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Zhang M, Ren X, Li Y, Wang Y, Li Y, Ma Z, Wang Y, Feng J. Baseline sensitivity and physiological characteristics of natural product hinokitiol against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024. [PMID: 39229825 DOI: 10.1002/ps.8395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, a pathogenic fungus of oilseed rape, poses a severe threat to the oilseed rapeseed industry. In this study, we evaluated the potential of the natural compound hinokitiol against S. sclerotiorum by determining its biological activity and physiological characteristics. RESULTS Our results showed that hinokitiol strongly inhibited the hyphae expansion of S. sclerotiorum, and its effective concentration of hyphae growing inhibition by 50% (EC50) against 103 S. sclerotiorum strains varied from 0.36 to 3.45 μg/mL, with an average of 1.23 μg/mL. Hinokitiol possessed better protective efficacy than therapeutic effects, and it exhibited no cross-resistance between carbendazim. After treatment with hinokitiol, many vesicular protrusions developed on the mycelium with rough surface and thickened cell wall. Moreover, the cell membrane permeability and glycerol content increased, while the oxalic acid declined after hinokitiol treatment. In addition, hinokitiol induced membrane lipid peroxidation and improved the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in S. sclerotiorum. Importantly, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction showed that cell wall and ROS synthesis-related genes were significantly up-regulated after hinokitiol treatment. CONCLUSION This study revealed that hinokitiol has good biological activity against S. sclerotiorum and could be considered as an alternative bio-fungicide for the resistance management in controlling sclerotinia stem rot infected by S. sclerotiorum. These investigations provided new insights into understanding the toxic action of hinokitiol against pathogenic fungi. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xingyu Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Provincial Center for Bio-Pesticide Engineering, Yangling, China
| | - Yuying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yaqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Zhiqing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Provincial Center for Bio-Pesticide Engineering, Yangling, China
| | - Yong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Provincial Center for Bio-Pesticide Engineering, Yangling, China
| | - Juntao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Provincial Center for Bio-Pesticide Engineering, Yangling, China
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Shang Q, Jiang D, Xie J, Cheng J, Xiao X. The schizotrophic lifestyle of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13423. [PMID: 38407560 PMCID: PMC10895550 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a cosmopolitan and typical necrotrophic phytopathogenic fungus that infects hundreds of plant species. Because no cultivars highly resistant to S. sclerotiorum are available, managing Sclerotinia disease caused by S. sclerotiorum is still challenging. However, recent studies have demonstrated that S. sclerotiorum has a beneficial effect and can live mutualistically as an endophyte in graminaceous plants, protecting the plants against major fungal diseases. An in-depth understanding of the schizotrophic lifestyle of S. sclerotiorum during interactions with plants under different environmental conditions will provide new strategies for controlling fungal disease. In this review, we summarize the pathogenesis mechanisms of S. sclerotiorum during its attack of host plants as a destructive pathogen and discuss its lifestyle as a beneficial endophytic fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingna Shang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryWuhanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Daohong Jiang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryWuhanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Jiatao Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryWuhanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Jiasen Cheng
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryWuhanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Xueqiong Xiao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
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Xiao K, Liu L, He R, Rollins JA, Li A, Zhang G, He X, Wang R, Liu J, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Pan H. The Snf5-Hsf1 transcription module synergistically regulates stress responses and pathogenicity by maintaining ROS homeostasis in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:1794-1812. [PMID: 38135652 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The SWI/SNF complex is guided to the promoters of designated genes by its co-operator to activate transcription in a timely and appropriate manner to govern development, pathogenesis, and stress responses in fungi. Nevertheless, knowledge of the complexes and their co-operator in phytopathogenic fungi is still fragmented. We demonstrate that the heat shock transcription factor SsHsf1 guides the SWI/SNF complex to promoters of heat shock protein (hsp) genes and antioxidant enzyme genes using biochemistry and pharmacology. This is accomplished through direct interaction with the complex subunit SsSnf5 under heat shock and oxidative stress. This results in the activation of their transcription and mediates histone displacement to maintain reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis. Genetic results demonstrate that the transcription module formed by SsSnf5 and SsHsf1 is responsible for regulating morphogenesis, stress tolerance, and pathogenicity in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, especially by directly activating the transcription of hsp genes and antioxidant enzyme genes counteracting plant-derived ROS. Furthermore, we show that stress-induced phosphorylation of SsSnf5 is necessary for the formation of the transcription module. This study establishes that the SWI/SNF complex and its co-operator cooperatively regulate the transcription of hsp genes and antioxidant enzyme genes to respond to host and environmental stress in the devastating phytopathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunqin Xiao
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Ling Liu
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Ruonan He
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Jeffrey A Rollins
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Anmo Li
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Guiping Zhang
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Xiaoyue He
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Rui Wang
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Jinliang Liu
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Xianghui Zhang
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Yanhua Zhang
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Hongyu Pan
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
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Hossain MM, Sultana F, Li W, Tran LSP, Mostofa MG. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary: Insights into the Pathogenomic Features of a Global Pathogen. Cells 2023; 12:cells12071063. [PMID: 37048136 PMCID: PMC10093061 DOI: 10.3390/cells12071063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary is a broad host-range fungus that infects an inclusive array of plant species and afflicts significant yield losses globally. Despite being a notorious pathogen, it has an uncomplicated life cycle consisting of either basal infection from myceliogenically germinated sclerotia or aerial infection from ascospores of carpogenically germinated sclerotia. This fungus is unique among necrotrophic pathogens in that it inevitably colonizes aging tissues to initiate an infection, where a saprophytic stage follows the pathogenic phase. The release of cell wall-degrading enzymes, oxalic acid, and effector proteins are considered critical virulence factors necessary for the effective pathogenesis of S. sclerotiorum. Nevertheless, the molecular basis of S. sclerotiorum pathogenesis is still imprecise and remains a topic of continuing research. Previous comprehensive sequencing of the S. sclerotiorum genome has revealed new insights into its genome organization and provided a deeper comprehension of the sophisticated processes involved in its growth, development, and virulence. This review focuses on the genetic and genomic aspects of fungal biology and molecular pathogenicity to summarize current knowledge of the processes utilized by S. sclerotiorum to parasitize its hosts. Understanding the molecular mechanisms regulating the infection process of S. sclerotiorum will contribute to devising strategies for preventing infections caused by this destructive pathogen.
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He S, Huang Y, Sun Y, Liu B, Wang S, Xuan Y, Gao Z. The Secreted Ribonuclease SRE1 Contributes to Setosphaeria turcica Virulence and Activates Plant Immunity. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:941991. [PMID: 35875548 PMCID: PMC9304870 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.941991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During the plant infection process, pathogens can secrete several effectors. Some of the effectors are well-known for their roles in regulating plant immunity and promoting successful pathogen colonization. However, there are few studies on the ribonuclease (RNase) effectors secreted by fungi. In the present study, we discovered a secretable RNase (SRE1) in the secretome of Setosphaeria turcica that was significantly upregulated during the early stages of S. turcica infection in maize. Knockdown of SRE1 significantly reduced the virulence of S. turcica. SRE1 can induce cell death in maize and Nicotiana benthamiana. However, unlike the conventional hypersensitive response (HR) caused by other effectors, SRE1 is not dependent on its signal peptide (SP) or plant receptor kinases (such as BAK1 and SOBIR1). SRE1-induced cell death depends upon its enzymatic activity and the N-terminal β-hairpin structure. SRE1 relies on its N-terminal β-hairpin structure to enter cells, and then degrades plant's RNA through its catalytic activity causing cytotoxic effects. Additionally, SRE1 enhances N. benthamiana's resistance to pathogenic fungi and oomycetes. In summary, SRE1 promotes the virulence of S. turcica, inducing plant cell death and activating plant immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shidao He
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yufei Huang
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yanqiu Sun
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Bo Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Yan'an University, Yan'an, China
| | - Suna Wang
- College of Landscape and Ecological Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| | - Yuanhu Xuan
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zenggui Gao
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Zenggui Gao
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Liu L, Lyu X, Pan Z, Wang Q, Mu W, Benny U, Rollins JA, Pan H. The C2H2 Transcription Factor SsZFH1 Regulates the Size, Number, and Development of Apothecia in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:1476-1485. [PMID: 35021860 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-09-21-0378-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a notorious phytopathogenic Ascomycota fungus with a host range of >600 plant species worldwide. This homothallic Leotiomycetes species reproduces sexually through a multicellular apothecium that produces and releases ascospores. These ascospores serve as the primary inoculum source for disease initiation in the majority of S. sclerotiorum disease cycles. The regulation of apothecium development for this pathogen and other apothecium-producing fungi remains largely unknown. Here, we report that a C2H2 transcription factor, SsZFH1 (zinc finger homologous protein), is necessary for the proper development and maturation of sclerotia and apothecia in S. sclerotiorum and is required for the normal growth rate of hyphae. Furthermore, ΔSszfh1 strains exhibit decreased H2O2 accumulation in hyphae, increased melanin deposition, and enhanced tolerance to H2O2 in the process of vegetative growth and sclerotia formation. Infection assays on common bean leaves, with thin cuticles, and soybean and tomato leaves, with thick cuticles, suggest that the deletion of Sszfh1 slows the mycelial growth rate, which in turn affects the expansion of leaf lesions. Collectively, our results provide novel insights into a major fungal factor mediating maturation of apothecia with additional effects on hyphae and sclerotia development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Liu
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Xingming Lyu
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Zequn Pan
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Qiaochu Wang
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Wenhui Mu
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Ulla Benny
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, U.S.A
| | - Jeffrey A Rollins
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, U.S.A
| | - Hongyu Pan
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
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7
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SsNEP2 Contributes to the Virulence of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11040446. [PMID: 35456121 PMCID: PMC9026538 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11040446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a notorious soilborne fungal pathogen that causes serious economic losses globally. The necrosis and ethylene-inducible peptide 1 (NEP1)-like proteins (NLPs) were previously shown to play an important role in pathogenicity in fungal and oomycete pathogens. Here, we generated S. sclerotiorum necrosis and ethylene-inducible peptide 2 (SsNEP2) deletion mutant through homologous recombination and found that SsNEP2 contributes to the virulence of S. sclerotiorum without affecting the development of mycelia, the formation of appressoria, or the secretion of oxalic acid. Although knocking out SsNEP2 did not affect fungal sensitivity to oxidative stress, it did lead to decreased accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in S. sclerotiorum. Furthermore, Ssnlp24SsNEP2 peptide derived from SsNEP2 triggered host mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation, increased defense marker gene expression, and enhanced resistance to Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis Noco2. Taken together, our data suggest that SsNEP2 is involved in fungal virulence by affecting ROS levels in S. sclerotiorum. It can serve as a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) and trigger host pattern triggered immunity to promote the necrotrophic lifestyle of S. sclerotiorum.
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Balachandra VK, Ghosh SK. Emerging roles of SWI/SNF remodelers in fungal pathogens. Curr Genet 2022; 68:195-206. [PMID: 35001152 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-021-01219-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fungal pathogens constantly sense and respond to the environment they inhabit, and this interaction is vital for their survival inside hosts and exhibiting pathogenic traits. Since such responses often entail specific patterns of gene expression, regulators of chromatin structure contribute to the fitness and virulence of the pathogens by modulating DNA accessibility to the transcriptional machinery. Recent studies in several human and plant fungal pathogens have uncovered the SWI/SNF group of chromatin remodelers as an important determinant of pathogenic traits and provided insights into their mechanism of function. Here, we review these studies and highlight the differential functions of these remodeling complexes and their subunits in regulating fungal fitness and pathogenicity. As an extension of our previous study, we also show that loss of specific RSC subunits can predispose the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans cells to filamentous growth in a context-dependent manner. Finally, we consider the potential of targeting the fungal SWI/SNF remodeling complexes for antifungal interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinutha K Balachandra
- IITB-Monash Research Academy, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Santanu K Ghosh
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India.
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Jian Y, Shim WB, Ma Z. Multiple functions of SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex in plant-pathogen interactions. STRESS BIOLOGY 2021; 1:18. [PMID: 37676626 PMCID: PMC10442046 DOI: 10.1007/s44154-021-00019-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
The SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex utilizes the energy of ATP hydrolysis to facilitate chromatin access and plays essential roles in DNA-based events. Studies in animals, plants and fungi have uncovered sophisticated regulatory mechanisms of this complex that govern development and various stress responses. In this review, we summarize the composition of SWI/SNF complex in eukaryotes and discuss multiple functions of the SWI/SNF complex in regulating gene transcription, mRNA splicing, and DNA damage response. Our review further highlights the importance of SWI/SNF complex in regulating plant immunity responses and fungal pathogenesis. Finally, the potentials in exploiting chromatin remodeling for management of crop disease are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunqing Jian
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Won-Bo Shim
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Zhonghua Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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Chen Y, Cao Y, Gai Y, Ma H, Zhu Z, Chung KR, Li H. Genome-Wide Identification and Functional Characterization of GATA Transcription Factor Gene Family in Alternaria alternata. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7121013. [PMID: 34946995 PMCID: PMC8706292 DOI: 10.3390/jof7121013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we identified six GATA transcription factors (AaAreA, AaAreB, AaLreA, AaLreB, AaNsdD, and AaSreA) and characterized their functions in response to environmental stress and virulence in the tangerine pathotype of Alternaria alternata. The targeted gene knockout of each of the GATA-coding genes decreased the growth to varying degrees. The mutation of AaAreA, AaAreB, AaLreB, or AaNsdD decreased the conidiation. All the GATA transcription factors were found to be required for tolerance to cumyl hydroperoxide and tert-butyl-hydroperoxide (oxidants) and Congo red (a cell-wall-destructing agent). Pathogenicity assays assessed on detached citrus leaves revealed that mutations of AaAreA, AaLreA, AaLreB, or AaNsdD significantly decreased the fungal virulence. A comparative transcriptome analysis between the ∆AreA mutant and the wild-type strain revealed that the inactivation of AaAreA led to alterations in the expression of genes involved in a number of biological processes, including oxidoreductase activity, amino acid metabolism, and secondary metabolite biogenesis. Taken together, our findings revealed that GATA-coding genes play diverse roles in response to environmental stress and are important regulators involved in fungal development, conidiation, ROS detoxification, as well as pathogenesis. This study, for the first time, systemically underlines the critical role of GATA transcription factors in response to environmental stress and virulence in A. alternata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, The Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.C.); (Y.C.); (Y.G.); (H.M.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Yingzi Cao
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, The Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.C.); (Y.C.); (Y.G.); (H.M.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Yunpeng Gai
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, The Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.C.); (Y.C.); (Y.G.); (H.M.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Haijie Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, The Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.C.); (Y.C.); (Y.G.); (H.M.); (Z.Z.)
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Zengrong Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, The Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.C.); (Y.C.); (Y.G.); (H.M.); (Z.Z.)
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Sanya 572000, China
| | - Kuang-Ren Chung
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan;
| | - Hongye Li
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, The Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.C.); (Y.C.); (Y.G.); (H.M.); (Z.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-13634190823
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Zhou T, Liu H, Huang Y, Wang Z, Shan Y, Yue Y, Xia Z, Liang Y, An M, Wu Y. ε-poly- L-lysine Affects the Vegetative Growth, Pathogenicity and Expression Regulation of Necrotrophic Pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Botrytis cinerea. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7100821. [PMID: 34682242 PMCID: PMC8540936 DOI: 10.3390/jof7100821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial secondary metabolites produced by Streptomyces are applied to control plant diseases. The metabolite, ε-poly-l-lysine (ε-PL), is a non-toxic food preservative, but the potential application of this compound as a microbial fungicide in agriculture is rarely reported. In this study, the effect and mode of action of ε-PL on two necrotrophic pathogenic fungi, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Botrytis cinerea, were investigated. The results showed that ε-PL effectively inhibited the mycelial growth of S. sclerotiorum and B. cinerea with EC50 values of 283 μg/mL and 281 μg/mL, respectively. In addition, ε-PL at the dose of 150 and 300 μg/mL reduced S. sclerotiorum sclerotia formation. The results of the RNA-seq and RT-qPCR validation indicated that ε-PL significantly regulated the gene expression of critical differential expressed genes (DEGs) involved in fungal growth, metabolism, pathogenicity, and induced an increase in the expression of the fungal stress responses and the detoxification genes. These results provided new insights for understanding the modes of action of ε-PL on S. sclerotiorum and B. cinerea and improved the sustainable management of these plant diseases.
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John E, Singh KB, Oliver RP, Tan K. Transcription factor control of virulence in phytopathogenic fungi. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:858-881. [PMID: 33973705 PMCID: PMC8232033 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Plant-pathogenic fungi are a significant threat to economic and food security worldwide. Novel protection strategies are required and therefore it is critical we understand the mechanisms by which these pathogens cause disease. Virulence factors and pathogenicity genes have been identified, but in many cases their roles remain elusive. It is becoming increasingly clear that gene regulation is vital to enable plant infection and transcription factors play an essential role. Efforts to determine their regulatory functions in plant-pathogenic fungi have expanded since the annotation of fungal genomes revealed the ubiquity of transcription factors from a broad range of families. This review establishes the significance of transcription factors as regulatory elements in plant-pathogenic fungi and provides a systematic overview of those that have been functionally characterized. Detailed analysis is provided on regulators from well-characterized families controlling various aspects of fungal metabolism, development, stress tolerance, and the production of virulence factors such as effectors and secondary metabolites. This covers conserved transcription factors with either specialized or nonspecialized roles, as well as recently identified regulators targeting key virulence pathways. Fundamental knowledge of transcription factor regulation in plant-pathogenic fungi provides avenues to identify novel virulence factors and improve our understanding of the regulatory networks linked to pathogen evolution, while transcription factors can themselves be specifically targeted for disease control. Areas requiring further insight regarding the molecular mechanisms and/or specific classes of transcription factors are identified, and direction for future investigation is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan John
- Centre for Crop and Disease ManagementCurtin UniversityBentleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
- School of Molecular and Life SciencesCurtin UniversityBentleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Karam B. Singh
- Agriculture and FoodCommonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research OrganisationFloreatWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Richard P. Oliver
- School of Molecular and Life SciencesCurtin UniversityBentleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Kar‐Chun Tan
- Centre for Crop and Disease ManagementCurtin UniversityBentleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
- School of Molecular and Life SciencesCurtin UniversityBentleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
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13
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Ding LN, Li T, Guo XJ, Li M, Liu XY, Cao J, Tan XL. Sclerotinia Stem Rot Resistance in Rapeseed: Recent Progress and Future Prospects. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:2965-2978. [PMID: 33667087 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c07351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Sclerotinia stem rot (SSR) of rapeseed (Brassica napus), caused by the soil-borne fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, is one of the main diseases seriously affecting the yield and oil quality of infected rapeseed crops. The complexity of the inheritance of resistance and of the interaction mechanisms between rapeseed and S. sclerotiorum limits resistance gene identification and molecular breeding. In this review, the latest progress of research into resistance to SSR in B. napus is summarized from the following three directions: the pathogenesis mechanisms of S. sclerotiorum, the resistance mechanisms of B. napus toward S. sclerotiorum, and rapeseed breeding for resistance to SSR. This review aims to provide a theoretical basis and useful reference for analyzing the mechanism of the interaction between B. napus and S. sclerotiorum, searching for gene loci associated with the resistance response, and for achieving disease-resistance genetic manipulation and molecular design breeding in rapeseed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Na Ding
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Teng Li
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiao-Juan Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Ming Li
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jun Cao
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiao-Li Tan
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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14
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Wei W, Pierre-Pierre N, Peng H, Ellur V, Vandemark GJ, Chen W. The D-galacturonic acid catabolic pathway genes differentially regulate virulence and salinity response in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Fungal Genet Biol 2020; 145:103482. [PMID: 33137429 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2020.103482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum causes white mold disease on a wide range of economically important crops such as soybean, canola, tomato, pea and sunflower. As one of the most successful plant pathogens, S. sclerotiorum has the unique ability of adapting to various environmental conditions and effectively suppressing or evading plant defense. Notably, S. sclerotiorum secretes an array of plant cell-wall degrading enzymes (CWDEs) to macerate host cell wall and utilizes the liberated monosaccharides and oligosaccharides as nutrients. One of the major plant cell wall constituents is polygalacturonic acid in pectin, with D-galacturonic acid being the most abundant component. In this research, we identified four S. sclerotiorum genes that encode the enzymes for the D-galacturonic acid catabolism, namely Ssgar1, Ssgar2, Sslgd1 and Sslga1. Gene-knockout mutants were created for all four catabolic genes. When cultured on pectin as the alternative carbon source, Sslgd1- and Sslga1-deletion mutants and Ssgar1/Ssgar2 double deletion mutants exhibited significantly reduced growth. The D-galacturonic acid catabolic genes are transcriptionally induced by either polygalacturonic acid in the culture media or during host infection. Virulence tests of the knockout mutants revealed that Ssgar2, Sslgd1 and Sslga1 all facilitated the effective colonization of S. sclerotiorum to the leaves of soybean and pea, but not of tomato which has the lowest D-galacturonic acid contents in its leaves. In addition to their positive roles in virulence, all four enzymes negatively affect S. sclerotiorum tolerance to salt stress. SsGAR2 has an additional function in tolerance to Congo Red, suggesting a potential role in cell wall stability of S. sclerotiorum. This study is the first report revealing the versatile functions of D-galacturonic acid catabolic genes in S. sclerotiorum virulence, salinity response and cell wall integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
| | | | - Hao Peng
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Vishnutej Ellur
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - George J Vandemark
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; USDA Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Weidong Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; USDA Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
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15
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Zhang C, Wang G, Deng W, Li T. Distribution, evolution and expression of GATA-TFs provide new insights into their functions in light response and fruiting body development of Tolypocladium guangdongense. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9784. [PMID: 32923181 PMCID: PMC7457929 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fungal GATA-type transcription factors (GATA-TFs) are a class of transcriptional regulators involved in various biological processes. However, their functions are rarely analyzed systematically, especially in edible or medicinal fungi, such as Tolypocladium guangdongense, which has various medicinal and food safety properties with a broad range of potential applications in healthcare products and the pharmaceutical industry. Methods GATA-TFs in T. guangdongense (TgGATAs) were identified using InterProScan. The type, distribution, and gene structure of TgGATAs were analyzed by genome-wide analyses. A phylogenetic tree was constructed to analyze their evolutionary relationships using the neighbor-joining (NJ) method. To explore the functions of GATA-TFs, conserved domains were analyzed using MEME, and cis-elements were predicted using the PlantCARE database. In addition, the expression patterns of TgGATAs under different light conditions and developmental stages were studied using qPCR. Results Seven TgGATAs were identified. They were randomly distributed on four chromosomes and contained one to four exons. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that GATA-TFs in each subgroup are highly conserved, especially for GATA1 to GATA5. Intron distribution analyses suggested that GATA1 and GATA3 possessed the most conserved gene structures. Light treatments induced the expression levels of TgGATA1 and TgGATA5-7, but the expression levels varied depending on the duration of illumination. The predicted protein structures indicate that TgGATA1 and TgGATA2 possess typical light-responsive domains and may function as photoreceptors to regulate downstream biological processes. TgGATA3 and TgGATA5 may be involved in nitrogen metabolism and siderophore biosynthesis, respectively. TgGATA6 and TgGATA7 possess unique Zn finger loop sequences, suggesting that they may have special functions. Furthermore, gene expression analysis indicated that TgGATA1 (WC1) was notably involved in mycelial color transformation, while other genes were involved in fruiting body development to some extent. These results provide valuable information to further explore the mechanisms through which TgGATAs are regulated during fruiting body development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gangzheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wangqiu Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Taihui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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16
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Xia S, Xu Y, Hoy R, Zhang J, Qin L, Li X. The Notorious Soilborne Pathogenic Fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum: An Update on Genes Studied with Mutant Analysis. Pathogens 2019; 9:pathogens9010027. [PMID: 31892134 PMCID: PMC7168625 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ascomycete Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary is one of the most damaging soilborne fungal pathogens affecting hundreds of plant hosts, including many economically important crops. Its genomic sequence has been available for less than a decade, and it was recently updated with higher completion and better gene annotation. Here, we review key molecular findings on the unique biology and pathogenesis process of S. sclerotiorum, focusing on genes that have been studied in depth using mutant analysis. Analyses of these genes have revealed critical players in the basic biological processes of this unique pathogen, including mycelial growth, appressorium establishment, sclerotial formation, apothecial and ascospore development, and virulence. Additionally, the synthesis has uncovered gaps in the current knowledge regarding this fungus. We hope that this review will serve to build a better current understanding of the biology of this under-studied notorious soilborne pathogenic fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shitou Xia
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China;
- Correspondence: (S.X.); (X.L.)
| | - Yan Xu
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; (Y.X.); (R.H.)
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Ryan Hoy
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; (Y.X.); (R.H.)
| | - Julia Zhang
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada;
| | - Lei Qin
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China;
| | - Xin Li
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; (Y.X.); (R.H.)
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Correspondence: (S.X.); (X.L.)
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17
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Yu M, Yu J, Cao H, Yong M, Liu Y. Genome-wide identification and analysis of the GATA transcription factor gene family in Ustilaginoidea virens. Genome 2019; 62:807-816. [PMID: 31437416 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2018-0190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In filamentous fungi, the conserved transcription factors play important roles in multiple cellular and developmental processes. The GATA proteins, a family of GATA-binding zinc finger transcription factors, play diverse functions in fungi. Ustilaginoidea virens is an economically important pathogen-causing rice false smut worldwide. To gain additional insight into the cellular and molecular mechanisms of this pathogen, in this study, we identified and functionally characterized seven GATA proteins from the U. virens genome (UvGATA). Sequences analysis indicated that these GATA proteins are divided into seven clades. The proteins in each clade contained conserved clade-specific sequences and structures, thus leading to the same motif serving different purposes in various contexts. The expression profiles of UvGATA genes at different infection stages and under H2O2 stress were detected. Results showed that the majority of UvGATA genes performed functions at both processes, thereby confirming the roles of these genes in pathogenicity and reactive oxygen species stress tolerance. This study provided an important starting point to further explore the biological functions of UvGATA genes and increased our understanding of their potential transcriptional regulatory mechanisms in U. virens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Yu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing 210014, China.,Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Junjie Yu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing 210014, China.,Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Huijuan Cao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing 210014, China.,Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Mingli Yong
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing 210014, China.,Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yongfeng Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing 210014, China.,Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing 210014, China
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18
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Liu L, Wang Q, Zhang X, Liu J, Zhang Y, Pan H. Ssams2, a Gene Encoding GATA Transcription Factor, Is Required for Appressoria Formation and Chromosome Segregation in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:3031. [PMID: 30574138 PMCID: PMC6291475 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
AMS2, amulticopy suppressor for the cpn1 (SpCENP-A) mutant, functions to specifically regulate histone genes transcription and chromosome segregation. As a cell-cycle-regulated GATA transcription factor in eukaryotic organisms, little research has been done on the role of AMS2 protein in pathogenic fungi. In Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Ssams2 (SS1G_03252) encodes a protein which has been predicted to contain GATA-box domain. Here, Ssams2-silenced strains with significantly reduced Ssams2 gene expression levels exhibited defect in hyphal growth, hyphal branching patterns, compound appressoria differentiation and the oxalic acid production compared to the wild-type (WT) strain. By common bean leaves infection assays, we identified the role of Ssams2 in full virulence. Furthermore, the numbers of cell nucleus in the same length of mycelium in Ssams2-silenced transformants were significantly less than that in the WT strain. The expression levels of histone genes and cell cycle genes in transformants were down-regulated significantly in the RNAi strains. Taken together, our work suggests that the TF SsAMS2 is required for growth, appressoria formation, virulence, and chromosome segregation in S. sclerotiorum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Liu
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qiaochu Wang
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xianghui Zhang
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jinliang Liu
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yanhua Zhang
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongyu Pan
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Li J, Zhang X, Li L, Liu J, Zhang Y, Pan H. Proteomics Analysis of SsNsd1-Mediated Compound Appressoria Formation in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2946. [PMID: 30262736 PMCID: PMC6213358 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19102946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary is a devastating necrotrophic fungal pathogen attacking a broad range of agricultural crops. In this study, although the transcript accumulation of SsNsd1, a GATA-type IVb transcription factor, was much lower during the vegetative hyphae stage, its mutants completely abolished the development of compound appressoria. To further elucidate how SsNsd1 influenced the appressorium formation, we conducted proteomics-based analysis of the wild-type and ΔSsNsd1 mutant by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE). A total number of 43 differentially expressed proteins (≥3-fold change) were observed. Of them, 77% were downregulated, whereas 14% were upregulated. Four protein spots fully disappeared in the mutants. Further, we evaluated these protein sequences by mass spectrometry analysis of the peptide mass and obtained functionally annotated 40 proteins, among which only 17 proteins (38%) were identified to have known functions including energy production, metabolism, protein fate, stress response, cellular organization, and cell growth and division. However, the remaining 23 proteins (56%) were characterized as hypothetical proteins among which four proteins (17%) were predicted to contain the signal peptides. In conclusion, the differentially expressed proteins identified in this study shed light on the ΔSsNsd1 mutant-mediated appressorium deficiency and can be used in future investigations to better understand the signaling mechanisms of SsNsd1 in S. sclerotiorum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingtao Li
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.
| | - Xianghui Zhang
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Le Li
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Jinliang Liu
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Yanhua Zhang
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Hongyu Pan
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
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