine environment and when strains were allowed to compete, marine strains performed better than estuarine strains in the marine environment. Thus, other traits are likely to also affect fitness. We provide evidence that tolerance to pH could be involved and that estuarine strains that are adapted to a more fluctuating pH continue growing at higher pH than marine strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefin Sefbom
- Department of Marine SciencesUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Anke Kremp
- Marine Research CentreFinnish Environment Institute (SYKE)HelsinkiFinland
- Biological OceanographyLeibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research WarnemündeRostockGermany
| | - Per Juel Hansen
- Marine Biological SectionUniversity of CopenhagenHelsingørDenmark
| | - Kerstin Johannesson
- Department of Marine Sciences – TjärnöUniversity of GothenburgStrömstadSweden
| | - Anna Godhe
- Department of Marine SciencesUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Karin Rengefors
- Aquatic Ecology, Department of BiologyLund UniversityLundSweden
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Beck M, Billoir E, Felten V, Meyer A, Usseglio‐Polatera P, Danger M. Lessons from linking bio- and ecological traits to stoichiometric traits in stream macroinvertebrates. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9605. [PMID: 36514542 PMCID: PMC9731919 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecologists rely on various functional traits when investigating the functioning of ecological systems and its responses to global changes. Changing nutrient levels, for example, can affect taxa expressing different trait combinations in various ways, e.g., favoring small, fast-growing species under high phosphorus conditions. Stoichiometric traits, describing the elemental composition of organism body tissues, can help in understanding the mechanisms behind such functional shifts. So far, mainly life-history traits have been related to body stoichiometry (e.g., the growth rate hypothesis) on a limited number of taxa, and there is little knowledge of the general link between stoichiometric and other functional traits on a taxonomically large scale. Here, we highlight this link in the freshwater macroinvertebrates, testing predictions from underlying trait-based and Ecological Stoichiometry Theory (EST) in >200 taxa belonging to eight larger taxonomic groups. We applied a series of multivariate analyses on six of their stoichiometric traits (%C, %N, %P, C:N, C:P, and N:P) and 23 biological and ecological traits. We found significant relationships between stoichiometric traits and other types of traits when analyzing single-trait and multi-trait profiles. Patterns found within traits related to organism development or nutrient cycling were in line with our assumptions based on EST, e.g., traits describing predators were associated with high %N; traits suggesting a fast development (small maximum body size and high molting frequency) with high %P. Associations between ecological traits and body stoichiometry could be explained by the longitudinal stream gradient: Taxa preferring headwater habitats (i.e., high altitude, coarse substrate, and cold temperature) exhibited high %N and %P. Demonstrating the link between stoichiometric and both bio- and ecological traits on a large diversity of taxa underlines the potential of integrating stoichiometric traits into ecological analyses to improve our understanding of taxonomic and functional responses of communities-and ecosystems-to changing environmental conditions worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vincent Felten
- CNRS, LIECUniversité de LorraineMetzFrance
- LTER‐“Zone Atelier Moselle”MetzFrance
| | | | | | - Michael Danger
- CNRS, LIECUniversité de LorraineMetzFrance
- LTER‐“Zone Atelier Moselle”MetzFrance
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF)ParisFrance
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8
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Groß E, Di Pane J, Boersma M, Meunier CL. River discharge-related nutrient effects on North Sea coastal and offshore phytoplankton communities. JOURNAL OF PLANKTON RESEARCH 2022; 44:947-960. [PMID: 36447777 PMCID: PMC9692191 DOI: 10.1093/plankt/fbac049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
As a result of climate change, an increasing number of extreme weather events can be observed. Heavy precipitation events can increase river discharge which causes an abrupt increase of nutrient-rich freshwater into coastal zones. We investigated the potential consequences of nutrient-rich freshwater pulses on phytoplankton communities from three stations in the North Sea. After incubating the phytoplankton cultures with a gradient of nutrient-rich freshwater, we analyzed changes in community diversity, average cell size, growth rate and elemental stoichiometry. Pulses of nutrient-rich freshwater have caused an increase in the growth rate of the phytoplankton communities at two of the three stations and a decrease in cell size within the taxonomic groups of flagellates and diatoms at all stations, indicating a positive selection in favor of smaller taxa. In addition, we observed a decrease in the molar N:P ratio of the phytoplankton communities. Overall, the response of phytoplankton was highly dependent on the initial community structure at each sampling site. Our study demonstrates that the biomass and functional structure of North Sea phytoplankton communities could be altered by an abrupt increase in river discharge, which could have further consequences for higher trophic levels and short-term food web dynamics in the North Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julien Di Pane
- Shelf Sea System Ecology, Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Helgoland 27498, Germany
| | - Maarten Boersma
- Shelf Sea System Ecology, Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Helgoland 27498, Germany
- FB2, University of Bremen, FB2, Bremen 28359, Germany
| | - Cédric L Meunier
- Shelf Sea System Ecology, Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Helgoland 27498, Germany
- FB2, University of Bremen, FB2, Bremen 28359, Germany
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9
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Schenone L, Balseiro E, Modenutti B. Light dependence in the phototrophy-phagotrophy balance of constitutive and non-constitutive mixotrophic protists. Oecologia 2022; 200:295-306. [PMID: 35962828 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-022-05226-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mixotrophic protists display contrasting nutritional strategies and are key groups connecting planktonic food webs. They comprise constitutive mixotrophs (CMs) that have an innate photosynthetic ability and non-constitutive mixotrophs (NCMs) that acquire it from their prey. We modelled phototrophy and phagotrophy of two mixotrophic protists as a function of irradiance and prey abundance. We hypothesised that differences in their physiology (constitutive versus non-constitutive mixotrophy) can result in different responses to light gradients. We fitted the models with primary production and bacterivory data from laboratory and field experiments with the nanoflagellate Chrysochromulina parva (CM) and the ciliate Ophrydium naumanni (NCM) from north Andean Patagonian lakes. We found a non-monotonic response of phototrophy and phagotrophy to irradiance in both mixotrophs, which was successfully represented by our models. Maximum values for phototrophy and phagotrophy were found at intermediate irradiance coinciding with the light at the deep chlorophyll maxima in these lakes. At lower and higher irradiances, we found a decoupling between phototrophy and phagotrophy in the NCM while these functions were more coupled in the CM. Our modelling approach revealed the difference between both mixotrophic functional types on the balance between their nutritional strategies under different light scenarios. Thus, our proposed models can be applied to account how changing environmental conditions affect both primary and secondary production within the planktonic microbial food web.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Schenone
- Laboratorio de Limnología, INIBIOMA-CONICET, Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Quintral 1250, 8400, San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina.
| | - Esteban Balseiro
- Laboratorio de Limnología, INIBIOMA-CONICET, Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Quintral 1250, 8400, San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Beatriz Modenutti
- Laboratorio de Limnología, INIBIOMA-CONICET, Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Quintral 1250, 8400, San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
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Melero-Jiménez IJ, Bañares-España E, García-Sánchez MJ, Flores-Moya A. Changes in the growth rate of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii under long-term selection by temperature and salinity: Acclimation vs. evolution. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 822:153467. [PMID: 35093356 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the roles of acclimation and different components involved in evolution (adaptation, chance and history) on the changes in the growth rate of the model freshwater microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii P. A. Dang. exposed to selective temperature and salinity. Three C. reinhardtii strains previously grown during one year in freshwater medium and 20 °C were exposed to 5 °C temperature increase and a salinity of 5 g L-1 NaCl. Cultures under each selective scenario and in combination (increase of salinity and temperature), were propagated until growth rate achieved an invariant mean value for 6 months (100-350 generations, varying as a function of scenario and strain). The changes of the growth rate under increased temperature were due to both adaptation and acclimation, as well as history. However, acclimation was the only mechanism detected under salinity increase as well as in the selective scenario of both temperature and salinity, suggesting that genetic variability would not allow survival at salinity higher than that to which experimental populations were exposed. Therefore, it could be hypothesized that under a global change scenario an increase in salinity would be a greater challenge than warming for some freshwater phytoplankton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio J Melero-Jiménez
- Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain.
| | - Elena Bañares-España
- Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - María J García-Sánchez
- Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Antonio Flores-Moya
- Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
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Cheng LM, Zhang SF, Xie ZX, Li DX, Lin L, Wang MH, Wang DZ. Metabolic Adaptation of a Globally Important Diatom following 700 Generations of Selection under a Warmer Temperature. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:5247-5255. [PMID: 35352563 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c08584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Diatoms, accounting for 40% of the marine primary production and 20% of global carbon dioxide fixation, are threatened by the ongoing ocean warming (OW). However, whether and how these ecologically important phytoplankton adapt to OW remains poorly unknown. Here, we experimentally examined the metabolic adaptation of a globally important diatom species Skeletonema dohrnii (S. dohrnii) to OW at two elevated temperatures (24 and 28 °C compared with 20 °C) under short-term (∼300 generations) and long-term (∼700 generations) selection. Both warming levels significantly increased the cell growth rate but decreased the chlorophyll a content. The contents of particulate organic carbon (POC) and particulate organic nitrogen (PON) decreased significantly initially (i.e., until 300 generations) at two temperature treatments but completely recovered after 700 generations of selection, suggesting that S. dohrnii ultimately developed thermal adaptation. Proteomic analysis demonstrated that elevated temperatures upregulated energy metabolism via glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and fatty acid oxidation as well as nitrogen acquisition and utilization, which in turn reduced substance storage because of trade-off in the 300th generation, thus decreasing POC and PON. Interestingly, populations at both elevated temperatures exhibited significant proteome plasticity in the 700th generation, as primarily demonstrated by the increased lipid catabolism and glucose accumulation, accounting for the recovery of POC and PON. Changes occurring in cells at the 300th and 700th generations demonstrate that S. dohrnii can adapt to the projected OW, and readjusting the energy metabolism is an important adaptive strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Man Cheng
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems/College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Shu-Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems/College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Zhang-Xian Xie
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems/College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Dong-Xu Li
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems/College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Lin Lin
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems/College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Ming-Hua Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems/College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Da-Zhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems/College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
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12
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Calbet A, Saiz E. Thermal Acclimation and Adaptation in Marine Protozooplankton and Mixoplankton. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:832810. [PMID: 35401445 PMCID: PMC8984466 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.832810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper thermal adaptation is key to understanding how species respond to long-term changes in temperature. However, this is seldom considered in protozooplankton and mixoplankton experiments. In this work, we studied how two heterotrophic dinoflagellates (Gyrodinium dominans and Oxyrrhis marina), one heterotrophic ciliate (Strombidium arenicola), and one mixotrophic dinoflagellate (Karlodinium armiger) responded to warming. To do so, we compared strains adapted at 16, 19, and 22°C and those adapted at 16°C and exposed for 3 days to temperature increases of 3 and 6°C (acclimated treatments). Neither their carbon, nitrogen or phosphorus (CNP) contents nor their corresponding elemental ratios showed straightforward changes with temperature, except for a modest increase in P contents with temperature in some grazers. In general, the performance of both acclimated and adapted grazers increased from 16 to 19°C and then dropped at 22°C, with a few exceptions. Therefore, our organisms followed the "hotter is better" hypothesis for a temperature rise of 3°C; an increase of >6°C, however, resulted in variable outcomes. Despite the disparity in responses among species and physiological rates, 19°C-adapted organisms, in general, performed better than acclimated-only (16°C-adapted organisms incubated at +3°C). However, at 22°C, most species were at the limit of their metabolic equilibrium and were unable to fully adapt. Nevertheless, adaptation to higher temperatures allowed strains to maintain physiological activities when exposed to sudden increases in temperature (up to 25°C). In summary, adaptation to temperature seems to confer a selective advantage to protistan grazers within a narrow range (i.e., ca. 3°C). Adaptation to much higher increases of temperatures (i.e., +6°C) does not confer any clear physiological advantage (with few exceptions; e.g., the mixotroph K. armiger), at least within the time frame of our experiments.
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13
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Diehl S, Berger SA, Uszko W, Stibor H. Stoichiometric mismatch causes a warming‐induced regime shift in experimental plankton communities. Ecology 2022; 103:e3674. [PMID: 35253210 PMCID: PMC9285514 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In many ecosystems, consumers respond to warming differently than their resources, sometimes leading to temporal mismatches between seasonal maxima in consumer demand and resource availability. A potentially equally pervasive, but less acknowledged threat to the temporal coherence of consumer‐resource interactions is mismatch in food quality. Many plant and algal communities respond to warming with shifts toward more carbon‐rich species and growth forms, thereby diluting essential elements in their biomass and intensifying the stoichiometric mismatch with herbivore nutrient requirements. Here we report on a mesocosm experiment on the spring succession of an assembled plankton community in which we manipulated temperature (ambient vs. +3.6°C) and presence versus absence of two types of grazers (ciliates and Daphnia), and where warming caused a dramatic regime shift that coincided with extreme stoichiometric mismatch. At ambient temperatures, a typical spring succession developed, where a moderate bloom of nutritionally adequate phytoplankton was grazed down to a clear‐water phase by a developing Daphnia population. While warming accelerated initial Daphnia population growth, it speeded up algal growth rates even more, triggering a massive phytoplankton bloom of poor food quality. Consistent with the predictions of a stoichiometric producer–grazer model, accelerated phytoplankton growth promoted the emergence of an alternative system attractor, where the extremely low phosphorus content of the abundant algal food eventually drove Daphnia to extinction. Where present, ciliates slowed down the phytoplankton bloom and the deterioration of its nutritional value, but this only delayed the regime shift. Eventually, phytoplankton also grew out of grazer control in the presence of ciliates, and the Daphnia population crashed. To our knowledge, the experiment is the first empirical demonstration of the “paradox of energy enrichment” (grazer starvation in an abundance of energy‐rich but nutritionally imbalanced food) in a multispecies phytoplankton community. More generally, our results support the notion that warming can exacerbate the stoichiometric mismatch at the plant–herbivore interface and limit energy transfer to higher trophic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Diehl
- Integrated Science Lab, Department of Ecology and Environmental Science Umeå University Umeå Sweden
- Department Biologie II, Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität München, Grosshaderner Str. 2, D‐82152 Planegg Martinsried Germany
| | - Stella A. Berger
- Department Biologie II, Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität München, Grosshaderner Str. 2, D‐82152 Planegg Martinsried Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Department of Experimental Limnology, Zur alten Fischerhütte 2, 16775 Stechlin Germany
| | - Wojciech Uszko
- Integrated Science Lab, Department of Ecology and Environmental Science Umeå University Umeå Sweden
- Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Department of Experimental Limnology, Zur alten Fischerhütte 2, 16775 Stechlin Germany
| | - Herwig Stibor
- Department Biologie II, Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität München, Grosshaderner Str. 2, D‐82152 Planegg Martinsried Germany
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14
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Elser JJ, Wu C, González AL, Shain DH, Smith HJ, Sommaruga R, Williamson CE, Brahney J, Hotaling S, Vanderwall J, Yu J, Aizen V, Aizen E, Battin TJ, Camassa R, Feng X, Jiang H, Lu L, Qu JJ, Ren Z, Wen J, Wen L, Woods HA, Xiong X, Xu J, Yu G, Harper JT, Saros JE. Key rules of life and the fading cryosphere: Impacts in alpine lakes and streams. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:6644-6656. [PMID: 32969121 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Alpine regions are changing rapidly due to loss of snow and ice in response to ongoing climate change. While studies have documented ecological responses in alpine lakes and streams to these changes, our ability to predict such outcomes is limited. We propose that the application of fundamental rules of life can help develop necessary predictive frameworks. We focus on four key rules of life and their interactions: the temperature dependence of biotic processes from enzymes to evolution; the wavelength dependence of the effects of solar radiation on biological and ecological processes; the ramifications of the non-arbitrary elemental stoichiometry of life; and maximization of limiting resource use efficiency across scales. As the cryosphere melts and thaws, alpine lakes and streams will experience major changes in temperature regimes, absolute and relative inputs of solar radiation in ultraviolet and photosynthetically active radiation, and relative supplies of resources (e.g., carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus), leading to nonlinear and interactive effects on particular biota, as well as on community and ecosystem properties. We propose that applying these key rules of life to cryosphere-influenced ecosystems will reduce uncertainties about the impacts of global change and help develop an integrated global view of rapidly changing alpine environments. However, doing so will require intensive interdisciplinary collaboration and international cooperation. More broadly, the alpine cryosphere is an example of a system where improving our understanding of mechanistic underpinnings of living systems might transform our ability to predict and mitigate the impacts of ongoing global change across the daunting scope of diversity in Earth's biota and environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Elser
- Flathead Lake Biological Station, University of Montana, Polson, MT, USA
| | - Chenxi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Angélica L González
- Department of Biology & Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Daniel H Shain
- Department of Biology & Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Heidi J Smith
- Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Ruben Sommaruga
- Lake and Glacier Research Group, Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Janice Brahney
- Department of Watershed Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Scott Hotaling
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Joseph Vanderwall
- Flathead Lake Biological Station, University of Montana, Polson, MT, USA
| | - Jinlei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Science, Nanjing, China
| | - Vladimir Aizen
- Department of Geography, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Elena Aizen
- Department of Geography, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Tom J Battin
- Stream Biofilm and Ecosystem Research Laboratory, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Roberto Camassa
- Department of Mathematics, Carolina Center for Interdisciplinary Applied Mathematics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Xiu Feng
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongchen Jiang
- State Key Lab of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Lixin Lu
- Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - John J Qu
- Global Environment and Natural Resources Institute (GENRI) and Department of Geography and GeoInformation Science (GGS), George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Ze Ren
- Flathead Lake Biological Station, University of Montana, Polson, MT, USA
| | - Jun Wen
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Plateau Atmosphere and Environment, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chendu, China
| | - Lijuan Wen
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Process and Climate Change in Cold and Arid Region, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - H Arthur Woods
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Xiong Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Gongliang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Joel T Harper
- Department of Geosciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Jasmine E Saros
- School of Biology and Ecology, Climate Change Institute, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
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15
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Jin P, Gonzàlez G, Agustí S. Long-term exposure to increasing temperature can offset predicted losses in marine food quality (fatty acids) caused by ocean warming. Evol Appl 2020; 13:2497-2506. [PMID: 33005237 PMCID: PMC7513733 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine phytoplankton produce essential fatty acids (FA), which are key component of a healthy diet in humans and marine food webs. Increased temperatures can reduce lipid and FA content in phytoplankton; thus, ocean warming poses a risk for the global production of these essential FA. However, responses to warming may differ between phytoplankton species especially after long-term exposure because phenotypic plasticity, de novo mutations, or genetic evolution may occur. Here, we examine the content of FA and lipids in phytoplankton following long-term selection (~2 years) to warming conditions (+4°C), and we observe that FA and lipids content were partly or entirely recovered following long-term exposure to warming conditions. Furthermore, this observed long-term response also offset the predicted losses of some essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in three of the four species tested. Our study suggests that long-term exposure of phytoplankton to warming may help to maintain marine food quality in a moderately warming ocean. The responses of FA to increasing temperatures may vary among species, and the level of this idiosyncrasy remains to be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Jin
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC) King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal Saudi Arabia
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering Guangzhou University Guangzhou China
| | - Gala Gonzàlez
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC) King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal Saudi Arabia
| | - Susana Agustí
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC) King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal Saudi Arabia
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16
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Schenone L, Balseiro EG, Bastidas Navarro M, Modenutti BE. Modelling the consequence of glacier retreat on mixotrophic nanoflagellate bacterivory: a Bayesian approach. OIKOS 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.07170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Schenone
- Laboratorio de Limnología, INIBIOMA (CONICET‐UNCo), Quintral 1250 San Carlos de Bariloche (8400) Río Negro Argentina
| | - Esteban G. Balseiro
- Laboratorio de Limnología, INIBIOMA (CONICET‐UNCo), Quintral 1250 San Carlos de Bariloche (8400) Río Negro Argentina
| | - Marcela Bastidas Navarro
- Laboratorio de Limnología, INIBIOMA (CONICET‐UNCo), Quintral 1250 San Carlos de Bariloche (8400) Río Negro Argentina
| | - Beatriz E. Modenutti
- Laboratorio de Limnología, INIBIOMA (CONICET‐UNCo), Quintral 1250 San Carlos de Bariloche (8400) Río Negro Argentina
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17
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Functional Genomics Differentiate Inherent and Environmentally Influenced Traits in Dinoflagellate and Diatom Communities. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8040567. [PMID: 32326461 PMCID: PMC7232425 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8040567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dinoflagellates and diatoms are among the most prominent microeukaryotic plankton groups, and they have evolved different functional traits reflecting their roles within ecosystems. However, links between their metabolic processes and functional traits within different environmental contexts warrant further study. The functional biodiversity of dinoflagellates and diatoms was accessed with metatranscriptomics using Pfam protein domains as proxies for functional processes. Despite the overall geographic similarity of functional responses, abiotic (i.e., temperature and salinity; ~800 Pfam domains) and biotic (i.e., taxonomic group; ~1500 Pfam domains) factors influencing particular functional responses were identified. Salinity and temperature were identified as the main drivers of community composition. Higher temperatures were associated with an increase of Pfam domains involved in energy metabolism and a decrease of processes associated with translation and the sulfur cycle. Salinity changes were correlated with the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites (e.g., terpenoids and polyketides) and signal transduction processes, indicating an overall strong effect on the biota. The abundance of dinoflagellates was positively correlated with nitrogen metabolism, vesicular transport and signal transduction, highlighting their link to biotic interactions (more so than diatoms) and suggesting the central role of species interactions in the evolution of dinoflagellates. Diatoms were associated with metabolites (e.g., isoprenoids and carotenoids), as well as lysine degradation, which highlights their ecological role as important primary producers and indicates the physiological importance of these metabolic pathways for diatoms in their natural environment. These approaches and gathered information will support ecological questions concerning the marine ecosystem state and metabolic interactions in the marine environment.
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18
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Abstract
Water temperature is critical for the ecology of lakes. However, the ability to predict its spatial and seasonal variation is constrained by the lack of a thermal classification system. Here we define lake thermal regions using objective analysis of seasonal surface temperature dynamics from satellite observations. Nine lake thermal regions are identified that mapped robustly and largely contiguously globally, even for small lakes. The regions differed from other global patterns, and so provide unique information. Using a lake model forced by 21st century climate projections, we found that 12%, 27% and 66% of lakes will change to a lower latitude thermal region by 2080–2099 for low, medium and high greenhouse gas concentration trajectories (Representative Concentration Pathways 2.6, 6.0 and 8.5) respectively. Under the worst-case scenario, a 79% reduction in the number of lakes in the northernmost thermal region is projected. This thermal region framework can facilitate the global scaling of lake-research. Water temperature is a critical variable for lakes, but its spatial and temporal patterns are not well characterised globally. Here, the authors use surface temperature dynamics to define lake thermal regions that group lakes with similar patterns, and show how these regions shift under climate change.
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19
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González-Olalla JM, Medina-Sánchez JM, Carrillo P. Mixotrophic trade-off under warming and UVR in a marine and a freshwater alga. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2019; 55:1028-1040. [PMID: 31001833 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Mixotrophic protists combine phagotrophy and phototrophy within a single cell. Greater phagotrophic activity could reinforce the bypass of carbon (C) flux through the bacteria-mixotroph link and thus lead to a more efficient transfer of C and other nutrients to the top of the trophic web. Determining how foreseeable changes in temperature and UVR affect mixotrophic trade-offs in favor of one or the other nutritional strategy, along the mixotrophic gradient, is key to understanding the fate of carbon and mineral nutrients in the aquatic ecosystem. Our two main hypotheses were: (i) that increased warming and UVR will divert metabolism toward phagotrophy, and (ii) that the magnitude of this shift will vary according to the organism's position along the mixotrophic gradient. To test these hypotheses, we used two protists (Isochrysis galbana and Chromulina sp.) located in different positions on the mixotrophic gradient, subjecting them to the action of temperature and of UVR and their interaction. Our results showed that the joint action of these two factors increased the primary production:bacterivory ratio and stoichiometric values (N:P ratio) close to Redfield's ratio. Therefore, temperature and UVR shifted the metabolism of both organisms toward greater phototrophy regardless of the original position of the organism on the mixotrophic gradient. Weaker phagotrophic activity could cause a less efficient transfer of C to the top of trophic webs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Manuel González-Olalla
- University Institute of Water Research, University of Granada, C/Ramón y Cajal, 4, Granada, 18071, Spain
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Campus Fuentenueva s/n, Granada, 18071, Spain
| | - Juan Manuel Medina-Sánchez
- University Institute of Water Research, University of Granada, C/Ramón y Cajal, 4, Granada, 18071, Spain
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Campus Fuentenueva s/n, Granada, 18071, Spain
| | - Presentación Carrillo
- University Institute of Water Research, University of Granada, C/Ramón y Cajal, 4, Granada, 18071, Spain
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Campus Fuentenueva s/n, Granada, 18071, Spain
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20
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Magni S, Succurro A, Skupin A, Ebenhöh O. Data-driven dynamical model indicates that the heat shock response in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is tailored to handle natural temperature variation. J R Soc Interface 2019; 15:rsif.2017.0965. [PMID: 29720454 PMCID: PMC6000179 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2017.0965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Global warming exposes plants to severe heat stress, with consequent crop yield reduction. Organisms exposed to high temperature stresses typically protect themselves with a heat shock response (HSR), where accumulation of unfolded proteins initiates the synthesis of heat shock proteins through the heat shock transcription factor HSF1. While the molecular mechanisms are qualitatively well characterized, our quantitative understanding of the underlying dynamics is still very limited. Here, we study the dynamics of HSR in the photosynthetic model organism Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with a data-driven mathematical model of HSR. We based our dynamical model mostly on mass action kinetics, with a few nonlinear terms. The model was parametrized and validated by several independent datasets obtained from the literature. We demonstrate that HSR quantitatively and significantly differs if an increase in temperature of the same magnitude occurs abruptly, as often applied under laboratory conditions, or gradually, which would rather be expected under natural conditions. In contrast to rapid temperature increases, under gradual changes only negligible amounts of misfolded proteins accumulate, indicating that the HSR of C. reinhardtii efficiently avoids the accumulation of misfolded proteins under conditions most likely to prevail in nature. The mathematical model we developed is a flexible tool to simulate the HSR to different conditions and complements the current experimental approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Magni
- Institute of Quantitative and Theoretical Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Antonella Succurro
- Botanical Institute, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alexander Skupin
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.,University California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Oliver Ebenhöh
- Institute of Quantitative and Theoretical Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany .,Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Düsseldorf, Germany
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21
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Schulhof MA, Shurin JB, Declerck SAJ, Van de Waal DB. Phytoplankton growth and stoichiometric responses to warming, nutrient addition and grazing depend on lake productivity and cell size. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2019; 25:2751-2762. [PMID: 31004556 PMCID: PMC6852242 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Global change involves shifts in multiple environmental factors that act in concert to shape ecological systems in ways that depend on local biotic and abiotic conditions. Little is known about the effects of combined global change stressors on phytoplankton communities, and particularly how these are mediated by distinct community properties such as productivity, grazing pressure and size distribution. Here, we tested for the effects of warming and eutrophication on phytoplankton net growth rate and C:N:P stoichiometry in two phytoplankton cell size fractions (<30 µm and >30 µm) in the presence and absence of grazing in microcosm experiments. Because effects may also depend on lake productivity, we used phytoplankton communities from three Dutch lakes spanning a trophic gradient. We measured the response of each community to multifactorial combinations of temperature, nutrient, and grazing treatments and found that nutrients elevated net growth rates and reduced carbon:nutrient ratios of all three phytoplankton communities. Warming effects on growth and stoichiometry depended on nutrient supply and lake productivity, with enhanced growth in the most productive community dominated by cyanobacteria, and strongest stoichiometric responses in the most oligotrophic community at ambient nutrient levels. Grazing effects were also most evident in the most oligotrophic community, with reduced net growth rates and phytoplankton C:P stoichiometry that suggests consumer-driven nutrient recycling. Our experiments indicate that stoichiometric responses to warming and interactions with nutrient addition and grazing are not universal but depend on lake productivity and cell size distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika A. Schulhof
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Ecology, Behavior & EvolutionUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCalifornia
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW)Wageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Jonathan B. Shurin
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Ecology, Behavior & EvolutionUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCalifornia
| | - Steven A. J. Declerck
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW)Wageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Dedmer B. Van de Waal
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW)Wageningenthe Netherlands
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22
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Lewington‐Pearce L, Narwani A, Thomas MK, Kremer CT, Vogler H, Kratina P. Temperature‐dependence of minimum resource requirements alters competitive hierarchies in phytoplankton. OIKOS 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.06060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Leah Lewington‐Pearce
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary Univ. of London London E1 4NS UK
| | - Anita Narwani
- Dept of Aquatic Ecology, Swiss Federal Inst. of Aquatic Science and Technology Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Mridul K. Thomas
- Centre for Ocean Life, DTU Aqua, Technical Univ. of Denmark Lyngby Denmark
| | - Colin T. Kremer
- Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale Univ New Haven CT USA
- W. K. Kellogg Biological Station, Michigan State Univ Hickory Corners MI USA
| | - Helena Vogler
- Dept of Aquatic Ecology, Swiss Federal Inst. of Aquatic Science and Technology Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Pavel Kratina
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary Univ. of London London E1 4NS UK
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23
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O'Donnell DR, Hamman CR, Johnson EC, Kremer CT, Klausmeier CA, Litchman E. Rapid thermal adaptation in a marine diatom reveals constraints and trade-offs. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:4554-4565. [PMID: 29940071 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Rapid evolution in response to environmental change will likely be a driving force determining the distribution of species across the biosphere in coming decades. This is especially true of microorganisms, many of which may evolve in step with warming, including phytoplankton, the diverse photosynthetic microbes forming the foundation of most aquatic food webs. Here we tested the capacity of a globally important, model marine diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana, for rapid evolution in response to temperature. Selection at 16 and 31°C for 350 generations led to significant divergence in several temperature response traits, demonstrating local adaptation and the existence of trade-offs associated with adaptation to different temperatures. In contrast, competitive ability for nitrogen (commonly limiting in marine systems), measured after 450 generations of temperature selection, did not diverge in a systematic way between temperatures. This study shows how rapid thermal adaptation affects key temperature and nutrient traits and, thus, a population's long-term physiological, ecological, and biogeographic response to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R O'Donnell
- W. K. Kellogg Biological Station, Michigan State University, Hickory Corners, Michigan
- Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
- Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Carolyn R Hamman
- W. K. Kellogg Biological Station, Michigan State University, Hickory Corners, Michigan
| | - Evan C Johnson
- W. K. Kellogg Biological Station, Michigan State University, Hickory Corners, Michigan
| | - Colin T Kremer
- W. K. Kellogg Biological Station, Michigan State University, Hickory Corners, Michigan
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Christopher A Klausmeier
- W. K. Kellogg Biological Station, Michigan State University, Hickory Corners, Michigan
- Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Elena Litchman
- W. K. Kellogg Biological Station, Michigan State University, Hickory Corners, Michigan
- Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
- Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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