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Fara A, Hernández Hernández O, Palacios J, Montilla A, Zárate G. In vitro and in vivo digestibility of prebiotic galactooligosacharides synthesized by β-galactosidase from Lactobacillus delbruecki subsp. bulgaricus CRL450. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024. [PMID: 38563403 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The general assumption that prebiotics reach the colon without any alterations has been challenged. Some in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that 'non-digestible' oligosaccharides are digested to different degrees depending on their structural composition. In the present study, we compared different methods aiming to assess the digestibility of oligosaccharides synthesized by β-galactosidase (β-gal) of Lactobacillus delbruecki subsp. bulgaricus CRL450 (CRL450-β-gal) from lactose, lactulose and lactitol. RESULTS In the simulated gastrointestinal fluid method, no changes were observed. However, the oligosaccharides synthesized by CRL450-β-gal were partially hydrolyzed in vitro, depending on their structure and composition, with rat small intestinal extract (RSIE) and small intestinal brush-border membrane vesicles (BBMV) from pig. Digestion of some oligosaccharides increased when mixtures were fed to C57BL/6 mice used as in vivo model; however, lactulose-oligosaccharides were the most resistant to the physiological conditions of mice. In general β (1→6) linked products showed higher resistance compared to β (1→3) oligosaccharides. CONCLUSION In vitro digestion methods, without disaccharidases, may underestimate the importance of carbohydrates hydrolysis in the small intestine. Although BVMM and RSIE digestion assays are appropriate in vitro methods for these studies, in vivo studies remain the most reliable for understanding what actually happens in the digestion of oligosaccharides. © 2024 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustina Fara
- Laboratorio de Ecofisiología Tecnológica, CERELA-CONICET, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Oswaldo Hernández Hernández
- Grupo de Química y Funcionalidad de Carbohidratos y Derivados, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL) (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Palacios
- Laboratorio de Ecofisiología Tecnológica, CERELA-CONICET, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Antonia Montilla
- Grupo de Química y Funcionalidad de Carbohidratos y Derivados, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL) (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Gabriela Zárate
- Laboratorio de Ecofisiología Tecnológica, CERELA-CONICET, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
- Universidad de San Pablo Tucumán, Av. Solano Vera y Camino a Villa Nougués, Tucumán, Argentina
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Wu Y, Zhang X, Liu X, Li Y, Han D, Pi Y, Whitmore MA, Lu X, Zhang G, Zheng J, Wang J. Strain specificity of lactobacilli with promoted colonization by galactooligosaccharides administration in protecting intestinal barriers during Salmonella infection. J Adv Res 2024; 56:1-14. [PMID: 36894120 PMCID: PMC10834803 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Galactooligosaccharides (GOS) are lactogenic prebiotics that exert health benefits by stimulating the growth of different Lactobacillus strains in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the mechanism of action of different GOS-enriched lactobacilli in intestinal health. METHODS Piglets and mice were supplemented with GOS to identify specific enrichment of Lactobacillus. The protective effects of individual GOS-enriched lactobacilli were investigated in Salmonella-infected mice. Macrophage depletion and transcriptome analysis were further performed to assess the involvement of macrophages and the underlying mechanisms of individual lactobacilli. An in vitro cell co-culture system was also used to evaluate the anti-adhesive and anti-invasive activities of lactobacilli against Salmonella in epithelial cells. RESULTS GOS markedly increased the relative abundance of three lactobacilli including L. delbrueckii, L. johnsonii, and L. reuteri in both piglets and mice. Supplementation with GOS further alleviated Salmonella infection in mice. L. delbrueckii (ATCC®BAA 365™), but not L. johnsonii or L. reuteri, enhanced propionate production in the intestinal tract and ameliorated Salmonella-induced intestinal inflammation and barrier dysfunction by suppressing the JAK2-STAT3 signaling and M1 macrophage polarization. L. johnsonii (BNCC 186110), on the other hand, inhibited Salmonella adhesion and invasion of epithelial cells through competitive exclusion. However, L. reuteri (BNCC 186135) failed to protect mice against Salmonella infection. CONCLUSION GOS-enriched lactobacilli show a differential role in protecting against Salmonella-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction and inflammation. Our results provide novel insights into the mechanism of action of GOS and individual Lactobacillus strains in the control and prevention of intestinal inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaoyi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Dandan Han
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yu Pi
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Melanie A Whitmore
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Xingmiao Lu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guolong Zhang
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Jinkai Zheng
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Junjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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Bevilacqua A, Campaniello D, Speranza B, Racioppo A, Sinigaglia M, Corbo MR. An Update on Prebiotics and on Their Health Effects. Foods 2024; 13:446. [PMID: 38338581 PMCID: PMC10855651 DOI: 10.3390/foods13030446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Prebiotic compounds were originally defined as "a nondigestible food ingredient that beneficially affects the host by selectively stimulating the growth and/or activity of one or a limited number of bacteria in the colon, and thus improves host health"; however, a significant modulation of the definition was carried out in the consensus panel of The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP), and the last definition states that "prebiotics are substrates that are selectively utilized by host microorganisms conferring a health benefit". Health effects of prebiotics compounds attracted the interest of researchers, food companies and Regulatory Agencies, as inferred by the number of articles on Scopus for the keywords "prebiotic" and "health effects", that is ca. 2000, for the period January 2021-January 2024. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to contribute to the debate on these topics by offering an overview of existing knowledge and advances in this field. A literature search was performed for the period 2012-2023 and after the selection of the most relevant items, the attention was focused on seven conditions for which at least 8-10 different studies were found, namely colorectal cancer, neurological or psychiatric conditions, intestinal diseases, obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and immune system disorders. In addition, the analysis of the most recent articles through the software VosViewer version 1.6.20 pointed out the existence of five clusters or macro-categories, namely: (i) pathologies; (ii) metabolic condvitions; (iii) structure and use in food; (iv) immunomodulation; (v) effect on gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Maria Rosaria Corbo
- Department of the Science of Agriculture, Food, Natural Resources and Engineering, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (A.B.); (D.C.); (B.S.); (A.R.); (M.S.)
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He J, Li H, Jia J, Liu Y, Zhang N, Wang R, Qu W, Liu Y, Jia L. Mechanisms by which the intestinal microbiota affects gastrointestinal tumours and therapeutic effects. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2023; 4:45. [PMID: 38032415 PMCID: PMC10689341 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-023-00157-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota is considered to be a forgotten organ in human health and disease. It maintains intestinal homeostasis through various complex mechanisms. A significant body of research has demonstrated notable differences in the gut microbiota of patients with gastrointestinal tumours compared to healthy individuals. Furthermore, the dysregulation of gut microbiota, metabolites produced by gut bacteria, and related signal pathways can partially explain the mechanisms underlying the occurrence and development of gastrointestinal tumours. Therefore, this article summarizes the latest research progress on the gut microbiota and gastrointestinal tumours. Firstly, we provide an overview of the composition and function of the intestinal microbiota and discuss the mechanisms by which the intestinal flora directly or indirectly affects the occurrence and development of gastrointestinal tumours by regulating the immune system, producing bacterial toxins, secreting metabolites. Secondly, we present a detailed analysis of the differences of intestinal microbiota and its pathogenic mechanisms in colorectal cancer, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, etc. Lastly, in terms of treatment strategies, we discuss the effects of the intestinal microbiota on the efficacy and toxic side effects of chemotherapy and immunotherapy and address the role of probiotics, prebiotics, FMT and antibiotic in the treatment of gastrointestinal tumours. In summary, this article provides a comprehensive review of the pathogenic mechanisms of and treatment strategies pertaining to the intestinal microbiota in patients with gastrointestinal tumours. And provide a more comprehensive and precise scientific basis for the development of microbiota-based treatments for gastrointestinal tumours and the prevention of such tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jikai He
- Central Laboratory, Bayannur Hospital, Bayannur, 015000, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Haijun Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Hohhot, 010017, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Jiaqi Jia
- Graduate School of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, No. 98 Chengcheng Road, Youjiang District, Baise City, 533000, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Central Laboratory, Bayannur Hospital, Bayannur, 015000, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Bayannur Hospital, Bayannur, 015000, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Rumeng Wang
- Central Laboratory, Bayannur Hospital, Bayannur, 015000, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Wenhao Qu
- Graduate School of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, No. 98 Chengcheng Road, Youjiang District, Baise City, 533000, China
| | - Yanqi Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot City, 010050, Inner Mongolia, China.
| | - Lizhou Jia
- Central Laboratory, Bayannur Hospital, Bayannur, 015000, Inner Mongolia, China.
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Yu X, Ma F, Dai H, Liu J, Hashem NM, Sun P. Effects of Different Galacto-Oligosaccharide Supplementation on Growth Performance, Immune Function, Serum Nutrients, and Appetite-Related Hormones in Holstein Calves. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3366. [PMID: 37958121 PMCID: PMC10649109 DOI: 10.3390/ani13213366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous study showed that early supplementation with 10 g/(d·head) of galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) in newborn Holstein dairy calves reduced the incidence of diarrhea and improved growth performance and mineral absorption. Since the dose of 10 g/(d·head) was the lowest by dose screening in our previous study, the present study was designed to investigate whether a lower amount of GOS has similar effects on growth performance, immune function, serum nutrients in newborn Holstein heifer calves, and to further investigate its effect on appetite-related hormones. Twenty-eight healthy newborn (1 day of age) Holstein heifers with similar average body weight (41.18 ± 1.90 kg) were randomly divided into four groups (n = 7): the control group (CON group), which received heated raw milk, and three experimental groups, which received heated raw milk supplemented with 2.5 (GOS2.5 group), 5 (GOS5 group), and 10 g/(d·head) (GOS10 group) GOS. All heifer calves were fed the same starter for 28 d. Supplementation with GOS linearly increased the final body weight, average daily gain, and feed efficiency in heifer calves (p < 0.01). Compared with the control group, the average daily gain and feed efficiency of heifer calves were significantly higher in the GOS5 and GOS10 groups than in the control group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, supplementation with GOS quadratically enhanced the starter and total average daily feed intake of the heifers (p < 0.01), especially in the GOS2.5 and GOS5 groups, (p < 0.05 vs. CON). The serum concentration of immunoglobulin A was linearly increased by GOS supplementation (p < 0.05), and the levels in the GOS5 and GOS10 groups were significantly higher than those in the CON group. Meanwhile, GOS linearly decreased serum interleukin-1β and interleukin-6 concentrations (p < 0.05). The serum concentration of triglycerides was also linearly decreased (p < 0.05), whereas total protein and blood urea nitrogen were linearly increased (p < 0.05). Supplementation with GOS linearly decreased the serum concentration of leptin (p < 0.05) but increased cholecystokinin and glucagon-like peptide-1 (p < 0.05). Increasing doses of GOS linearly improved serum calcium and copper concentrations (p < 0.01) and quadratically enhanced the concentration of magnesium, which peaked in the GOS5 group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, GOS supplementation reduced the incidence of diarrhea and improved the growth performance and immune function of Holstein heifer calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fengtao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Haonan Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Junhao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Nesrein M. Hashem
- Department of Animal and Fish Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21545, Egypt;
| | - Peng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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Gu M, Yin W, Zhang J, Yin J, Tang X, Ling J, Tang Z, Yin W, Wang X, Ni Q, Zhu Y, Chen T. Role of gut microbiota and bacterial metabolites in mucins of colorectal cancer. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1119992. [PMID: 37265504 PMCID: PMC10229905 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1119992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major health burden, accounting for approximately 10% of all new cancer cases worldwide. Accumulating evidence suggests that the crosstalk between the host mucins and gut microbiota is associated with the occurrence and development of CRC. Mucins secreted by goblet cells not only protect the intestinal epithelium from microorganisms and invading pathogens but also provide a habitat for commensal bacteria. Conversely, gut dysbiosis results in the dysfunction of mucins, allowing other commensals and their metabolites to pass through the intestinal epithelium, potentially triggering host responses and the subsequent progression of CRC. In this review, we summarize how gut microbiota and bacterial metabolites regulate the function and expression of mucin in CRC and novel treatment strategies for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiangjun Wang
- *Correspondence: Xiangjun Wang, ; Qing Ni, ; Yunxiang Zhu, ; Tuo Chen,
| | - Qing Ni
- *Correspondence: Xiangjun Wang, ; Qing Ni, ; Yunxiang Zhu, ; Tuo Chen,
| | - Yunxiang Zhu
- *Correspondence: Xiangjun Wang, ; Qing Ni, ; Yunxiang Zhu, ; Tuo Chen,
| | - Tuo Chen
- *Correspondence: Xiangjun Wang, ; Qing Ni, ; Yunxiang Zhu, ; Tuo Chen,
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7
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Patel AH, Li Y, Minacapelli CD, Catalano K, Rustgi V. Reduction in Gastrointestinal Cancers in Cirrhotic Patients Receiving Rifaximin vs Lactulose Only Therapy for Hepatic Encephalopathy. Cureus 2023; 15:e35259. [PMID: 36974238 PMCID: PMC10039763 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.35259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Rifaximin and/or lactulose therapy is widely used in cirrhotic patients for the prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy. The incidence of gastrointestinal cancers in these patients on lactulose, rifaximin, and/or combination therapy is unknown. We investigated the possible effect of lactulose and rifaximin on cancer risk in patients with cirrhosis using the MarketScan database. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted using the Truven Health MarketScan Commercial Claims databases from 2007-2017. An index date was defined for each participant as the earliest date of cirrhosis diagnosis. A baseline period for each participant was defined as the 12 months prior to the first medication date while the study follow-up period represented the period from the initiation of the medication to its cessation. ANOVA was used to compare all continuous measures of age and duration of medication. Wald Chi-square tests were performed to test the associations between the study groups. Results A total of 12,409 patients were included in our study. The rifaximin only cohort had the greatest reduction in risk of developing colon cancer, esophageal cancer, and stomach cancer compared to the other groups. Rifaximin reduced the risk of colon cancer and esophageal cancer by 59.42% and 70.37%, respectively, compared to patients taking lactulose only. Patients in the lactulose plus rifaximin cohort had the highest rate of development of pancreatic cancer (lactulose plus rifaximin vs rifaximin only vs lactulose only, 0.45% vs 0.24% vs 0.21%; P < 0.0001) and liver and intrahepatic bile duct cancers (11.73% vs 5.84% vs 5.49%; P < 0.0001). Conclusion Colon, esophageal, and gastric cancers had a marked incidence reduction in the rifaximin only cohort compared to the other cohorts studied.
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In vitro digestibility of oligosaccharides synthesized by dairy propionibacteria β-galactosidase from lactose, lactulose and lactitol. FOOD BIOSCI 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2023.102362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Sun C, Hao B, Pang D, Li Q, Li E, Yang Q, Zou Y, Liao S, Liu F. Diverse Galactooligosaccharides Differentially Reduce LPS-Induced Inflammation in Macrophages. Foods 2022; 11:foods11243973. [PMID: 36553716 PMCID: PMC9777761 DOI: 10.3390/foods11243973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of natural and synthetic galactooligosaccharides (GOS) on inflammation were explored by investigating the structure-activity relationship between the degree of GOS polymerization and in vitro anti-inflammatory activity, together with the potential underlying mechanism of their anti-inflammatory effects. The results demonstrated that GOS had strong anti-inflammatory effects in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophages, including the inhibition of nitric oxide production and the reduced expression of pro-inflammatory mediators (interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor α), induced nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), and proteins related to the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling pathway. GOS4, which has the highest degree of polymerization, exerted the strongest anti-inflammatory activity among the GOS examined. More importantly, our findings confirmed the anti-inflammatory effects of GOS on RAW264.7 macrophages via the TLR4/NF-κB pathway. Our experimental results could provide further support for the exploration of GOS in human nutrition and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Sun
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou 510600, China
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China
| | - Bifang Hao
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China
| | - Daorui Pang
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou 510600, China
| | - Qian Li
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou 510600, China
| | - Erna Li
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou 510600, China
| | - Qiong Yang
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou 510600, China
| | - Yuxiao Zou
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou 510600, China
| | - Sentai Liao
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou 510600, China
| | - Fan Liu
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou 510600, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.:+86-20-87236897
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Holmes ZC, Tang H, Liu C, Bush A, Neubert BC, Jiao Y, Covington M, Cardona DM, Kirtley MC, Chen BJ, Chao NJ, David LA, Sung AD. Prebiotic galactooligosaccharides interact with mouse gut microbiota to attenuate acute graft-versus-host disease. Blood 2022; 140:2300-2304. [PMID: 35930748 PMCID: PMC10653043 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2021015178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies suggest that gut microbiome disruption induced by chemotherapy, dietary deficiencies, and/or antibiotics are associated with increased incidence of acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). In a murine model of antibiotic-induced gut microbiome disruption, Holmes and colleagues show that oral administration of galactooligosaccharides (GOS) as a prebiotic attenuates lethal aGVHD, highlighting the crosstalk between diet and gut microbiota. Their data encourage clinical trials of GOS prebiotic diets during HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary C. Holmes
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Helen Tang
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Congxiao Liu
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Amy Bush
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Benjamin C. Neubert
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Yiqun Jiao
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Megan Covington
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | | | - Michelle C. Kirtley
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Benny J. Chen
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC
- Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC
| | - Nelson J. Chao
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC
- Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC
| | - Lawrence A. David
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, NC
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC
- Duke Microbiome Center, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Anthony D. Sung
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC
- Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC
- Duke Microbiome Center, Duke University, Durham, NC
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In Vitro Production of Galactooligosaccharides by a Novel β-Galactosidase of Lactobacillus bulgaricus. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214308. [PMID: 36430784 PMCID: PMC9697242 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
β-galactosidase is an enzyme with dual activity and important industrial application. As a hydrolase, the enzyme eliminates lactose in milk, while as a trans-galactosidase it produces prebiotic galactooligosaccharides (GOS) with various degrees of polymerization (DP). The aim of the present study is the molecular characterization of β-galactosidase from a Bulgarian isolate, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus 43. The sequencing of the β-gal gene showed that it encodes a new enzyme with 21 amino acid replacements compared to all other β-galactosidases of this species. The molecular model revealed that the new β-galactosidase acts as a tetramer. The amino acids D207, H386, N464, E465, Y510, E532, H535, W562, N593, and W980 form the catalytic center and interact with Mg2+ ions and substrate. The β-gal gene was cloned into a vector allowing heterologous expression of E. coli BL21(DE3) with high efficiency, as the crude enzyme reached 3015 U/mL of the culture or 2011 U/mg of protein. The enzyme's temperature optimum at 55 °C, a pH optimum of 6.5, and a positive influence of Mg2+, Mn2+, and Ca2+ on its activity were observed. From lactose, β-Gal produced a large amount of GOS with DP3 containing β-(1→3) and β-(1→4) linkages, as the latter bond is particularly atypical for the L. bulgaricus enzymes. DP3-GOS formation was positively affected by high lactose concentrations. The process of lactose conversion was rapid, with a 34% yield of DP3-GOS in 6 h, and complete degradation of 200 g/L of lactose for 12 h. On the other hand, the enzyme was quite stable at 55 °C and retained about 20% of its activity after 24 h of incubation at this temperature. These properties expand our horizons as regards the use of β-galactosidases in industrial processes for the production of lactose-free milk and GOS-enriched foods.
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Mei Z, Yuan J, Li D. Biological activity of galacto-oligosaccharides: A review. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:993052. [PMID: 36147858 PMCID: PMC9485631 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.993052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) are oligosaccharides formed by β-galactosidase transgalactosylation. GOS is an indigestible food component that can pass through the upper gastrointestinal tract relatively intact and ferment in the colon to produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) that further regulate the body’s intestinal flora. GOS and other prebiotics are increasingly recognized as useful food tools for regulating the balance of colonic microbiota-human health. GOS performed well compared to other oligosaccharides in regulating gut microbiota, body immunity, and food function. This review summarizes the sources, classification, preparation methods, and biological activities of GOS, focusing on the introduction and summary of the effects of GOS on ulcerative colitis (UC), to gain a comprehensive understanding of the application of GOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojun Mei
- Department of Pediatrics, Luzhou Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Luzhou Second People’s Hospital, Luzhou, China
| | - Jiaqin Yuan
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second People’s Hospital of Yibin, Yibin, China
| | - Dandan Li
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Dandan Li,
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13
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Madrigal-Matute J, Bañón-Escandell S. Colorectal Cancer and Microbiota Modulation for Clinical Use. A Systematic Review. Nutr Cancer 2022; 75:123-139. [PMID: 35950572 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2022.2108468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the top contributors to the global burden of cancer incidence and mortality, with both genetic and environmental factors contributing to its etiology. Environmental factors may be the cause of up to 60% of the risk of developing CRC, with gut microbiota being a crucial modifiable risk factor. The microbial ecosystem plays a vital role in CRC prevention and antitumoral response through modulation of the immune system and production of short-chain fatty acids. Numerous approaches have been followed to modify the gut microbiota in order to reduce the risk of cancer development, improve treatment efficacy, and reduce side effects. This study aims to perform a systematic analysis of the published literature to elucidate whether microbiota modulation through pre-, pro-, and symbiotic treatment and/or nutritional intervention can be beneficial for patients diagnosed with CRC. Our analysis finds that some prebiotics, mainly in the form of oligo- and polysaccharides, probiotics such as lactic strain producers of short-chain fatty acids, and consumption of a Mediterranean plant-based diet may be beneficial for patients diagnosed with CRC. However, there is a need for clinical data which evaluate the modulation of gut microbiota in a safe and effective manner.
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Evaluation of Prebiotic Properties of Galactooligosaccharides Produced by Transgalactosylation Using Partially Purified β-Galactosidase from Enterobacter aerogenes KCTC2190. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 195:2294-2316. [PMID: 35841532 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-04073-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Transgalactosylation reaction is the penultimate step in the production of galactooligosaccharides (GOSs) which has prominent applications in the treatment of disorders. In the present study, partially purified β-galactosidase from Enterobacter aerogenes KCTC2190 was used for the synthesis of prebiotic GOSs. GOSs were produced using lactose as substrate. Structural elucidation of collected fractions of GOSs by liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry exhibited the appearance of major peaks of produced GOSs at m/z 241.20, 481.39, 365.11, 527.17, and 701.51 respectively. GOSs facilitated the growth of potential probiotic strains (Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. helveticus, Bifidobacterium bifidum, and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum) and liberated propionate and butyrate as principal short-chain fatty acids which established its prebiotic potency. Synbiotic combinations exhibited good antioxidant activities. Synbiotic combinations also exhibited antimicrobial activities against pathogenic microorganisms namely Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Synbiotic combinations of GOSs and the respective probiotic microorganisms were able to decrease viable human bone cancer cells (MG-63).
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15
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Zavistanaviciute P, Zokaityte E, Starkute V, Ruzauskas M, Viskelis P, Bartkiene E. Berry By-Products in Combination with Antimicrobial Lactic Acid Bacteria Strains for the Sustainable Formulation of Chewing Candies. Foods 2022; 11:foods11091177. [PMID: 35563900 PMCID: PMC9102268 DOI: 10.3390/foods11091177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to develop formulations of chewing candies (CCs) in a sustainable manner by using berry by-products in combination with antimicrobial lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains. To implement this aim, the optimal quantities of by-products from lyophilised raspberry (Rasp) and blackcurrant (Bcur) from the juice production industry were selected. Prior to use, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum LUHS135, Liquorilactobacillusuvarum LUHS245, Lacticaseibacillusparacasei LUHS244, and Pediococcus acidilactici LUHS29 strains were multiplied in a dairy industry by-product-milk permeate (MP). The antimicrobial activity of the selected ingredients (berry by-products and LAB) was evaluated. Two texture-forming agents were tested for the CC formulations: gelatin (Gl) and agar (Ag). In addition, sugar was replaced with xylitol. The most appropriate formulation of the developed CCs according to the product's texture, colour, total phenolic compound (TPC) content, antioxidant activity, viable LAB count during storage, overall acceptability (OA), and emotions (EMs) induced in consumers was selected. It was established that the tested LAB inhibited three pathogens out of the 11 tested, while the blackcurrant by-products inhibited all 11 tested pathogens. The highest OA was shown for the CC prepared with gelatin in addition to 5 g of Rasp and 5 g of Bcur by-products. The Rasp and LUHS135 formulation showed the highest TPC content (147.16 mg 100 g-1 d.m.), antioxidant activity (88.2%), and LAB count after 24 days of storage (6.79 log10 CFU g-1). Finally, it was concluded that Gl, Rasp and Bcur by-products, and L. plantarum LUHS135 multiplied in MP are promising ingredients for preparing CCs in a sustainable manner; the best CC formula consisted of Gl, Rasp by-products, and LUHS135 and showed the highest OA (score 9.52) and induced the highest intensity of the EM 'happy' (0.231).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Zavistanaviciute
- Department of Food Safety and Quality, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes Str. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; (E.Z.); (V.S.); (E.B.)
- Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Faculty of Animal Sciences, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes Str. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +370-655-06461
| | - Egle Zokaityte
- Department of Food Safety and Quality, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes Str. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; (E.Z.); (V.S.); (E.B.)
- Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Faculty of Animal Sciences, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes Str. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Vytaute Starkute
- Department of Food Safety and Quality, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes Str. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; (E.Z.); (V.S.); (E.B.)
- Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Faculty of Animal Sciences, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes Str. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Modestas Ruzauskas
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes Str. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania;
- Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Veterinary, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Mickeviciaus Str. 9, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Pranas Viskelis
- Institute of Horticulture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Kauno Str. 30, LT-54333 Babtai, Lithuania;
| | - Elena Bartkiene
- Department of Food Safety and Quality, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes Str. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; (E.Z.); (V.S.); (E.B.)
- Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Faculty of Animal Sciences, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes Str. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania
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16
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Zeng Y, Li J, Wei C, Zhao H, Wang T. mbDenoise: microbiome data denoising using zero-inflated probabilistic principal components analysis. Genome Biol 2022; 23:94. [PMID: 35422001 PMCID: PMC9011970 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-022-02657-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The analysis of microbiome data has several technical challenges. In particular, count matrices contain a large proportion of zeros, some of which are biological, whereas others are technical. Furthermore, the measurements suffer from unequal sequencing depth, overdispersion, and data redundancy. These nuisance factors introduce substantial noise. We propose an accurate and robust method, mbDenoise, for denoising microbiome data. Assuming a zero-inflated probabilistic PCA (ZIPPCA) model, mbDenoise uses variational approximation to learn the latent structure and recovers the true abundance levels using the posterior, borrowing information across samples and taxa. mbDenoise outperforms state-of-the-art methods to extract the signal for downstream analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Zeng
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chaochun Wei
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
- SJTU-Yale Joint Center for Biostatistics and Data Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
- SJTU-Yale Joint Center for Biostatistics and Data Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Statistics, School of Mathematical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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17
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Hiraishi K, Zhao F, Kurahara LH, Li X, Yamashita T, Hashimoto T, Matsuda Y, Sun Z, Zhang H, Hirano K. Lactulose Modulates the Structure of Gut Microbiota and Alleviates Colitis-Associated Tumorigenesis. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14030649. [PMID: 35277009 PMCID: PMC8840163 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactulose, a galactose-fructose disaccharide, is made from the milk sugar lactose by heating or isomerization processes. Lactulose is proposed to modulate gut microbiota and thus expected to be beneficial in treating inflammatory bowel disease. In the present study, we investigated the therapeutic effect of lactulose on gastrointestinal inflammation and inflammation-related tumorigenesis in a mouse model of colorectal cancer as well as its effect on gut microbiota composition. Azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) model was used in this study. Lactulose treatment was performed by feeding 2% lactulose for 14 weeks. Stool samples collected at 4 time points were used for metagenomic analysis of the microbiota. Pathological analysis was performed 21 weeks after AOM injection. AOM/DSS increased the macrophage counts, inflammatory cytokine expression, colorectal tumorigenesis, and imbalance in gut microbiota composition, as evidenced by increased pathogen abundance (e.g., Escherichia and Clostridium). Lactulose significantly inhibited the inflammatory events, and ameliorated inflammation and tumorigenesis. The composition of the intestinal microbiota was also restored upon lactulose treatment, and lactulose reduced pathogen abundance and increased the abundance of Muribaculum and Lachnospiraceae. Meanwhile, the pathways related to Crohn’s disease were downregulated after lactulose treatment. Our findings suggest that lactulose restores the structure and composition of the intestinal microbiota, mitigates inflammation, and suppresses inflammatory tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keizo Hiraishi
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan; (K.H.); (X.L.); (T.Y.); (T.H.); (K.H.)
| | - Feiyan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; (F.Z.); (Z.S.); (H.Z.)
| | - Lin-Hai Kurahara
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan; (K.H.); (X.L.); (T.Y.); (T.H.); (K.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-87-891-2100
| | - Xiaodong Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan; (K.H.); (X.L.); (T.Y.); (T.H.); (K.H.)
| | - Tetsuo Yamashita
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan; (K.H.); (X.L.); (T.Y.); (T.H.); (K.H.)
| | - Takeshi Hashimoto
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan; (K.H.); (X.L.); (T.Y.); (T.H.); (K.H.)
| | - Yoko Matsuda
- Oncology Pathology, Department of Pathology and Host-Defence, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan;
| | - Zhihong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; (F.Z.); (Z.S.); (H.Z.)
| | - Heping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; (F.Z.); (Z.S.); (H.Z.)
| | - Katsuya Hirano
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan; (K.H.); (X.L.); (T.Y.); (T.H.); (K.H.)
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18
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Antitumor bioactivity and gut microbiota modulation of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) in a rat animal model for colorectal cancer. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 203:638-649. [PMID: 35090944 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.01.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) is a non-toxic polyhydroxyalkanoate polymer produced by several microorganisms, widely used as a biological substitute for plastics derived from fossil hydrocarbons. In this work, PHB polymer has been tested in an animal model for colorectal cancer. In the animal model, PHB has been able to reduce the number of polyps by 48,1%, and the tumoral extension area by 58,1%. Also, PHB induces a selective increase in beneficial gut bacterial taxons in this animal model, and a selective reduction in pro-inflammatory taxons, demonstrating its value as a nutraceutical compound. This antitumor effect is caused by gut production of 3-hydroxybutyrate and butyrate. In this animal model, 3-hydroxybutyrate is also observed in plasma and in brain tissue, after PHB consumption, making PHB supplementation interesting as a bioactive compound in other extraintestinal conditions, as 3-hydroxybutyrate has been reported to enhance brain and cognitive function, cardiac performance, appetite suppression and diabetes. Therefore, PHB could be postulated as an interesting non-polysaccharide antitumor prebiotic, paving the way towards its future use in functional foods.
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19
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Vera C, Guerrero C, Illanes A. Trends in lactose-derived bioactives: synthesis and purification. SYSTEMS MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOMANUFACTURING 2022; 2:393-412. [PMID: 38624767 PMCID: PMC8776390 DOI: 10.1007/s43393-021-00068-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lactose obtained from cheese whey is a low value commodity despite its great potential as raw material for the production of bioactive compounds. Among them, prebiotics stand out as valuable ingredients to be added to food matrices to build up functional foods, which currently represent the most active sector within the food industry. Functional foods market has been growing steadily in the recent decades along with the increasing awareness of the World population about healthy nutrition, and this is having a strong impact on lactose-derived bioactives. Most of them are produced by enzyme biocatalysis because of molecular precision and environmental sustainability considerations. The current status and outlook of the production of lactose-derived bioactive compounds is presented with special emphasis on downstream operations which are critical because of the rather modest lactose conversion and product yields that are attainable. Even though some of these products have already an established market, there are still several challenges referring to the need of developing better catalysts and more cost-effective downstream operations for delivering high quality products at affordable prices. This technological push is expected to broaden the spectrum of lactose-derived bioactive compounds to be produced at industrial scale in the near future. Graphical abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Vera
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, (USACH), Santiago, Chile
| | - Cecilia Guerrero
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso (PUCV), Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Andrés Illanes
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso (PUCV), Valparaiso, Chile
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20
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He N, Wang Y, Zhou Z, Liu N, Jung S, Lee MS, Li S. Preventive and Prebiotic Effect of α-Galacto-Oligosaccharide against Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Colitis and Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis in Mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:9597-9607. [PMID: 34378931 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c03792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
β-Galacto-oligosaccharide (β-GOS) showed great potential in ulcerative colitis (UC) adjuvant therapy. Herein, the preventive and prebiotic effect of enzymatic-synthesized α-linked galacto-oligosaccharide (α-GOS) was investigated in dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis and gut microbiota dysbiosis mice. Compared with β-GOS, the α-GOS supplement was more effective in improving preventive efficacy, promoting colonic epithelial barrier integrity, and alleviating inflammation cytokines. Moreover, the activation of the NOD-like receptor (NLR) family member NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated inflammation was significantly inhibited by both α-GOS and β-GOS. Gut microbiota analysis showed that α-GOS treatment reshaped the dysfunctional gut microbiota. The subsequent Spearman's correlation coefficient analysis indicated that these gut microbiota changes were significantly correlated with the inflammatory parameters. These results suggested that the enzymatic-synthesized α-GOS is a promising therapeutic agent in UC prevention and adjuvant treatment by maintaining intestinal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningning He
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yueyuan Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Zihan Zhou
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Nian Liu
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Samil Jung
- Molecular Cancer Biology Laboratory, Cellular Heterogeneity Research Center, Department of Biosystem, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 140-742, Korea
| | - Myeong-Sok Lee
- Molecular Cancer Biology Laboratory, Cellular Heterogeneity Research Center, Department of Biosystem, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 140-742, Korea
| | - Shangyong Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
- Molecular Cancer Biology Laboratory, Cellular Heterogeneity Research Center, Department of Biosystem, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 140-742, Korea
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21
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Probiotics, Prebiotics and Postbiotics on Mitigation of Depression Symptoms: Modulation of the Brain-Gut-Microbiome Axis. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11071000. [PMID: 34356624 PMCID: PMC8301955 DOI: 10.3390/biom11071000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain–gut–microbiome axis is a bidirectional communication pathway between the gut microbiota and the central nervous system. The growing interest in the gut microbiota and mechanisms of its interaction with the brain has contributed to the considerable attention given to the potential use of probiotics, prebiotics and postbiotics in the prevention and treatment of depressive disorders. This review discusses the up-to-date findings in preclinical and clinical trials regarding the use of pro-, pre- and postbiotics in depressive disorders. Studies in rodent models of depression show that some of them inhibit inflammation, decrease corticosterone level and change the level of neurometabolites, which consequently lead to mitigation of the symptoms of depression. Moreover, certain clinical studies have indicated improvement in mood as well as changes in biochemical parameters in patients suffering from depressive disorders.
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22
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Balthazar CF, de Moura NA, Romualdo GR, Rocha RS, Pimentel TC, Esmerino EA, Freitas MQ, Santillo A, Silva MC, Barbisan LF, Cruz AG, Albenzio M. Synbiotic sheep milk ice cream reduces chemically induced mouse colon carcinogenesis. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:7406-7414. [PMID: 33934866 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Sheep dairy products containing prebiotic and probiotic ingredients may have health-promoting properties. Thus, this study evaluated the effects of sheep milk ice cream [conventional full-fat (CONV), full-fat enriched with probiotic (PROB, 100 mg % wt/wt of Lacticaseibacillus casei 01), or nonfat synbiotic (SYNB, Lacticaseibacillus casei 01 and inulin, 10% wt/wt)] on carcinogen-induced colonic crypt cytotoxicity and premalignant lesion development. Male Swiss mice received 2 doses of colon carcinogen azoxymethane (AOM, 15 mg/kg of body weight) at wk 3 and 4. Two weeks before and during AOM administrations (4 wk) mice were treated with CONV, PROB, or SYNB by gavage (10 mL/kg). Mice were euthanized at wk 4 or 25 (n = 5 or 10 mice/group, respectively). At wk 4, a significant reduction in micronucleated colonocytes was observed in PROB and SYNB groups, and a significant decrease in both p53 expression and apoptosis indexes in colonic crypts was observed in SYNB group. At wk 25, both PROB and SYNB interventions reduced the mean number of colonic premalignant lesions. However, only SYNB group showed lower incidence and number of high-grade premalignant lesions in the colonic mucosa. These findings indicate that PROB or SYNB sheep milk ice cream, especially SYNB intervention, can reduce chemically induced mouse colon carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celso F Balthazar
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, 13083-862, SP, Brazil; Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Technological Processing of Animal Products, Veterinary School, Federal Fluminense University (UFF), Niterói, 24220-000, RJ, Brazil
| | - Nelci A de Moura
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, 18618-970, SP, Brazil
| | - Guilherme R Romualdo
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, 18618-970, SP, Brazil
| | - Ramon S Rocha
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Technological Processing of Animal Products, Veterinary School, Federal Fluminense University (UFF), Niterói, 24220-000, RJ, Brazil; Department of Food, Federal Institute of Rio de Janeiro (IFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, 20270-021, RJ, Brazil
| | - Tatiana C Pimentel
- Department of Food Science, Federal Institute of Paraná (IFPR), Paranavaí, 87703-536, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Erick A Esmerino
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Technological Processing of Animal Products, Veterinary School, Federal Fluminense University (UFF), Niterói, 24220-000, RJ, Brazil; Department of Food, Federal Institute of Rio de Janeiro (IFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, 20270-021, RJ, Brazil; Department of Food Technology, Rural Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropédica, 23890-000, RJ, Brazil
| | - Mônica Q Freitas
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Technological Processing of Animal Products, Veterinary School, Federal Fluminense University (UFF), Niterói, 24220-000, RJ, Brazil
| | - Antonella Santillo
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Natural Resources, and Engineering (DAFNE), University of Foggia (UNIFG), Foggia, 71122, Italy
| | - Marcia Cristina Silva
- Department of Food, Federal Institute of Rio de Janeiro (IFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, 20270-021, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luis F Barbisan
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Technological Processing of Animal Products, Veterinary School, Federal Fluminense University (UFF), Niterói, 24220-000, RJ, Brazil
| | - Adriano G Cruz
- Department of Food, Federal Institute of Rio de Janeiro (IFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, 20270-021, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marzia Albenzio
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Natural Resources, and Engineering (DAFNE), University of Foggia (UNIFG), Foggia, 71122, Italy.
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23
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Preventing Colorectal Cancer through Prebiotics. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9061325. [PMID: 34207094 PMCID: PMC8234836 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC), the third most common cancer in the world, has been recently rising in emerging countries due to environmental and lifestyle factors. Many of these factors are brought up by industrialization, which includes lack of physical activity, poor diet, circadian rhythm disruption, and increase in alcohol consumption. They can increase the risk of CRC by changing the colonic environment and by altering gut microbiota composition, a state referred to as gut dysbiosis. Prebiotics, which are nutrients that can help maintain intestinal microbial homeostasis and mitigate dysbiosis, could be beneficial in preventing inflammation and CRC. These nutrients can hinder the effects of dysbiosis by encouraging the growth of beneficial bacteria involved in short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) production, anti-inflammatory immunity, maintenance of the intestinal epithelial barrier, pro-apoptotic mechanisms, and other cellular mechanisms. This review aims to summarize recent reports about the implication of prebiotics, and probable mechanisms, in the prevention and treatment of CRC. Various experimental studies, specifically in gut microbiome, have effectively demonstrated the protective effect of prebiotics in the progress of CRC. Hence, comprehensive knowledge is urgent to understand the clinical applications of prebiotics in the prevention or treatment of CRC.
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Taghinezhad-S S, Mohseni AH, Fu X. Intervention on gut microbiota may change the strategy for management of colorectal cancer. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 36:1508-1517. [PMID: 33295040 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.15369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dysbiosis in the gut microbiota composition due to environmental or genetic variations can disrupt the immune system and may promote several diseases such as colorectal cancer (CRC). Gut microbiota can alter the toxicity and efficiency of an extensive range of CRC treatment methods, especially surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy. The recent scientific evidence suggested that gut microbiota modulation exhibits an essential positive influence on inhibition and treatment of CRC. The literature survey revealed that modulating the gut microbiota composition by probiotics, prebiotics, and diets protects CRC patients from treatment-associated adverse effects. This review summarizes the recent advancements in the association between interventions on gut microbiota and CRC to provide innovative strategies for enhancing the safety and efficiency of CRC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sedigheh Taghinezhad-S
- Digestive Endoscopy Center, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Amir Hossein Mohseni
- Digestive Endoscopy Center, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Xiangsheng Fu
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
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25
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Ren L, Ye J, Zhao B, Sun J, Cao P, Yang Y. The Role of Intestinal Microbiota in Colorectal Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:674807. [PMID: 33959032 PMCID: PMC8093878 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.674807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is a multifactorial disease involving genetic, environmental, and lifestyle risk factors. Intestinal microbiota plays an important role in the occurrence and development of colorectal cancer. Studies have shown that the behavior of intestinal microbiota can lead to pathological changes in the host intestine, which can be divided into epigenetic changes and carcinogenic changes at the gene level, and ultimately promote the formation and development of colorectal cancer. Intestinal microbiota is mainly distributed in the intestinal epithelium, which is composed of a large number of microorganisms interacting with the host intestinal cells. It can affect the immune-inflammation and metabolism of the gastrointestinal tract, and may be used as a biomarker for disease diagnosis. Regulation of gut microbiota is a promising strategy for the prevention and treatment of colorectal cancer. This article reviews the role of intestinal microbiota in the development of colorectal cancer, including the related mechanisms of intestinal microbiota promoting colorectal cancer, the use of intestinal microbiota in the diagnosis of colorectal cancer, and the regulation of intestinal microbiota in the prevention or treatment of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingli Ren
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Juan Ye
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Bing Zhao
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinbing Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Changshu No. 1 People's Hospital, Affiliated Changshu Hospital of Soochow University, Changshu, China
| | - Peng Cao
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Yangtze River Pharmaceutical Group, Taizhou, China
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Catenza KF, Donkor KK. Recent approaches for the quantitative analysis of functional oligosaccharides used in the food industry: A review. Food Chem 2021; 355:129416. [PMID: 33774226 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Functional oligosaccharides (OS) are diverse groups of carbohydrates that confer several health benefits stemming from their prebiotic activity. Commonly used oligosaccharides, fructooligosaccharides and galactooligosaccharides, are used in a wide range of applications from food ingredients to mimic the prebiotic activity of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) in infant formula to sugar and fat replacers in dairy and bakery products. However, while consumption of these compounds is associated with several positive health effects, increased consumption can cause intestinal discomfort and aggravation of intestinal bowel syndrome symptoms. Hence, it is essential to develop rapid and reliable techniques to quantify OS for quality control and proper assessment of their functionality in food and food products. The present review will focus on recent analytical techniques used to quantify OS in different matrices such as food and beverage products.
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Affiliation(s)
- K F Catenza
- Department of Physical Sciences (Chemistry), Thompson Rivers University, 805 TRU Way, Kamloops, BC V2C 0C8, Canada
| | - K K Donkor
- Department of Physical Sciences (Chemistry), Thompson Rivers University, 805 TRU Way, Kamloops, BC V2C 0C8, Canada.
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Oliero M, Calvé A, Fragoso G, Cuisiniere T, Hajjar R, Dobrindt U, Santos MM. Oligosaccharides increase the genotoxic effect of colibactin produced by pks+ Escherichia coli strains. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:172. [PMID: 33596864 PMCID: PMC7890614 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-07876-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colibactin is a genotoxin that induces DNA double-strand breaks that may lead to carcinogenesis and is produced by Escherichia coli strains harboring the pks island. Human and animal studies have shown that colibactin-producing gut bacteria promote carcinogenesis and enhance the progression of colorectal cancer through cellular senescence and chromosomal abnormalities. In this study, we investigated the impact of prebiotics on the genotoxicity of colibactin-producing E. coli strains Nissle 1917 and NC101. METHODS Bacteria were grown in medium supplemented with 20, 30 and 40 mg/mL of prebiotics inulin or galacto-oligosaccharide, and with or without 5 μM, 25 μM and 125 μM of ferrous sulfate. Colibactin expression was assessed by luciferase reporter assay for the clbA gene, essential for colibactin production, in E. coli Nissle 1917 and by RT-PCR in E. coli NC101. The human epithelial colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line, Caco-2, was used to assess colibactin-induced megalocytosis by methylene blue binding assay and genotoxicity by γ-H2AX immunofluorescence analysis. RESULTS Inulin and galacto-oligosaccharide enhanced the expression of clbA in pks+ E. coli. However, the addition of 125 μM of ferrous sulfate inhibited the expression of clbA triggered by oligosaccharides. In the presence of either oligosaccharide, E. coli NC101 increased dysplasia and DNA double-strand breaks in Caco-2 cells compared to untreated cells. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that, in vitro, prebiotic oligosaccharides exacerbate DNA damage induced by colibactin-producing bacteria. Further studies are necessary to establish whether oligosaccharide supplementation may lead to increased colorectal tumorigenesis in animal models colonized with pks+ E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Oliero
- Nutrition and Microbiome Laboratory, Institut du cancer de Montréal, Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), 900 Rue Saint Denis, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9 Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, 2900 boulevard Édouard-Montpetit, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4 Canada
| | - Annie Calvé
- Nutrition and Microbiome Laboratory, Institut du cancer de Montréal, Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), 900 Rue Saint Denis, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9 Canada
| | - Gabriela Fragoso
- Nutrition and Microbiome Laboratory, Institut du cancer de Montréal, Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), 900 Rue Saint Denis, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9 Canada
| | - Thibault Cuisiniere
- Nutrition and Microbiome Laboratory, Institut du cancer de Montréal, Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), 900 Rue Saint Denis, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9 Canada
| | - Roy Hajjar
- Nutrition and Microbiome Laboratory, Institut du cancer de Montréal, Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), 900 Rue Saint Denis, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9 Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, 2900 boulevard Édouard-Montpetit, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4 Canada
| | - Ulrich Dobrindt
- Institute of Hygiene, Section Microbial Genome Plasticity, University of Münster, Mendelstraße 7, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Manuela M. Santos
- Nutrition and Microbiome Laboratory, Institut du cancer de Montréal, Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), 900 Rue Saint Denis, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9 Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, 2900 boulevard Édouard-Montpetit, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4 Canada
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Pothuraju R, Chaudhary S, Rachagani S, Kaur S, Roy HK, Bouvet M, Batra SK. Mucins, gut microbiota, and postbiotics role in colorectal cancer. Gut Microbes 2021; 13:1974795. [PMID: 34586012 PMCID: PMC8489937 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1974795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An imbalance in the crosstalk between the host and gut microbiota affects the intestinal barrier function, which results in inflammatory diseases and colorectal cancer. The colon epithelium protects itself from a harsh environment and various pathogenic organisms by forming a double mucus layer, primarily comprising mucins. Recent studies are focusing on how dietary patterns alter the gut microbiota composition, which in turn regulates mucin expression and maintains the intestinal layers. In addition, modulation of gut microbiota by microbiotic therapy (involving fecal microbiota transplantation) has emerged as a significant factor in the pathologies associated with dysbiosis. Therefore, proper communication between host and gut microbiota via different dietary patterns (prebiotics and probiotics) is needed to maintain mucus composition, mucin synthesis, and regulation. Here, we review how the interactions between diet and gut microbiota and bacterial metabolites (postbiotics) regulate mucus layer functionalities and mucin expression in human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Pothuraju
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Sanjib Chaudhary
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Satyanarayana Rachagani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Sukhwinder Kaur
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Hemant K. Roy
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael Bouvet
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Surinder K. Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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Jana UK, Suryawanshi RK, Prajapati BP, Kango N. Prebiotic mannooligosaccharides: Synthesis, characterization and bioactive properties. Food Chem 2020; 342:128328. [PMID: 33257024 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Functional oligosaccharides are non-digestible food ingredients that confer numerous health benefits. Among these, mannooligosaccharides (MOS) are emerging prebiotics that have characteristic potential bio-active properties. Microbial mannanases can be used to break down mannan rich agro-residues to yield MOS. Various applications of MOS as health promoting functional food ingredient may open up newer opportunities in food and feed industry. Enzymatic hydrolysis is the widely preferred method over chemical hydrolysis for MOS production. Presently, commercial MOS is being derived from yeast cell wall mannan and is widely used as prebiotic in feed supplements for poultry and aquaculture. Apart from stimulating the growth of probiotic microflora, MOS impart anticancer and immunomodulatory effects by inducing different gene markers in colon cells. This review summarizes recent developments and future prospects of enzymatic synthesis of MOS from various mannans, their structural characteristics and their potential health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uttam Kumar Jana
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar, MP 470003, India.
| | - Rahul Kumar Suryawanshi
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar, MP 470003, India.
| | - Bhanu Pratap Prajapati
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar, MP 470003, India.
| | - Naveen Kango
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar, MP 470003, India.
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Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Sensory Properties, and Emotions Induced for the Consumers of Nutraceutical Beverages Developed from Technological Functionalised Food Industry By-Products. Foods 2020; 9:foods9111620. [PMID: 33172204 PMCID: PMC7695030 DOI: 10.3390/foods9111620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to develop nutraceutical beverages containing food processing by-products in their formulation, and determine the opinion of consumers. This is done by testing whether they know that the main ingredients of the product are by-products, performing an overall acceptability test of the developed beverages, and evaluating the emotions induced by the newly developed beverages for consumers. The main ingredients used for the preparation of added-value beverages were fermented milk permeate (containing galactooligosaccharides), extruded and fermented wheat bran (WB) (containing ≥6.0 log10 CFU g−1 viable antimicrobial properties showing lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains), and different fruit/berry by-products (FBB) (as a source of compounds showing antioxidant properties). The definition of the quantities of bioactive ingredients was based on the overall acceptability of the prepared beverages, as well as on emotions induced in consumers by the tested beverages. Functional properties of the developed beverages were proofed by the evaluation of their antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, as well as viable LAB count during storage. Desirable changes in extruded and fermented WB were obtained: Fermentation reduced sugar concentration and pH in samples with predominant lactic acid isomer L(+). In addition, the viable LAB count in the substrate was higher than 6.0 log10 CFU g−1, and no enterobacteria remained. By comparing the overall acceptability of the beverages enriched with WB, the highest overall acceptability was shown for the samples prepared with 10 g of the extruded and fermented WB (7.9 points). FBB showed desirable antimicrobial activity: Shepherd inhibited—2, sea buckthorn—3, blueberries—5, and raspberries—7 pathogens from the 10 tested. Comparing different beverage groups prepared with different types of FBB, in most cases (except sea buckthorn), by increasing FBB content the beverages overall acceptability was increased, and the highest score (on average, 9.5 points) was obtained for the samples prepared with 5.0 and 7.5 g of blueberries FBB. Moreover, a very strong positive correlation (r = 0.8525) was found between overall acceptability and emotion “happy” induced in consumers by the prepared beverages enriched with extruded and fermented WB and FBB. By comparing the samples prepared with the addition of WB with samples prepared with WB and FBB, it was observed that most FBB increased total phenolic compounds (TPC) content (on average, by 9.0%), except in the case of samples prepared with sea buckthorn. A very high positive correlation (r = 0.9919) was established between TPC and antioxidant activity. Finally, it can be stated that the newly developed nutraceutical beverages were acceptable for consumers, induced positive emotions, and possessed desirable antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, while being prepared in a sustainable and environmentally friendly manner.
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Cheng X, Zheng J, Lin A, Xia H, Zhang Z, Gao Q, Lv W, Liu H. A review: Roles of carbohydrates in human diseases through regulation of imbalanced intestinal microbiota. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.104197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Wu Y, Zhang X, Tao S, Pi Y, Han D, Ye H, Feng C, Zhao J, Chen L, Wang J. Maternal supplementation with combined galactooligosaccharides and casein glycomacropeptides modulated microbial colonization and intestinal development of neonatal piglets. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.104170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Fang S, Chen X, Ye X, Zhou L, Xue S, Gan Q. Effects of Gut Microbiome and Short-Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs) on Finishing Weight of Meat Rabbits. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1835. [PMID: 32849435 PMCID: PMC7431612 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how the gut microbiome and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) affect finishing weight is beneficial to improve meat production in the meat rabbit industry. In this study, we identified 15 OTUs and 23 microbial species associated with finishing weight using 16S rRNA gene and metagenomic sequencing analysis, respectively. Among these, butyrate-producing bacteria of the family Ruminococcaceae were positively associated with finishing weight, whereas the microbial taxa related to intestinal damage and inflammation showed opposite effects. Furthermore, interactions of these microbial taxa were firstly found to be associated with finishing weight. Gut microbial functional capacity analysis revealed that CAZymes, such as galactosidase, xylanase, and glucosidase, could significantly affect finishing weight, given their roles in regulating nutrient digestibility. GOs related to the metabolism of several carbohydrates and amino acids also showed important effects on finishing weight. Additionally, both KOs and KEGG pathways related to the membrane transportation system and involved in aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis and butanoate metabolism could act as key factors in modulating finishing weight. Importantly, gut microbiome explained nearly 11% of the variation in finishing weight, and our findings revealed that a subset of metagenomic species could act as predictors of finishing weight. SCFAs levels, especially butyrate level, had critical impacts on finishing weight, and several finishing weight-associated species were potentially contributed to the shift in butyrate level. Thus, our results should give deep insights into how gut microbiome and SCFAs influence finishing weight of meat rabbits and provide essential knowledge for improving finishing weight by manipulating gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoming Fang
- College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xuan Chen
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxing Ye
- College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Liwen Zhou
- College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shuaishuai Xue
- College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qianfu Gan
- College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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Ferreira-Lazarte A, Moreno FJ, Villamiel M. Bringing the digestibility of prebiotics into focus: update of carbohydrate digestion models. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:3267-3278. [PMID: 32744076 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1798344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Oro-gastrointestinal digestion of dietary carbohydrates involves up to six different carbohydrases in a multistage process. Enzymes from the small intestinal brush border membrane play a major role in the digestibility of these substrates. However, to date, the inclusion of these small intestinal enzymes has been dismissed in most in vitro studies carried out, despite their importance in the degradation of carbohydrates. Several in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated the capability of brush border enzymes to degrade certain "non-digestible" carbohydrates to a different extent depending on their structural composition (monomeric composition, glycosidic linkage, etc.). In this sense, considering the available evidence, mucosal disaccharidases embedded in the small intestinal brush border membrane vesicles must be considered in addition to α-amylases; therefore, new approaches for the evaluation of the digestibility of carbohydrates have been recently reported. These new methods based on the utilization of the small intestinal enzymes present in the brush border membrane aim to fulfill the final and key step of the digestion of carbohydrates in the small intestine. Here, rat small intestinal extract enzymes as well as brush border membrane vesicles from pig have emerged as very reliable and useful tools to evaluate carbohydrate digestion. Thus, this review aims to go briefly through the most relevant digestion methods for carbohydrates that are currently available and to highlight the new improved methods, which include mammalian intestinal enzymes, and their current use in the evaluation of the digestibility of prebiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - F Javier Moreno
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL), CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mar Villamiel
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL), CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
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Gut Microbiota Manipulation as a Tool for Colorectal Cancer Management: Recent Advances in Its Use for Therapeutic Purposes. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155389. [PMID: 32751239 PMCID: PMC7432108 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a multifaceted disease influenced by both environmental and genetic factors. A large body of literature has demonstrated the role of gut microbes in promoting inflammatory responses, creating a suitable microenvironment for the development of skewed interactions between the host and the gut microbiota and cancer initiation. Even if surgery is the primary therapeutic strategy, patients with advanced disease or cancer recurrence after surgery remain difficult to cure. Therefore, the gut microbiota has been proposed as a novel therapeutic target in light of recent promising data in which it seems to modulate the response to cancer immunotherapy. The use of microbe-targeted therapies, including antibiotics, prebiotics, live biotherapeutics, and fecal microbiota transplantation, is therefore considered to support current therapies in CRC management. In this review, we will discuss the importance of host−microbe interactions in CRC and how promoting homeostatic immune responses through microbe-targeted therapies may be useful in preventing/treating CRC development.
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Li D, Li S, Wu Y, Jin M, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Chen X, Han Y. Cloning and Characterization of a New β-Galactosidase from Alteromonas sp. QD01 and Its Potential in Synthesis of Galacto-Oligosaccharides. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18060312. [PMID: 32545859 PMCID: PMC7344425 DOI: 10.3390/md18060312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
As prebiotics, galacto-oligosaccharides (GOSs) can improve the intestinal flora and have important applications in medicine. β-galactosidases could promote the synthesis of GOSs in lactose and catalyze the hydrolysis of lactose. In this study, a new β-galactosidase gene (gal2A), which belongs to the glycoside hydrolase family 2, was cloned from marine bacterium Alteromonas sp. QD01 and expressed in Escherichia coli. The molecular weight of Gal2A was 117.07 kDa. The optimal pH and temperature of Gal2A were 8.0 and 40 °C, respectively. At the same time, Gal2A showed wide pH stability in the pH range of 6.0–9.5, which is suitable for lactose hydrolysis in milk. Most metal ions promoted the activity of Gal2A, especially Mn2+ and Mg2+. Importantly, Gal2A exhibited high transglycosylation activity, which can catalyze the formation of GOS from milk and lactose. These characteristics indicated that Gal2A may be ideal for producing GOSs and lactose-reducing dairy products.
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37
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Probiotic viability in yoghurts containing oligosaccharides derived from lactulose (OsLu) during fermentation and cold storage. Int Dairy J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2019.104621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Metabolism of biosynthetic oligosaccharides by human-derived Bifidobacterium breve UCC2003 and Bifidobacterium longum NCIMB 8809. Int J Food Microbiol 2019; 316:108476. [PMID: 31874325 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.108476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This work aimed to investigate the ability of two human-derived bifidobacterial strains, i.e. Bifidobacterium breve UCC2003 and Bifidobacterium longum NCIMB 8809, to utilize various oligosaccharides (i.e., 4-galactosyl-kojibiose, lactulosucrose, lactosyl-oligofructosides, raffinosyl-oligofructosides and lactulose-derived galacto-oligosaccharides) synthesized by means of microbial glycoside hydrolases. With the exception of raffinosyl-oligofructosides, these biosynthetic oligosaccharides were shown to support growth acting as a sole carbon and energy source of at least one of the two studied strains. Production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) as detected by HPLC analysis corroborated the suitability of most of the studied novel oligosaccharides as fermentable growth substrates for the two bifidobacterial strains, showing that acetic acid is the main metabolic end product followed by lactic and formic acids. Transcriptomic and functional genomic approaches carried out for B. breve UCC2003 allowed the identification of key genes encoding glycoside hydrolases and carbohydrate transport systems involved in the metabolism of 4-galactosyl-kojibiose and lactulosucrose. In particular, the role of β-galactosidases in the hydrolysis of these particular trisaccharides was demonstrated, highlighting their importance in oligosaccharide metabolism by human bifidobacterial strains.
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Fernández J, Ledesma E, Monte J, Millán E, Costa P, de la Fuente VG, García MTF, Martínez-Camblor P, Villar CJ, Lombó F. Traditional Processed Meat Products Re-designed Towards Inulin-rich Functional Foods Reduce Polyps in Two Colorectal Cancer Animal Models. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14783. [PMID: 31616028 PMCID: PMC6794276 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51437-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inulin-rich foods exert a prebiotic effect, as this polysaccharide is able to enhance beneficial colon microbiota populations, giving rise to the in situ production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) such as propionic and butyric acids. These SCFAs are potent preventive agents against colorectal cancer due to their histone deacetylases inhibitory properties, which induce apoptosis in tumor colonocytes. As colorectal cancer is the fourth most common neoplasia in Europe with 28.2 new cases per 100,000 inhabitants, a cost-effective preventive strategy has been tested in this work by redesigning common porcine meat products (chorizo sausages and cooked ham) consumed by a substantial proportion of the population towards potential colorectal cancer preventive functional foods. In order to test the preventive effect of these inulin-rich meat products against colorectal cancer, an animal model (Rattus norvegicus F344) was used, involving two doses of azoxymethane (10 mg/kg) and two treatments with dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) during a 20-week assay period. Control feed, control sausages, functional sausages (15.7% inulin), control cooked ham and functional cooked ham (10% inulin) were used to feed the corresponding animal cohorts. Then, the animals were sacrificed and their digestive tract tissues were analyzed. The results showed a statistically significant 49% reduction in the number of colon polyps in the functional meat products cohorts with respect to the control meat products animals, as well as an increase in the cecum weight (an indicator of a diet rich in prebiotic fiber), a 51.8% increase in colon propionate production, a 39.1% increase in colon butyrate concentrations, and a reduction in the number of hyperplastic Peyer's patches. Metagenomics studies also demonstrated colon microbiota differences, revealing a significant increase in Bacteroidetes populations in the functional meat products (mainly due to an increase in Bacteroidaceae and Prevotellaceae families, which include prominent propionate producers), together with a reduction in Firmicutes (especially due to lower Lachnospiraceae populations). However, functional meat products showed a remarkable increase in the anti-inflammatory and fiber-fermentative Blautia genus, which belongs to this Lachnospiraceae family. The functional meat products cohorts also presented a reduction in important pro-inflammatory bacterial populations, such as those of the genus Desulfovibrio and Bilophila. These results were corroborated in a genetic animal model of CRC (F344/NSlc-Apc1588/kyo) that produced similar results. Therefore, processed meat products can be redesigned towards functional prebiotic foods of interest as a cost-effective dietary strategy for preventing colorectal cancer in human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Fernández
- Research Unit "Biotechnology in Nutraceuticals and Bioactive Compounds-BIONUC", Departamento de Biología Funcional, Área de Microbiología, Universidad de Oviedo. Avda. Julián Clavería, 7, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
- IUOPA (Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias), Oviedo, Spain
- ISPA (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Estefanía Ledesma
- El Hórreo Healthy Foods SL. Polígono de Granda 17, 33199, Siero, Spain
| | - Joaquín Monte
- El Hórreo Healthy Foods SL. Polígono de Granda 17, 33199, Siero, Spain
| | - Enric Millán
- COSFER SA, C/Isaac Peral 2, Can Castells, 08420, Canovelles, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pedro Costa
- COSFER SA, C/Isaac Peral 2, Can Castells, 08420, Canovelles, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vanessa García de la Fuente
- Molecular Histopathology Unit in Animal Models for Cancer, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - María Teresa Fernández García
- Molecular Histopathology Unit in Animal Models for Cancer, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Pablo Martínez-Camblor
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hannover, NH, 03755, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Claudio J Villar
- Research Unit "Biotechnology in Nutraceuticals and Bioactive Compounds-BIONUC", Departamento de Biología Funcional, Área de Microbiología, Universidad de Oviedo. Avda. Julián Clavería, 7, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
- IUOPA (Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias), Oviedo, Spain
- ISPA (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Felipe Lombó
- Research Unit "Biotechnology in Nutraceuticals and Bioactive Compounds-BIONUC", Departamento de Biología Funcional, Área de Microbiología, Universidad de Oviedo. Avda. Julián Clavería, 7, 33006, Oviedo, Spain.
- IUOPA (Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias), Oviedo, Spain.
- ISPA (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias), Oviedo, Spain.
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Ji X, Hou C, Zhang X, Han L, Yin S, Peng Q, Wang M. Microbiome-metabolomic analysis of the impact of Zizyphus jujuba cv. Muzao polysaccharides consumption on colorectal cancer mice fecal microbiota and metabolites. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 131:1067-1076. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.03.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Liu C, Cui Y, Pi F, Cheng Y, Guo Y, Qian H. Extraction, Purification, Structural Characteristics, Biological Activities and Pharmacological Applications of Acemannan, a Polysaccharide from Aloe vera: A Review. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24081554. [PMID: 31010204 PMCID: PMC6515206 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24081554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aloe vera is a medicinal plant species of the genus Aloe with a long history of usage around the world. Acemannan, considered one of the main bioactive polysaccharides of Aloe vera, possesses immunoregulation, anti-cancer, anti-oxidation, wound healing and bone proliferation promotion, neuroprotection, and intestinal health promotion activities, among others. In this review, recent advancements in the extraction, purification, structural characteristics and biological activities of acemannan from Aloe vera were summarized. Among these advancements, the structural characteristics of purified polysaccharides were reviewed in detail. Meanwhile, the biological activities of acemannan from Aloe vera determined by in vivo, in vitro and clinical experiments are summarized, and possible mechanisms of these bioactivities were discussed. Moreover, the latest research progress on the use of acemannan in dentistry and wound healing was also summarized in details. The structure-activity relationships of acemannan and its medical applications were discussed. Finally, new perspectives for future research work on acemannan were proposed. In conclusion, this review summarizes the extraction, purification, structural characteristics, biological activities and pharmacological applications of acemannan, and provides information for the industrial production and possible applications in dentistry and wound healing in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
- Synergetic Innovation Center for Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Yan Cui
- Institute of Agricultural Products Processing, Key Laboratory of Preservation Engineering of Agricultural Products, Ningbo Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ningbo 315040, China.
| | - Fuwei Pi
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
- Synergetic Innovation Center for Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Yuliang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
- Synergetic Innovation Center for Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Yahui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
- Synergetic Innovation Center for Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - He Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
- Synergetic Innovation Center for Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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Harusato A, Viennois E, Etienne-Mesmin L, Matsuyama S, Abo H, Osuka S, Lukacs NW, Naito Y, Itoh Y, Li JD, Merlin D, Gewirtz AT, Denning TL. Early-Life Microbiota Exposure Restricts Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cell-Driven Colonic Tumorigenesis. Cancer Immunol Res 2019; 7:544-551. [PMID: 30782668 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-18-0444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Gut microbiota and their metabolites are instrumental in regulating homeostasis at intestinal and extraintestinal sites. However, the complex effects of prenatal and early postnatal microbial exposure on adult health and disease outcomes remain incompletely understood. Here, we showed that mice raised under germ-free conditions until weaning and then transferred to specific pathogen-free (SPF) conditions harbored altered microbiota composition, augmented inflammatory cytokine and chemokine expression, and were hyper-susceptible to colitis-associated tumorigenesis later in adulthood. Increased number and size of colon tumors and intestinal epithelial cell proliferation in recolonized germ-free mice were associated with augmented intratumoral CXCL1, CXCL2, and CXCL5 expression and granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cell (G-MDSC) accumulation. Consistent with these findings, CXCR2 neutralization in recolonized germ-free mice completely reversed the exacerbated susceptibility to colitis-associated tumorigenesis. Collectively, our findings highlight a crucial role for early-life microbial exposure in establishing intestinal homeostasis that restrains colon cancer in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihito Harusato
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia. .,Department of Gastroenterology, North Medical Center, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Emilie Viennois
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Lucie Etienne-Mesmin
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia.,UMR454 MEDIS, Université Clermont Auvergne/INRA, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Shingo Matsuyama
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Hirohito Abo
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Satoru Osuka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Nicholas W Lukacs
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Yuji Naito
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshito Itoh
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jian-Dong Li
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Didier Merlin
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia
| | - Andrew T Gewirtz
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Timothy L Denning
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia.
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The gut microflora assay in patients with colorectal cancer: in feces or tissue samples? IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 2019; 11:1-6. [PMID: 30996824 PMCID: PMC6462264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Gut microbiota is the complex community of microorganisms that live in the digestive tracts of humans and other animals, including insects. The relationship between gut microbiota and human health is mutualistic and altered bacterial compositions in fecal and mucosal specimens of colon in patients with cancer compared to healthy subjects were observed. Thereby, studying the gut microbiota, their interactions with the host and their alterations in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients could be helpful to diagnose and treat the disease in earlier stages. In CRC research, the most common samples are feces and tumor tissues. Interestingly, scientists have quite different views regarding gut microbiota composition of feces and tissues. Some believe bacterial populations in feces and mucosa are completely distinct and differ in composition and diversity while some others declare similar variations. Actually, both types of specimens have some advantages and disadvantages in survey of gut microbiota. Fecal samples serve as a noninvasive approach for screening tests while mucosal associated samples are more powerful for identification of bacteria with adenoma and CRC initiation and growth. Here we have discussed the advantages and disadvantages of two type of specimens in CRC investigations and also discussed the similarities and differences of microbial composition between stool and tissue specimens.
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