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Brine TJ, Crawshaw S, Murphy AM, Pate AE, Carr JP, Wamonje FO. Identification and characterization of Phaseolus vulgaris endornavirus 1, 2 and 3 in common bean cultivars of East Africa. Virus Genes 2023; 59:741-751. [PMID: 37563541 PMCID: PMC10500008 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-023-02026-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Persistent viruses include members of the family Endornavirus that cause no apparent disease and are transmitted exclusively via seed or pollen. It is speculated that these RNA viruses may be mutualists that enhance plant resilience to biotic and abiotic stresses. Using reverse transcription coupled polymerase chain reactions, we investigated if common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) varieties popular in east Africa were hosts for Phaseolus vulgaris endornavirus (PvEV) 1, 2 or 3. Out of 26 bean varieties examined, four were infected with PvEV1, three were infected with both PvEV1 and PvEV2 and three had infections of all three (PvEV) 1, 2 and 3. Notably, this was the first identification of PvEV3 in common bean from Africa. Using high-throughput sequencing of two east African bean varieties (KK022 and KK072), we confirmed the presence of these viruses and generated their genomes. Intra- and inter-species sequence comparisons of these genomes with comparator sequences from GenBank revealed clear species demarcation. In addition, phylogenetic analyses based on sequences generated from the helicase domains showed that geographical distribution does not correlate to genetic relatedness or the occurrence of endornaviruses. These findings are an important first step towards future investigations to determine if these viruses engender positive effects in common bean, a vital crop in east Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Brine
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Sam Crawshaw
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Alex M Murphy
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Adrienne E Pate
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - John P Carr
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Francis O Wamonje
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK.
- Pest and Pathogen Ecology, National Institute of Agricultural Botany, East Malling, ME19 6BJ, UK.
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2
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Brine TJ, Viswanathan SB, Murphy AM, Pate AE, Wamonje FO, Carr JP. Investigating the interactions of endornaviruses with each other and with other viruses in common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris. Virol J 2023; 20:216. [PMID: 37737192 PMCID: PMC10515030 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02184-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant viruses of the genus Alphaendornavirus are transmitted solely via seed and pollen and generally cause no apparent disease. It has been conjectured that certain plant endornaviruses may confer advantages on their hosts through improved performance (e.g., seed yield) or resilience to abiotic or biotic insult. We recently characterised nine common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) varieties that harboured either Phaseolus vulgaris endornavirus (PvEV1) alone, or PvEV1 in combination with PvEV2 or PvEV1 in combination with PvEV2 and PvEV3. Here, we investigated the interactions of these endornaviruses with each other, and with three infectious pathogenic viruses: cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), bean common mosaic virus (BCMV), and bean common mosaic necrosis virus (BCMNV). RESULTS In lines harbouring PvEV1, PvEV1 and PvEV2, or PvEV1, PvEV2 plus PvEV3, the levels of PvEV1 and PvEV3 RNA were very similar between lines, although there were variations in PvEV2 RNA accumulation. In plants inoculated with infectious viruses, CMV, BCMV and BCMNV levels varied between lines, but this was most likely due to host genotype differences rather than to the presence or absence of endornaviruses. We tested the effects of endornaviruses on seed production and seedborne transmission of infectious pathogenic viruses but found no consistent relationship between the presence of endornaviruses and seed yield or protection from seedborne transmission of infectious pathogenic viruses. CONCLUSIONS It was concluded that endornaviruses do not interfere with each other's accumulation. There appears to be no direct synergy or competition between infectious pathogenic viruses and endornaviruses, however, the effects of host genotype may obscure interactions between endornaviruses and infectious viruses. There is no consistent effect of endornaviruses on seed yield or susceptibility to seedborne transmission of other viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Brine
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | | | - Alex M Murphy
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Adrienne E Pate
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Francis O Wamonje
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
- Pest and Pathogen Ecology, National Institute of Agricultural Botany, East Malling, ME19 6BJ, UK
| | - John P Carr
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK.
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Rashid S, Wani F, Ali G, Sofi TA, Dar ZA, Hamid A. Viral metatranscriptomic approach to study the diversity of virus(es) associated with Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in the North-Western Himalayan region of India. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:943382. [PMID: 36212886 PMCID: PMC9532741 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.943382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant viruses are a major threat to legume production worldwide. In recent years, new virus strains have emerged with increasing frequencies in various legume cropping systems, which demands the development of cutting-edge virus surveillance techniques. In this study, we surveyed the common bean fields of Kashmir valley for virus infection using a total of 140 symptomatic and non-symptomatic leaf samples collected from different locations. The genetic diversity of viruses was examined by high-throughput sequencing (HTS) with three viruses being identified, namely, Bean Common Mosaic Virus (BCMV), Bean Common Mosaic Necrosis Virus (BCMNV), and Clover Yellow Vein Virus (ClYVV). BCMNV and ClYVV are new reports from India. De novo assembly of transcriptome constructed near-complete genomes of these viruses. RT-PCR results confirmed the presence of these viruses with an emerge incidence of 56. 4% for BCMV, 27.1% for BCMNV and 16.4 for ClYVV in the valley. Several samples were found to contain multiple virus infections with BCMV being the most predominant. Recombination events were detected in the genomes of BCMV and ClYVV, but not BCMNV. Phylogenetic and pairwise identity matrix evidence suggests viral import from multiple countries. Our results demonstrate that HTS followed by multiplex PCR assay is a simple, rapid, and reliable approach for simultaneous diagnosis of plant viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahjahan Rashid
- Department of Plant Pathology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Farhana Wani
- Department of Plant Pathology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Gowhar Ali
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Tariq A. Sofi
- Department of Plant Pathology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Zahoor Ahmed Dar
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Aflaq Hamid
- Department of Plant Pathology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
- *Correspondence: Aflaq Hamid
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Elmore MG, Groves CL, Hajimorad MR, Stewart TP, Gaskill MA, Wise KA, Sikora E, Kleczewski NM, Smith DL, Mueller DS, Whitham SA. Detection and discovery of plant viruses in soybean by metagenomic sequencing. Virol J 2022; 19:149. [PMID: 36100874 PMCID: PMC9472442 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01872-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viruses negatively impact soybean production by causing diseases that affect yield and seed quality. Newly emerging or re-emerging viruses can also threaten soybean production because current control measures may not be effective against them. Furthermore, detection and characterization of new plant viruses requires major efforts when no sequence or antibody-based resources are available. METHODS In this study, soybean fields were scouted for virus-like disease symptoms during the 2016-2019 growing seasons. Total RNA was extracted from symptomatic soybean parts, cDNA libraries were prepared, and RNA sequencing was performed using high-throughput sequencing (HTS). A custom bioinformatic workflow was used to identify and assemble known and unknown virus genomes. RESULTS Several viruses were identified in single or mixed infections. Full- or nearly full-length genomes were generated for tobacco streak virus (TSV), alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV), tobacco ringspot virus (TRSV), soybean dwarf virus (SbDV), bean pod mottle virus (BPMV), soybean vein necrosis virus (SVNV), clover yellow vein virus (ClYVV), and a novel virus named soybean ilarvirus 1 (SIlV1). Two distinct ClYVV isolates were recovered, and their biological properties were investigated in Nicotiana benthamiana, broad bean, and soybean. In addition to infections by individual viruses, we also found that mixed viral infections in various combinations were quite common. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, the results of this study showed that HTS-based technology is a valuable diagnostic tool for the identification of several viruses in field-grown soybean and can provide rapid information about expected viruses as well as viruses that were previously not detected in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjula G Elmore
- Department of Plant Pathology, Entomology, and Microbiology, Iowa State University, 2213 Pammel Drive, Ames, IA, 50011-1101, USA.
| | - Carol L Groves
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - M R Hajimorad
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Tracey P Stewart
- Roy J. Carver High Resolution Microscopy Facility, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Mikaela A Gaskill
- Department of Plant Pathology, Entomology, and Microbiology, Iowa State University, 2213 Pammel Drive, Ames, IA, 50011-1101, USA
| | - Kiersten A Wise
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Princeton, KY, 43445, USA
| | - Edward Sikora
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | | | - Damon L Smith
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Daren S Mueller
- Department of Plant Pathology, Entomology, and Microbiology, Iowa State University, 2213 Pammel Drive, Ames, IA, 50011-1101, USA
| | - Steven A Whitham
- Department of Plant Pathology, Entomology, and Microbiology, Iowa State University, 2213 Pammel Drive, Ames, IA, 50011-1101, USA.
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Mulenga RM, Miano DW, Al Rwahnih M, Kaimoyo E, Akello J, Nzuve FM, Simulundu E, Alabi T, Chikoti PC, Alabi OJ. Survey for Virus Diversity in Common Bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris) Fields and the Detection of a Novel Strain of Cowpea polerovirus 1 in Zambia. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:2380-2391. [PMID: 35188414 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-11-21-2533-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The production of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is adversely affected by virus-like diseases globally, but little is known about the occurrence, distribution, and diversity of common bean-infecting viruses in Zambia. Consequently, field surveys were conducted during the 2018 season in 128 fields across six provinces of Zambia and 640 common bean leaf tissue samples were collected with (n = 585) or without (n = 55) symptoms. The prevalence of symptomatic fields was 100%, but incidence of symptomatic plants ranged from 32 to 67.5%. Metagenomic analyses of nine composite samples and a single plant sample of interest revealed the occurrence of isolates of Bean common mosaic necrosis virus, Bean common mosaic virus, Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus, Peanut mottle virus, Southern bean mosaic virus (SBMV), Cucumber mosaic virus, Phaseolus vulgaris alphaendornavirus 1 (PvEV-1), PvEV-2, Ethiopian tobacco bushy top virus (ETBTV), and a novel strain of Cowpea polerovirus 1 (CPPV1-Pv) of 5,902 nt in length. While CPPV1-Pv was consistently detected in mixed infection with ETBTV and its satellite RNA molecule, based on results of mechanical transmission assays it does not appear to be involved in disease etiology, suggesting that its role may be limited to being a helper virus for the umbravirus. Screening of the survey samples by real-time PCR for the viruses detected by high-throughput sequencing revealed the prevalence of single (65.2% or 417/640) over mixed (1.9% or 12/640) infections in the samples. SBMV was the most frequently detected virus, occurring in ∼29.4% (188/640) of the samples and at a prevalence rate of 58.6% (75/128) across fields. The results showed that diverse virus species are present in Zambian common bean fields and the information will be useful for the management of common bean viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabson M Mulenga
- Zambia Agriculture Research Institute, Chilanga, 10101 Lusaka, Zambia
- Department of Plant Sciences and Crop Protection, University of Nairobi, Nairobi 00625, Kenya
| | - Douglas W Miano
- Department of Plant Sciences and Crop Protection, University of Nairobi, Nairobi 00625, Kenya
| | - Maher Al Rwahnih
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A
| | - Evans Kaimoyo
- School of Biological Sciences, Great East Road Campus, University of Zambia, 10101 Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Juliet Akello
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Great East Road Campus, University of Zambia, 10101 Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Felister M Nzuve
- Department of Plant Sciences and Crop Protection, University of Nairobi, Nairobi 00625, Kenya
| | - Edgar Simulundu
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Southern African Research Hub, Chongwe District 10100, Lusaka Province, Zambia
| | - Tunrayo Alabi
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan 200001, Nigeria
| | - Patrick C Chikoti
- Zambia Agriculture Research Institute, Chilanga, 10101 Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Olufemi J Alabi
- Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Weslaco, TX 78596, U.S.A
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Maachi A, Donaire L, Hernando Y, Aranda MA. Genetic Differentiation and Migration Fluxes of Viruses from Melon Crops and Crop Edge Weeds. J Virol 2022; 96:e0042122. [PMID: 35924924 PMCID: PMC9400485 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00421-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Weeds surrounding crops may act as alternative hosts, playing important epidemiological roles as virus reservoirs and impacting virus evolution. We used high-throughput sequencing to identify viruses in Spanish melon crops and plants belonging to three pluriannual weed species, Ecballium elaterium, Malva sylvestris, and Solanum nigrum, sampled at the edges of the crops. Melon and E. elaterium, both belonging to the family Cucurbitaceae, shared three virus species, whereas there was no virus species overlap between melon and the other two weeds. The diversity of cucurbit aphid-borne yellows virus (CABYV) and tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV), both in melon and E. elaterium, was further studied by amplicon sequencing. Phylogenetic and population genetics analyses showed that the CABYV population was structured by the host, identifying three sites in the CABYV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase under positive selection, perhaps reflecting host adaptation. The ToLCNDV population was much less diverse than the CABYV one, likely as a consequence of the relatively recent introduction of ToLCNDV in Spain. In spite of its low diversity, we identified geographical but no host differentiation for ToLCNDV. Potential virus migration fluxes between E. elaterium and melon plants were also analyzed. For CABYV, no evidence of migration between the populations of the two hosts was found, whereas important fluxes were identified between geographically distant subpopulations for each host. For ToLCNDV, in contrast, evidence of migration from melon to E. elaterium was found, but not the other way around. IMPORTANCE It has been reported that about half of the emerging diseases affecting plants are caused by viruses. Alternative hosts often play critical roles in virus emergence as virus reservoirs, bridging host species that are otherwise unconnected and/or favoring virus diversification. In spite of this, the viromes of potential alternative hosts remain largely unexplored. In the case of crops, pluriannual weeds at the crop edges may play these roles. Here, we took advantage of the power of high-throughput sequencing to characterize the viromes of three weed species frequently found at the edges of melon crops. We identified three viruses shared by melon and the cucurbit weed, with two of them being epidemiologically relevant for melon crops. Further genetic analyses showed that these two viruses had contrasting patterns of diversification and migration, providing an interesting example on the role that weeds may play in the ecology and evolution of viruses affecting crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayoub Maachi
- Abiopep S.L., Parque Científico de Murcia, Complejo de Espinardo, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Livia Donaire
- Abiopep S.L., Parque Científico de Murcia, Complejo de Espinardo, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS)-CSIC, Department of Stress Biology and Plant Pathology, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Yolanda Hernando
- Abiopep S.L., Parque Científico de Murcia, Complejo de Espinardo, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Miguel A. Aranda
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS)-CSIC, Department of Stress Biology and Plant Pathology, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
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Abraham A, Kidanemariam DB, Winter S, Vetten HJ. A novel nepovirus causing a chlorotic fleck disease on common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Arch Virol 2022; 167:2057-2061. [PMID: 35794493 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05507-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Two common bean leaf samples from Ethiopia that had shown chlorotic fleck and veinal mosaic symptoms but tested ELISA-negative for known viruses were mechanically transmitted to herbaceous hosts to obtain virus isolates ET-773/4 and ET-779. Virus purification from Chenopodium quinoa systemically infected with ET-773/4 yielded icosahedral particles measuring ~ 30 nm in diameter and containing a single capsid protein of ~ 58 kDa, suggesting a nepovirus infection. Analysis of nucleotide sequences generated from RNA1 and RNA2 of the isolates indicated that they represent a distinct virus species in the genus Nepovirus. Surprisingly, the most closely related sequence in the GenBank database was that of Hobart nepovirus 3, an incompletely described metagenomic sequence obtained from honey bees in Tasmania. This new nepovirus from Ethiopia is provisionally named "bean chlorotic fleck virus".
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Affiliation(s)
- Adane Abraham
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Private Bag 16, Palapye, Botswana
| | - Dawit B Kidanemariam
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Stephan Winter
- Plant Virus Department, Leibniz-Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Culture, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - H J Vetten
- , Im Spargelfeld 1, 38162, Cremlingen, Germany
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Apalowo OA, Adediji AO, Balogun OS, Fakolujo TI, Archibong JM, Izuogu NB, Abdelgawad MA, Ghoneim MM, Mustapha S, Qashqari FSI, Batiha GE, Atiri GI. Genetic Structure of Cucumber Mosaic Virus From Natural Hosts in Nigeria Reveals High Diversity and Occurrence of Putative Novel Recombinant Strains. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:753054. [PMID: 35222322 PMCID: PMC8866732 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.753054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV, Bromoviridae: Cucummovirus), one of the most widespread plant viruses with several hosts, causes huge losses in yield quality and quantity. The occurrence of various CMV strains and high genetic diversity within the virus complicate its management. We describe the population structure of CMV in Nigeria using partial RNA1 and RNA3 gene sequences from three natural hosts: pepper (Capsicum annuum), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), and watermelon (Citrullus lanatus). One hundred and six leaf samples were obtained from 16 locations across Nigeria, and specific primers were used to amplify the two gene fragments using PCR. Twenty-four samples tested positive for CMV using RNA1 primers, and amplicons were sequenced from 12 isolates, revealing 82.94–99.80% nucleotide and 85.42–100% amino acid sequence similarities within the population. The partial RNA3 fragment, corresponding to the complete coat protein (CP) gene, was sequenced from seven isolates, with 95.79–97.90% and 98.62–100% nucleotide and amino acid intrapopulation similarities, respectively. The isolates belonged to subgroup IB and formed distinct phylogenetic clusters in both gene sets, indicating putative novel strains. Recombination signals, supported by phylogenetic inferences, were detected within the RNA1 dataset (P ≤ 0.05) and identified a recombinant isolate within the Nigerian sequences. No recombination was detected within the CP genes. Population genetics parameters established high diversity within the Nigerian population compared to other isolates worldwide, while selection pressure estimates revealed the existence of negative selection in both gene sets. Although CMV subgroup IB strains were postulated to originate from Asia, this study reveals their prevalence across several hosts from different locations in Nigeria. To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive description of a recombinant CMV subgroup IB isolate from West Africa, which has implications for its robust detection and overall management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluropo A. Apalowo
- Department of Crop Science and Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
- Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Adedapo O. Adediji
- Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
- *Correspondence: Adedapo O. Adediji,
| | - Olusegun S. Balogun
- Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Temitope I. Fakolujo
- Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Joy M. Archibong
- Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Nkechi B. Izuogu
- Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Mohamed A. Abdelgawad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M. Ghoneim
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Ad Diriyah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Suleiman Mustapha
- Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
- Division of Crop Protection, ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bengaluru, India
| | - Fadi S. I. Qashqari
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gaber E. Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Gabriel I. Atiri
- Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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Mwaipopo B, Rajamäki ML, Ngowi N, Nchimbi-Msolla S, Njau PJR, Valkonen JPT, Mbanzibwa DR. Next-Generation Sequencing-Based Detection of Common Bean Viruses in Wild Plants from Tanzania and Their Mechanical Transmission to Common Bean Plants. PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:2541-2550. [PMID: 33449805 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-07-20-1420-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Viral diseases are a major threat for common bean production. According to recent surveys, >15 different viruses belonging to 11 genera were shown to infect common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Tanzania. Virus management requires an understanding of how viruses survive from one season to the next. During this study, we explored the possibility that alternative host plants have a central role in the survival of common bean viruses. We used next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques to sequence virus-derived small interfering RNAs together with conventional reverse-transcription PCRs (RT-PCRs) to detect viruses in wild plants. Leaf samples for RNA extraction and NGS were collected from 1,430 wild plants around and within common bean fields in four agricultural zones in Tanzania. At least partial genome sequences of viruses potentially belonging to 25 genera were detected. The greatest virus diversity was detected in the eastern and northern zones, whereas wild plants in the Lake zone and especially in the southern highlands zone showed only a few viruses. The RT-PCR analysis of all collected plant samples confirmed the presence of yam bean mosaic virus and peanut mottle virus in wild legume plants. Of all viruses detected, only two viruses, cucumber mosaic virus and a novel bromovirus related to cowpea chlorotic mottle virus and brome mosaic virus, were mechanically transmitted from wild plants to common bean plants. The data generated during this study are crucial for the development of viral disease management strategies and predicting crop viral disease outbreaks in different agricultural regions in Tanzania and beyond.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Mwaipopo
- Disease Control Unit, Tanzania Agricultural Research Institute - Mikocheni Centre, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Department of Crop Science and Horticulture, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | | | - Neema Ngowi
- Disease Control Unit, Tanzania Agricultural Research Institute - Mikocheni Centre, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Susan Nchimbi-Msolla
- Department of Crop Science and Horticulture, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Paul J R Njau
- Department of Crop Science and Horticulture, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Jari P T Valkonen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Deusdedith R Mbanzibwa
- Disease Control Unit, Tanzania Agricultural Research Institute - Mikocheni Centre, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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Use of High-Throughput Sequencing and Two RNA Input Methods to Identify Viruses Infecting Tomato Crops. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9051043. [PMID: 34066188 PMCID: PMC8150983 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9051043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We used high-throughput sequencing to identify viruses on tomato samples showing virus-like symptoms. Samples were collected from crops in the Iberian Peninsula. Either total RNA or double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) were used as starting material to build the cDNA libraries. In total, seven virus species were identified, with pepino mosaic virus being the most abundant one. The dsRNA input provided better coverage and read depth but missed one virus species compared with the total RNA input. By performing in silico analyses, we determined a minimum sequencing depth per sample of 0.2 and 1.5 million reads for dsRNA and rRNA-depleted total RNA inputs, respectively, to detect even the less abundant viruses. Primers and TaqMan probes targeting conserved regions in the viral genomes were designed and/or used for virus detection; all viruses were detected by qRT-PCR/RT-PCR in individual samples, with all except one sample showing mixed infections. Three virus species (Olive latent virus 1, Lettuce ring necrosis virus and Tomato fruit blotch virus) are herein reported for the first time in tomato crops in Spain.
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Current Developments and Challenges in Plant Viral Diagnostics: A Systematic Review. Viruses 2021; 13:v13030412. [PMID: 33807625 PMCID: PMC7999175 DOI: 10.3390/v13030412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant viral diseases are the foremost threat to sustainable agriculture, leading to several billion dollars in losses every year. Many viruses infecting several crops have been described in the literature; however, new infectious viruses are emerging frequently through outbreaks. For the effective treatment and prevention of viral diseases, there is great demand for new techniques that can provide accurate identification on the causative agents. With the advancements in biochemical and molecular biology techniques, several diagnostic methods with improved sensitivity and specificity for the detection of prevalent and/or unknown plant viruses are being continuously developed. Currently, serological and nucleic acid methods are the most widely used for plant viral diagnosis. Nucleic acid-based techniques that amplify target DNA/RNA have been evolved with many variants. However, there is growing interest in developing techniques that can be based in real-time and thus facilitate in-field diagnosis. Next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based innovative methods have shown great potential to detect multiple viruses simultaneously; however, such techniques are in the preliminary stages in plant viral disease diagnostics. This review discusses the recent progress in the use of NGS-based techniques for the detection, diagnosis, and identification of plant viral diseases. New portable devices and technologies that could provide real-time analyses in a relatively short period of time are prime important for in-field diagnostics. Current development and application of such tools and techniques along with their potential limitations in plant virology are likewise discussed in detail.
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Avedi EK, Adediji AO, Kilalo DC, Olubayo FM, Macharia I, Ateka EM, Machuka EM, Mutuku JM. Metagenomic analyses and genetic diversity of Tomato leaf curl Arusha virus affecting tomato plants in Kenya. Virol J 2021; 18:2. [PMID: 33407584 PMCID: PMC7789182 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01466-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tomato production is threatened worldwide by the occurrence of begomoviruses which are associated with tomato leaf curl diseases. There is little information on the molecular properties of tomato begomoviruses in Kenya, hence we investigated the population and genetic diversity of begomoviruses associated with tomato leaf curl in Kenya. METHODS Tomato leaf samples with virus-like symptoms were obtained from farmers' field across the country in 2018 and Illumina sequencing undertaken to determine the genetic diversity of associated begomoviruses. Additionally, the occurrence of selection pressure and recombinant isolates within the population were also evaluated. RESULTS Twelve complete begomovirus genomes were obtained from our samples with an average coverage of 99.9%. The sequences showed 95.7-99.7% identity among each other and 95.9-98.9% similarities with a Tomato leaf curl virus Arusha virus (ToLCArV) isolate from Tanzania. Analysis of amino acid sequences showed the highest identities in the regions coding for the coat protein gene (98.5-100%) within the isolates, and 97.1-100% identity with the C4 gene of ToLCArV. Phylogenetic algorithms clustered all Kenyan isolates in the same clades with ToLCArV, thus confirming the isolates to be a variant of the virus. There was no evidence of recombination within our isolates. Estimation of selection pressure within the virus population revealed the occurrence of negative or purifying selection in five out of the six coding regions of the sequences. CONCLUSIONS The begomovirus associated with tomato leaf curl diseases of tomato in Kenya is a variant of ToLCArV, possibly originating from Tanzania. There is low genetic diversity within the virus population and this information is useful in the development of appropriate management strategies for the disease in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Khamonya Avedi
- Department of Phytosanitary Services and Biosafety, Kenya Plant Health Inspectorate Service, Nairobi, Kenya. .,Department of Plant Science and Crop Protection, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya. .,Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Adedapo Olutola Adediji
- Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
| | - Dora Chao Kilalo
- Department of Plant Science and Crop Protection, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Isaac Macharia
- Department of Phytosanitary Services and Biosafety, Kenya Plant Health Inspectorate Service, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Elijah Miinda Ateka
- Department of Horticulture and Food Security, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Eunice Magoma Machuka
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Josiah Musembi Mutuku
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.,Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK.,The Central and West African Virus Epidemiology (WAVE), Pôle Scientifique et d'Innovation de Bingerville, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
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Post-COVID-19 Action: Guarding Africa's Crops against Viral Epidemics Requires Research Capacity Building That Unifies a Trio of Transdisciplinary Interventions. Viruses 2020; 12:v12111276. [PMID: 33182262 PMCID: PMC7695315 DOI: 10.3390/v12111276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has shown that understanding the genomics of a virus, diagnostics and breaking virus transmission is essential in managing viral pandemics. The same lessons can apply for plant viruses. There are plant viruses that have severely disrupted crop production in multiple countries, as recently seen with maize lethal necrosis disease in eastern and southern Africa. High-throughput sequencing (HTS) is needed to detect new viral threats. Equally important is building local capacity to develop the tools required for rapid diagnosis of plant viruses. Most plant viruses are insect-vectored, hence, biological insights on virus transmission are vital in modelling disease spread. Research in Africa in these three areas is in its infancy and disjointed. Despite intense interest, uptake of HTS by African researchers is hampered by infrastructural gaps. The use of whole-genome information to develop field-deployable diagnostics on the continent is virtually inexistent. There is fledgling research into plant-virus-vector interactions to inform modelling of viral transmission. The gains so far have been modest but encouraging, and therefore must be consolidated. For this, I propose the creation of a new Research Centre for Africa. This bold investment is needed to secure the future of Africa’s crops from insect-vectored viral diseases.
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Ibaba JD, Gubba A. High-Throughput Sequencing Application in the Diagnosis and Discovery of Plant-Infecting Viruses in Africa, A Decade Later. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E1376. [PMID: 33081084 PMCID: PMC7602839 DOI: 10.3390/plants9101376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
High-throughput sequencing (HTS) application in the field of plant virology started in 2009 and has proven very successful for virus discovery and detection of viruses already known. Plant virology is still a developing science in most of Africa; the number of HTS-related studies published in the scientific literature has been increasing over the years as a result of successful collaborations. Studies using HTS to identify plant-infecting viruses have been conducted in 20 African countries, of which Kenya, South Africa and Tanzania share the most published papers. At least 29 host plants, including various agricultural economically important crops, ornamentals and medicinal plants, have been used in viromics analyses and have resulted in the detection of previously known viruses and novel ones from almost any host. Knowing that the effectiveness of any management program requires knowledge on the types, distribution, incidence, and genetic of the virus-causing disease, integrating HTS and efficient bioinformatics tools in plant virology research projects conducted in Africa is a matter of the utmost importance towards achieving and maintaining sustainable food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Davy Ibaba
- Discipline of Plant Pathology, School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Agriculture Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa;
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Wamonje FO, Donnelly R, Tungadi TD, Murphy AM, Pate AE, Woodcock C, Caulfield J, Mutuku JM, Bruce TJA, Gilligan CA, Pickett JA, Carr JP. Different Plant Viruses Induce Changes in Feeding Behavior of Specialist and Generalist Aphids on Common Bean That Are Likely to Enhance Virus Transmission. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 10:1811. [PMID: 32082355 PMCID: PMC7005137 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV), bean common mosaic necrosis virus (BCMNV), and cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) cause serious epidemics in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), a vital food security crop in many low-to-medium income countries, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa. Aphids transmit these viruses "non-persistently," i.e., virions attach loosely to the insects' stylets. Viruses may manipulate aphid-host interactions to enhance transmission. We used direct observation and electrical penetration graph measurements to see if the three viruses induced similar or distinct changes in feeding behaviors of two aphid species, Aphis fabae and Myzus persicae. Both aphids vector BCMV, BCMNV, and CMV but A. fabae is a legume specialist (the dominant species in bean fields) while M. persicae is a generalist that feeds on and transmits viruses to diverse plant hosts. Aphids of both species commenced probing epidermal cells (behavior optimal for virus acquisition and inoculation) sooner on virus-infected plants than on mock-inoculated plants. Infection with CMV was especially disruptive of phloem feeding by the bean specialist aphid A. fabae. A. fabae also experienced mechanical stylet difficulty when feeding on virus-infected plants, and this was also exacerbated for M. persicae. Overall, feeding on virus-infected host plants by specialist and generalist aphids was affected in different ways but all three viruses induced similar effects on each aphid type. Specifically, non-specialist (M. persicae) aphids encountered increased stylet difficulties on plants infected with BCMV, BCMNV, or CMV, whereas specialist aphids (A. fabae) showed decreased phloem ingestion on infected plants. Probing and stylet pathway activity (which facilitate virus transmission) were not decreased by any of the viruses for either of the aphid species, except in the case of A. fabae on CMV-infected bean, where these activities were increased. Overall, these virus-induced changes in host-aphid interactions are likely to enhance non-persistent virus transmission, and data from this work will be useful in epidemiological modeling of non-persistent vectoring of viruses by aphids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis O. Wamonje
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ruairí Donnelly
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Trisna D. Tungadi
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alex M. Murphy
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Adrienne E. Pate
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Christine Woodcock
- Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, United Kingdom
| | - John Caulfield
- Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, United Kingdom
| | - J. Musembi Mutuku
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Toby J. A. Bruce
- Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, United Kingdom
| | | | - John A. Pickett
- Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, United Kingdom
| | - John P. Carr
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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