1
|
Sundaram K, Vajravelu LK. Functional Analysis of Genes in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Action Against Autophagosome-Lysosome Fusion. Indian J Microbiol 2024; 64:367-375. [PMID: 39011011 PMCID: PMC11246336 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-024-01227-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a lethal disease that is one of the world's top ten death-associated infections in humans; Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes tuberculosis, and this bacterium is linked to the lysis of autophagolysosomal fusion action, a self-defense mechanism of its own. Thus, Cytoplasmic bacilli are sequestered by autophagy and transported to lysosomes to be inactivated to destroy intracellular bacteria. Besides this, a macrophage can limit intracellular Mycobacterium by using a type of autophagy, selective autophagy, a cell that marks undesirable ubiquitin existence in cytosolic cargo, acting as a "eat me" sensor in conjunction with cellular homeostasis. Mycobacterium tuberculosis genes of the PE_PGRS protein family inhibit autophagy, increase mycobacterial survival, and lead to latent tuberculosis infection associated with miRNAs. In addition, the family of autophagy-regulated (ATG) gene members are involved in autophagy and controls the initiation, expansion, maturation, and fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes, among other signaling events that control autophagy flux and reduce inflammatory responses and forward to promote cellular proliferation. In line with the formation of caseous necrosis in macrophages by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and their action on the lysis of autophagosome fusion, it leads to latent tuberculosis infection. Therefore, we aimed to comprehensively analyses the autophagy and self-defense mechanism of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which is to be gratified future research on novel therapeutic tools and diagnostic markers against tuberculosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karthikeyan Sundaram
- Department of Microbiology, SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Kattangulathur, Chennai, Tamilnadu 603203 India
| | - Leela Kagithakara Vajravelu
- Department of Microbiology, SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Kattangulathur, Chennai, Tamilnadu 603203 India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang W, Dong C, Xiong S. Mycobacterial SapM hampers host autophagy initiation for intracellular bacillary survival via dephosphorylating Raptor. iScience 2024; 27:109671. [PMID: 38646170 PMCID: PMC11031826 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Secreted acid phosphatase (SapM) is an immunomodulator of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and consequently plays a crucial role in disease onset and development upon infection. Importantly, the virulence of SapM has rendered SapM an attractive target for drug development. However, the mechanism underlying the role of SapM in facilitating bacillary survival remains to be fully elucidated. In this context, the present study demonstrated that SapM hampered cellular autophagy to facilitate bacillary survival in mycobacterial-infected macrophages. Mechanically, SapM interacted with Raptor and was localized to the subcellular lysosomal organelle, causing the dephosphorylation of Raptor at the Ser792 position, resulting in mTORC1 hyperactivity and the subsequent autophagy inhibition. Consistent with this, SapM blocked the autophagy initiation and mitigated lung pathology in vivo. These findings highlighted the role of Raptor as a significant substrate of SapM for inhibiting autophagy, which is a novel clue for developing a treatment against tuberculosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Chunsheng Dong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology, Ministry of Education, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Sidong Xiong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wei L, Liu L, Meng Z, Qi K, Gao X, Feng J, Luo J. Recognition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by macrophage Toll-like receptor and its role in autophagy. Inflamm Res 2024; 73:753-770. [PMID: 38563966 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-024-01864-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathogen responsible for tuberculosis is called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Its interaction with macrophages has a significant impact on the onset and progression of the disease. METHODS The respiratory pathway allows Mycobacterium tuberculosis to enter the body's lungs where it battles immune cells before being infected latently or actively. In the progress of tuberculosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis activates the body's immune system and creates inflammatory factors, which cause tissue inflammation to infiltrate and the creation of granulomas, which seriously harms the body. Toll-like receptors of macrophage can mediate host recognition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, initiate immune responses, and participate in macrophage autophagy. New host-directed therapeutic approaches targeting autophagy for drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis have emerged, providing new ideas for the effective treatment of tuberculosis. CONCLUSIONS In-depth understanding of the mechanisms by which macrophage autophagy interacts with intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis, as well as the study of potent and specific autophagy-regulating molecules, will lead to much-needed advances in drug discovery and vaccine design, which will improve the prevention and treatment of human tuberculosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linna Wei
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Liping Liu
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Zudi Meng
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Kai Qi
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Xuehan Gao
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Jihong Feng
- Department of Oncology, Lishui People's Hospital, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, 323000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Junmin Luo
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Huang X, Lowrie DB, Fan XY, Hu Z. Natural products in anti-tuberculosis host-directed therapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 171:116087. [PMID: 38171242 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.116087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Given that the disease progression of tuberculosis (TB) is primarily related to the host's immune status, it has been gradually realized that chemotherapy that targets the bacteria may never, on its own, wholly eradicate Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of TB. The concept of host-directed therapy (HDT) with immune adjuvants has emerged. HDT could potentially interfere with infection and colonization by the pathogens, enhance the protective immune responses of hosts, suppress the overwhelming inflammatory responses, and help to attain a state of homeostasis that favors treatment efficacy. However, the HDT drugs currently being assessed in combination with anti-TB chemotherapy still face the dilemmas arising from side effects and high costs. Natural products are well suited to compensate for these shortcomings by having gentle modulatory effects on the host immune responses with less immunopathological damage at a lower cost. In this review, we first summarize the profiles of anti-TB immunology and the characteristics of HDT. Then, we focus on the rationale and challenges of developing and implementing natural products-based HDT. A succinct report of the medications currently being evaluated in clinical trials and preclinical studies is provided. This review aims to promote target-based screening and accelerate novel TB drug discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuejiao Huang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Douglas B Lowrie
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Xiao-Yong Fan
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China.
| | - Zhidong Hu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhao L, Fan K, Sun X, Li W, Qin F, Shi L, Gao F, Zheng C. Host-directed therapy against mycobacterium tuberculosis infections with diabetes mellitus. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1305325. [PMID: 38259491 PMCID: PMC10800548 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1305325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by the bacterial pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) and is one of the principal reasons for mortality and morbidity worldwide. Currently, recommended anti-tuberculosis drugs include isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide. TB treatment is lengthy and inflicted with severe side-effects, including reduced patient compliance with treatment and promotion of drug-resistant strains. TB is also prone to other concomitant diseases such as diabetes and HIV. These drug-resistant and complex co-morbid characteristics increase the complexity of treating MTB. Host-directed therapy (HDT), which effectively eliminates MTB and minimizes inflammatory tissue damage, primarily by targeting the immune system, is currently an attractive complementary approach. The drugs used for HDT are repositioned drugs in actual clinical practice with relative safety and efficacy assurance. HDT is a potentially effective therapeutic intervention for the treatment of MTB and diabetic MTB, and can compensate for the shortcomings of current TB therapies, including the reduction of drug resistance and modulation of immune response. Here, we summarize the state-of-the-art roles and mechanisms of HDT in immune modulation and treatment of MTB, with a special focus on the role of HDT in diabetic MTB, to emphasize the potential of HDT in controlling MTB infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhao
- Department of Tuberculosis III, Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ke Fan
- Department of Tuberculosis III, Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xuezhi Sun
- Department of Tuberculosis III, Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Tuberculosis III, Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Fenfen Qin
- Department of Tuberculosis III, Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Liwen Shi
- Department of Tuberculosis III, Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chunlan Zheng
- Department of Tuberculosis III, Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zheng Z, Song X, Shi Y, Long X, Li J, Zhang M. Recent Advances in Biologically Active Ingredients from Natural Drugs for Sepsis Treatment. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2024; 27:688-700. [PMID: 37254548 DOI: 10.2174/1386207326666230529101918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis refers to the dysregulated host response to infection; its incidence and mortality rates are high. It is a worldwide medical problem but there is no specific drug for it. In recent years, clinical and experimental studies have found that many monomer components of traditional Chinese medicine have certain effects on the treatment of sepsis. This paper reviews the advances in research on the active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine involved in the treatment of sepsis in recent years according to their chemical structure; it could provide ideas and references for further research and development in Chinese materia medica for the treatment of sepsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Zheng
- Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, 116001, China
| | - Xiayinan Song
- Innovation Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Yanmei Shi
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaofeng Long
- Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, 116001, China
| | - Jie Li
- Innovation Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, 116001, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Shen J, Fu Y, Liu F, Ning B, Jiang X. Ursolic Acid Promotes Autophagy by Inhibiting Akt/mTOR and TNF-α/TNFR1 Signaling Pathways to Alleviate Pyroptosis and Necroptosis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Infected Macrophages. Inflammation 2023; 46:1749-1763. [PMID: 37212951 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-023-01839-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
As a lethal infectious disease, tuberculosis (TB) is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Its complex pathophysiological process limits the effectiveness of many clinical treatments. By regulating host cell death, Mtb manipulates macrophages, the first line of defense against invading pathogens, to evade host immunity and promote the spread of bacteria and intracellular inflammatory substances to neighboring cells, resulting in widespread chronic inflammation and persistent lung damage. Autophagy, a metabolic pathway by which cells protect themselves, has been shown to fight intracellular microorganisms, such as Mtb, and they also play a crucial role in regulating cell survival and death. Therefore, host-directed therapy (HDT) based on antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory interventions is a pivotal adjunct to current TB treatment, enhancing anti-TB efficacy. In the present study, we showed that a secondary plant metabolite, ursolic acid (UA), inhibited Mtb-induced pyroptosis and necroptosis of macrophages. In addition, UA induced macrophage autophagy and enhanced intracellular killing of Mtb. To investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms, we explored the signaling pathways associated with autophagy as well as cell death. The results showed that UA could synergistically inhibit the Akt/mTOR and TNF-α/TNFR1 signaling pathways and promote autophagy, thus achieving its regulatory effects on pyroptosis and necroptosis of macrophages. Collectively, UA could be a potential adjuvant drug for host-targeted anti-TB therapy, as it could effectively inhibit pyroptosis and necroptosis of macrophages and counteract the excessive inflammatory response caused by Mtb-infected macrophages via modulating the host immune response, potentially improving clinical outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Shen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine and Immunology Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yan Fu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine and Immunology Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Fanglin Liu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine and Immunology Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Bangzuo Ning
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine and Immunology Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xin Jiang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine and Immunology Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yang B, Wen HY, Liang RS, Lu TM, Zhu ZY, Wang CH. Hippocampus protection from apoptosis by Baicalin in a LiCl-pilocarpine-induced rat status epilepticus model through autophagy activation. World J Psychiatry 2023; 13:620-629. [PMID: 37771639 PMCID: PMC10523199 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v13.i9.620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autophagy is associated with hippocampal injury following status epilepticus (SE) and is considered a potential therapeutic mechanism. Baicalin, an emerging multitherapeutic drug, has shown neuroprotective effects in patients with nervous system diseases due to its antioxidant properties. AIM To investigate the potential role of autophagy in LiCl-pilocarpine-induced SE. METHODS The drugs were administered 30 min before SE. Nissl staining showed that Baicalin attenuated hippocampal injury and reduced neuronal death in the hippocampus. Western blotting and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling assay confirmed that Baicalin reversed the expression intensity of cleaved caspase-3 and apoptosis in hippocampal CA1 following SE. Fur-thermore, western blotting and immunofluorescence staining were used to measure the expression of autophagy markers (p62/SQSTM1, Beclin 1, and LC3) and apoptotic pathway markers (cleaved caspase-3 and Bcl-2). RESULTS Baicalin significantly upregulated autophagic activity and downregulated mitochondrial apoptotic pathway markers. Conversely, 3-methyladenine, a commonly used autophagy inhibitor, was simultaneously administered to inhibit the Baicalin-induced autophagy, abrogating the protective effect of Baicalin on the mitochondrial apoptotic level. CONCLUSION We illustrated that Baicalin-induced activation of autophagy alleviates apoptotic death and protects the hippocampus of SE rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian Province, China
| | - Han-Yu Wen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian Province, China
| | - Ri-Sheng Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Neurosurgery Research Institute of Fujian Province, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian Province, China
| | - Ting-Ming Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian Province, China
| | - Zheng-Yan Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian Province, China
| | - Chun-Hua Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhang L, Yu G, Yu Q, Wang L, Wu L, Tao Z, Ding J, Lin D. Baicalin promotes random-pattern skin flap survival by inducing autophagy via AMPK-regulated TFEB nuclear transcription. Phytother Res 2023; 37:3926-3938. [PMID: 37291961 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The random-pattern skin flap is a generally used technique to cover the soft tissue defect, while its application is often constrained by complications after the flap transplant. Necrosis of the flap remains a principal obstacle. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Baicalin on skin flap survival and its mechanism. First of all, we discovered that administering Baicalin stimulated cell migration and boosted the formation of capillary tubes in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Then, we detected that Baicalin reduced apoptosis-induced oxidative stress by using western blot and oxidative stress test kit. After that, we observed that Baicalin increased autophagy and utilized 3MA to block autophagy augmentation substantially reversing the effects of Baicalin therapy. Furthermore, we uncovered the underlying mechanisms of Baicalin-induced autophagy via AMPK-regulated TFEB nuclear transcription. Finally, our in vivo experiment findings showed that Baicalin reduces oxidative stress, inhibits apoptosis, promotes angiogenesis, and boosts the levels of autophagy. After autophagy was blocked, substantially reversing the effects of Baicalin therapy. Our study indicated that Baicalin-induced autophagy via AMPK regulated TFEB nuclear transcription and then promotes angiogenesis and against oxidative stress and apoptotic promotes skin flap survival. These findings highlight the therapeutic potential for the clinical application of Baicalin in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Gaoxiang Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qing Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Long Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Long Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhenyu Tao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian Ding
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Damu Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Dinda B, Dinda M, Dinda S, De UC. An overview of anti-SARS-CoV-2 and anti-inflammatory potential of baicalein and its metabolite baicalin: Insights into molecular mechanisms. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 258:115629. [PMID: 37437351 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
The current Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is highly contagious infection that breaks the healthcare systems of several countries worldwide. Till to date, no effective antiviral drugs against COVID-19 infection have reached the market, and some repurposed drugs and vaccines are prescribed for the treatment and prevention of this disease. The currently prescribed COVID-19 vaccines are less effective against the newly emergent variants of concern of SARS-CoV-2 due to several mutations in viral spike protein and obviously there is an urgency to develop new antiviral drugs against this disease. In this review article, we systematically discussed the anti-SARS-CoV-2 and anti-inflammatory efficacy of two flavonoids, baicalein and its 7-O-glucuronide, baicalin, isolated from Scutellaria baicalensis, Oroxylum indicum, and other plants as well as their pharmacokinetics and oral bioavailability, for development of safe and effective drugs for COVID-19 treatment. Both baicalein and baicalin target the activities of viral S-, 3CL-, PL-, RdRp- and nsp13-proteins, and host mitochondrial OXPHOS for suppression of viral infection. Moreover, these compounds prevent sepsis-related inflammation and organ injury by modulation of host innate immune responses. Several nanoformulated and inclusion complexes of baicalein and baicalin have been reported to increase oral bioavailability, but their safety and efficacy in SARS-CoV-2-infected transgenic animals are not yet evaluated. Future studies on these compounds are required for use in clinical trials of COVID-19 patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Biswanath Dinda
- Department of Chemistry, Tripura University, Suryamaninagar, Agartala, Tripura, India.
| | - Manikarna Dinda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Subhajit Dinda
- Department of Chemistry, Government Degree College, Kamalpur, Dhalai, Tripura, India
| | - Utpal Chandra De
- Department of Chemistry, Tripura University, Suryamaninagar, Agartala, Tripura, India
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
He J, He J. Baicalin mitigated IL-1β-Induced osteoarthritis chondrocytes damage through activating mitophagy. Chem Biol Drug Des 2023; 101:1322-1334. [PMID: 36752698 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Mitophagy is related to chondrocyte homeostasis and plays a key role in the progress of osteoarthritis (OA). Baicalin has a protective effect on OA chondrocytes, the aim of this study was to explore whether the effect of Baicalin on IL-1β-induced chondrocyte injury is related to the regulation of mitophagy. The expression of collagen II in chondrocytes was detected to identify chondrocytes. The effects of different concentrations of Baicalin (10, 20 and 40 μM), autophagy inhibitor (3-Methyladenine), autophagy activator (rapamycin) and Baicalin combined with PI3K agonist (740Y-P) on the viability (cell counting kit 8), apoptosis (flow cytometry), autophagy activation (Monodansylcadaverine staining) and mitochondrial membrane potential (JC-1 kit) of IL-1β-induced chondrocytes were evaluated. The co-localization of autophagosome and mitochondria was determined by immunofluorescence. Apoptosis-, autophagy-, PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway- and mitophagy-related proteins were detected by western blot. Our result revealed that Baicalin and rapamycin facilitated cell viability, autophagy and mitophagy, elevated mitochondrial membrane potential and suppressed apoptosis of IL-1β-induced rat chondrocytes. In addition, Baicalin and rapamycin upregulated the levels of Bcl-2, Beclin 1, LC3-II/LC3-I, p-Drp1, PINK1 and Parkin as well as downregulated the levels of Bax, cleaved caspase-3, P62, p-PI3K/PI3K, p-mTOR/mTOR and Drp1 in IL-1β-induced rat chondrocytes. However, 3-Methyladenine did the opposite effects of Baicalin and 740Y-P reversed the effects of Baicalin on IL-1β-induced rat chondrocytes. In conclusion, Baicalin activated mitophagy in IL-1β-induced chondrocytes by inhibiting PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and activating PINK1/Parkin and PINK1/Drp-1 pathway, thereby reducing the chondrocyte injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun He
- Second Department of Orthopedics, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian He
- Second Department of Orthopedics, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ji X, Jin P, Yu P, Wang P. Autophagy ameliorates Pseudomonas aeruginosa-infected diabetic wounds by regulating the toll-like receptor 4/myeloid differentiation factor 88 pathway. Wound Repair Regen 2023; 31:305-320. [PMID: 36879445 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.13074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are among the most common complications in patients with diabetes and a leading cause of lower extremity amputation. DFUs are exacerbated by prolonged bacterial infection; therefore, there is an urgent need for effective treatments to alleviate the burden associated with this condition. Although autophagy plays a unique role in pathogen phagocytosis and inflammation, its role in diabetic foot infections (DFIs) remains unclear. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) is the most frequently isolated gram-negative bacterium from DFUs. Here, we evaluated the role of autophagy in ameliorating PA infection in wounds in a diabetic rat model and a bone marrow-derived macrophage (BMDM) hyperglycemia model. Both models were pretreated with or without rapamycin (RAPA) and then infected with or without PA. Pretreatment of rats with RAPA significantly enhanced PA phagocytosis, suppressed wound inflammation, reduced the M1:M2 macrophage ratio, and improved wound healing. In vitro investigation of the underlying mechanisms revealed that enhanced autophagy resulted in decreased macrophage secretion of inflammatory factors such as TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β but increased that of IL-10 in response to PA infection. Additionally, RAPA treatment significantly enhanced autophagy in macrophages by increasing LC3 and beclin-1 levels, which led to altered macrophage function. Furthermore, RAPA blocked the PA-induced TLR4/MyD88 pathway to regulate macrophage polarisation and inflammatory cytokine production, which was validated by RNA interference and use of the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA). These findings suggest enhancing autophagy as a novel therapeutic strategy against PA infection to ultimately improve diabetic wound healing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Ji
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital &Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Emergency Ward, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Peng Jin
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Pei Yu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital &Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Penghua Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital &Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Antagonist Impact of Selenium-Based Nanoparticles Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 195:3606-3614. [PMID: 36637700 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04315-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
One of the cardinal causes of global deaths from a single-point infectious agent has been reported to be tuberculosis (or TB). At present times, the incidence of TB cases occurs mostly due to multi-drug resistance, which is expected to boost further in the upcoming times. Accordingly, the development of alternative treatment methodologies has received significant research interest. In this regard, the application of nanoparticles has notable cognizance. The literature suggested that nanoparticles have substantial potential to be used as the delivery medium for drug injection as well as they also serve as a potential bactericidal agent. In this present study, the efficacy of the selenium nanoparticles against the inhibition of growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was evaluated. The obtained results indicated that the synthesized selenium nanoparticles have notable cognizance towards the inhibition of growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by disrupting the integrity of their cell envelope. This study thus proposes a novel approach and opens new dimensional avenues in the field of nanoparticle-induced cell disruption strategies.
Collapse
|
14
|
Wang D, Li Y. Pharmacological effects of baicalin in lung diseases. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1188202. [PMID: 37168996 PMCID: PMC10164968 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1188202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The flavonoids baicalin and baicalein were discovered in the root of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi and are primarily used in traditional Chinese medicine, herbal supplements and healthcare. Recently, accumulated investigations have demonstrated the therapeutic benefits of baicalin in treating various lung diseases due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antiapoptotic, anticancer, and antiviral effects. In this review, the PubMed database and ClinicalTrials website were searched with the search string "baicalin" and "lung" for articles published between September 1970 and March 2023. We summarized the therapeutic role that baicalin plays in a variety of lung diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary infections, acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome, and lung cancer. We also discussed the underlying mechanisms of baicalin targeting in these lung diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Duoning Wang
- Chengdu Hi-tech Nanxili Jiuzheng Clinic, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Li
- Chengdu Hi-tech Nanxili Jiuzheng Clinic, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- *Correspondence: Yi Li, /
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Tian G, Gao M, Li C, Shen F, Zhu F, Li X, Wang Y, Bao B, Zhang L, Huo Z, Yao W. A Comprehensive Strategy Based on UPLC-Q/TOF-MS for the Identification of Compounds in a Chinese Patent Medicine, Xiao'er Chiqiao Qingre Granules. J Chromatogr Sci 2022; 61:38-55. [PMID: 35373835 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmac023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to establish a comprehensive strategy based on liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry to potently identify as many compounds of Chinese patent medicine as possible. Ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q/TOF-MS) was used to qualitatively analyze the Chinese patent medicine Xiao'er Chiqiao Qingre Granules (XCQG), which is recorded in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. A novel strategy, including targeted, semi-targeted and non-targeted identification, was built to explore the compounds based on accurate mass, characteristic fragments, retention time of standard substances, databases or literature. Based on the integrated identification, 250 compounds were identified in total, including 7 alcohols, 3 aldehydes, 17 alkaloids, 9 amino acids, 10 coumarins, 30 flavonoids, 29 glycosides, 12 ketones, 7 lignans, 20 organic acids, 12 phenols, 11 phenylpropanoids, 9 quinones, 3 steroids, 26 terpenes, 14 volatile oils and 31 other compounds. A novel strategy for the identification of compounds in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) was developed with Ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q/TOF-MS). It is also the first systematic study of compounds in XCQG, laying a foundation for further mechanism research of XCQG. More importantly, the strategy shows good application prospect in identifying compounds of TCM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Tian
- Jumpcan Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd, Taixing, Jiangsu 225300, P.R. China
| | - Mengting Gao
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, P.R. China
| | - Chao Li
- Jumpcan Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd, Taixing, Jiangsu 225300, P.R. China
| | - Fei Shen
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, P.R. China
| | - Feng Zhu
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, P.R. China
| | - Xin Li
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, P.R. China
| | - Yifei Wang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, P.R. China
| | - Beihua Bao
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, P.R. China
| | - Li Zhang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, P.R. China
| | - Zongli Huo
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, P.R. China
| | - Weifeng Yao
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Davuluri KS, Chauhan DS. microRNAs associated with the pathogenesis and their role in regulating various signaling pathways during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1009901. [PMID: 36389170 PMCID: PMC9647626 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1009901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite more than a decade of active study, tuberculosis (TB) remains a serious health concern across the world, and it is still the biggest cause of mortality in the human population. Pathogenic bacteria recognize host-induced responses and adapt to those hostile circumstances. This high level of adaptability necessitates a strong regulation of bacterial metabolic characteristics. Furthermore, the immune reponse of the host virulence factors such as host invasion, colonization, and survival must be properly coordinated by the pathogen. This can only be accomplished by close synchronization of gene expression. Understanding the molecular characteristics of mycobacterial pathogenesis in order to discover therapies that prevent or resolve illness relies on the bacterial capacity to adjust its metabolism and replication in response to various environmental cues as necessary. An extensive literature details the transcriptional alterations of host in response to in vitro environmental stressors, macrophage infection, and human illness. Various studies have recently revealed the finding of several microRNAs (miRNAs) that are believed to play an important role in the regulatory networks responsible for adaptability and virulence in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We highlighted the growing data on the existence and quantity of several forms of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of M. tuberculosis, considered their possible relevance to disease etiology, and discussed how the miRNA-based signaling pathways regulate bacterial virulence factors.
Collapse
|
17
|
Wang S, Yuan R, Liu M, Zhang Y, Jia B, Ruan J, Shen J, Zhang Y, Liu M, Wang T. Targeting autophagy in atherosclerosis: Advances and therapeutic potential of natural bioactive compounds from herbal medicines and natural products. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 155:113712. [PMID: 36130420 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is the most common causes of cardiovascular disease characterized by the formation of atherosclerotic plaques in the arterial wall, and it has become a dominant public health problem that seriously threaten people worldwide. Autophagy is a cellular self-catabolism process, which is critical to protect cellular homeostasis against harmful conditions. Emerging evidence suggest that dysregulated autophagy is involved in the development of AS. Therefore, pharmacological interventions have been developed to inhibit the AS via autophagy induction. Among various AS treating methods, herbal medicines and natural products have been applied as effective complementary and alternative medicines to ameliorate AS and its associated cardiovascular disease. Recently, mounting evidence revealed that natural bioactive compounds from herbs and natural products could induce autophagy to suppress the occurrence and development of AS, by promoting cholesterol efflux, reducing plaque inflammation, and inhibiting apoptosis or senescence. In the present review, we highlight recent findings regarding possible effects and molecular mechanism of natural compounds in autophagy-targeted mitigation of atherosclerosis, aiming to provide new potential therapeutic strategies for the atherosclerosis treatment preclinically and clinically.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sijian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Ruolan Yuan
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Miao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yiwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Bona Jia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingya Ruan
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiayan Shen
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Mengyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
| | - Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ripszky Totan A, Imre MM, Parvu S, Meghea D, Radulescu R, Enasescu DSA, Moisa MR, Pituru SM. Autophagy Plays Multiple Roles in the Soft-Tissue Healing and Osseointegration in Dental Implant Surgery-A Narrative Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:6041. [PMID: 36079421 PMCID: PMC9457242 DOI: 10.3390/ma15176041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Dental endo-osseous implants have become a widely used treatment for replacing missing teeth. Dental implants are placed into a surgically created osteotomy in alveolar bone, the healing of the soft tissue lesion and the osseointegration of the implant being key elements to long-term success. Autophagy is considered the major intracellular degradation system, playing important roles in various cellular processes involved in dental implant integration. The aim of this review is an exploration of autophagy roles in the main cell types involved in the healing and remodeling of soft tissue lesions and implant osseointegration, post-implant surgery. We have focused on the autophagy pathway in macrophages, endothelial cells; osteoclasts, osteoblasts; fibroblasts, myofibroblasts and keratinocytes. In macrophages, autophagy modulates innate and adaptive immune responses playing a key role in osteo-immunity. Autophagy induction in endothelial cells promotes apoptosis resistance, cell survival, and protection against oxidative stress damage. The autophagic machinery is also involved in transporting stromal vesicles containing mineralization-related factors to the extracellular matrix and regulating osteoblasts' functions. Alveolar bone remodeling is achieved by immune cells differentiation into osteoclasts; autophagy plays an important and active role in this process. Autophagy downregulation in fibroblasts induces apoptosis, leading to better wound healing by improving excessive deposition of extracellular matrix and inhibiting fibrosis progression. Autophagy seems to be a dual actor on the scene of dental implant surgery, imposing further research in order to completely reveal its positive features which may be essential for clinical efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Ripszky Totan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Marina Melescanu Imre
- Department of Complete Denture, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Simona Parvu
- Department of Complementary Sciences, Hygiene and Medical Ecology Discipline, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Daniela Meghea
- Department of Complete Denture, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Radu Radulescu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dan Sebastian Alexandru Enasescu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihai Radu Moisa
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Silviu Mirel Pituru
- Department of Professional Organization and Medical Legislation-Malpractice, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Effect of endoplasmic reticulum stress on human trophoblast cells: Survival triggering or catastrophe resulting in death. Acta Histochem 2022; 124:151951. [PMID: 35998395 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2022.151951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has been reported to play a role in the pathogenesis of intrauterine growth retardation and preeclampsia, especially implantation failure. Although in vitro ER stress studies in human trophoblast cell line have been conducted in recent years, the influence of Thapsigargin on intracellular dynamics on calcium homeostasis has not been proven. Here, the effects of ER stress and impaired calcium homeostasis on apoptosis, autophagy, cytoskeleton, hypoxia, and adhesion molecules in 2D and spheroid cultures of human trophectoderm cells were investigated at gene expression and protein levels. Thapsigargin caused ER stress by increasing GRP78 gene expression and protein levels. Human trophectoderm cells displayed different characterization properties in 2D and spheroids. While it moves in the pathway of EIF2A and IRE1A mechanisms in 2D, it proceeds in the pathway of EIF2A and ATF6 mechanisms in spheroids and triggers different responses in survival and programmed cell death mechanisms such as apoptosis and autophagy. This led to changes in the cytoskeleton, cell adhesion molecules and cell-cell interactions by affecting the hypoxia mechanism.
Collapse
|
20
|
Carinci M, Palumbo L, Pellielo G, Agyapong ED, Morciano G, Patergnani S, Giorgi C, Pinton P, Rimessi A. The Multifaceted Roles of Autophagy in Infectious, Obstructive, and Malignant Airway Diseases. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10081944. [PMID: 36009490 PMCID: PMC9405571 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved dynamic process by which cells deliver their contents to lysosomes for degradation, thus ensuring cell homeostasis. In response to environmental stress, the induction of autophagy is crucial for cell survival. The dysregulation of this degradative process has been implicated in a wide range of pathologies, including lung diseases, representing a relevant potential target with significant clinical outcomes. During lung disease progression and infections, autophagy may exert both protective and harmful effects on cells. In this review, we will explore the implications of autophagy and its selective forms in several lung infections, such as SARS-CoV-2, Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infections, and different lung diseases such as Cystic Fibrosis (CF), Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), and Malignant Mesothelioma (MM).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Carinci
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies, Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Laura Palumbo
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies, Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giulia Pellielo
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies, Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Esther Densu Agyapong
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies, Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giampaolo Morciano
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies, Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Simone Patergnani
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies, Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Carlotta Giorgi
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies, Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paolo Pinton
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies, Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Center of Research for Innovative Therapies in Cystic Fibrosis, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara, 70, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandro Rimessi
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies, Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Center of Research for Innovative Therapies in Cystic Fibrosis, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara, 70, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sun J, Zhang Q, Yang G, Li Y, Fu Y, Zheng Y, Jiang X. The licorice flavonoid isoliquiritigenin attenuates Mycobacterium tuberculosis-induced inflammation through Notch1/NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 294:115368. [PMID: 35589023 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The genus Glycyrrhiza is a small perennial herb that has been traditionally used to treat many diseases across the world. Licorice (Gancao in Chinese) is the dried root and rhizome of G. glabra, G. uralensis or G. inflata. Licorice plays an important role in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), and is the most frequently used in Chinese herbal formulas. Isoliquiritigenin (ISL) is a flavonoid extracted from licorice, and has been evaluated for its various biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor and anti-oxidant activities. Excessive and persistent inflammation in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection is not conducive to the elimination of Mtb, but contributes to serious pulmonary dysfunction. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to examine the anti-inflammatory effects of ISL in the Mtb infection. METHODS In vitro models of Mtb-infected macrophages were established. Murine macrophage Raw 264.7 cells and primary peritoneal macrophages were used in this study. Cell viability was determined by the cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. The effects of ISL on the secretion levels of interleukin -1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor -α (TNF-α), and interleukin -6 (IL-6) were detected by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The expression levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) were measured by the real time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and Western blot. Western blot was used to assess the effects of ISL on the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and Notch1/NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. Immunofluorescence assays was used to detected the translocation of phosphorylation of p65 subunit of NF-κB. RESULTS It was revealed that ISL inhibited the secretion of IL-1β and the activation of pore-forming protein (gasdermin D, GSDMD) by suppressing the activation of NLPR3 inflammasome induced by Mtb infection. ISL was also shown to have promising inhibitory effects on inflammatory factors, such as TNF-α, IL-6, iNOS and COX2. Regarding the anti-inflammatory mechanism of ISL, it was found that ISL exerted its anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the activation of Notch1/NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. CONCLUSION ISL reduced Mtb-induced inflammation through the Notch1/NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. ISL might be used as a potential adjuvant drug to treat tuberculosis by adjusting host immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinxia Sun
- Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine and Immunology Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 201203, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Qingwen Zhang
- Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine and Immunology Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 201203, Shanghai, PR China; Department of Inspection and Quarantine, School of Medical Technology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Guizhen Yang
- Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine and Immunology Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 201203, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yinhong Li
- Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine and Immunology Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 201203, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yan Fu
- Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine and Immunology Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 201203, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yuejuan Zheng
- Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine and Immunology Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 201203, Shanghai, PR China.
| | - Xin Jiang
- Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine and Immunology Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 201203, Shanghai, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Tian R, Liu X, Jing L, Yang L, Xie N, Hou Y, Tao H, Tao Y, Wu J, Meng X. Huang-Lian-Jie-Du decoction attenuates cognitive dysfunction of rats with type 2 diabetes by regulating autophagy and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 292:115196. [PMID: 35337922 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Huang-Lian-Jie-Du decoction (HLJDD) is a traditional Chinese formula that is efficacious in treating diabetes mellitus, Alzheimer's disease, and diabetic encephalopathy; the underlying mechanisms of HLJDD in diabetes-associated cognitive dysfunction remain unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY This study investigated the neuroprotective effects of HLJDD on cognitive function, and the possible underlying mechanisms in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in a rat model of cognitive impairment. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twelve active ingredients in HLJDD were detected using high-performance liquid chromatography analysis. An animal model of cognitive dysfunction in T2DM was induced via a high-sugar and high-fat diet combined with a low dose of streptozotocin. Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into six groups: control, T2DM, metformin (0.34 g/kg/day), and HLJDD groups (3, 1.5, and 0.75 g/kg/day). All treatments were intragastrically administrated for nine continuous weeks after the development of T2DM. Body weight, food and water intake, fasting blood glucose, insulin sensitivity, and blood lipid levels were measured. Spatial learning and memory of the rats were assessed using the Morris water maze test. Hematoxylin and eosin and Nissl staining were performed to evaluate neuronal morphology and vitality. Glutathione, malondialdehyde, and superoxide dismutase levels were measured to determine the level of oxidative stress in the hippocampus. Transmission electron microscopy was performed to observe the synaptic morphology and structure of hippocampal neurons. IL-1β levels in the hippocampus and cerebrospinal fluid were determined. The protein expression of NLRP3, cleaved caspase-1, mature IL-1β, ATG7, P62, LC3, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was determined using western blotting and immunofluorescence analysis. RESULTS HLJDD attenuated cognitive dysfunction in rats with T2DM as shown by the decreased escape latency, increased times crossing the platform and time spent in the target quadrant in the Morris water maze test (P < 0.05), improvement in hippocampal histopathological changes, and an elevated level of cell vitality. HLJDD treatment also reduced blood glucose and lipid levels, ameliorated oxidative stress, and downregulated IL-1β expression in the hippocampus and cerebrospinal fluid (P < 0.05). Moreover, HLJDD enhanced BDNF, ATG7, and LC3 protein expression and significantly inhibited the expression of P62, NLRP3, cleaved caspase-1, and mature IL-1β in the hippocampal CA1 region (P < 0.05). Immunofluorescence results further confirmed that the fluorescence intensity of NLRP3 and P62 in the hippocampus decreased after HLJDD intervention (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS HLJDD ameliorated cognitive dysfunction in T2DM rats. The neuroprotective effect is exerted via the modulation of glucose and lipid metabolism, upregulation of autophagy, and inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruimin Tian
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; Department of Pharmacology, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000, China
| | - Xianfeng Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Lijia Jing
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Lu Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Na Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Ya Hou
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Honglin Tao
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Yiwen Tao
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Jiasi Wu
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Xianli Meng
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wang W, Gu W, He C, Zhang T, Shen Y, Pu Y. Bioactive components of Banxia Xiexin Decoction for the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases based on flavor-oriented analysis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 291:115085. [PMID: 35150814 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Banxia Xiexin Decoction (BXD) was first recorded in a Chinese medical classic, Treatise on Febrile Diseases and Miscellaneous Diseases, which was written in the Eastern Han dynasty of China. This ancient prescription consists of seven kinds of Chinese herbal medicine, namely, Pinellia ternata, Rhizoma Coptidis, Radix scutellariae, Rhizoma Zingiberis, Ginseng, Jujube, and Radix Glycyrrhizaepreparata. In clinic practice, its original application in China mainly has focused on the treatment of chronic gastritis for several hundred years. BXD is also effective in treating other gastrointestinal diseases (GIDs) in modern medical application. Despite available literature support and clinical experience, the treatment mechanisms or their relationships with the bioactive compounds in BXD responsible for its pharmacological actions, still need further explorations in more diversified channels. According to the analysis based on the five-flavor theory of TCM, BXD is traditionally viewed as the most representative prescription for pungent-dispersion, bitter-purgation and sweet-tonification. Consequently, based on the flavor-oriented analysis, the compositive herbs in BXD can be divided into three flavor groups, namely, the pungent, bitter, and sweet groups, each of which has specific active ingredients that are possibly relevant to GID treatment. AIM OF THE REVIEW This paper summarized recent literatures on BXD and its bioactive components used in GID treatment, and provided the pharmacological or chemical basis for the further exploration of the ancient prescription and the relative components. METHOD ology: Relevant literature was collected from various electronic databases such as Pubmed, Web of Science, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). Citations were based on peer-reviewed articles published in English or Chinese during the last decade. RESULTS Multiple components were found in the pungent, bitter, and sweet groups in BXD. The corresponding bioactive components include gingerol, shogaol, stigmasterol, and β-sitosterol in the pungent group; berberine, palmatine, coptisine, baicalein, and baicalin in the bitter group; and ginsenosides, polysaccharides, liquiritin, and glycyrrhetinic acid in the sweet group. These components have been found directly or indirectly responsible for the remarkable effects of BXD on GID. CONCLUSION This review provided some valuable reference to further clarify BXD treatment for GID and their possible material basis, based on the perspective of the flavor-oriented analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Wang
- Experiment Center of Teaching and Learning, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China; School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Weiliang Gu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Chao He
- Experiment Center of Teaching and Learning, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China; School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yao Shen
- Shanghai Center of Biomedicine Development, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Yiqiong Pu
- Experiment Center of Teaching and Learning, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China; School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Andrographolide Suppresses Pyroptosis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Infected Macrophages via the microRNA-155/Nrf2 Axis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:1885066. [PMID: 35528511 PMCID: PMC9072032 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1885066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a leading threat to public health worldwide with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infections causing long-term abnormal and excessive inflammatory responses, which in turn lead to lung damage and fibrosis, and ultimately death. Host-directed therapy (HDT) has been shown to be an effective anti-TB strategy in the absence of effective anti-TB drugs. Here, we used an in vitro macrophage model of Mtb infection to evaluate the effects of andrographolide (Andro), extracted from Andrographis paniculata, on pyroptosis in Mtb-infected macrophages. We evaluated the molecular mechanisms underlying these outcomes. These evaluations revealed that Andro downregulated the expression of proinflammatory miR-155-5p, which then promoted the expression of Nrf2 to suppress pyroptosis in Mtb-infected macrophages. Further study also demonstrated that siNrf2 could attenuate the inhibitory effect of Andro on TXNIP, validating our mechanistic studies. Thus, our data suggest that Andro may be a potential candidate adjuvant drug for anti-TB therapy as it inhibits pyroptosis in Mtb-infected macrophages, potentially improving clinical outcomes.
Collapse
|
25
|
Baicalin regulates autophagy to interfere with small intestinal acute graft-versus-host disease. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6551. [PMID: 35449393 PMCID: PMC9023573 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10564-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) is the main complication of and cause of death after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Baicalin can protect the small intestinal epithelial cells of rats against TNF-α-induced injury and alleviate enteritis-related diarrhea. To verify whether baicalin can protect the small intestinal mucosal barrier by regulating abnormal autophagy and interfering with intestinal aGVHD, a mouse model of aGVHD was established. CB6F1 micewere intravenously injected with a suspension of mononuclear cells derived from BALB/c donor mouse bone marrow and splenic tissue after treatment with 60Co X-rays. After treatment with different doses of baicalin for 15 days, the survival time, serum TNF-α and IL-10 levels, and autophagy markers levels in the intestine were assessed. A cell model of intestinal barrier dysfunction was also used to verify the effect of baicalin. The results showed that baicalin significantly prolonged the survival time, significantly reduced the aGVHD pathology score and clinical score by decreasing the TNF-α level with increasing the IL-10 level compared with the control. Transmission electron microscopy examination showed that baicalin treatment increased the number of autophagic vacuoles and led to the recovery of mitochondrial structures in the intestinal mucosal epithelial cells of mice and in Caco-2 cells. Western blotting results showed that baicalin treatment enhanced autophagy in vivo by regulating the AMPK/mTOR autophagy pathway. Similar results were observed in vitro in Caco-2 cells. Furthermore, the effect of baicalin was reduced after combination treatment with the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine(3-MA). Baicalin can decrease the severity of small intestinal aGVHD by regulating autophagy by influencing imbalances in inflammatory cytokine levels and mucosal barrier damage, thus baicalin may have potential as a new treatment for aGVHD.
Collapse
|
26
|
Wang MZ, Wang J, Cao DW, Tu Y, Liu BH, Yuan CC, Li H, Fang QJ, Chen JX, Fu Y, Wan BY, Wan ZY, Wan YG, Wu GW. Fucoidan Alleviates Renal Fibrosis in Diabetic Kidney Disease via Inhibition of NLRP3 Inflammasome-Mediated Podocyte Pyroptosis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:790937. [PMID: 35370636 PMCID: PMC8972405 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.790937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Fucoidan (FPS) has been widely used to treat renal fibrosis (RF) in patients with diabetic kidney disease (DKD); however, the precise therapeutic mechanisms remain unclear. Recently, research focusing on inflammation-derived podocyte pyroptosis in DKD has attracted increasing attention. This phenomenon is mediated by the activation of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (Nod)-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, leading to RF during DKD progression. Therefore, we designed a series of experiments to investigate the ameliorative effects of FPS on RF in DKD and the mechanisms that are responsible for its effect on NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated podocyte pyroptosis in the diabetic kidney.Methods: The modified DKD rat models were subjected to uninephrectomy, intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin, and a high-fat diet. Following induction of renal injury, the animals received either FPS, rapamycin (RAP), or a vehicle for 4 weeks. For in vitro research, we exposed murine podocytes to high glucose and MCC950, an NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor, with or without FPS or RAP. Changes in the parameters related to RF and inflammatory podocyte injury were analyzed in vivo. Changes in podocyte pyroptosis, NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and activation of the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1)/NLRP3 signaling axis involved in these changes were analyzed in vivo and in vitro.Results: FPS and RAP ameliorated RF and inflammatory podocyte injury in the DKD model rats. Moreover, FPS and RAP attenuated podocyte pyroptosis, inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and regulated the AMPK/mTORC1/NLRP3 signaling axis in vivo and in vitro. Notably, our data showed that the regulative effects of FPS, both in vivo and in vitro, on the key signaling molecules, such as p-AMPK and p-raptor, in the AMPK/mTORC1/NLRP3 signaling axis were superior to those of RAP, but similar to those of metformin, an AMPK agonist, in vitro.Conclusion: We confirmed that FPS, similar to RAP, can alleviate RF in DKD by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated podocyte pyroptosis via regulation of the AMPK/mTORC1/NLRP3 signaling axis in the diabetic kidney. Our findings provide an in-depth understanding of the pathogenesis of RF, which will aid in identifying precise targets that can be used for DKD treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Zi Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dong-Wei Cao
- Department of Nephrology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Tu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine Health Preservation, Acupuncture, Moxibustion and Massage College, Health Preservation and Rehabilitation College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Bu-Hui Liu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Can-Can Yuan
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Huan Li
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Qi-Jun Fang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jia-Xin Chen
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Fu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Bing-Ying Wan
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zi-Yue Wan
- Graduate School of Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Hitotsubashi University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yi-Gang Wan
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Yi-Gang Wan, ; Guo-Wen Wu,
| | - Guo-Wen Wu
- Jilin Province Huinan Chonglong Bio-Pharmacy Co., Ltd., Huinan, China
- *Correspondence: Yi-Gang Wan, ; Guo-Wen Wu,
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Senousy MA, Hanafy ME, Shehata N, Rizk SM. Erythropoietin and Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Vaccination Mitigate 3-Nitropropionic Acid-Induced Huntington-like Disease in Rats by Modulating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR/P70S6K Pathway and Enhancing the Autophagy. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:721-732. [PMID: 35226456 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are among the mechanisms expected to explain the pathogenesis of Huntington's disease. Erythropoietin (EPO) and the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine have neuroprotective effects against neurodegenerative diseases; however, the full mechanisms of their action are currently unclear. Here, for the first time, we investigated the neuroprotective effect of BCG vaccination in Huntington-like disease induced by 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP) and its combination with EPO. Male Wistar rats were randomized into five groups: saline-treated control; 3-NP group (20 mg/kg/day, i.p.) for 7 days; EPO-treated group (5000 IU/kg/day, i.p.) for 14 days after 3-NP administration; live BCG vaccine prophylactic group (5000 cfu/g, i.p.) 10 days prior to 3-NP administration; and live BCG vaccine (5000 cfu/g, i.p.) 10 days before 3-NP administration, followed by EPO treatment (5000 IU/kg/day, i.p.) for 14 days. In a histopathological examination, striatum neurodegeneration was evidenced in the 3-NP injected rats. Administration of 3-NP elevated the levels of p-PI3K, p-Akt, p-mTOR, p-P70S6K, BAX, malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, and cytochrome oxidase while reduced the levels of BCL-2, superoxide dismutase, reduced glutathione, and the autophagy marker microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 in the striatum. EPO and BCG ameliorated the biochemical, histopathological, and behavioral derangements induced by 3-NP, with prominent neuroprotection observed in rats administered the BCG prophylactic combined with EPO treatment. These results highlight the role played by EPO and BCG in the management of 3-NP-induced Huntington-like disease by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR/P70S6K pathway and enhancing the autophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud A. Senousy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Mona Essam Hanafy
- Central Administration of Biological and Innovative Products and Clinical Studies, Egyptian Drug Authority, Giza 00202, Egypt
| | - Nahla Shehata
- Central Administration of Biological and Innovative Products and Clinical Studies, Egyptian Drug Authority, Giza 00202, Egypt
| | - Sherine M. Rizk
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Pang Y, Wu L, Tang C, Wang H, Wei Y. Autophagy-Inflammation Interplay During Infection: Balancing Pathogen Clearance and Host Inflammation. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:832750. [PMID: 35273506 PMCID: PMC8902503 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.832750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is an essential immune response of the host against infections but is often over-activated, leading to a variety of disorders. Autophagy, a conserved degradation pathway, also protects cells by capturing intracellular pathogens that enter the cell and transporting them to the lysosome for clearance. Dysfunctional autophagy is often associated with uncontrolled inflammatory responses during infection. In recent years, more and more research has focused on the crosstalk between autophagy and inflammation. In this paper, we review the latest research advances in this field, hoping to gain insight into the mechanisms by which the body balances autophagy and inflammation in infections and how this mechanism can be used to fight infections better.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuqian Pang
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Cell Homeostasis and Cancer Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lanxi Wu
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Cell Homeostasis and Cancer Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Tang
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Cell Homeostasis and Cancer Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongna Wang
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Cell Homeostasis and Cancer Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou, China.,GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongjie Wei
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Cell Homeostasis and Cancer Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Zaghloul RA, Zaghloul AM, El-Kashef DH. Hepatoprotective effect of Baicalin against thioacetamide-induced cirrhosis in rats: Targeting NOX4/NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathways. Life Sci 2022; 295:120410. [PMID: 35182557 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aim Liver cirrhosis is the result of a vicious cycle of both chronic oxidative stress and inflammation. NADPH oxidase-4 (NOX4) and its companion, NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, are emerging as therapeutic targets of liver fibrosis. MAIN METHODS Baicalin (BA), a natural flavone, has been investigated for its therapeutic potential against cirrhosis induced by thioacetamide (TAA) (200 mg/kg, twice/week) for 12 weeks in Sprague-Dawley rats. Two doses of BA were administered (25 and 75 mg/kg/day, orally, a week after TAA was stopped and continued for 4 weeks). KEY FINDINGS BA was able to reduce fibrosis visualized by Masson trichrome and immunohistochemical staining of the hepatic α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and transforming growth factor-β1. Moreover, BA was able to ameliorate inflammation by reducing hepatic NLRP3 inflammasome subunits, NLRP3 and caspase-1, both parts of the complex responsible for the activation of different interleukins (IL), measured as IL-1β. In addition, BA was able to reduce hepatic nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)-driven inflammation through IL-6. BA targeted inflammation through its anti-oxidant ability evidenced by the enhancement of the hepatic superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reduced glutathione (GSH) activity and level, respectively, and the reduction of both hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NOx) contents. Treatment with BA significantly decreased TAA-induced elevation in hepatic NOX4, a key enzyme for reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, as well as, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). SIGNIFICANCE therefore, the study could conclude, the anti-fibrotic effect of BA through TGF- β1/NOX4/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway, exerting both anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Randa A Zaghloul
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, 35516, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed M Zaghloul
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, 35516, Egypt
| | - Dalia H El-Kashef
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Xiang L, Gao Y, Chen S, Sun J, Wu J, Meng X. Therapeutic potential of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi in lung cancer therapy. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 95:153727. [PMID: 34535372 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Globally, lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer associated mortalities. The current conventional chemotherapy remains the preferred treatment option for lung cancer, as surgical resection plays little role in the treatment of over 75% of lung cancer patients. Therefore, there is a need to develop novel potential therapeutic drugs or adjuvants with a high efficiency and safety against lung cancer. Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, a common Chinese medicinal herb that has been in use for more than 2000 years, has recently been shown to possess significant activities against lung cancer. However, current research progress on pharmacological effects and relevant molecular mechanisms of S. baicalensis in lung cancer therapy have not been systematically summarized. PURPOSE This review aimed at elucidating on the anti-lung cancer mechanisms and antitumor efficacies of S. baicalensis as well as its active ingredients, and providing a valuable reference for further investigation in this field. METHODS We used "Scutellaria baicalensis" or the name of the compound in S. baicalensis, in combination with "lung cancer" as key words to systematically search for relevant literature from the Web of Science and PubMed databases. Publications that investigated molecular mechanisms were the only ones selected for analysis. The PRISMA guidelines were followed. RESULTS Fifty-four publications met the inclusion criteria for this study. Five anti-lung cancer mechanisms of S. baicalensis and its constituent components are discussed. These mechanisms include apoptosis induction, cell-cycle arrest, suppression of proliferation, blockade of invasion and metastasis, and overcoming drug-resistance. These compounds exhibited high antitumor efficacies and safety against lung cancer xenografts. CONCLUSION Studies should aim at elucidating on the anti-cancer mechanisms of S. baicalensis to achieve the ultimate goal of lung cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Yue Gao
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Shiyu Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Jiayi Sun
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Jiasi Wu
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China
| | - Xianli Meng
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Zhao Y, Liu X, Ding C, Gu Y, Liu W. Dihydromyricetin Reverses Thioacetamide-Induced Liver Fibrosis Through Inhibiting NF-κB-Mediated Inflammation and TGF-β1-Regulated of PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:783886. [PMID: 34867416 PMCID: PMC8634482 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.783886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As a natural active substance, dihydromyricetin (DHM) has been proven to have good hepatoprotective activity. However, the therapeutic effect of DHM on liver fibrosis, which has become a liver disease threatening the health of people around the world, has not been studied to date. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of DHM as a new nutritional supplement on thioacetamide (TAA)-induced liver fibrosis. The liver fibrosis model was established by intraperitoneal injection of TAA (200 mg/kg, every 3 days) for 8 weeks, and oral administration of DHM (20 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg, daily) after 4 weeks of TAA-induced liver fibrosis. The results showed that DHM treatment significantly inhibited the activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (37.81 ± 7.62 U/L) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (55.18 ± 10.94 U/L) in serum of liver fibrosis mice, and increased the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) while reversed the level of malondialdehyde (MDA). In addition, histopathological examination illustrated that TAA induced the inflammatory infiltration, apoptosis and fibroatherosclerotic deposition in liver, which was further confirmed by western-blot and immunofluorescence staining. Moreover, DHM inhibited hepatocyte apoptosis by regulating the phosphorylation level of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase-B (AKT) and its downstream apoptotic protein family. Interestingly, immunofluorescence staining showed that DHM treatment significantly inhibited alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), which was a marker of hepatic stellate cell activation, and regulated the expression of transforming growth factor (TGF-β1). Importantly, supplementation with DHM significantly inhibited the release of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) signaling pathway and pro-inflammatory factors in liver tissue induced by TAA, and improved liver fiber diseases, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and recombinant rat IL-1β (IL-1β). In conclusion, the evidence of this study revealed that DHM is a potential hepatoprotective and health factor, and which also provides the possibility for the treatment of liver fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingchun Zhao
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Xinglong Liu
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Chuanbo Ding
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yan Gu
- College of Agriculture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Wencong Liu
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ginseng Breeding and Development, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Zhao N, Shi J, Xu H, Luo Q, Li Q, Liu M. Baicalin suppresses glaucoma pathogenesis by regulating the PI3K/AKT signaling in vitro and in vivo. Bioengineered 2021; 12:10187-10198. [PMID: 34860641 PMCID: PMC8810108 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.2001217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma, characterized with progressive degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), is the second frequently leading cause of sight loss in the word after cataract. Baicalin plays a protective role in age-related macular degeneration, retinopathy of prematurity, branch retinal vein occlusion, and ischemia-induced neurodegeneration in the retina. The present study aimed to investigate the role of baicalin in glaucoma. RGCs were stimulated with N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) to mimic the in vitro model of glaucoma. A mouse model of glaucoma induced by chronic elevated intraocular pressure was also established. The apoptosis, oxidative stress, and autophagy of RGCs were detected by flow cytometry analysis, 2,7-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate staining, and Western blotting, respectively. Retinal pathological changes were exhibited by hemotoxylin and eosin staining. Baicalin restrained the NMDA-induced cell apoptosis, autophagy, and oxidative stress of RGCs by activating the PI3K/AKT signaling in vitro. The elevated intraocular pressure-induced pathological changes in retinas of glaucoma mice were attenuated by baicalin. Moreover, the number of RGCs was significantly decreased in glaucoma mice, and then increased by baicalin treatment. Baicalin also inhibited autophagy and activated PI3K/AKT signaling in vivo. In conclusion, baicalin suppresses glaucoma pathogenesis by regulating the PI3K/AKT signaling in vitro and in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ningmin Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jieran Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Haohang Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qing Luo
- Department of Pharmacy, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qiaoyan Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mingzhou Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Inhibition of the PERK/TXNIP/NLRP3 Axis by Baicalin Reduces NLRP3 Inflammasome-Mediated Pyroptosis in Macrophages Infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mediators Inflamm 2021; 2021:1805147. [PMID: 34790063 PMCID: PMC8592748 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1805147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) remains a significant threat to global health as it induces granuloma and systemic inflammatory responses during active tuberculosis. Mtb can induce macrophage pyroptosis, leading to the release of IL-1β and tissue damage, promoting its spread. Here, we established an in vitro Mtb-infected macrophage model to seek an effective antipyroptosis agent. Baicalin, isolated from Radix Scutellariae, was found to reduce pyroptosis in Mtb-infected macrophages. Baicalin could inhibit activation of the PERK/eIF2α pathway and thus downregulates TXNIP expression and subsequently reduces activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, resulting in reduced pyroptosis in Mtb-infected macrophages. In conclusion, baicalin reduced pyroptosis by inhibiting the PERK/TXNIP/NLRP3 axis and might thus be a new adjuvant host-directed therapy (HDT) drug.
Collapse
|
34
|
Baicalin alleviates Mycoplasma gallisepticum-induced oxidative stress and inflammation via modulating NLRP3 inflammasome-autophagy pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 101:108250. [PMID: 34656906 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Baicalin is a well-known flavonoid compound, possess therapeutic potential against inflammatory diseases. Previous studies reported that Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) induced inflammatory response and immune dysregulation inside the host body. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of baicalin against MG-infected chicken-like macrophages (HD11 cells) are still illusive. Oxidant status and total reactive oxygen species (ROS) were detected by ELISA assays and flow cytometry respectively. Mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨM) was evaluated by immunofluorescence microscopy. Transmission electron microscopy was used for ultrastructural analysis. The hallmarks of inflammation and autophagy were determined by western blotting. Oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were significantly enhanced in the MG-infected HD11 cells. MG infection caused disruption in the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨM) compared to the control conditions. Meanwhile, baicalin treatment reduced MG-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS), oxidative stress and alleviated the disruption in ΔΨM. The activities of inflammatory markers were significantly enhanced in the MG-infected HD11 cells. Increased protein expressions of TLR-2-NF-κB pathway, NLRP3-inflammasome and autophagy-related proteins were detected in the MG-infected HD11 cells. Besides, baicalin treatment significantly reduced the protein expressions of TLR-2-NF-κB pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome. While, the autophagy-related proteins were significantly enhanced with baicalin treatment in a dose-dependent manner in the MG-infected HD11 cells. The results showed that baicalin prevented HD11 cells from MG-induced oxidative stress and inflammation via the opposite modulation of TLR-2-NF-κB-mediated NLRP3-inflammasome pathway and autophagy, and baicalin could be a promising candidate for the prevention of inflammatory effects caused by MG-infection in macrophages.
Collapse
|
35
|
Clionamines stimulate autophagy, inhibit Mycobacterium tuberculosis survival in macrophages, and target Pik1. Cell Chem Biol 2021; 29:870-882.e11. [PMID: 34520745 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2021.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) evades the innate immune system by interfering with autophagy and phagosomal maturation in macrophages, and, as a result, small molecule stimulation of autophagy represents a host-directed therapeutics (HDTs) approach for treatment of tuberculosis (TB). Here we show the marine natural product clionamines activate autophagy and inhibit Mtb survival in macrophages. A yeast chemical-genetics approach identified Pik1 as target protein of the clionamines. Biotinylated clionamine B pulled down Pik1 from yeast cell lysates and a clionamine analog inhibited phosphatidyl 4-phosphate (PI4P) production in yeast Golgi membranes. Chemical-genetic profiles of clionamines and cationic amphiphilic drugs (CADs) are closely related, linking the clionamine mode of action to co-localization with PI4P in a vesicular compartment. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown of PI4KB, a human homolog of Pik1, inhibited the survival of Mtb in macrophages, identifying PI4KB as an unexploited molecular target for efforts to develop HDT drugs for treatment of TB.
Collapse
|
36
|
Mvubu NE, Chiliza TE. Exploring the Use of Medicinal Plants and Their Bioactive Derivatives as Alveolar NLRP3 Inflammasome Regulators during Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179497. [PMID: 34502407 PMCID: PMC8431520 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), is a successful intracellular pathogen that is responsible for the highest mortality rate among diseases caused by bacterial infections. During early interaction with the host innate cells, M. tuberculosis cell surface antigens interact with Toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) to activate the nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich-repeat containing family, pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) canonical, and non-canonical inflammasome pathways. NLRP3 inflammasome activation in the alveoli has been reported to contribute to the early inflammatory response that is needed for an effective anti-TB response through production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including those of the Interleukin 1 (IL1) family. However, overstimulation of the alveolar NLRP3 inflammasomes can induce excessive inflammation that is pathological to the host. Several studies have explored the use of medicinal plants and/or their active derivatives to inhibit excessive stimulation of the inflammasomes and its associated factors, thus reducing immunopathological response in the host. This review describes the molecular mechanism of the NLRP3 inflammasome activation in the alveoli during M. tuberculosis infection. Furthermore, the mechanisms of inflammasome inhibition using medicinal plant and their derivatives will also be explored, thus offering a novel perspective on the alternative control strategies of M. tuberculosis-induced immunopathology.
Collapse
|
37
|
Borah P, Deb PK, Venugopala KN, Al-Shar'i NA, Singh V, Deka S, Srivastava A, Tiwari V, Mailavaram RP. Tuberculosis: An Update on Pathophysiology, Molecular Mechanisms of Drug Resistance, Newer Anti-TB Drugs, Treatment Regimens and Host- Directed Therapies. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 21:547-570. [PMID: 33319660 DOI: 10.2174/1568026621999201211200447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Human tuberculosis (TB) is primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) that inhabits inside and amidst immune cells of the host with adapted physiology to regulate interdependent cellular functions with intact pathogenic potential. The complexity of this disease is attributed to various factors such as the reactivation of latent TB form after prolonged persistence, disease progression specifically in immunocompromised patients, advent of multi- and extensivelydrug resistant (MDR and XDR) Mtb strains, adverse effects of tailor-made regimens, and drug-drug interactions among anti-TB drugs and anti-HIV therapies. Thus, there is a compelling demand for newer anti-TB drugs or regimens to overcome these obstacles. Considerable multifaceted transformations in the current TB methodologies and molecular interventions underpinning hostpathogen interactions and drug resistance mechanisms may assist to overcome the emerging drug resistance. Evidently, recent scientific and clinical advances have revolutionised the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of all forms of the disease. This review sheds light on the current understanding of the pathogenesis of TB disease, molecular mechanisms of drug-resistance, progress on the development of novel or repurposed anti-TB drugs and regimens, host-directed therapies, with particular emphasis on underlying knowledge gaps and prospective for futuristic TB control programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pobitra Borah
- Pratiksha Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chandrapur Road, Panikhaiti, Guwahati-26, Assam, India
| | - Pran K Deb
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University, PO Box 1, Amman 19392, Jordan
| | - Katharigatta N Venugopala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nizar A Al-Shar'i
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Vinayak Singh
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Satyendra Deka
- Pratiksha Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chandrapur Road, Panikhaiti, Guwahati-26, Assam, India
| | - Amavya Srivastava
- Neuroscience and Pain Research Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221 005, India
| | - Vinod Tiwari
- Neuroscience and Pain Research Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221 005, India
| | - Raghu P Mailavaram
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shri Vishnu College of Pharmacy, Vishnupur, Bhimavaram - 534 202, West Godavari Dist., Andhra Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Smyth R, Sun J. Protein Kinase R in Bacterial Infections: Friend or Foe? Front Immunol 2021; 12:702142. [PMID: 34305942 PMCID: PMC8297547 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.702142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The global antimicrobial resistance crisis poses a significant threat to humankind in the coming decades. Challenges associated with the development of novel antibiotics underscore the urgent need to develop alternative treatment strategies to combat bacterial infections. Host-directed therapy is a promising new therapeutic strategy that aims to boost the host immune response to bacteria rather than target the pathogen itself, thereby circumventing the development of antibiotic resistance. However, host-directed therapy depends on the identification of druggable host targets or proteins with key functions in antibacterial defense. Protein Kinase R (PKR) is a well-characterized human kinase with established roles in cancer, metabolic disorders, neurodegeneration, and antiviral defense. However, its role in antibacterial defense has been surprisingly underappreciated. Although the canonical role of PKR is to inhibit protein translation during viral infection, this kinase senses and responds to multiple types of cellular stress by regulating cell-signaling pathways involved in inflammation, cell death, and autophagy – mechanisms that are all critical for a protective host response against bacterial pathogens. Indeed, there is accumulating evidence to demonstrate that PKR contributes significantly to the immune response to a variety of bacterial pathogens. Importantly, there are existing pharmacological modulators of PKR that are well-tolerated in animals, indicating that PKR is a feasible target for host-directed therapy. In this review, we provide an overview of immune cell functions regulated by PKR and summarize the current knowledge on the role and functions of PKR in bacterial infections. We also review the non-canonical activators of PKR and speculate on the potential mechanisms that trigger activation of PKR during bacterial infection. Finally, we provide an overview of existing pharmacological modulators of PKR that could be explored as novel treatment strategies for bacterial infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robin Smyth
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jim Sun
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
|
40
|
Bittencourt TL, da Silva Prata RB, de Andrade Silva BJ, de Mattos Barbosa MG, Dalcolmo MP, Pinheiro RO. Autophagy as a Target for Drug Development Of Skin Infection Caused by Mycobacteria. Front Immunol 2021; 12:674241. [PMID: 34113346 PMCID: PMC8185338 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.674241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic mycobacteria species may subvert the innate immune mechanisms and can modulate the activation of cells that cause disease in the skin. Cutaneous mycobacterial infection may present different clinical presentations and it is associated with stigma, deformity, and disability. The understanding of the immunopathogenic mechanisms related to mycobacterial infection in human skin is of pivotal importance to identify targets for new therapeutic strategies. The occurrence of reactional episodes and relapse in leprosy patients, the emergence of resistant mycobacteria strains, and the absence of effective drugs to treat mycobacterial cutaneous infection increased the interest in the development of therapies based on repurposed drugs against mycobacteria. The mechanism of action of many of these therapies evaluated is linked to the activation of autophagy. Autophagy is an evolutionary conserved lysosomal degradation pathway that has been associated with the control of the mycobacterial bacillary load. Here, we review the role of autophagy in the pathogenesis of cutaneous mycobacterial infection and discuss the perspectives of autophagy as a target for drug development and repurposing against cutaneous mycobacterial infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Margareth Pretti Dalcolmo
- Helio Fraga Reference Center, Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Roberta Olmo Pinheiro
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Adikesavalu H, Gopalaswamy R, Kumar A, Ranganathan UD, Shanmugam S. Autophagy Induction as a Host-Directed Therapeutic Strategy against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2021; 57:522. [PMID: 34070995 PMCID: PMC8224563 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57060522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), a bacterialinfectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), which causes significant mortality in humans worldwide. Current treatment regimen involve the administration of multiple antibiotics over the course of several months that contributes to patient non-compliance leading to relapse and the development of drug-resistant M.tb (MDR and XDR) strains. Together, these facts highlight the need for the development of shorter TB treatment regimens. Host-directed therapy (HDT) is a new and emerging concept that aims to augment host immune response using drugs/compounds with or without adjunct antibiotics against M.tb infection. Autophagy is a natural catabolic mechanism of the cell that involves delivering the cytosolic constituents to the lysosomes for degradation and recycling the components; thereby maintaining the cellular and energy homoeostasis of a cell. However, over the past decade, an improved understanding of the role of autophagy in immunity has led to autophagy activation by using drugs or agents. This autophagy manipulation may represent a promising host-directed therapeutic strategy for human TB. However, current clinical knowledge on implementing autophagy activation by drugs or agents, as a stand-alone HDT or as an adjunct with antibiotics to treat human TB is insufficient. In recent years, many reports on high-throughput drug screening and measurement of autophagic flux by fluorescence, high-content microscopy, flow cytometry, microplate reader and immunoblotting have been published for the discovery of drugs that modulate autophagy. In this review, we discuss the commonly used chemical screening approaches in mammalian cells for the discovery of autophagy activating drugs against M.tbinfection. We also summarize the various autophagy-activating agents, both pre-clinical candidates and compounds approved for advanced clinical investigation during mycobacterial infection. Finally, we discuss the opportunities and challenges in using autophagy activation as HDT strategy to improve TB outcome and shorten treatment regimen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harresh Adikesavalu
- Department of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chetpet, Chennai 600031, India; (H.A.); (R.G.); (A.K.)
| | - Radha Gopalaswamy
- Department of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chetpet, Chennai 600031, India; (H.A.); (R.G.); (A.K.)
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chetpet, Chennai 600031, India; (H.A.); (R.G.); (A.K.)
| | - Uma Devi Ranganathan
- Department of Immunology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chetpet, Chennai 600031, India;
| | - Sivakumar Shanmugam
- Department of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chetpet, Chennai 600031, India; (H.A.); (R.G.); (A.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Wang Z, Lan R, Xu Y, Zuo J, Han X, Phouthapane V, Luo Z, Miao J. Taurine Alleviates Streptococcus uberis-Induced Inflammation by Activating Autophagy in Mammary Epithelial Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:631113. [PMID: 33777017 PMCID: PMC7996097 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.631113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus uberis infection can cause serious inflammation and damage to mammary epithelial cells and tissues that can be significantly alleviated by taurine. Autophagy plays an important role in regulating immunity and clearing invasive pathogens and may be regulated by taurine. However, the relationships between taurine, autophagy, and S. uberis infection remain unclear. Herein, we demonstrate that taurine augments PTEN activity and inhibits Akt/mTOR signaling, which decreases phosphorylation of ULK1 and ATG13 by mTOR and activates autophagy. Activating autophagy accelerates the degradation of intracellular S. uberis, reduces intracellular bacterial load, inhibits over-activation of the NF-κB pathway, and alleviates the inflammation and damage caused by S. uberis infection. This study increases our understanding of the mechanism through which taurine regulates autophagy and is the first to demonstrate the role of autophagy in S. uberis infected MAC-T cells. Our study also provides a theoretical basis for employing nutritional elements (taurine) to regulate innate immunity and control S. uberis infection. It also provides theoretical support for the development of prophylactic strategies for this important pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenglei Wang
- Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Riguo Lan
- Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xu
- Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiakun Zuo
- Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangan Han
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Vanhnaseng Phouthapane
- Biotechnology and Ecology Institute, Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), Vientiane, Laos
| | - Zhenhua Luo
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield, United Kingdom
| | - Jinfeng Miao
- Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Maphasa RE, Meyer M, Dube A. The Macrophage Response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Opportunities for Autophagy Inducing Nanomedicines for Tuberculosis Therapy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:618414. [PMID: 33628745 PMCID: PMC7897680 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.618414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The major causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), i.e., Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), has developed mechanisms to evade host defense responses and persist within host cells for prolonged periods of time. Mtb is also increasingly resistant to existing anti-TB drugs. There is therefore an urgent need to develop new therapeutics for TB and host directed therapies (HDTs) hold potential as effective therapeutics for TB. There is growing interest in the induction of autophagy in Mtb host cells using autophagy inducing compounds (AICs). Nanoparticles (NPs) can enhance the effect of AICs, thus improving stability, enabling cell targeting and providing opportunities for multimodal therapy. In this review, we focus on the macrophage responses to Mtb infection, in particular, the mechanistic aspects of autophagy and the evasion of autophagy by intracellular Mtb. Due to the overlap between the onset of autophagy and apoptosis; we also focus on the relationship between apoptosis and autophagy. We will also review known AICs in the context of Mtb infection. Finally, we discuss the applications of NPs in inducing autophagy with the intention of sharing insights to encourage further research and development of nanomedicine HDTs for TB therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Retsepile E Maphasa
- Infectious Disease Nanomedicine Research Group, School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mervin Meyer
- DST/Mintek Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Biolabels Node, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Admire Dube
- Infectious Disease Nanomedicine Research Group, School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Mishra A, Behura A, Kumar A, Ghosh A, Naik L, Mawatwal S, Mohanty SS, Mishra A, Saha S, Bhutia SK, Singh R, Dhiman R. Soybean lectin induces autophagy through P2RX7 dependent activation of NF-κB-ROS pathway to kill intracellular mycobacteria. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2021; 1865:129806. [PMID: 33253803 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2020.129806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Host-directed therapy is considered a novel anti-tuberculosis strategy in tackling the tuberculosis burden through autophagy induction by various inducers to curtail the growth of intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis. METHODS In this study, we investigated the anti-tubercular role of soybean lectin, a lectin isolated from Glycine max (Soybean). Effect of SBL on intracellular mycobacterial viability through autophagy and the mechanism involved in differentiated THP-1 cells was studied using different experimental approaches. RESULTS We initially performed a time kinetic experiment with the non-cytotoxic dose of SBL (20 μg/ml) and observed autophagy induction after 24 h of treatment. Abrogation of autophagy in the presence of 3-MA and an increase in LC3 puncta formation upon Baf-A1 addition elucidated the specific effect on autophagy and autophagic flux. SBL treatment also led to autophagy induction in mycobacteria infected macrophages that restricted the intracellular mycobacterial growth, thus emphasizing the host defensive role of SBL induced autophagy. Mechanistic studies revealed an increase in P2RX7 expression, NF-κB activation and reactive oxygen species generation upon SBL treatment. Inhibition of P2RX7 expression suppressed NF-κB dependent ROS level in SBL treated cells. Moreover, SBL induced autophagy was abrogated in the presence of either different inhibitors or P2RX7 siRNA, leading to the reduced killing of intracellular mycobacteria. CONCLUSION Taken together, these results conclude that SBL induced autophagy exerts an anti-mycobacterial effect in P2RX7-NF-κB dependent manner through the generation of ROS. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This study has provided a novel anti-mycobacterial role of SBL, which may play an important role in devising new therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abtar Mishra
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Assirbad Behura
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Abhirupa Ghosh
- Divison of Bioinformatics, Bose Institute, Kolkata 700054, West Bengal, India
| | - Lincoln Naik
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Shradha Mawatwal
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Subhashree Subhasmita Mohanty
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Amit Mishra
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342011, India
| | - Sudipto Saha
- Divison of Bioinformatics, Bose Institute, Kolkata 700054, West Bengal, India
| | - Sujit K Bhutia
- Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Ramandeep Singh
- Tuberculosis Research Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurugram Expressway, PO Box # 4, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Rohan Dhiman
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Ishfaq M, Zhang W, Liu Y, Wang J, Wu Z, Shah SW, Li R, Miao Y, Chen C, Li J. Baicalin attenuated Mycoplasma gallisepticum-induced immune impairment in chicken bursa of fabricius through modulation of autophagy and inhibited inflammation and apoptosis. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:880-890. [PMID: 32729138 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) is the primary etiologic agent of chronic respiratory disease in poultry. However, the mechanism underlying MG-induced immune dysregulation in chicken is still elusive. Baicalin shows excellent anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic and anti-viral properties. In the present study, the preventive effects of baicalin against immune impairment in chicken bursa of fabricius (BF) were studied in an MG infection model. RESULTS Histopathological examination showed increased inflammatory cell infiltrations and fragmented nuclei in the model group. Ultrastructural analysis revealed the phenomenon of apoptosis in bursal cells, along with the deformation of mitochondrial membrane and swollen mitochondria in the model group. However, these abnormal morphological changes were partially alleviated by baicalin. Meanwhile, baicalin treatment attenuated the level of proinflammatory cytokines, and suppressed nuclear factor-kappa B expression at both protein and mRNA level. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick endlabeling assay showed extensive apoptosis in BF in the model group. The mRNA and protein expression levels of apoptosis-related genes were upregulated in BF, while baicalin treatment significantly alleviated apoptosis in BF. In addition, alterations in mRNA and protein expression levels of autophagy-related genes and mitochondrial dynamics proteins were significantly alleviated by baicalin. Moreover, baicalin treatment significantly attenuated MG-induced decrease in CD8+ cells and reduced bacterial load in chicken BF compared to the model group. CONCLUSIONS These results suggested that baicalin could effectively inhibit MG-induced immune impairment and alleviate inflammatory responses and apoptosis in chicken BF. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ishfaq
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuhao Liu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhiyong Wu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Syed Wa Shah
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Rui Li
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yusong Miao
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Chunli Chen
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Jichang Li
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Recent advances in non-specific immune memory against bovine tuberculosis. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 75:101615. [PMID: 33529917 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2021.101615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis is an important worldwide disease mainly related to cattle, although it also affects other mammals, including humans. In recent years, there have been considerable advances in the knowledge of the immune response mechanisms underlying the interaction of Mycobacterium bovis, the main agent of bovine tuberculosis, with its hosts. In this review we describe the most recent findings on the cattle immune response to M. bovis, particularly regarding trained innate immune responses and γδ T cells, that could support the development of vaccines and diagnostic tools to control this disease.
Collapse
|
47
|
Smyth R, Berton S, Rajabalee N, Chan T, Sun J. Protein Kinase R Restricts the Intracellular Survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by Promoting Selective Autophagy. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:613963. [PMID: 33552025 PMCID: PMC7862720 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.613963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a deadly infectious lung disease caused by the pathogenic bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). The identification of macrophage signaling proteins exploited by Mtb during infection will enable the development of alternative host-directed therapies (HDT) for TB. HDT strategies will boost host immunity to restrict the intracellular replication of Mtb and therefore hold promise to overcome antimicrobial resistance, a growing crisis in TB therapy. Protein Kinase R (PKR) is a key host sensor that functions in the cellular antiviral response. However, its role in defense against intracellular bacterial pathogens is not clearly defined. Herein, we demonstrate that expression and activation of PKR is upregulated in macrophages infected with Mtb. Immunological profiling of human THP-1 macrophages that overexpress PKR (THP-PKR) showed increased production of IP-10 and reduced production of IL-6, two cytokines that are reported to activate and inhibit IFNγ-dependent autophagy, respectively. Indeed, sustained expression and activation of PKR reduced the intracellular survival of Mtb, an effect that could be enhanced by IFNγ treatment. We further demonstrate that the enhanced anti-mycobacterial activity of THP-PKR macrophages is mediated by a mechanism dependent on selective autophagy, as indicated by increased levels of LC3B-II that colocalize with intracellular Mtb. Consistent with this mechanism, inhibition of autophagolysosome maturation with bafilomycin A1 abrogated the ability of THP-PKR macrophages to limit replication of Mtb, whereas pharmacological activation of autophagy enhanced the anti-mycobacterial effect of PKR overexpression. As such, PKR represents a novel and attractive host target for development of HDT for TB, and our data suggest value in the design of more specific and potent activators of PKR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robin Smyth
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Stefania Berton
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Nusrah Rajabalee
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Therese Chan
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jim Sun
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Chinese Traditional Medicine NiuBeiXiaoHe (NBXH) Extracts Have the Function of Antituberculosis and Immune Recovery in BALB/c Mice. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:6234560. [PMID: 33575361 PMCID: PMC7857905 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6234560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Traditional Chinese Medicine NiuBeiXiaoHe (NBXH) is a valid antituberculosis (TB) prescription from the experience of clinical practice. However, the mechanism of NBXH extracts' immunotherapy has been poorly understood. Herein, the immunotherapeutic efficacy and the differentially expressed (DE) genes of NBXH extracts were evaluated and identified in BALB/c mice. Methods The total RNA was extracted from peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and the DE genes were identified by gene chip. The enrichment and signaling pathway analyses were performed using Gene Ontology (GO) and KEGG database. Results It was shown that the treatment of NBXH extracts (high dose) significantly reduced mycobacteria loads and histopathological lesions in mice infected by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and resulted in 3,454 DE upregulated genes and 3,594 downregulated DE genes. Furthermore, NBXH extracts killed mycobacteria by inhibiting the supply of necessary ingredients for their growth and proliferation. They restored the disordered immune microenvironments by up- or downregulating immune and inflammation-related pathways. Conclusions Taken together, NBXH extracts not only efficiently decreased the mycobacteria loads but also balanced the immune disorders in mice. These new findings provide a fresh perspective for elucidating the immunotherapeutic mechanism of NBXH extracts and pointed out the direction for improving the treatment efficacy of NBXH extracts.
Collapse
|
49
|
Strong EJ, Lee S. Targeting Autophagy as a Strategy for Developing New Vaccines and Host-Directed Therapeutics Against Mycobacteria. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:614313. [PMID: 33519771 PMCID: PMC7840607 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.614313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterial disease is an immense burden worldwide. This disease group includes tuberculosis, leprosy (Hansen's disease), Buruli Ulcer, and non-tuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) disease. The burden of NTM disease, both pulmonary and ulcerative, is drastically escalating globally, especially in developed countries such as America and Australia. Mycobacteria's ability to inhibit or evade the host immune system has contributed significantly to its continued prevalence. Pre-clinical studies have highlighted promising candidates that enhance endogenous pathways and/or limit destructive host responses. Autophagy is a cell-autonomous host defense mechanism by which intracytoplasmic cargos can be delivered and then destroyed in lysosomes. Previous studies have reported that autophagy-activating agents, small molecules, and autophagy-activating vaccines may be beneficial in restricting intracellular mycobacterial infection, even with multidrug-resistant strains. This review will examine how mycobacteria evade autophagy and discusses how autophagy could be exploited to design novel TB treatment strategies, such as host-directed therapeutics and vaccines, against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and NTMs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sunhee Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
He YQ, Zhou CC, Yu LY, Wang L, Deng JL, Tao YL, Zhang F, Chen WS. Natural product derived phytochemicals in managing acute lung injury by multiple mechanisms. Pharmacol Res 2021; 163:105224. [PMID: 33007416 PMCID: PMC7522693 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) and its more severe form, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) as common life-threatening lung diseases with high mortality rates are mostly associated with acute and severe inflammation in lungs. With increasing in-depth studies of ALI/ARDS, significant breakthroughs have been made, however, there are still no effective pharmacological therapies for treatment of ALI/ARDS. Especially, the novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) is ravaging the globe, and causes severe respiratory distress syndrome. Therefore, developing new drugs for therapy of ALI/ARDS is in great demand, which might also be helpful for treatment of COVID-19. Natural compounds have always inspired drug development, and numerous natural products have shown potential therapeutic effects on ALI/ARDS. Therefore, this review focuses on the potential therapeutic effects of natural compounds on ALI and the underlying mechanisms. Overall, the review discusses 159 compounds and summarizes more than 400 references to present the protective effects of natural compounds against ALI and the underlying mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Qiong He
- Institute of Chinese Materia Madica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Can-Can Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Lu-Yao Yu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Madica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Madica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jiu-Ling Deng
- Institute of Chinese Materia Madica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yu-Long Tao
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Madica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China.
| | - Wan-Sheng Chen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Madica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China.
| |
Collapse
|