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Ssekatawa K, Ntulume I, Byarugaba DK, Michniewski S, Jameson E, Wampande EM, Nakavuma J. Isolation and Characterization of Novel Lytic Bacteriophages Infecting Carbapenem-Resistant Pathogenic Diarrheagenic and Uropathogenic Escherichia Coli. Infect Drug Resist 2024; 17:3367-3384. [PMID: 39135747 PMCID: PMC11317518 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s466101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The evolution of antimicrobial resistance has dramatically reduced the efficacy of the first-choice and last-resort antibiotics used to treat E. coli infections. Thus, searching for novel therapeutics to treat and control the emergence of antibiotic resistance is urgent. Therefore, this study aimed to illustrate the lytic effect of phages against carbapenem-resistant pathogenic E. coli. Methods Phages were isolated from hospital effluents by the enrichment assay. This was followed by the evaluation of the host range of the phages by the spot assay. The time taken by phages to bind to the host bacterial cells was determined by the adsorption assay. The phage latent period and burst size were determined using a one-step growth experiment. Phage morphology was determined by the Transmission Electron Microscopy. Molecular characterization of phages was done by whole genome sequencing. Results Two phages named UGKSEcP1 and UGKSEcP2 were isolated from hospital effluents. The phages were professionally lytic with a broad host range. The two phages recorded an average adsorption time of 11.25 minutes, an adsorption rate of 99.3%, a latency period of 20 minutes, and a burst size of approximately 528 phages/infected cell. Phages UGKSEcP1 and UGKSEcP2 had genome lengths of 167433bp, and 167221bp with 277 and 276 predicted genes, respectively, and no undesirable genes were detected. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the two phages belonged genus Tequatrovirus. TEM micrograph showed that the two phages had a similar morphotype with icosahedral heads and contractile tails; thus, classified as members of the Myoviridae phage family. Conclusion The findings demonstrate that the study isolated two novel professionally lytic phages with a broad host range and thus, are candidates for phage-mediated biocontrol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Ssekatawa
- Department of Science Technical and Vocational Education, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Africa Center of Excellence in Materials, Product Development and Nanotechnology (MAPRONANO ACE), Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Ibrahim Ntulume
- Department of Biotechnical and Diagnostic Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | | | - Eleanor Jameson
- School of Environmental and Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Gwynedd, UK
| | - Eddie M Wampande
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacy, Clinical and Comparative Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jesca Nakavuma
- Department of Biotechnical and Diagnostic Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
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2
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Jhandai P, Mittal D, Gupta R, Kumar M, Khurana R. Therapeutics and prophylactic efficacy of novel lytic Escherichia phage vB_EcoS_PJ16 against multidrug-resistant avian pathogenic E. coli using in vivo study. Int Microbiol 2024; 27:673-687. [PMID: 37632591 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-023-00420-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) is the causative agent of avian colibacillosis, which causes significant economic losses to the poultry industry. The growing resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a major global public health concern. However, there is limited data on the efficacy of phage therapy in effectively controlling and treating APEC infections. In this study, a novel lytic Escherichia phage, vB_EcoS_PJ16, was isolated from poultry farm wastewater and characterized in both in vitro and in vivo conditions. Transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed the presence of an icosahedral head and a long non-contractile tail, classifying the phage under the Caudoviricetes class. Host range determination showed that Escherichia phage vB_EcoS_PJ16 exhibited lytic activity against multiple strains of pathogenic E. coli, while no significant signs of lysis for Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella Typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus. Biophysical characterization revealed that the isolated phage was sturdy, as it remained viable for up to 300 days at temperatures of 30 °C, 37 °C, and 42 °C and for up to 24 h at pH 5 to 11, with only minor changes in titer. Kinetic analysis at multiplicity of infection (MOI) 0.1 showed a latency period of about 20 min and a burst size of 26.5 phage particles per infected cell for phage vB_EcoS_PJ16. Whole genome sequencing unveiled that the phage vB_EcoS_PJ16 genome consists of a double-stranded linear DNA molecule with 57,756 bp and a GC content of 43.58%. The Escherichia phage vB_EcoS_PJ16 genome consisted of 98 predicted putative ORFs, with no transfer RNA identified in the genome. Among these 98 genes, 34 genes were predicted to have known functions. A significant reduction in APEC viability was observed at MOI 100 during in vitro bacterial challenge tests conducted at different MOIs (0.01, 1, and 100). In vivo oral evaluation of the isolated phage to limit E. coli infections in day-old chicks indicated a decrease in mortality within both the therapeutic (20%) and prophylactic (30%) groups, when compared to the control group. The findings of this study contribute to our current knowledge of Escherichia phages and suggest a potentially effective role of phages in the therapeutic and prophylactic control of antibiotic-resistant APEC strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punit Jhandai
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125004, India
| | - Dinesh Mittal
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125004, India.
| | - Renu Gupta
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125004, India
| | - Manesh Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125004, India
| | - Rajesh Khurana
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125004, India
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3
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Choi Y, Kwak MJ, Kang MG, Kang AN, Lee W, Mun D, Choi H, Park J, Eor JY, Song M, Kim JN, Oh S, Kim Y. Molecular characterization and environmental impact of newly isolated lytic phage SLAM_phiST1N3 in the Cornellvirus genus for biocontrol of a multidrug-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium in the swine industry chain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 922:171208. [PMID: 38408652 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Salmonella Typhimurium is a highly lethal pathogenic bacterium in weaned piglets, causing significant treatment costs and economic losses in the swine industry. Additionally, due to its ability to induce zoonotic diseases, resulting in harm to humans through the transmission of the pathogen from pork, it presents a serious public health issue. Bacteriophages (phages), viruses that infect specific bacterial strains, have been proposed as an alternative to antibiotics for controlling pathogenic bacteria. In this study, we isolated SLAM_phiST1N3, a phage infecting a multidrug-resistant (MDR) S. Typhimurium wild-type strain isolated from diseased pigs. First, comparative genomics and phylogenetic analysis revealed that SLAM_phiST1N3 belongs to the Cornellvirus genus. Moreover, utilizing a novel classification approach introduced in this study, SLAM_phiST1N3 was classified at the species level. Host range experiments demonstrated that SLAM_phiST1N3 did not infect other pathogenic bacteria or probiotics derived from pigs or other livestock. While complete eradication of Salmonella was not achievable in the liquid inhibition assay, surprisingly, we succeeded in largely eliminating Salmonella in the FIMM analysis, a gut simulation system using weaned piglet feces. Furthermore, using the C. elegans model, we showcased the potential of SLAM_phiST1N3 to prevent S. Typhimurium infection in living organisms. In addition, it was confirmed that bacterial control could be achieved when phage was applied to Salmonella-contaminated pork. pH and temperature stability experiments demonstrated that SLAM_phiST1N3 can endure swine industry processes and digestive conditions. In conclusion, SLAM_phiST1N3 demonstrates potential environmental impact as a substance for Salmonella prevention across various aspects of the swine industry chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youbin Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Jin Kwak
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Geun Kang
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - An Na Kang
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Woogji Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Daye Mun
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejin Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongkuk Park
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Young Eor
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Minho Song
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Nam Kim
- Department of Food Science & Nutrition, Dongseo University, Busan 47011, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangnam Oh
- Department of Functional Food and Biotechnology, Jeonju University, Jeonju 55069, Republic of Korea.
| | - Younghoon Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Yesil M, Kasler DR, Huang E, Yousef AE. Thermal Inactivation of Escherichia Phage OSYSP and Host Strain Escherichia coli O157:H7 EDL933: A Comparative Kinetic Analysis. J Food Prot 2024; 87:100215. [PMID: 38182094 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2023.100215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Lytic bacteriophages are promising biocontrol agents against pathogenic bacteria for food and therapeutic applications. Investigating the feasibility of combining phage and physical lethal agents, such as heat, as an effective hurdle combination could lead to beneficial applications. The current research was initiated to compare the thermal inactivation kinetics of a lytic phage (Escherichia phage OSYSP) and its host (Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 EDL933), considering they have different critical thermal targets in their structures. To provide a basis for comparison, thermal inactivation kinetics were determined on suspensions of these agents in buffered peptone water using a thermally controlled circulating water bath. Results showed that the bacteriophage virions have a remarkable heat resistance (p < 0.05) compared to their host cells. The D-values of the populations of phage (PFU/mL) and EDL933 strain (CFU/mL) were 166.7 and 7.3 min at 55°C, compared to 44.4 and 0.3 min at 60°C, respectively. Additionally, D-values were significantly (p < 0.05) more influenced by temperature changes in the case of E. coli O157:H7 EDL933 (z-value 3.7°C) compared to that for phage OSYSP (z-value 7.7°C). When the phage suspension was heat-treated in a thermal cycler instead of a water bath, no significant differences between the two treatment procedures (p > 0.05) in estimating virus D- and z-values were observed. Based on these findings, it may be feasible to combine phage OSYSP with mild heat during processing of food to selectively inactivate E. coli O157:H7 EDL933 and subsequently maintain product safety during storage by the surviving phage population; however, the feasibility of this application needs to be investigated. Additionally, the relatively heat-resistant phage OSYSP could qualify as a biological indicator to validate thermal treatments of minimally processed foods in which E. coli O157:H7 EDL933 is the pathogen-of-concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Yesil
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - David R Kasler
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - En Huang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Ahmed E Yousef
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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5
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Maina AN, Mwaura FB, Wagacha JM, Jumba M, Aziz RK, Nour El-Din HT. Phenotypic characterization of phage vB_vcM_Kuja. J Basic Microbiol 2023; 63:481-488. [PMID: 36670071 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202200635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Bacteriophage therapy targeting the increasingly resistant Vibrio cholerae is highly needed. Hence, studying the phenotypic behavior of potential phages under different conditions is a prerequisite to delivering the phage in an active infective form. The objective of this study was to characterize phage VP4 (vB_vcM_Kuja), an environmental vibriophage isolated from River Kuja in Migori County, Kenya in 2015. The phenotypic characteristics of the phage were determined using a one-step growth curve, restriction digestion profile, pH, and temperature stability tests. The results revealed that the phage is stable through a wide range of temperatures (20-50°C) and maintains its plaque-forming ability at pH ranging from 6 to 12. The one-step growth curve showed a latent period falling between 40 and 60 min, while burst size ranged from 23 to 30 plaque-forming units/10 µl at the same host strain. The restriction digestion pattern using EcoRI, SalI, HindIII, and XhoI enzymes showed that HindIII could cut the phage genome. The phage DNA could not be restricted by the other three enzymes. The findings of this study can be used in future studies to determine phage-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice N Maina
- Department of Biology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - John M Wagacha
- Department of Biology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Miriam Jumba
- Department of Biology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ramy K Aziz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.,Microbiology and Immunology Research Program, Children's Cancer Hospital Egypt 57357, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hanzada T Nour El-Din
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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6
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Gomez M, Szewczyk A, Szamosi J, Leung V, Filipe C, Hosseinidoust Z. Stress Exposure of Evolved Bacteriophages under Laboratory versus Food Processing Conditions Highlights Challenges in Translatability. Viruses 2022; 15:113. [PMID: 36680153 PMCID: PMC9865000 DOI: 10.3390/v15010113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial viruses, or bacteriophages, are highly potent, target-specific antimicrobials. Bacteriophages can be safely applied along the food production chain to aid control of foodborne pathogens. However, bacteriophages are often sensitive to the environments encountered in food matrices and under processing conditions, thus limiting their applicability. We sought to address this challenge by exposing commercially available Listeria monocytogenes bacteriophage, P100, to three stress conditions: desiccation, elevated temperature, and low pH, to select for stress-resistant bacteriophages. The stressed bacteriophage populations lost up to 5.1 log10 in infectivity; however, the surviving subpopulation retained their stress-resistant phenotype through five passages with a maximum of 2.0 log10 loss in infectivity when exposed to the same stressor. Sequencing identified key mutation regions but did not reveal a clear mechanism of resistance. The stress-selected bacteriophage populations effectively suppressed L. monocytogenes growth at a modest multiplicity of infection of 0.35-0.43, indicating no trade-off in lytic ability in return for improved survivability. The stressed subpopulations were tested for survival on food grade stainless steel, during milk pasteurization, and within acidic beverages. Interestingly, air drying on stainless steel and pasteurization in milk led to significantly less stress and titer loss in bacteriophage compared to similar stress under model lab conditions. This led to a diminished benefit for stress-selection, thus highlighting a major challenge in real-life translatability of bacteriophage adaptational evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mellissa Gomez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Alexandra Szewczyk
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Jake Szamosi
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8P 1H6, Canada
| | - Vincent Leung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Carlos Filipe
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Zeinab Hosseinidoust
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L7, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- Michael DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
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7
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Poly (lactic acid) and whey protein/pullulan composite bilayer film containing phage A511 as an anti-Listerial packaging for chicken breast at refrigerated temperatures. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.114085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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8
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Sae-Ueng U, Bhunchoth A, Phironrit N, Treetong A, Sapcharoenkun C, Chatchawankanphanich O, Leartsakulpanich U, Chitnumsub P. Thermoresponsive C22 phage stiffness modulates the phage infectivity. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13001. [PMID: 35906255 PMCID: PMC9338302 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16795-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophages offer a sustainable alternative for controlling crop disease. However, the lack of knowledge on phage infection mechanisms makes phage-based biological control varying and ineffective. In this work, we interrogated the temperature dependence of the infection and thermo-responsive behavior of the C22 phage. This soilborne podovirus is capable of lysing Ralstonia solanacearum, causing bacterial wilt disease. We revealed that the C22 phage could better infect the pathogenic host cell when incubated at low temperatures (25, 30 °C) than at high temperatures (35, 40 °C). Measurement of the C22 phage stiffness revealed that the phage stiffness at low temperatures was 2–3 times larger than at high temperatures. In addition, the imaging results showed that more C22 phage particles were attached to the cell surface at low temperatures than at high temperatures, associating the phage stiffness and the phage attachment. The result suggests that the structure and stiffness modulation in response to temperature change improve infection, providing mechanistic insight into the C22 phage lytic cycle. Our study signifies the need to understand phage responses to the fluctuating environment for effective phage-based biocontrol implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udom Sae-Ueng
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand.
| | - Anjana Bhunchoth
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Namthip Phironrit
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Alongkot Treetong
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Chaweewan Sapcharoenkun
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Orawan Chatchawankanphanich
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Ubolsree Leartsakulpanich
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Penchit Chitnumsub
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
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9
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Droubogiannis S, Pavlidi L, Tsertou MI, Kokkari C, Skliros D, Flemetakis E, Katharios P. Vibrio Phage Artemius, a Novel Phage Infecting Vibrio alginolyticus. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11080848. [PMID: 36014969 PMCID: PMC9416449 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11080848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrio alginolyticus is an important pathogen of marine animals and has been the target of phage therapy applications in marine aquaculture for many years. Here, we report the isolation and partial characterization of a novel species of the Siphoviridae family, the Vibrio phage Artemius. The novel phage was species-specific and could only infect strains of V. alginolyticus. It could efficiently reduce the growth of the host bacterium at various multiplicities of infection as assessed by an in vitro lysis assay. It had a genome length of 43,349 base pairs. The complete genome has double-stranded DNA with a G + C content of 43.61%. In total, 57 ORFs were identified, of which 19 were assigned a predicted function. A genomic analysis indicated that Vibrio phage Artemius is lytic and does not harbor genes encoding toxins and antibiotic resistance determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavros Droubogiannis
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology & Aquaculture, 71500 Heraklion, Greece; (S.D.); (L.P.); (M.I.T.); (C.K.)
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Engineering, University of Crete, 71500 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Lydia Pavlidi
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology & Aquaculture, 71500 Heraklion, Greece; (S.D.); (L.P.); (M.I.T.); (C.K.)
| | - Maria Ioanna Tsertou
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology & Aquaculture, 71500 Heraklion, Greece; (S.D.); (L.P.); (M.I.T.); (C.K.)
| | - Constantina Kokkari
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology & Aquaculture, 71500 Heraklion, Greece; (S.D.); (L.P.); (M.I.T.); (C.K.)
| | - Dimitrios Skliros
- Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece; (D.S.); (E.F.)
| | - Emmanouil Flemetakis
- Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece; (D.S.); (E.F.)
| | - Pantelis Katharios
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology & Aquaculture, 71500 Heraklion, Greece; (S.D.); (L.P.); (M.I.T.); (C.K.)
- Correspondence:
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10
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Lu Z, Marchant J, Thompson S, Melgarejo H, Ignatova D, Kopić S, Damaj R, Trejo H, Paramo R, Reed A, Breidt F, Kathariou S. Bacteriophages Isolated From Turkeys Infecting Diverse Salmonella Serovars. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:933751. [PMID: 35865922 PMCID: PMC9294604 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.933751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is one of the leading causes of foodborne illnesses worldwide. The rapid emergence of multidrug-resistant Salmonella strains has increased global concern for salmonellosis. Recent studies have shown that bacteriophages (phages) are novel and the most promising antibacterial agents for biocontrol in foods because phages specifically kill target bacteria without affecting other bacteria, do not alter organoleptic properties or nutritional quality of foods, and are safe and environmentally friendly. Due to the vast variation in Salmonella serotypes, large numbers of different and highly virulent Salmonella phages with broad host ranges are needed. This study isolated 14 Salmonella phages from turkey fecal and cecal samples. Six phages (Φ205, Φ206, Φ207, ΦEnt, ΦMont, and Φ13314) were selected for characterization. These phages were from all three families in the Caudovirales order. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) revealed that each phage had a unique structural protein profile. Each phage had a distinct host range. Φ207 and ΦEnt are both siphophages. They shared eight hosts, including seven different Salmonella serovars and one Shigella sonnei strain. These two phages showed different restriction banding patterns generated through EcoRI or HindIII digestion, but shared three bands from EcoRI digestion. ΦEnt displayed the broadest and very unusual host range infecting 11 Salmonella strains from nine serovars and three Shigella strains from two species, and thus was further characterized. The one-step growth curve revealed that ΦEnt had a short latent period (10 min) and relatively large burst size (100 PFU/infected cell). ΦEnt and its host showed better thermal stabilities in tryptic soy broth than in saline at 63 or 72°C. In the model food system (cucumber juice or beef broth), ΦEnt infection [regardless of the multiplicity of infections (MOIs) of 1, 10, and 100] resulted in more than 5-log10 reduction in Salmonella concentration within 4 or 5 h. Such high lytic activity combined with its remarkably broad and unusual host range and good thermal stability suggested that ΦEnt is a novel Salmonella phage with great potential to be used as an effective biocontrol agent against diverse Salmonella serovars in foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongjing Lu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Science and Mathematics, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, United States
- *Correspondence: Zhongjing Lu,
| | - John Marchant
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Science and Mathematics, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, United States
| | - Samantha Thompson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Science and Mathematics, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, United States
| | - Henry Melgarejo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Science and Mathematics, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, United States
| | - Dzhuliya Ignatova
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Science and Mathematics, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, United States
| | - Sandra Kopić
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Science and Mathematics, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, United States
| | - Rana Damaj
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Science and Mathematics, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, United States
| | - Hedy Trejo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Science and Mathematics, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, United States
| | - Rodrigo Paramo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Science and Mathematics, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, United States
| | - Ashley Reed
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Science and Mathematics, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, United States
| | - Fred Breidt
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Washington, DC, United States
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Sophia Kathariou
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
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11
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Characterization of Phages YuuY, KaiHaiDragon, and OneinaGillian Isolated from Microbacterium foliorum. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126609. [PMID: 35743053 PMCID: PMC9224216 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbacterium foliorum is a Gram-positive bacteria found in organic matter. Three lytic bacteriophages, KaiHaiDragon, OneinaGillian, and YuuY, were isolated from M. foliorum strain NRRL B-24224. Phage YuuY in particular expresses a broad host range as it possesses the ability to infect closely related bacterial species Microbacterium aerolatum at a high plating efficiency. Characterization tests were performed on all three Microbacterium phage to assess morphology, genomic characteristics, pH and thermal stabilities, life cycle, and the type of receptor used for infection. All three phages showed similar pH stability, ranging from pH 5-11, except for KaiHaiDragon, which had a reduced infection effectiveness at a pH of 11. YuuY possessed a significantly higher temperature tolerance compared to the other Microbacterium phages as some phage particles remained viable after incubation temperatures of up to 80 °C. Based on the one-step growth curve assay, all three Microbacterium phages possessed a relatively short latent period of 90 min and an approximately two-fold burst size factor. Moreover, all three phages utilize a carbohydrate receptor to initiate infection. Based on bioinformatics analysis, YuuY, KaiHaiDragon and OneinaGillian were assigned to clusters EA10, EC, and EG, respectively.
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12
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Isolation and characterization of Escherichia coli O157: H7 novel bacteriophage for controlling this food-borne pathogen. Virus Res 2022; 315:198754. [PMID: 35346752 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli O157: H7 is known as a high-risk food-born pathogen, and its removal is vital for maintaining food safety. The increasing trend of food-borne diseases caused by this bacterium and other pathogens indicates the low efficiency of the methods to remove pathogens from foodstuffs. One of the new and effective methods is to use of a bio-control agent called bacteriophage, which has shown good function in eliminating and reducing pathogens. In this study, a novel bacteriophage was isolated and identified from the slaughterhouse wastewater to control E. coli O157: H7. This bacteriophage belonged to the Myoviridae family. Two bacterial genera including E. coli and Salmonella, were allocated to determine the bacteriophage host range; the result showed that the anti- Salmonella effect of phage was low. The phage was stable at high temperature (80°C) and caused an acceptable reduction in the E. coli O157: H7 (4.18 log CFU / mL for 10 hours). The isolated bacteriophage was corroborated to be completely safe based on the whole genome sequencing and lack of any virulence factor from the host bacteria. Considering the characteristics of this phage and its function in vitro, this bacteriophage may be used as an effective bio-control agent in foods with the possible E. coli O157: H7 -induced contamination.
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13
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James C, Dixon R, Talbot L, James SJ, Williams N, Onarinde BA. Assessing the Impact of Heat Treatment of Food on Antimicrobial Resistance Genes and Their Potential Uptake by Other Bacteria-A Critical Review. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:1440. [PMID: 34943652 PMCID: PMC8698031 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10121440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) is a global health concern. This study identifies and critically reviews the published evidence on whether cooking (heating) food to eliminate bacterial contamination induces sufficient damage to the functionality of ARGs. Overall, the review found that there is evidence in the literature that Antimicrobial Resistant (AMR) bacteria are no more heat resistant than non-AMR bacteria. Consequently, recommended heat treatments sufficient to kill non-AMR bacteria in food (70 °C for at least 2 min, or equivalent) should be equally effective in killing AMR bacteria. The literature shows there are several mechanisms through which functional genes from AMR bacteria could theoretically persist in heat-treated food and be transferred to other bacteria. The literature search found sparce published evidence on whether ARGs may actually persist in food after effective heat treatments, and whether functional genes can be transferred to other bacteria. However, three publications have demonstrated that functional ARGs in plasmids may be capable of persisting in foods after effective heat treatments. Given the global impact of AMR, there is clearly a need for further practical research on this topic to provide sufficient evidence to fully assess whether there is a risk to human health from the persistence of functional ARGs in heat-treated and cooked foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian James
- Food Refrigeration & Process Engineering Research Centre (FRPERC), Grimsby Institute, Nuns Corner, Grimsby DN34 5BQ, UK; (L.T.); (S.J.J.)
- National Centre for Food Manufacturing (NCFM), University of Lincoln, Park Road, Holbeach PE12 7PT, UK;
| | - Ronald Dixon
- Joseph Banks Laboratories, School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN6 7DL, UK;
| | - Luke Talbot
- Food Refrigeration & Process Engineering Research Centre (FRPERC), Grimsby Institute, Nuns Corner, Grimsby DN34 5BQ, UK; (L.T.); (S.J.J.)
| | - Stephen J. James
- Food Refrigeration & Process Engineering Research Centre (FRPERC), Grimsby Institute, Nuns Corner, Grimsby DN34 5BQ, UK; (L.T.); (S.J.J.)
- National Centre for Food Manufacturing (NCFM), University of Lincoln, Park Road, Holbeach PE12 7PT, UK;
| | - Nicola Williams
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Leahurst Campus, University of Liverpool, Neston CH64 7TE, UK;
| | - Bukola A. Onarinde
- National Centre for Food Manufacturing (NCFM), University of Lincoln, Park Road, Holbeach PE12 7PT, UK;
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14
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Waturangi DE, Kasriady CP, Guntama G, Sahulata AM, Lestari D, Magdalena S. Application of bacteriophage as food preservative to control enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC). BMC Res Notes 2021; 14:336. [PMID: 34454578 PMCID: PMC8403459 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-021-05756-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study was conducted to characterize lytic bacteriophages infecting enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) on several types of food and analyze their ability as phage biocontrol to be used as a food preservative. Characterization was done for bacteriophage morphology and stability, along with the determination of minimum multiplicity of infection (miMOI), and application of bacteriophage in the food matrix. Results Out of the five samples, BL EPEC bacteriophage exhibited the highest titer of 2.05 × 109 PFU/mL, with a wide range of pH tolerance, and high thermal tolerance. BL EPEC also showed the least reduction after 168 h of incubation, with a rate of 0.90 × 10–3 log10 per hour. Bacteriophages from BL EPEC and CS EPEC showed an ideal value of miMOI of 0.01. As a food preservative, BL EPEC bacteriophage was able to reduce bacteria in food samples with a reduction above 0.24 log10 in lettuce and approximately 1.84 log10 in milk. From this study we found that BL EPEC bacteriophage showed the greatest potential to be used as phage biocontrol to improve food safety
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Elizabeth Waturangi
- Department of Biotechnology, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jalan Jenderal Sudirman 12930, Jakarta, Indonesia.
| | - Cecillia Pingkan Kasriady
- Department of Food Technology, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jalan Jenderal Sudirman 12930, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Geofany Guntama
- Department of Food Technology, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jalan Jenderal Sudirman 12930, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Amelinda Minerva Sahulata
- Department of Food Technology, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jalan Jenderal Sudirman 12930, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Diana Lestari
- Department of Food Technology, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jalan Jenderal Sudirman 12930, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Stella Magdalena
- Department of Food Technology, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jalan Jenderal Sudirman 12930, Jakarta, Indonesia
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15
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Vieira MS, Duarte da Silva J, Ferro CG, Cunha PC, Vidigal PMP, Canêdo da Silva C, Oliveira de Paula S, Dias RS. A highly specific Serratia-infecting T7-like phage inhibits biofilm formation in two different genera of the Enterobacteriaceae family. Res Microbiol 2021; 172:103869. [PMID: 34333135 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2021.103869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Due to the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria, bacteriophages have become a viable alternative in controlling bacterial growth or biofilm formation. Biofilm is formed by extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and is one of the factors responsible for increasing bacterial resistance. Bacteriophages have been studied as a bacterial control agent by use of phage enzymes or due to their bactericidal activities. A specific phage against Serratia marcescens was isolated in this work and was evaluated its biological and genomic aspects. The object of this study was UFV01, a bacteriophage belonging to the Podoviridae family, genus Teseptimavirus (group of lytic viruses), specific to the species Serratia marcescens, which may be related to several amino acid substitutions in the virus tail fibers. Despite this high specificity, the phage reduced the biofilm formation of several Escherichia coli strains without infecting them. UFV01 presents a relationship with phages of the genus Teseptimavirus, although it does not infect any of the Escherichia coli strains evaluated, as these others do. All the characteristics make the phage an interesting alternative in biofilm control in hospital environments since small breaks in the biofilm matrix can lead to a complete collapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Silva Vieira
- Laboratório de Imunovirologia Molecular, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P. H. Rolf, 36570-900, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Duarte da Silva
- Laboratório de Imunovirologia Molecular, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P. H. Rolf, 36570-900, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Camila Geovana Ferro
- Laboratório de Virologia Vegetal, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 13418-900, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Paloma Cavalcante Cunha
- Laboratório de Imunovirologia Molecular, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P. H. Rolf, 36570-900, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Pedro Marcus P Vidigal
- Núcleo de Análise de Biomoléculas, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Vila Gianetti, 36570-900, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Cynthia Canêdo da Silva
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Ambiental Aplicada, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P. H. Rolf, 36570-900, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Oliveira de Paula
- Laboratório de Imunovirologia Molecular, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P. H. Rolf, 36570-900, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Roberto Sousa Dias
- Laboratório de Imunovirologia Molecular, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P. H. Rolf, 36570-900, Viçosa, Brazil.
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16
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Xu Y. Phage and phage lysins: New era of bio-preservatives and food safety agents. J Food Sci 2021; 86:3349-3373. [PMID: 34302296 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
There has been an increase in the search and application of new antimicrobial agents as alternatives to use of chemical preservatives and antibiotic-like compounds by the food industry. The massive use of antibiotic has created a reservoir of antibiotic-resistant bacteria that find their way from farm to humans. Thus, there exists an imperative need to explore new antibacterial options and bacteriophages perfectly fit into the class of safe and potent antimicrobials. Phage bio-control has come a long way owing to advances with use of phage cocktails, recombinant phages, and phage lysins; however, there still exists unmet challenges that restrict the number of phage-based products reaching the market. Hence, further studies are required to explore for more efficient phage-based bio-control strategies that can become an integral part of food safety protocols. This review thus aims to highlight the recent developments made in the application of phages and phage enzymes covering pre-harvest as well as post-harvest usage. It further focuses on the major issues in both phage and phage lysin research hindering their optimum use while detailing out the advances made by researchers lately in this direction for full exploitation of phages and phage lysins in the food sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingmin Xu
- Food Technology College Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, China
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17
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Park H, Kim J, Kim M, Park Y, Ryu S. Development of new strategy combining heat treatment and phage cocktail for post-contamination prevention. Food Res Int 2021; 145:110415. [PMID: 34112418 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Heat treatment is an effective method for ensuring food safety and quality by controlling microbial contamination. However, food poisoning outbreaks have continuously occurred in heat-treated products due to improper thermal treatment and/or post-contamination of foodborne pathogens. This study proposes a novel strategy combining thermostable bacteriophages with thermal processing of food production plants to control foodborne pathogens and even bacterial contamination. Typically, bacteriophages' susceptibility to heat is a major challenge to their application with thermal processing, we isolated thermostable bacteriophages by a modified isolation method of applying heat to samples and characterized the thermostable bacteriophages. Furthermore, we optimized the bacteriophage cocktail components to expand the controllable host range and reduce the risk of bacteriophage resistance development. Finally, we verified this antibacterial strategy by combining heat treatment with thermostable bacteriophages in model systems, including milk and chicken breast. After the phage cocktail and heat treatment, we artificially contaminated the food products to mimic the post-contamination event. Surprisingly, the remaining bacteriophages that withstood heat treatment significantly reduced the number of post-contaminated Salmonella. Altogether, thermostable phages could be applied as complementary tools to control post-contamination after thermal processing of food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haejoon Park
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinwoo Kim
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsik Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Yerin Park
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangryeol Ryu
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Center for Food Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Tan CW, Rukayadi Y, Hasan H, Abdul-Mutalib NA, Jambari NN, Hara H, Thung TY, Lee E, Radu S. Isolation and Characterization of Six Vibrio parahaemolyticus Lytic Bacteriophages From Seafood Samples. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:616548. [PMID: 33776954 PMCID: PMC7987779 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.616548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a foodborne pathogen that is frequently isolated from a variety of seafood. To control this pathogenic Vibrio spp., the implementation of bacteriophages in aquaculture and food industries have shown a promising alternative to antibiotics. In this study, six bacteriophages isolated from the seafood samples demonstrated a narrow host range specificity that infecting only the V. parahaemolyticus strains. Morphological analysis revealed that bacteriophages Vp33, Vp22, Vp21, and Vp02 belong to the Podoviridae family, while bacteriophages Vp08 and Vp11 were categorized into the Siphoviridae family. All bacteriophages were composed of DNA genome and showed distinctive restriction fragment length polymorphism. The optimal MOI for bacteriophage propagation was determined to be 0.001 to 1. One-step growth curve revealed that the latent period ranged from 10 to 20 min, and the burst size of bacteriophage was approximately 17 to 51 PFU/cell. The influence of temperature and pH levels on the stability of bacteriophages showed that all bacteriophages were optimally stable over a wide range of temperatures and pH levels. In vitro lytic activity of all bacteriophages demonstrated to have a significant effect against V. parahaemolyticus. Besides, the application of a bacteriophage cocktail instead of a single bacteriophage suspension was observed to have a better efficiency to control the growth of V. parahaemolyticus. Results from this study provided a basic understanding of the physiological and biological properties of the isolated bacteriophages before it can be readily used as a biocontrol agent against the growth of V. parahaemolyticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia Wanq Tan
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yaya Rukayadi
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hanan Hasan
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Noor-Azira Abdul-Mutalib
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security (ITAFoS), Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nuzul Noorahya Jambari
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security (ITAFoS), Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hirofumi Hara
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Green Technology, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Tze Young Thung
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Epeng Lee
- Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security (ITAFoS), Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Son Radu
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security (ITAFoS), Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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19
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Controlled-release of free bacteriophage nanoparticles from 3D-plotted hydrogel fibrous structure as potential antibacterial wound dressing. J Control Release 2021; 331:154-163. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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20
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Nale JY, Vinner GK, Lopez VC, Thanki AM, Phothaworn P, Thiennimitr P, Garcia A, AbuOun M, Anjum MF, Korbsrisate S, Galyov EE, Malik DJ, Clokie MRJ. An Optimized Bacteriophage Cocktail Can Effectively Control Salmonella in vitro and in Galleria mellonella. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:609955. [PMID: 33552020 PMCID: PMC7858669 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.609955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella spp. is a leading cause of gastrointestinal enteritis in humans where it is largely contracted via contaminated poultry and pork. Phages can be used to control Salmonella infection in the animals, which could break the cycle of infection before the products are accessible for consumption. Here, the potential of 21 myoviruses and a siphovirus to eliminate Salmonella in vitro and in vivo was examined with the aim of developing a biocontrol strategy to curtail the infection in poultry and swine. Together, the phages targeted the twenty-three poultry and ten swine prevalent Salmonella serotype isolates tested. Although individual phages significantly reduced bacterial growth of representative isolates within 6 h post-infection, bacterial regrowth occurred 1 h later, indicating proliferation of resistant strains. To curtail bacteriophage resistance, a novel three-phage cocktail was developed in vitro, and further investigated in an optimized Galleria mellonella larva Salmonella infection model colonized with representative swine, chicken and laboratory strains. For all the strains examined, G. mellonella larvae given phages 2 h prior to bacterial exposure (prophylactic regimen) survived and Salmonella was undetectable 24 h post-phage treatment and throughout the experimental time (72 h). Administering phages with bacteria (co-infection), or 2 h post-bacterial exposure (remedial regimen) also improved survival (73-100% and 15-88%, respectively), but was less effective than prophylaxis application. These pre-livestock data support the future application of this cocktail for further development to effectively treat Salmonella infection in poultry and pigs. Future work will focus on cocktail formulation to ensure stability and incorporation into feeds and used to treat the infection in target animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Y Nale
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Gurinder K Vinner
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Viviana C Lopez
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Anisha M Thanki
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Preeda Phothaworn
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Parameth Thiennimitr
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Angela Garcia
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, United Kingdom
| | - Manal AbuOun
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, United Kingdom
| | - Muna F Anjum
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sunee Korbsrisate
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Edouard E Galyov
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Danish J Malik
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Martha R J Clokie
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
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21
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Misol GN, Kokkari C, Katharios P. Biological and Genomic Characterization of a Novel Jumbo Bacteriophage, vB_VhaM_pir03 with Broad Host Lytic Activity against Vibrio harveyi. Pathogens 2020; 9:E1051. [PMID: 33333990 PMCID: PMC7765460 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9121051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio harveyi is a Gram-negative marine bacterium that causes major disease outbreaks and economic losses in aquaculture. Phage therapy has been considered as a potential alternative to antibiotics however, candidate bacteriophages require comprehensive characterization for a safe and practical phage therapy. In this work, a lytic novel jumbo bacteriophage, vB_VhaM_pir03 belonging to the Myoviridae family was isolated and characterized against V. harveyi type strain DSM19623. It had broad host lytic activity against 31 antibiotic-resistant strains of V. harveyi, V. alginolyticus, V. campbellii and V. owensii. Adsorption time of vB_VhaM_pir03 was determined at 6 min while the latent-phase was at 40 min and burst-size at 75 pfu/mL. vB_VhaM_pir03 was able to lyse several host strains at multiplicity-of-infections (MOI) 0.1 to 10. The genome of vB_VhaM_pir03 consists of 286,284 base pairs with 334 predicted open reading frames (ORFs). No virulence, antibiotic resistance, integrase encoding genes and transducing potential were detected. Phylogenetic and phylogenomic analysis showed that vB_VhaM_pir03 is a novel bacteriophage displaying the highest similarity to another jumbo phage, vB_BONAISHI infecting Vibrio coralliilyticus. Experimental phage therapy trial using brine shrimp, Artemia salina infected with V. harveyi demonstrated that vB_VhaM_pir03 was able to significantly reduce mortality 24 h post infection when administered at MOI 0.1 which suggests that it can be an excellent candidate for phage therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald N. Misol
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Center for Marine Research, 71500 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; (G.N.M.J.); (C.K.)
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Constantina Kokkari
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Center for Marine Research, 71500 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; (G.N.M.J.); (C.K.)
| | - Pantelis Katharios
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Center for Marine Research, 71500 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; (G.N.M.J.); (C.K.)
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22
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Effectiveness of Phage-Based Inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes in Food Products and Food Processing Environments. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8111764. [PMID: 33182551 PMCID: PMC7697088 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8111764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Providing safe products and compliance of legal requirements is still a great challenge for food manufacturers regarding microbiological safety, especially in the context of Listeria monocytogenes food contamination. L. monocytogenes is a human pathogen, which, due to the ability of survival and proliferation in preservation conditions such as high salinity, acidity and refrigeration temperatures, is a significant threat to the food industry. Novel methods of elimination of the bacterial pathogen in food products and food processing environments are required. Among emerging technologies, one of the very promising solutions is using bacteriophages as natural control agents. This review focus on the major aspects of phage-based inhibition of L. monocytogenes in aspects of food safety. We describe an overview of foods and technological factors influencing the efficacy of phage use in biocontrol of L. monocytogenes. The most noteworthy are food matrix properties, phage concentration and stability, the time of phage application and product storage temperature. The combined methods, phage immobilization (active packing), pathogen resistance to phages and legislation aspects of antilisterial bacteriophage use in the food industry are also discussed.
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Ahmadi H, Barbut S, Lim LT, Balamurugan S. Examination of the Use of Bacteriophage as an Additive and Determining Its Best Application Method to Control Listeria monocytogenes in a Cooked-Meat Model System. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:779. [PMID: 32670205 PMCID: PMC7326079 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The study examined the efficacy of using bacteriophage as an additive in a cooked-meat model system to control growth of contaminating Listeria monocytogenes during subsequent storage. Studies were designed where Listeria bacteriophage A511 and L. monocytogenes introduced inside or on the surface of the cooked-meat to simulate different bacteriophage application and pathogen contamination scenarios. These scenarios include: (1) A511 and L. monocytogenes in meat; (2) A511 in meat, L. monocytogenes on surface; (3) L. monocytogenes in meat, A511 on surface; and (4) L. monocytogenes followed by A511 on meat surface. Real world bacteriophage application and pathogen contamination levels of 109 PFU/g and 103-4 CFU/g, respectively, were used. These meats were then vacuum packaged and stored at 4°C and changes in A511 titers and L. monocytogenes numbers were enumerated during the 28-day storage. Under the conditions tested, application of A511 directly on top of L. monocytogenes contaminating the surface of the meat was the only scenario where L. monocytogenes numbers were reduced to below detection limits and remained significantly lower than the controls for up to 20 days. Although A511 titers remained stable when applied as an additive in meat, they were not successful in controlling growth of the contaminating L. monocytogenes (present inside or on surface of meat). Similarly, application of A511 on the surface of the meat could not control growth of L. monocytogenes present inside the meat. L. monocytogenes numbers increased from the initial 3-log CFU/g to 9-log CFU/g similar to the controls by the end of the 28-day storage. These results suggest that bacteriophages are effective in controlling growth of surface contaminating bacteria only when applied directly onto the surface of the contaminated food product, and are ineffective as a biocontrol agent when used as an additive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanie Ahmadi
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Shai Barbut
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Loong-Tak Lim
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - S. Balamurugan
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Sommer J, Trautner C, Witte AK, Fister S, Schoder D, Rossmanith P, Mester PJ. Don't Shut the Stable Door after the Phage Has Bolted-The Importance of Bacteriophage Inactivation in Food Environments. Viruses 2019; 11:E468. [PMID: 31121941 PMCID: PMC6563225 DOI: 10.3390/v11050468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, a new potential measure against foodborne pathogenic bacteria was rediscovered-bacteriophages. However, despite all their advantages, in connection to their widespread application in the food industry, negative consequences such as an uncontrolled phage spread as well as a development of phage resistant bacteria can occur. These problems are mostly a result of long-term persistence of phages in the food production environment. As this topic has been neglected so far, this article reviews the current knowledge regarding the effectiveness of disinfectant strategies for phage inactivation and removal. For this purpose, the main commercial phage products, as well as their application fields are first discussed in terms of applicable inactivation strategies and legal regulations. Secondly, an overview of the effectiveness of disinfectants for bacteriophage inactivation in general and commercial phages in particular is given. Finally, this review outlines a possible strategy for users of commercial phage products in order to improve the effectiveness of phage inactivation and removal after application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Sommer
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Monitoring of Microbial Contaminants, Department for Farm Animal and Public Health in Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Christoph Trautner
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Monitoring of Microbial Contaminants, Department for Farm Animal and Public Health in Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Anna Kristina Witte
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Monitoring of Microbial Contaminants, Department for Farm Animal and Public Health in Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
- HTK Hygiene Technologie Kompetenzzentrum GmbH, Buger Str. 80, 96049 Bamberg, Germany.
| | - Susanne Fister
- Former member of Christian Doppler Laboratory for Monitoring of Microbial Contaminants, Institute of Milk Hygiene, Milk Technology and Food Science, Department for Farm Animal and Public Veterinary Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Dagmar Schoder
- Unit of Food Microbiology, Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, Department for Farm Animal and Public Health in Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Peter Rossmanith
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Monitoring of Microbial Contaminants, Department for Farm Animal and Public Health in Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
- Unit of Food Microbiology, Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, Department for Farm Animal and Public Health in Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Patrick-Julian Mester
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Monitoring of Microbial Contaminants, Department for Farm Animal and Public Health in Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
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25
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Shannon R, Radford DR, Balamurugan S. Impacts of food matrix on bacteriophage and endolysin antimicrobial efficacy and performance. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2019; 60:1631-1640. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2019.1584874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Shannon
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- Guelph Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Devon R. Radford
- Guelph Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sampathkumar Balamurugan
- Guelph Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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