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Wang S, Wang X, Li S, Sun X, Xue M, Di D, Zhang A, Zhang Y, Xia Y, Zhou T, Fan Z. Maize lipid droplet-associated protein 2 is recruited by a virus to enhance viral multiplication and infection through regulating cellular fatty acid metabolism. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 119:2484-2499. [PMID: 39007841 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Pathogen infection induces massive reprogramming of host primary metabolism. Lipid and fatty acid (FA) metabolism is generally disrupted by pathogens and co-opted for their proliferation. Lipid droplets (LDs) that play important roles in regulating cellular lipid metabolism are utilized by a variety of pathogens in mammalian cells. However, the function of LDs during pathogenic infection in plants remains unknown. We show here that infection by rice black streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV) affects the lipid metabolism of maize, which causes elevated accumulation of C18 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) leading to viral proliferation and symptom development. The overexpression of one of the two novel LD-associated proteins (LDAPs) of maize (ZmLDAP1 and ZmLDAP2) induces LD clustering. The core capsid protein P8 of RBSDV interacts with ZmLDAP2 and prevents its degradation through the ubiquitin-proteasome system mediated by a UBX domain-containing protein, PUX10. In addition, silencing of ZmLDAP2 downregulates the expression of FA desaturase genes in maize, leading to a decrease in C18 PUFAs levels and suppression of RBSDV accumulation. Our findings reveal that plant virus may recruit LDAP to regulate cellular FA metabolism to promote viral multiplication and infection. These results expand the knowledge of LD functions and viral infection mechanisms in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Wang
- MARA-Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, College of Plant Protection, and State Key Laboratory for Maize Bio-breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- MARA-Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, College of Plant Protection, and State Key Laboratory for Maize Bio-breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Siqi Li
- MARA-Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, College of Plant Protection, and State Key Laboratory for Maize Bio-breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xi Sun
- MARA-Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, College of Plant Protection, and State Key Laboratory for Maize Bio-breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Mingshuo Xue
- MARA-Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, College of Plant Protection, and State Key Laboratory for Maize Bio-breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Dianping Di
- Plant Protection Institute, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Aihong Zhang
- Plant Protection Institute, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Yongjiang Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Yiji Xia
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- MARA-Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, College of Plant Protection, and State Key Laboratory for Maize Bio-breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zaifeng Fan
- MARA-Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, College of Plant Protection, and State Key Laboratory for Maize Bio-breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya, 572025, China
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2
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Royet A, Ruedas R, Gargowitsch L, Gervais V, Habersetzer J, Pieri L, Ouldali M, Paternostre M, Hofmann I, Tubiana T, Fieulaine S, Bressanelli S. Nonstructural protein 4 of human norovirus self-assembles into various membrane-bridging multimers. J Biol Chem 2024:107724. [PMID: 39214299 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 08/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Single-stranded, positive-sense RNA ((+)RNA) viruses replicate their genomes in virus-induced intracellular membrane compartments. (+)RNA viruses dedicate a significant part of their small genomes (a few thousands to a few tens of thousands of bases) to the generation of these compartments by encoding membrane-interacting proteins and/or protein domains. Noroviruses are a very diverse genus of (+)RNA viruses including human and animal pathogens. Human noroviruses are the major cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide, with genogroup II genotype 4 (GII.4) noroviruses accounting for the vast majority of infections. Three viral proteins encoded in the N-terminus of the viral replication polyprotein direct intracellular membrane rearrangements associated with norovirus replication. Of these three, nonstructural protein 4 (NS4) seems to be the most important, although its exact functions in replication organelle formation are unknown. Here we produce, purify and characterize GII.4 NS4. AlphaFold modeling combined with experimental data refine and correct our previous crude structural model of NS4. Using simple artificial liposomes, we report an extensive characterization of the membrane properties of NS4. We find that NS4 self-assembles and thereby bridges liposomes together. Cryo-EM, NMR and membrane flotation show formation of several distinct NS4 assemblies, at least two of them bridging pairs of membranes together in different fashions. Noroviruses belong to (+)RNA viruses whose replication compartment is extruded from the target endomembrane and generates double-membrane vesicles. Our data establish that the 21-kDa GII.4 human norovirus NS4 can, in the absence of any other factor, recapitulate in tubo several features, including membrane apposition, that occur in such processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Royet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS - Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Rémi Ruedas
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS - Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Sanofi, Integrated Drug Discovery, 13, quai Jules Guesde, 94403 Vitry-sur-Seine, France
| | - Laetitia Gargowitsch
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS - Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Virginie Gervais
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS - Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Johann Habersetzer
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS - Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Laura Pieri
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS - Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Malika Ouldali
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS - Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Maïté Paternostre
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS - Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Ilse Hofmann
- Core Facility Antibodies, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thibault Tubiana
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS - Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Sonia Fieulaine
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS - Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Stéphane Bressanelli
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS - Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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3
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Jacobs AK, Morley SD, Samuel K, Morgan K, Boswell L, Kendall TJ, Dorward DA, Fallowfield JA, Hayes PC, Plevris JN. Hepatic angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 expression in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and in patients with fatal COVID-19. World J Gastroenterol 2024; 30:3705-3716. [PMID: 39192998 PMCID: PMC11346159 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v30.i31.3705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), characterised by hepatic lipid accumulation, causes inflammation and oxidative stress accompanied by cell damage and fibrosis. Liver injury (LI) is also frequently reported in patients hospitalised with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), while pre-existing MASLD increases the risk of LI and the development of COVID-19-associated cholangiopathy. Mechanisms of injury at the cellular level remain unclear, but it may be significant that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) which causes COVID-19, uses angiotensin-converting expression enzyme 2 (ACE2), a key regulator of the 'anti-inflammatory' arm of the renin-angiotensin system, for viral attachment and host cell invasion. AIM To determine if hepatic ACE2 levels are altered during progression of MASLD and in patients who died with severe COVID-19. METHODS ACE2 protein levels and localisation, and histological fibrosis and lipid droplet accumulation as markers of MASLD were determined in formalin-fixed liver tissue sections across the MASLD pathological spectrum (isolated hepatocellular steatosis, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) +/- fibrosis, end-stage cirrhosis) and in post-mortem tissues from patients who had died with severe COVID-19, using ACE2 immunohistochemistry and haematoxylin and eosin and picrosirius red staining of total collagen and lipid droplet areas, followed by quantification using machine learning-based image pixel classifiers. RESULTS ACE2 staining is primarily intracellular and concentrated in the cytoplasm of centrilobular hepatocytes and apical membranes of bile duct cholangiocytes. Strikingly, ACE2 protein levels are elevated in non-fibrotic MASH compared to healthy controls but not in the progression to MASH with fibrosis and in cirrhosis. ACE2 protein levels and histological fibrosis are not associated, but ACE2 and liver lipid droplet content are significantly correlated across the MASLD spectrum. Hepatic ACE2 levels are also increased in COVID-19 patients, especially those showing evidence of LI, but are not correlated with the presence of SARS-CoV-2 virus in the liver. However, there is a clear association between the hepatic lipid droplet content and the presence of the virus, suggesting a possible functional link. CONCLUSION Hepatic ACE2 levels were elevated in nonfibrotic MASH and COVID-19 patients with LI, while lipid accumulation may promote intra-hepatic SARS-CoV-2 replication, accelerating MASLD progression and COVID-19-mediated liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus K Jacobs
- Hepatology Laboratory, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, United Kingdom
| | - Steven D Morley
- Hepatology Laboratory, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, United Kingdom
| | - Kay Samuel
- Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Jack Copland Centre, Edinburgh EH14 4BE, United Kingdom
| | - Katie Morgan
- Hepatology Laboratory, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, United Kingdom
| | - Lyndsey Boswell
- Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy J Kendall
- Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, United Kingdom
- Edinburgh Pathology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, United Kingdom
| | - David A Dorward
- Edinburgh Pathology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan A Fallowfield
- Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, United Kingdom
| | - Peter C Hayes
- Hepatology Laboratory, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, United Kingdom
| | - John N Plevris
- Hepatology Laboratory, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, United Kingdom
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4
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Liu Y, Lin W, Nagy PD. Proviral and antiviral roles of phosphofructokinase family of glycolytic enzymes in TBSV replication. Virology 2024; 599:110190. [PMID: 39146928 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Positive-strand RNA viruses build viral replication organelles (VROs) with the help of co-opted host factors. The biogenesis of the membranous VROs requires major metabolic changes in infected cells. Previous studies showed that tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) hijacks several glycolytic enzymes to produce ATP locally within VROs. In this work, we demonstrate that the yeast Pfk2p phosphofructokinase, which performs a rate-limiting and highly regulated step in glycolysis, interacts with the TBSV p33 replication protein. Deletion of PFK2 reduced TBSV replication in yeast, suggesting proviral role for Pfk2p. TBSV also co-opted two plant phosphofructokinases, which supported viral replication and ATP production within VROs, thus acting as proviral factors. Three other phosphofructokinases inhibited TBSV replication and they reduced ATP production within VROs, thus functioning as antiviral factors. Altogether, different phosphofructokinases have proviral or antiviral roles. This suggests on-going arms race between tombusviruses and their hosts to control glycolysis pathway in infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyan Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Plant Science Building, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Wenwu Lin
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Plant Science Building, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Peter D Nagy
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Plant Science Building, Lexington, KY, USA.
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5
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Lin S, Chang P, Tsao S, Aderinwale A, Sallapalli BT, He J, Zhang Y. Oxysterol binding protein (OSBP) contributes to hepatitis E virus replication. Virol J 2024; 21:161. [PMID: 39039546 PMCID: PMC11265327 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-024-02438-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus and causes primarily acute self-limiting infections. The ORF1 of the HEV genome encodes a polyprotein around 190 kDa, which contains several putative domains, including helicase and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. The HEV-encoded helicase is a member of the superfamily 1 helicase family and possesses multiple enzymatic functions, such as RNA 5'-triphosphatase, RNA unwinding, and NTPase, which are thought to contribute to viral RNA synthesis. However, the helicase interaction with cellular proteins remains less known. Oxysterol binding protein (OSBP) is a lipid regulator that shuffles between the Golgi apparatus and the endoplasmic reticulum for cholesterol and phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate exchange and controls the efflux of cholesterol from cells. In this study, the RNAi-mediated silencing of OSBP significantly reduced HEV replication. Further studies indicate that the HEV helicase interacted with OSBP, shown by co-immunoprecipitation and co-localization in co-transfected cells. The presence of helicase blocked OSBP preferential translocation to the Golgi apparatus. These results demonstrate that OSBP contributes to HEV replication and enrich our understanding of the HEV-cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoli Lin
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Peixi Chang
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Shane Tsao
- National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Abigail Aderinwale
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Bhargava Teja Sallapalli
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Jia He
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Yanjin Zhang
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
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6
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Kumar N, Santhoshkumar R, Agrawal R, Singh A, Kalyan V, Desai A, Ravi V, Venkataswamy MM. Neuropathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 in human neuronal, microglial and glial cells. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:345. [PMID: 38976047 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-04075-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Neurological complications, both acute and chronic, are reported commonly in COVID-19 affected individuals. In this context, the understanding of pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 in specific cells of central nervous system (CNS) origin is relevant. The present study explores infection biology of a clinical isolate of SARS-CoV-2 in human cell lines of neural origin such as the glioblastoma (U87-MG), neuroblastoma (SHSY5Y) and microglia (C20). Despite showing clear evidence of infection by immunofluorescence with an anti-spike protein antibody, all the three neural cell lines were observed to be highly restrictive to the replication of the infecting virus. While the U87-MG glioblastoma cells demonstrated no cytopathic effects and a low viral titre with no signs of replication, the SHSY5Y neuroblastoma cells exhibited cytopathic effects with bleb formation but no evidence of viable virus. The C20 microglial cells showed neither signs of cytopathic effects nor viable virus. Ultrastructural studies demonstrated intracellular virions in infected neural cells. The presence of lipid droplets in infected SHSY5Y cells suggested an impact on host cell metabolism. The decrease in viral RNA levels over time in all the neural cell lines suggested restricted viral replication. In conclusion, this study highlights the limited susceptibility of neural cells to SARS-CoV-2 infection. This reduced permissibility of neural cell lines to SARS-CoV-2 may point to their inherent lower expression of receptors that support viral entry in addition to the intracellular factors that potently inhibit viral replication. The study findings prompt further investigation into the mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection of neural cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narendra Kumar
- Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Hosur Road, Bengaluru, 560029, India
| | - Rashmi Santhoshkumar
- Electron Microscopy- Common Research Facility, Department of Neuropathology, NIMHANS, Bengaluru, 560029, India
| | - Ragini Agrawal
- Center for Infectious Disease Research (CIDR), Indian Institute of Science (IISc), CV Raman Avenue, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Amit Singh
- Center for Infectious Disease Research (CIDR), Indian Institute of Science (IISc), CV Raman Avenue, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | | | - Anita Desai
- Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Hosur Road, Bengaluru, 560029, India
| | - Vasanthapuram Ravi
- Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Hosur Road, Bengaluru, 560029, India
| | - Manjunatha M Venkataswamy
- Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Hosur Road, Bengaluru, 560029, India.
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Guo S, Dong Q, Zhang M, Tu L, Yan Y, Guo S. Lower serum LDL-C levels are associated with poor prognosis in severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome: a single-center retrospective cohort study. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1412263. [PMID: 38979536 PMCID: PMC11229679 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1412263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging infectious disease triggered by a novel bunyavirus (SFTSV). Characterized by fever, thrombocytopenia, leukocytopenia, and multiple organ dysfunction manifestations, its primary mode of transmission is through tick bites. Despite the critical role of lipid metabolism in viral infections, the role of lipids in SFTS remains unclear. Methods This retrospective study analyzed 602 patients with SFTS treated at the Shandong Public Health Clinical Center from January 2021 to December 2023. Based on the endpoint events, patients were classified into survival (S) and death (D) groups. The S group was further classified into non-critical (non-C) and critical (C) groups based on symptoms. All patients were followed up for at least 28 days after admission. Propensity score matching, multivariable logistic regression, survival analysis, time trend analysis, and mediation analysis were conducted to assess the association between LDL-C levels and prognosis in SFTS. Results The serum LDL-C levels on admission were significantly lower in the D and C groups than in the S and non-C groups. The logistic regression models indicated a potential association between LDL-C levels and a poor prognosis in SFTS. The restricted cubic spline showed a unidirectional trend between LDL-C levels and mortality, with a cutoff value of 1.59 mmol/L. The survival analysis revealed higher and earlier mortality in the low-LDL-C group than in the high-LDL-C group. The trends over 28 days post-admission showed that the serum LDL-C levels gradually increased in SFTS, with a favorable prognosis. Finally, the mediation analysis indicated that low LDL-C levels are associated with mortality through poor hepatic, cardiac, and coagulation functions. Conclusion Low LDL-C levels are potentially associated with a poor prognosis in SFTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Guo
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Qing Dong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shandong Public Health Clinical Center, Jinan, China
| | - Maomei Zhang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Lirui Tu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shandong Public Health Clinical Center, Jinan, China
| | - Yunjun Yan
- Jinan Dian Medical Laboratory Co., Ltd., Jinan, China
| | - Shougang Guo
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
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8
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Desselberger U. Significance of Cellular Lipid Metabolism for the Replication of Rotaviruses and Other RNA Viruses. Viruses 2024; 16:908. [PMID: 38932200 PMCID: PMC11209218 DOI: 10.3390/v16060908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The replication of species A rotaviruses (RVAs) involves the recruitment of and interaction with cellular organelles' lipid droplets (LDs), both physically and functionally. The inhibition of enzymes involved in the cellular fatty acid biosynthesis pathway or the inhibition of cellular lipases that degrade LDs was found to reduce the functions of 'viral factories' (viroplasms for rotaviruses or replication compartments of other RNA viruses) and decrease the production of infectious progeny viruses. While many other RNA viruses utilize cellular lipids for their replication, their detailed analysis is far beyond this review; only a few annotations are made relating to hepatitis C virus (HCV), enteroviruses, SARS-CoV-2, and HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Desselberger
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
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9
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Qiao Z, Wang J, Huang K, Hu H, Gu Z, Liao Q, Du Z. The non-template functions of helper virus RNAs create optimal replication conditions to enhance the proliferation of satellite RNAs. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012174. [PMID: 38630801 PMCID: PMC11057728 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
As a type of parasitic agent, satellite RNAs (satRNAs) rely on cognate helper viruses to achieve their replication and transmission. During the infection of satRNAs, helper virus RNAs serve as templates for synthesizing viral proteins, including the replication proteins essential for satRNA replication. However, the role of non-template functions of helper virus RNAs in satRNA replication remains unexploited. Here we employed the well-studied model that is composed of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and its associated satRNA. In the experiments employing the CMV trans-replication system, we observed an unexpected phenomenon the replication proteins of the mild strain LS-CMV exhibited defective in supporting satRNA replication, unlike those of the severe strain Fny-CMV. Independent of translation products, all CMV genomic RNAs could enhance satRNA replication, when combined with the replication proteins of CMV. This enhancement is contingent upon the recruitment and complete replication of helper virus RNAs. Using the method developed for analyzing the satRNA recruitment, we observed a markedly distinct ability of the replication proteins from both CMV strains to recruit the positive-sense satRNA-harboring RNA3 mutant for replication. This is in agreement with the differential ability of both 1a proteins in binding satRNAs in plants. The discrepancies provide a convincing explanation for the variation of the replication proteins of both CMV strains in replicating satRNAs. Taken together, our work provides compelling evidence that the non-template functions of helper virus RNAs create an optimal replication environment to enhance satRNA proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zimu Qiao
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jin Wang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kaiyun Huang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Honghao Hu
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhouhang Gu
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiansheng Liao
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhiyou Du
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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10
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Kang Y, Lin W, Nagy PD. Subversion of selective autophagy for the biogenesis of tombusvirus replication organelles inhibits autophagy. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012085. [PMID: 38484009 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Elaborate viral replication organelles (VROs) are formed to support positive-strand RNA virus replication in infected cells. VRO formation requires subversion of intracellular membranes by viral replication proteins. Here, we showed that the key ATG8f autophagy protein and NBR1 selective autophagy receptor were co-opted by Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) and the closely-related carnation Italian ringspot virus. Knockdown of ATG8f or NBR1 in plants led to reduced tombusvirus replication, suggesting pro-viral function for selective autophagy. BiFC and proximity-labeling experiments showed that the TBSV p33 replication protein interacted with ATG8f and NBR1 to recruit them to VROs. In addition, we observed that several core autophagy proteins, such as ATG1a, ATG4, ATG5, ATG101 and the plant-specific SH3P2 autophagy adaptor proteins were also re-localized to TBSV VROs, suggesting that TBSV hijacks the autophagy machinery in plant cells. We demonstrated that subversion of autophagy components facilitated the recruitment of VPS34 PI3 kinase and enrichment of phospholipids, such as phosphatidylethanolamine and PI3P phosphoinositide in the VRO membranes. Hijacking of autophagy components into TBSV VROs led to inhibition of autophagic flux. We also found that a fraction of the subverted ATG8f and NBR1 was sequestered in biomolecular condensates associated with VROs. We propose that the VRO-associated condensates trap those autophagy proteins, taking them away from the autophagy pathway. Overall, tombusviruses hijack selective autophagy to provide phospholipid-rich membranes for replication and to regulate the antiviral autophagic flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanrong Kang
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Wenwu Lin
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Peter D Nagy
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
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11
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Shi X, Zhang Q, Yang N, Wang Q, Zhang Y, Xu X. PEDV inhibits HNRNPA3 expression by miR-218-5p to enhance cellular lipid accumulation and promote viral replication. mBio 2024; 15:e0319723. [PMID: 38259103 PMCID: PMC10865979 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03197-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) requires complete dependence on the metabolic system of the host cell to complete its life cycle. There is a strong link between efficient viral replication and cellular lipid synthesis. However, the mechanism by which PEDV interacts with host cells to hijack cellular lipid metabolism to promote its replication remains unclear. In this study, PEDV infection significantly enhanced the expression of lipid synthesis-related genes and increased cellular lipid accumulation. Furthermore, using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, we identified heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A3 (HNRNPA3) as the interacting molecule of PEDV NSP9. We demonstrated that the expression of HNRNPA3 was downregulated by PEDV-induced miR-218-5p through targeting its 3' untranslated region. Interestingly, knocking down HNRNPA3 facilitated the PEDV replication by promoting cellular lipid synthesis. We next found that the knockdown of HNRNPA3 potentiated the transcriptional activity of sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 1 (SREBF1) through zinc finger protein 135 (ZNF135) as well as PI3K/AKT and JNK signaling pathways. In summary, we propose a model in which PEDV downregulates HNRNPA3 expression to promote the expression and activation of SREBF1 and increase cellular lipid accumulation, providing a novel mechanism by which PEDV interacts with the host to utilize cellular lipid metabolism to promote its replication.IMPORTANCEAs the major components and structural basis of the viral replication complexes of positive-stranded RNA viruses, lipids play an essential role in viral replication. However, how PEDV manipulates host cell lipid metabolism to promote viral replication by interacting with cell proteins remains poorly understood. Here, we found that SREBF1 promotes cellular lipid synthesis, which is essential for PEDV replication. Moreover, HNRNPA3 negatively regulates SREBF1 activation and specifically reduces lipid accumulation, ultimately inhibiting PEDV dsRNA synthesis. Our study provides new insight into the mechanisms by which PEDV hijacks cell lipid metabolism to benefit viral replication, which can offer a potential target for therapeutics against PEDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Naling Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Quanqiong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yanxia Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xingang Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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12
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Peinado RDS, Martins LG, Pacca CC, Saivish MV, Borsatto KC, Nogueira ML, Tasic L, Arni RK, Eberle RJ, Coronado MA. HR-MAS NMR Metabolomics Profile of Vero Cells under the Influence of Virus Infection and nsP2 Inhibitor: A Chikungunya Case Study. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1414. [PMID: 38338694 PMCID: PMC10855909 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The arbovirus Chikungunya (CHIKV) is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes in urban environments, and in humans, it triggers debilitating symptoms involving long-term complications, including arthritis and Guillain-Barré syndrome. The development of antiviral therapies is relevant, as no efficacious vaccine or drug has yet been approved for clinical application. As a detailed map of molecules underlying the viral infection can be obtained from the metabolome, we validated the metabolic signatures of Vero E6 cells prior to infection (CC), following CHIKV infection (CV) and also upon the inclusion of the nsP2 protease inhibitor wedelolactone (CWV), a coumestan which inhibits viral replication processes. The metabolome groups evidenced significant changes in the levels of lactate, myo-inositol, phosphocholine, glucose, betaine and a few specific amino acids. This study forms a preliminary basis for identifying metabolites through HR-MAS NMR (High Resolution Magic Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Ressonance Spectroscopy) and proposing the affected metabolic pathways of cells following viral infection and upon incorporation of putative antiviral molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela dos S. Peinado
- Multiuser Center for Biomolecular Innovation, Department of Physics, Institute of Biosciences, Languages and Exact Sciences (Ibilce—UNESP), Sao Jose do Rio Preto, Sao Paulo 15054000, Brazil; (R.d.S.P.); (K.C.B.); (R.K.A.)
| | - Lucas G. Martins
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083862, Brazil; (L.G.M.); (L.T.)
| | - Carolina C. Pacca
- Virology Research Laboratory, Medical School of Sao Jose do Rio Preto (FAMERP), Sao Paulo 15090000, Brazil; (C.C.P.); (M.V.S.); (M.L.N.)
| | - Marielena V. Saivish
- Virology Research Laboratory, Medical School of Sao Jose do Rio Preto (FAMERP), Sao Paulo 15090000, Brazil; (C.C.P.); (M.V.S.); (M.L.N.)
| | - Kelly C. Borsatto
- Multiuser Center for Biomolecular Innovation, Department of Physics, Institute of Biosciences, Languages and Exact Sciences (Ibilce—UNESP), Sao Jose do Rio Preto, Sao Paulo 15054000, Brazil; (R.d.S.P.); (K.C.B.); (R.K.A.)
| | - Maurício L. Nogueira
- Virology Research Laboratory, Medical School of Sao Jose do Rio Preto (FAMERP), Sao Paulo 15090000, Brazil; (C.C.P.); (M.V.S.); (M.L.N.)
| | - Ljubica Tasic
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083862, Brazil; (L.G.M.); (L.T.)
| | - Raghuvir K. Arni
- Multiuser Center for Biomolecular Innovation, Department of Physics, Institute of Biosciences, Languages and Exact Sciences (Ibilce—UNESP), Sao Jose do Rio Preto, Sao Paulo 15054000, Brazil; (R.d.S.P.); (K.C.B.); (R.K.A.)
| | - Raphael J. Eberle
- Institute of Biological Information Processing IBI-7: Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Mônika A. Coronado
- Institute of Biological Information Processing IBI-7: Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany
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13
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Lin J, Zhao J, Du L, Wang P, Sun B, Zhang C, Shi Y, Li H, Sun H. Activation of MAPK-mediated immunity by phosphatidic acid in response to positive-strand RNA viruses. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 5:100659. [PMID: 37434356 PMCID: PMC10811337 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2023.100659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades play a crucial role in plant defense against viruses. However, the mechanisms that underlie the activation of MAPK cascades in response to viral infection remain unclear. In this study, we discovered that phosphatidic acid (PA) represents a major class of lipids that respond to Potato virus Y (PVY) at an early stage of infection. We identified NbPLDα1 (Nicotiana benthamiana phospholipase Dα1) as the key enzyme responsible for increased PA levels during PVY infection and found that it plays an antiviral role. 6K2 of PVY interacts with NbPLDα1, leading to elevated PA levels. In addition, NbPLDα1 and PA are recruited by 6K2 to membrane-bound viral replication complexes. On the other hand, 6K2 also induces activation of the MAPK pathway, dependent on its interaction with NbPLDα1 and the derived PA. PA binds to WIPK/SIPK/NTF4, prompting their phosphorylation of WRKY8. Notably, spraying with exogenous PA is sufficient to activate the MAPK pathway. Knockdown of the MEK2-WIPK/SIPK-WRKY8 cascade resulted in enhanced accumulation of PVY genomic RNA. 6K2 of Turnip mosaic virus and p33 of Tomato bushy stunt virus also interacted with NbPLDα1 and induced the activation of MAPK-mediated immunity. Loss of function of NbPLDα1 inhibited virus-induced activation of MAPK cascades and promoted viral RNA accumulation. Thus, activation of MAPK-mediated immunity by NbPLDα1-derived PA is a common strategy employed by hosts to counteract positive-strand RNA virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Lin
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Jinpeng Zhao
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Linlin Du
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Pengkun Wang
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Bingjian Sun
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Yan Shi
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Honglian Li
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Hangjun Sun
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China.
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14
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Ahmad I, Fatemi SN, Ghaheri M, Rezvani A, Khezri DA, Natami M, Yasamineh S, Gholizadeh O, Bahmanyar Z. An overview of the role of Niemann-pick C1 (NPC1) in viral infections and inhibition of viral infections through NPC1 inhibitor. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:352. [PMID: 38098077 PMCID: PMC10722723 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01376-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses communicate with their hosts through interactions with proteins, lipids, and carbohydrate moieties on the plasma membrane (PM), often resulting in viral absorption via receptor-mediated endocytosis. Many viruses cannot multiply unless the host's cholesterol level remains steady. The large endo/lysosomal membrane protein (MP) Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC1), which is involved in cellular cholesterol transport, is a crucial intracellular receptor for viral infection. NPC1 is a ubiquitous housekeeping protein essential for the controlled cholesterol efflux from lysosomes. Its human absence results in Niemann-Pick type C disease, a deadly lysosomal storage disorder. NPC1 is a crucial viral receptor and an essential host component for filovirus entrance, infection, and pathogenesis. For filovirus entrance, NPC1's cellular function is unnecessary. Furthermore, blocking NPC1 limits the entry and replication of the African swine fever virus by disrupting cholesterol homeostasis. Cell entrance of quasi-enveloped variants of hepatitis A virus and hepatitis E virus has also been linked to NPC1. By controlling cholesterol levels, NPC1 is also necessary for the effective release of reovirus cores into the cytoplasm. Drugs that limit NPC1's activity are effective against several viruses, including SARS-CoV and Type I Feline Coronavirus (F-CoV). These findings reveal NPC1 as a potential therapeutic target for treating viral illnesses and demonstrate its significance for several viral infections. This article provides a synopsis of NPC1's function in viral infections and a review of NPC1 inhibitors that may be used to counteract viral infections. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irfan Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mohammad Ghaheri
- Student Research Committee, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Ali Rezvani
- Anesthesiology Department, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
| | - Dorsa Azizi Khezri
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Natami
- Department of Urology, Shahid Mohammadi Hospital, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | | | | | - Zahra Bahmanyar
- School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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15
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Dasgupta A, Gangai S, Narayan R, Kapoor S. Mapping the Lipid Signatures in COVID-19 Infection: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Solutions. J Med Chem 2023; 66:14411-14433. [PMID: 37899546 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic ignited research centered around the identification of robust biomarkers and therapeutic targets. SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible, hijacks the metabolic machinery of the host cells. It relies on lipids and lipoproteins of host cells for entry, trafficking, immune evasion, viral replication, and exocytosis. The infection causes host cell lipid metabolic remodelling. Targeting lipid-based processes is thus a promising strategy for countering COVID-19. Here, we review the role of lipids in the different steps of the SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and identify lipid-centric targetable avenues. We discuss lipidome changes in infected patients and their relevance as potential clinical diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers. We summarize the emerging direct and indirect therapeutic approaches for targeting COVID-19 using lipid-inspired approaches. Given that viral protein-targeted therapies may become less effective due to mutations in emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants, lipid-inspired interventions may provide additional and perhaps better means of combating this and future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishi Dasgupta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
- IIT-Bombay Monash Academy, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Shon Gangai
- School of Chemical and Materials Sciences (SCMS), Institute of Technology Goa, Farmagudi, Ponda, Goa 403401, India
| | - Rishikesh Narayan
- School of Chemical and Materials Sciences (SCMS), Institute of Technology Goa, Farmagudi, Ponda, Goa 403401, India
- School of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences (SILS), Institute of Technology Goa, Farmagudi, Ponda, Goa 403401, India
| | - Shobhna Kapoor
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
- IIT-Bombay Monash Academy, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
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16
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Bouchnak I, Coulon D, Salis V, D’Andréa S, Bréhélin C. Lipid droplets are versatile organelles involved in plant development and plant response to environmental changes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1193905. [PMID: 37426978 PMCID: PMC10327486 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1193905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Since decades plant lipid droplets (LDs) are described as storage organelles accumulated in seeds to provide energy for seedling growth after germination. Indeed, LDs are the site of accumulation for neutral lipids, predominantly triacylglycerols (TAGs), one of the most energy-dense molecules, and sterol esters. Such organelles are present in the whole plant kingdom, from microalgae to perennial trees, and can probably be found in all plant tissues. Several studies over the past decade have revealed that LDs are not merely simple energy storage compartments, but also dynamic structures involved in diverse cellular processes like membrane remodeling, regulation of energy homeostasis and stress responses. In this review, we aim to highlight the functions of LDs in plant development and response to environmental changes. In particular, we tackle the fate and roles of LDs during the plant post-stress recovery phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imen Bouchnak
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Bordeaux, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire UMR5200, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Denis Coulon
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Bordeaux, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire UMR5200, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Vincent Salis
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut national de recherche pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (INRAE), AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), Versailles, France
| | - Sabine D’Andréa
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut national de recherche pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (INRAE), AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), Versailles, France
| | - Claire Bréhélin
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Bordeaux, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire UMR5200, Villenave d’Ornon, France
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17
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Stoyanova G, Jabeen S, Landazuri Vinueza J, Ghosh Roy S, Lockshin RA, Zakeri Z. Zika virus triggers autophagy to exploit host lipid metabolism and drive viral replication. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:114. [PMID: 37208782 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-022-01026-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zika virus (ZIKV), an arbovirus of global concern, has been associated with neurological complications including microcephaly in newborns and Guillain-Barré syndrome in adults. Like other flaviviruses, ZIKV depends on cholesterol to facilitate its replication; thus, cholesterol has been proposed as a therapeutic target to treat the infection using FDA-approved statins. Cholesterol is stored in intracellular lipid droplets (LD) in the form of cholesterol esters and can be regulated by autophagy. We hypothesize that the virus hijacks autophagy machinery as an early step to increase the formation of LD and viral replication, and that interference with this pathway will limit reproduction of virus. METHODS We pretreated MDCK cells with atorvastatin or other inhibitors of autophagy prior to infection with ZIKV. We measured viral expression by qPCR for NS1 RNA and immunofluorescence for Zika E protein. RESULTS Autophagy increases in virus-infected cells as early as 6 h post infection (hpi). In the presence of atorvastatin, LD are decreased, and cholesterol is reduced, targeting key steps in viral replication, resulting in suppression of replication of ZIKV is suppressed. Other both early- and late-acting autophagy inhibitors decrease both the number of LD and viral replication. Bafilomycin renders cholesterol is inaccessible to ZIKV. We also confirm previous reports of a bystander effect, in which neighboring uninfected cells have higher LD counts compared to infected cells. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that atorvastatin and inhibitors of autophagy lead to lower availability of LD, decreasing viral replication. We conclude that bafilomycin A1 inhibits viral expression by blocking cholesterol esterification to form LD. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Stoyanova
- Department of Biology, CUNY Queens College, Flushing, NY, 11367, USA
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Sidra Jabeen
- Department of Biology, CUNY Queens College, Flushing, NY, 11367, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Joselyn Landazuri Vinueza
- Department of Biology, CUNY Queens College, Flushing, NY, 11367, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Sounak Ghosh Roy
- Department of Biology, CUNY Queens College, Flushing, NY, 11367, USA
- Henry Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
| | - Richard A Lockshin
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. John's University, Jamaica, NY, 11439, USA
| | - Zahra Zakeri
- Department of Biology, CUNY Queens College, Flushing, NY, 11367, USA.
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18
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Viswanath KK, Kuo SY, Tu CW, Hsu YH, Huang YW, Hu CC. The Role of Plant Transcription Factors in the Fight against Plant Viruses. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098433. [PMID: 37176135 PMCID: PMC10179606 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants are vulnerable to the challenges of unstable environments and pathogen infections due to their immobility. Among various stress conditions, viral infection is a major threat that causes significant crop loss. In response to viral infection, plants undergo complex molecular and physiological changes, which trigger defense and morphogenic pathways. Transcription factors (TFs), and their interactions with cofactors and cis-regulatory genomic elements, are essential for plant defense mechanisms. The transcriptional regulation by TFs is crucial in establishing plant defense and associated activities during viral infections. Therefore, identifying and characterizing the critical genes involved in the responses of plants against virus stress is essential for the development of transgenic plants that exhibit enhanced tolerance or resistance. This article reviews the current understanding of the transcriptional control of plant defenses, with a special focus on NAC, MYB, WRKY, bZIP, and AP2/ERF TFs. The review provides an update on the latest advances in understanding how plant TFs regulate defense genes expression during viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotapati Kasi Viswanath
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Song-Yi Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Wei Tu
- Ph.D. Program in Microbial Genomics, National Chung Hsing University and Academia Sinica, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Yau-Heiu Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
- Advanced Plant Biotechnology Centre, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Wen Huang
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
- Advanced Plant Biotechnology Centre, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Chi Hu
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
- Advanced Plant Biotechnology Centre, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
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19
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Zarreen F, Kumar K, Chakraborty S. Phosphoinositides in plant-pathogen interaction: trends and perspectives. STRESS BIOLOGY 2023; 3:4. [PMID: 37676371 PMCID: PMC10442044 DOI: 10.1007/s44154-023-00082-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoinositides are important regulatory membrane lipids, with a role in plant development and cellular function. Emerging evidence indicates that phosphoinositides play crucial roles in plant defence and are also utilized by pathogens for infection. In this review, we highlight the role of phosphoinositides in plant-pathogen interaction and the implication of this remarkable convergence in the battle against plant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fauzia Zarreen
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Science, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Kamal Kumar
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Science, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Supriya Chakraborty
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Science, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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20
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He R, Li Y, Bernards MA, Wang A. Manipulation of the Cellular Membrane-Cytoskeleton Network for RNA Virus Replication and Movement in Plants. Viruses 2023; 15:744. [PMID: 36992453 PMCID: PMC10056259 DOI: 10.3390/v15030744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses infect all cellular life forms and cause various diseases and significant economic losses worldwide. The majority of viruses are positive-sense RNA viruses. A common feature of infection by diverse RNA viruses is to induce the formation of altered membrane structures in infected host cells. Indeed, upon entry into host cells, plant-infecting RNA viruses target preferred organelles of the cellular endomembrane system and remodel organellar membranes to form organelle-like structures for virus genome replication, termed as the viral replication organelle (VRO) or the viral replication complex (VRC). Different viruses may recruit different host factors for membrane modifications. These membrane-enclosed virus-induced replication factories provide an optimum, protective microenvironment to concentrate viral and host components for robust viral replication. Although different viruses prefer specific organelles to build VROs, at least some of them have the ability to exploit alternative organellar membranes for replication. Besides being responsible for viral replication, VROs of some viruses can be mobile to reach plasmodesmata (PD) via the endomembrane system, as well as the cytoskeleton machinery. Viral movement protein (MP) and/or MP-associated viral movement complexes also exploit the endomembrane-cytoskeleton network for trafficking to PD where progeny viruses pass through the cell-wall barrier to enter neighboring cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong He
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford St., London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St. N., London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Yinzi Li
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford St., London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Mark A. Bernards
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St. N., London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Aiming Wang
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford St., London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St. N., London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
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21
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Paschoalino M, Marinho MDS, Santos IA, Grosche VR, Martins DOS, Rosa RB, Jardim ACG. An update on the development of antiviral against Mayaro virus: from molecules to potential viral targets. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:106. [PMID: 36881172 PMCID: PMC9990066 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03441-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Mayaro virus (MAYV), first isolated in 1954 in Trinidad and Tobago islands, is the causative agent of Mayaro fever, a disease characterized by fever, rashes, headaches, myalgia, and arthralgia. The infection can progress to a chronic condition in over 50% of cases, with persistent arthralgia, which can lead to the disability of the infected individuals. MAYV is mainly transmitted through the bite of the female Haemagogus spp. mosquito genus. However, studies demonstrate that Aedes aegypti is also a vector, contributing to the spread of MAYV beyond endemic areas, given the vast geographical distribution of the mosquito. Besides, the similarity of antigenic sites with other Alphavirus complicates the diagnoses of MAYV, contributing to underreporting of the disease. Nowadays, there are no antiviral drugs available to treat infected patients, being the clinical management based on analgesics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. In this context, this review aims to summarize compounds that have demonstrated antiviral activity against MAYV in vitro, as well as discuss the potentiality of viral proteins as targets for the development of antiviral drugs against MAYV. Finally, through rationalization of the data presented herein, we wish to encourage further research encompassing these compounds as potential anti-MAYV drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Paschoalino
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Igor Andrade Santos
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Victória Riquena Grosche
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel Oliveira Silva Martins
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Borges Rosa
- Institute Aggeu Magalhães, Fiocruz Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.,Rodents Animal Facilities Complex, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Gomes Jardim
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil. .,Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
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22
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Redox Regulation and Metabolic Dependency of Zika Virus Replication: Inhibition by Nrf2-Antioxidant Response and NAD(H) Antimetabolites. J Virol 2023; 97:e0136322. [PMID: 36688653 PMCID: PMC9972919 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01363-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral infections alter host cell metabolism and homeostasis; however, the mechanisms that regulate these processes have only begun to be elucidated. We report here that Zika virus (ZIKV) infection activates the antioxidant nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), which precedes oxidative stress. Downregulation of Nrf2 or inhibition of glutathione (GSH) synthesis resulted in significantly increased viral replication. Interestingly, 6-amino-nicotinamide (6-AN), a nicotinamide analog commonly used as an inhibitor of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), decreased viral replication by over 1,000-fold. This inhibition was neither recapitulated by the knockdown of PPP enzymes, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), or 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD), nor prevented by supplementation with ribose 5-phosphate. Instead, our metabolomics and metabolic phenotype studies support a mechanism in which 6-AN depletes cells of NAD(H) and impairs NAD(H)-dependent glycolytic steps resulting in inhibition of viral replication. The inhibitory effect of 6-AN was rescued with precursors of the salvage pathway but not with those of other NAD+ biosynthesis pathways. Inhibition of glycolysis reduced viral protein levels, which were recovered transiently. This transient recovery in viral protein synthesis was prevented when oxidative metabolism was inhibited by blockage of the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier, fatty acid oxidation, or glutaminolysis, demonstrating a compensatory role of mitochondrial metabolism in ZIKV replication. These results establish an antagonistic role for the host cell Nrf2/GSH/NADPH-dependent antioxidant response against ZIKV and demonstrate the dependency of ZIKV replication on NAD(H). Importantly, our work suggests the potential use of NAD(H) antimetabolite therapy against the viral infection. IMPORTANCE Zika virus (ZIKV) is a major public health concern of international proportions. While the incidence of ZIKV infections has declined substantially in recent years, the potential for the reemergence or reintroduction remains high. Although viral infection alters host cell metabolism and homeostasis to promote its replication, deciphering the mechanism(s) involved in these processes is important for identifying therapeutic targets. The present work reveals the complexities of host cell redox regulation and metabolic dependency of ZIKV replication. An antagonistic effect of the Nrf2/GSH/NADP(H)-dependent antioxidant response against ZIKV infection and an essential role of NAD(H) metabolism and glycolysis for viral replication are established for the first time. These findings highlight the potential use of NAD(H) antimetabolites to counter ZIKV infection and pathogenesis.
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23
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Koči J, Novotová M, Sláviková M, Klempa B, Zahradník I. SARS-CoV-2 Exploits Non-Canonical Autophagic Processes to Replicate, Mature, and Egress the Infected Vero E6 Cells. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11121535. [PMID: 36558869 PMCID: PMC9781122 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11121535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus transforms the cytoplasm of susceptible cells to support virus replication. It also activates autophagy-like processes, the role of which is not well understood. Here, we studied SARS-CoV-2-infected Vero E6 cells using transmission electron microscopy and autophagy PCR array. After 6-24 h post-infection (hpi), the cytoplasm of infected cells only contained double-membrane vesicles, phagophores, and phagosomes engulfing virus particles and cytoplasmic debris, including damaged mitochondria. The phagosomes interacted with the viral nucleoprotein complex, virus particles, mitochondria, and lipid droplets. The phagosomes transformed into egress vacuoles, which broke through the plasmalemma and discharged the virus particles. The Vero E6 cells exhibited pronounced virus replication at 6 hpi, which stabilized at 18-24 hpi at a high level. The autophagy PCR array tests revealed a significant upregulation of 10 and downregulation of 8 autophagic gene markers out of 84. Altogether, these results underline the importance of autophagy-like processes for SARS-CoV-2 maturation and egress, and point to deviations from a canonical autophagy response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juraj Koči
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Correspondence: (J.K.); (I.Z.)
| | - Marta Novotová
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Monika Sláviková
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Boris Klempa
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, 84215 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ivan Zahradník
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Correspondence: (J.K.); (I.Z.)
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24
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Popescu MA, Patriche D, Dobrica MO, Pantazica AM, Flintoaca Alexandru PR, Rouillé Y, Popescu CI, Branza-Nichita N. Sac1 phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate phosphatase is a novel host cell factor regulating hepatitis B virus particles assembly and release. FEBS J 2022; 289:7486-7499. [PMID: 35816160 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The life-cycle of the Hepatitis B Virus (HBV), an enveloped DNA virus affecting the lives of more than 296 million chronicallyinfected people, is tightly dependent on the lipid metabolism of the host cell. Fatty acids and cholesterol are among the lipid factors with documented roles in regulating HBV replication and infection, respectively, but little is known about the phosphoinositide metabolism in these processes. In this study, we investigated the role of Sac1, a highly conserved phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PI4P) phosphatase, with essential functions in phospholipid metabolism, in HBV assembly, and release. PI4P is one of the most abundant cellular phosphoinositide with complex functions at the level of the secretory pathway. Owing to the highly specific phosphatase activity toward PI4P, Sac1 controls the levels and restricts the localization of this lipid particularly at the trans-Golgi network, where it regulates sphingolipid synthesis, proteins sorting, and vesicles budding, by recruiting specific adaptor proteins. As a complete loss of Sac1 function compromises cell viability, in this work, we first developed and characterized several HBV replication-permissive cellular models with a moderate, transient, or stable downregulation of Sac1 expression. Our results show that Sac1 depletion in hepatic cells results in increased levels and redistribution of intracellular PI4P pools and impaired trafficking of the HBV envelope proteins to the endosomal vesicular network. Importantly, virus envelopment and release from these cells are significantly inhibited, revealing novel roles for Sac1, as a key host cell factor regulating morphogenesis of a DNA virus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Patriche
- Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | | | | | - Yves Rouillé
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, CHU Lille, U1019-UMR 9017-CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, France
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25
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Arita M. Essential Domains of Oxysterol-Binding Protein Required for Poliovirus Replication. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122672. [PMID: 36560676 PMCID: PMC9786093 DOI: 10.3390/v14122672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxysterol-binding protein (OSBP) is a host factor required for enterovirus (EV) replication. OSBP locates at membrane contact site and acts as a lipid exchanger of cholesterol and phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P) between cellular organelles; however, the essential domains required for the viral replication remain unknown. In this study, we define essential domains of OSBP for poliovirus (PV) replication by a functional dominance assay with a series of deletion variants of OSBP. We show that the pleckstrin homology domain (PHD) and the ligand-binding domain, but not the N-terminal intrinsically disordered domain, coiled-coil region, or the FFAT motif, are essential for PV replication. The PHD serves as the primary determinant of OSBP targeting to the replication organelle in the infected cells. These results suggest that not all the domains that support important biological functions of OSBP are essential for the viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minetaro Arita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
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26
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Feng Z, Kovalev N, Nagy PD. Multifunctional role of the co-opted Cdc48 AAA+ ATPase in tombusvirus replication. Virology 2022; 576:1-17. [PMID: 36126429 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2022.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Replication of positive-strand RNA viruses depends on usurped cellular membranes and co-opted host proteins. Based on pharmacological inhibition and genetic and biochemical approaches, the authors identified critical roles of the cellular Cdc48 unfoldase/segregase protein in facilitating the replication of tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV). We show that TBSV infection induces the expression of Cdc48 in Nicotiana benthamiana plants. Cdc48 binds to the TBSV replication proteins through its N-terminal region. In vitro TBSV replicase reconstitution experiments demonstrated that Cdc48 is needed for efficient replicase assembly and activity. Surprisingly, the in vitro replication experiments also showed that excess amount of Cdc48 facilitates the disassembly of the membrane-bound viral replicase-RNA template complex. Cdc48 is also needed for the recruitment of additional host proteins. Because several human viruses, including flaviviruses, utilize Cdc48, also called VCP/p97, for replication, we suggest that Cdc48 might be a common panviral host factor for plant and animal RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhike Feng
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
| | - Nikolay Kovalev
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
| | - Peter D Nagy
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA.
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27
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Sathanantham P, Zhao W, He G, Murray A, Fenech E, Diaz A, Schuldiner M, Wang X. A conserved viral amphipathic helix governs the replication site-specific membrane association. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010752. [PMID: 36048900 PMCID: PMC9473614 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Positive-strand RNA viruses assemble their viral replication complexes (VRCs) on specific host organelle membranes, yet it is unclear how viral replication proteins recognize and what motifs or domains in viral replication proteins determine their destinations. We show here that an amphipathic helix, helix B in replication protein 1a of brome mosaic virus (BMV), is necessary for 1a’s localization to the nuclear endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane where BMV assembles its VRCs. Helix B is also sufficient to target soluble proteins to the nuclear ER membrane in yeast and plant cells. We further show that an equivalent helix in several plant- and human-infecting viruses of the Alsuviricetes class targets fluorescent proteins to the organelle membranes where they form their VRCs, including ER, vacuole, and Golgi membranes. Our work reveals a conserved helix that governs the localization of VRCs among a group of viruses and points to a possible target for developing broad-spectrum antiviral strategies. Positive-strand RNA viruses [(+)RNA viruses] are the largest viral class that include numerous pathogens causing important diseases in humans, animals, and plants. During their infections, (+)RNA viruses assemble their viral replication complexes (VRCs), where they multiply themselves, at specific organelle membranes. An initial step to form VRCs is to target viral replication proteins to the designated organelle membranes. For brome mosaic virus (BMV), its replication protein 1a is responsible for the VRC formation at the nuclear endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. We show that an amphipathic alpha-helix, helix B, in BMV 1a is necessary for the association of BMV 1a with the nuclear ER membrane and for BMV genome amplification. In addition, Helix B is sufficient to target several soluble proteins to the nuclear ER membrane in yeast and plant cells. BMV belongs to the Alsuviricetes class that includes viruses infecting humans, animals, and plants. We further show that the helix B across members of the Alsuviricetes class is sufficient to target fluorescence proteins to the designated organelle membranes. Our results reveal a conserved feature among a group of viruses in governing the associations with replication site-specific organelle membranes and point to a target to develop broad-spectrum antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preethi Sathanantham
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Wenhao Zhao
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Nanjing, China
| | - Guijuan He
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Austin Murray
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Emma Fenech
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Arturo Diaz
- Department of Biology, La Sierra University, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Maya Schuldiner
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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28
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Is Lipid Specificity Key to the Potential Antiviral Activity of Mouthwash Reagent Chlorhexidine against SARS-CoV-2? MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12060616. [PMID: 35736323 PMCID: PMC9230368 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12060616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chlorhexidine (CHX), a popular antibacterial drug, is widely used for oral health. Emerging pieces of evidence suggest that commercially available chlorhexidine mouthwash formulations are effective in suppressing the spread of SARS-CoV-2, possibly through destabilization of the viral lipid envelope. CHX is known for its membrane-active properties; however, the molecular mechanism revealing how it damages the viral lipid envelope is yet to be understood. Here we used extensive conventional and umbrella sampling simulations to quantify the effects of CHX on model membranes mimicking the composition of the SARS-CoV-2 outer lipid membrane as well as the host plasma membrane. Our results show that the lipid composition and physical properties of the membrane play an important role in binding and insertion, with CHX binding favorably to the viral membrane over the plasma membrane. Among the simulated lipids, CHX preferentially binds to anionic lipids, PS and PI, which are more concentrated in the viral membrane. The deeper and stable binding of CHX to the viral membrane results in more pronounced swelling of the membrane laterally with a thinning of the bilayer. The overall free energies of pore formation are strongly reduced for the viral membrane compared to the plasma membrane; however, CHX has a larger concentration-dependent effect on free energies of pore formation in the plasma membrane than the viral membrane. The results indicate that CHX is less toxic to the human plasma membrane at low concentrations. Our simulations reveal that CHX facilitates pore formation by the combination of thinning the membrane and accumulation at the water defect. This study provides insights into the mechanism underlying the anti-SARS-CoV-2 potency of CHX, supporting its potential for application as an effective and safe oral rinse agent for preventing viral transmission.
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29
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Kobayashi J, Arita M, Sakai S, Kojima H, Senda M, Senda T, Hanada K, Kato R. Ligand Recognition by the Lipid Transfer Domain of Human OSBP Is Important for Enterovirus Replication. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:1161-1170. [PMID: 35613096 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Oxysterol-binding protein (OSBP), which transports cholesterol and phosphatidylinositol 4-monophosphate (PtdIns[4]P) between different organelles, serves as a conserved host factor for the replication of various viruses, and OSBP inhibitors exhibit antiviral effects. Here, we determined the crystal structure of the lipid transfer domain of human OSBP in complex with endogenous cholesterol. The hydrocarbon tail and tetracyclic ring of cholesterol interact with the hydrophobic tunnel of OSBP, and the hydroxyl group of cholesterol forms a hydrogen bond network at the bottom of the tunnel. Systematic mutagenesis of the ligand-binding region revealed that M446W and L590W substitutions confer functional tolerance to an OSBP inhibitor, T-00127-HEV2. Employing the M446W variant as a functional replacement for the endogenous OSBP in the presence of T-00127-HEV2, we have identified previously unappreciated amino acid residues required for viral replication. The combined use of the inhibitor and the OSBP variant will be useful in elucidating the enigmatic in vivo functions of OSBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Kobayashi
- Structural Biology Research Center, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | - Minetaro Arita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Shota Sakai
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Hirotatsu Kojima
- Drug Discovery Initiative, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Miki Senda
- Structural Biology Research Center, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | - Toshiya Senda
- Structural Biology Research Center, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | - Kentaro Hanada
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Kato
- Structural Biology Research Center, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
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30
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Nishikiori M, den Boon JA, Unchwaniwala N, Ahlquist P. Crowning Touches in Positive-Strand RNA Virus Genome Replication Complex Structure and Function. Annu Rev Virol 2022; 9:193-212. [PMID: 35610038 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-092920-021307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Positive-strand RNA viruses, the largest genetic class of eukaryotic viruses, include coronaviruses and many other established and emerging pathogens. A major target for understanding and controlling these viruses is their genome replication, which occurs in virus-induced membrane vesicles that organize replication steps and protect double-stranded RNA intermediates from innate immune recognition. The structure of these complexes has been greatly illuminated by recent cryo-electron microscope tomography studies with several viruses. One key finding in diverse systems is the organization of crucial viral RNA replication factors in multimeric rings or crowns that among other functions serve as exit channels gating release of progeny genomes to the cytosol for translation and encapsidation. Emerging results suggest that these crowns serve additional important purposes in replication complex assembly, function, and interaction with downstream processes such as encapsidation. The findings provide insights into viral function and evolution and new bases for understanding, controlling, and engineering positive-strand RNA viruses. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Virology, Volume 9 is September 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Nishikiori
- John and Jeanne Rowe Center for Research in Virology, Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; .,Institute for Molecular Virology and McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Johan A den Boon
- John and Jeanne Rowe Center for Research in Virology, Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; .,Institute for Molecular Virology and McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Nuruddin Unchwaniwala
- John and Jeanne Rowe Center for Research in Virology, Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; .,Institute for Molecular Virology and McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Current affiliation: Assembly Biosciences, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Paul Ahlquist
- John and Jeanne Rowe Center for Research in Virology, Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; .,Institute for Molecular Virology and McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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31
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Naveed A, Naveed MA, Akram L, Sharif M, Kang MI, Park SI. Rotavirus exploits SREBP pathway for hyper lipid biogenesis during replication. J Gen Virol 2022; 103. [PMID: 35594141 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Species A rotavirus (RVA) is one of the pathogens causing severe acute gastroenteritis in young children and animals worldwide. RVA replicates and assembles its immature particle within electron dense compartments known as viroplasm. Despite the importance of lipid droplet (LD) formation in the RVA viroplasm, the upstream molecules modulating LD formation have remained elusive. Here, we demonstrate that RVA infection reprogrammes sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs)-dependent lipogenic pathways in virus-infected cells. Interestingly, silencing of SREBPs significantly reduced RVA protein synthesis, genome replication and progeny virus production. Moreover, knockout of SREBP-1c gene conferred resistance to RVA-induced diarrhoea, reduction of RVA replication, and mitigation of small intestinal pathology in mice. This study identifies SREBPs-mediated lipogenic reprogramming in RVA-infected host cells for facilitating virus replication and SREBPs as a potential target for developing therapeutics against RVA infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahsan Naveed
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Lubna Akram
- District Headquarter Hospital, Pakpattan Sharif 57400, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sharif
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Mun-Il Kang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Ik Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
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32
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Kang Y, Lin W, Liu Y, Nagy PD. Key tethering function of Atg11 autophagy scaffold protein in formation of virus-induced membrane contact sites during tombusvirus replication. Virology 2022; 572:1-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2022.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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33
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Altabella T, Ramirez-Estrada K, Ferrer A. Phytosterol metabolism in plant positive-strand RNA virus replication. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2022; 41:281-291. [PMID: 34665312 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-021-02799-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The genome of most plant viruses consists of a single positive-strand of RNA (+ ssRNA). Successful replication of these viruses is fully dependent on the endomembrane system of the infected cells, which experiences a massive proliferation and a profound reshaping that enables assembly of the macromolecular complexes where virus genome replication occurs. Assembly of these viral replicase complexes (VRCs) requires a highly orchestrated interplay of multiple virus and co-opted host cell factors to create an optimal microenvironment for efficient assembly and functioning of the virus genome replication machinery. It is now widely accepted that VRC formation involves the recruitment of high levels of sterols, but the specific role of these essential components of cell membranes and the precise molecular mechanisms underlying sterol enrichment at VRCs are still poorly known. In this review, we intend to summarize the most relevant knowledge on the role of sterols in ( +)ssRNA virus replication and discuss the potential of manipulating the plant sterol pathway to help plants fight these infectious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Altabella
- Plant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering Program, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Cerdanyola, 08193, Barcelona, Spain.
- Department of Biology, Healthcare and the Environment, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Karla Ramirez-Estrada
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism, Faculty of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, NL, 66451, México
| | - Albert Ferrer
- Plant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering Program, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Cerdanyola, 08193, Barcelona, Spain.
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
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Bryer AJ, Reddy T, Lyman E, Perilla JR. Full scale structural, mechanical and dynamical properties of HIV-1 liposomes. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1009781. [PMID: 35041642 PMCID: PMC8797243 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Enveloped viruses are enclosed by a lipid membrane inside of which are all of the components necessary for the virus life cycle; viral proteins, the viral genome and metabolites. Viral envelopes are lipid bilayers that adopt morphologies ranging from spheres to tubes. The envelope is derived from the host cell during viral replication. Thus, the composition of the bilayer depends on the complex constitution of lipids from the host-cell's organelle(s) where assembly and/or budding of the viral particle occurs. Here, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of authentic, asymmetric HIV-1 liposomes are used to derive a unique level of resolution of its full-scale structure, mechanics and dynamics. Analysis of the structural properties reveal the distribution of thicknesses of the bilayers over the entire liposome as well as its global fluctuations. Moreover, full-scale mechanical analyses are employed to derive the global bending rigidity of HIV-1 liposomes. Finally, dynamical properties of the lipid molecules reveal important relationships between their 3D diffusion, the location of lipid-rafts and the asymmetrical composition of the envelope. Overall, our simulations reveal complex relationships between the rich lipid composition of the HIV-1 liposome and its structural, mechanical and dynamical properties with critical consequences to different stages of HIV-1's life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J. Bryer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States of America
| | - Tyler Reddy
- CCS-7 Applied Computer Science, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Edward Lyman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States of America
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States of America
| | - Juan R. Perilla
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States of America
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35
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Ravn Warncke S, Rohde Knudsen C. Detection methods targeting the positive- and negative-sense RNA transcripts from plus-stranded RNA viruses. APMIS 2021; 130:284-292. [PMID: 34939239 PMCID: PMC9306919 DOI: 10.1111/apm.13202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The largest group of viruses in the Baltimore classification system comprises viruses with a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome. Once the viral genome is released into the cytoplasm of a specific host cell following virus entry, it functions directly as a mRNA and the virus-encoded proteins that are essential for genome replication, are produced by the translation apparatus of the host cell. The positive-sense genome is replicated in two stages, initially the positive strand is copied to make a negative-sense RNA, which then functions as the template for transcription of many new positive-sense genomes. Virus infections can be detected at different stages throughout the infection cycle for diagnostic and scientific purposes. Here, the advantages and disadvantages of some of the relevant methods for genome detection will be briefly reviewed with special emphasis on techniques allowing strand-specific RNA detection. Furthermore, tools of the future are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Signe Ravn Warncke
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, University of Aarhus, Gustav Wieds Vej 10 C, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Rohde Knudsen
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, University of Aarhus, Gustav Wieds Vej 10 C, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
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36
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Molho M, Prasanth KR, Pogany J, Nagy PD. Targeting conserved co-opted host factors to block virus replication: Using allosteric inhibitors of the cytosolic Hsp70s to interfere with tomato bushy stunt virus replication. Virology 2021; 563:1-19. [PMID: 34399236 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To further our understanding of the pro-viral roles of the host cytosolic heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) family, we chose the conserved Arabidopsis thaliana Hsp70-2 and the unique Erd2 (early response to dehydration 2), which contain Hsp70 domains. Based on in vitro studies with purified components, we show that AtHsp70-2 and AtErd2 perform pro-viral functions equivalent to that of the yeast Ssa1 Hsp70. These functions include activation of the tombusvirus RdRp, and stimulation of replicase assembly. Yeast-based complementation studies demonstrate that AtHsp70-2 or AtErd2 are present in the purified tombusvirus replicase. RNA silencing and over-expression studies in Nicotiana benthamiana suggest that both Hsp70-2 and Erd2 are co-opted by tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV). Moreover, we used allosteric inhibitors of Hsp70s to inhibit replication of TBSV and related plant viruses in plants. Altogether, interfering with the functions of the co-opted Hsp70s could be an effective antiviral approach against tombusviruses in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Molho
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - K Reddisiva Prasanth
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Judit Pogany
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Peter D Nagy
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA.
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Avota E, Bodem J, Chithelen J, Mandasari P, Beyersdorf N, Schneider-Schaulies J. The Manifold Roles of Sphingolipids in Viral Infections. Front Physiol 2021; 12:715527. [PMID: 34658908 PMCID: PMC8511394 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.715527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids are essential components of eukaryotic cells. In this review, we want to exemplarily illustrate what is known about the interactions of sphingolipids with various viruses at different steps of their replication cycles. This includes structural interactions during entry at the plasma membrane or endosomal membranes, early interactions leading to sphingolipid-mediated signal transduction, interactions with internal membranes and lipids during replication, and interactions during virus assembly and budding. Targeted interventions in sphingolipid metabolism - as far as they can be tolerated by cells and organisms - may open novel possibilities to support antiviral therapies. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infections have intensively been studied, but for other viral infections, such as influenza A virus (IAV), measles virus (MV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), dengue virus, Ebola virus, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2), investigations are still in their beginnings. As many inhibitors of sphingolipid metabolism are already in clinical use against other diseases, repurposing studies for applications in some viral infections appear to be a promising approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elita Avota
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jochen Bodem
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Janice Chithelen
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Putri Mandasari
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Niklas Beyersdorf
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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38
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Scott-Fordsmand JJ, Amorim MJB. The Curious Case of Earthworms and COVID-19. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10101043. [PMID: 34681142 PMCID: PMC8533077 DOI: 10.3390/biology10101043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Earthworms have been used for centuries in traditional medicine, and more than a century ago were praised by Charles Darwin as one of the most important organisms in the history of the world. These worms are well-studied with a wealth of information available, for example on the genome, the gene expression, the immune system, the general biology, and ecology. These worms live in many habitats, and they had to find solutions for severe environmental challenges. The common compost worm, Eisenia fetida, has developed a unique mechanism to deal with intruding (nano)materials, bacteria, and viruses. It deals with the intruders by covering these with a defence toxin (lysenin) targeted to kill the intruder. We outline how this mechanism probably can be used as a therapeutic model for human COVID-19 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2) and other corona viruses. Abstract Earthworms have been used for centuries in traditional medicine and are used globally as an ecotoxicological standard test species. Studies of the earthworm Eisenia fetida have shown that exposure to nanomaterials activates a primary corona-response, which is covering the nanomaterial with native proteins, the same response as to biological invaders such as a virus. We outline that the earthworm Eisenia fetida is possibly immune to COVID-19 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2), and we describe the likely mechanisms of highly receptor-specific pore-forming proteins (PFPs). A non-toxic version of this protein is available, and we hypothesize that it is possible to use the earthworm’s PFPs based anti-viral mechanism as a therapeutic model for human SARS-CoV-2 and other corona viruses. The proteins can be used as a drug, for example, delivered with a nanoparticle in a similar way to the current COVID-19 vaccines. Obviously, careful consideration should be given to the potential risk of toxicity elicited by lysenin for in vivo usage. We aim to share this view to activate its exploration by the wider scientific community while promoting a potential therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janeck J. Scott-Fordsmand
- Department of Biosciences, Aarhus University, 8600 Silkeborg, Denmark
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +45-4025-6803
| | - Monica J. B. Amorim
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
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Feng Z, Inaba JI, Nagy PD. Tombusviruses Target a Major Crossroad in the Endocytic and Recycling Pathways via Co-opting Rab7 Small GTPase. J Virol 2021; 95:e0107621. [PMID: 34406861 PMCID: PMC8513485 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01076-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Positive-strand RNA viruses induce the biogenesis of unique membranous organelles called viral replication organelles (VROs), which perform virus replication in infected cells. Tombusviruses have been shown to rewire cellular trafficking and metabolic pathways, remodel host membranes, and recruit multiple host factors to support viral replication. In this work, we demonstrate that tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) and the closely related carnation Italian ringspot virus (CIRV) usurp Rab7 small GTPase to facilitate building VROs in the surrogate host yeast and in plants. Depletion of Rab7 small GTPase, which is needed for late endosome and retromer biogenesis, strongly inhibits TBSV and CIRV replication in yeast and in planta. The viral p33 replication protein interacts with Rab7 small GTPase, which results in the relocalization of Rab7 into the large VROs. Similar to the depletion of Rab7, the deletion of either MON1 or CCZ1 heterodimeric GEFs (guanine nucleotide exchange factors) of Rab7 inhibited TBSV RNA replication in yeast. This suggests that the activated Rab7 has proviral functions. We show that the proviral function of Rab7 is to facilitate the recruitment of the retromer complex and the endosomal sorting nexin-BAR proteins into VROs. We demonstrate that TBSV p33-driven retargeting of Rab7 into VROs results in the delivery of several retromer cargos with proviral functions. These proteins include lipid enzymes, such as Vps34 PI3K (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase), PI4Kα-like Stt4 phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase, and Psd2 phosphatidylserine decarboxylase. In summary, based on these and previous findings, we propose that subversion of Rab7 into VROs allows tombusviruses to reroute endocytic and recycling trafficking to support virus replication. IMPORTANCE The replication of positive-strand RNA viruses depends on the biogenesis of viral replication organelles (VROs). However, the formation of membranous VROs is not well understood yet. Using tombusviruses and the model host yeast, we discovered that the endosomal Rab7 small GTPase is critical for the formation of VROs. Interaction between Rab7 and the TBSV p33 replication protein leads to the recruitment of Rab7 into VROs. TBSV-driven usurping of Rab7 has proviral functions through facilitating the delivery of the co-opted retromer complex, sorting nexin-BAR proteins, and lipid enzymes into VROs to create an optimal milieu for virus replication. These results open up the possibility that controlling cellular Rab7 activities in infected cells could be a target for new antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhike Feng
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Jun-ichi Inaba
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Peter D. Nagy
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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40
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Theken KN, Tang SY, Sengupta S, FitzGerald GA. The roles of lipids in SARS-CoV-2 viral replication and the host immune response. J Lipid Res 2021; 62:100129. [PMID: 34599996 PMCID: PMC8480132 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2021.100129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The significant morbidity and mortality associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection has underscored the need for novel antiviral strategies. Lipids play essential roles in the viral life cycle. The lipid composition of cell membranes can influence viral entry by mediating fusion or affecting receptor conformation. Upon infection, viruses can reprogram cellular metabolism to remodel lipid membranes and fuel the production of new virions. Furthermore, several classes of lipid mediators, including eicosanoids and sphingolipids, can regulate the host immune response to viral infection. Here, we summarize the existing literature on the mechanisms through which these lipid mediators may regulate viral burden in COVID-19. Furthermore, we define the gaps in knowledge and identify the core areas in which lipids offer therapeutic promise for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine N Theken
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Oral Surgery and Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Soon Yew Tang
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shaon Sengupta
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Garret A FitzGerald
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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41
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New early phenotypic markers for cucumber green mottle mosaic virus disease in cucumbers exposed to fluctuating extreme temperatures. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19060. [PMID: 34561518 PMCID: PMC8463606 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98595-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of early stages of cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) disease have been recently focused on plant molecular responses. However, extreme diurnal environmental temperatures, characteristic of global climate changes, could affect plant susceptibility and disease phenotype progression. Our studies of CGMMV disease progression, under simulated extreme temperature waves, have revealed two new disease initiation phenotypes that developed gradually, preceding severe symptom manifestations of post-recovery CGMMV systemic infections. 'Early post-recovery stage' bright yellow islands (BYIs) with defined boundaries amid asymptomatic leaf blades were first emerging followed by 'late post-recovery stage' BYIs with diffused boundaries. A deduced CGMMV disease progression scheme, postulating BYI symptom occurrence time-windows, revealed BYIs in field grown cucumber plants exposed to extreme diurnal temperatures. Profiling ontology of cucumber differentially expressed genes in BYIs vs the associated dark-green surrounding tissues disclosed activation of jasmonic acid (JA) pathway in 'early post-recovery stage' BYIs. JA signaling was inactivated in 'late post-recovery stage' BYIs concomitant with increasing expressions of JA signaling inhibitors and downregulation of JA responsive phenylpropanoid pathway. Our results disclosed a new phenotypic description of CGMMV disease initiation, characteristic of cucumbers grown under extreme environmental temperature fluctuations. The BYI phenotypes could define a time-window for CGMMV disease management applications.
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Integrated Metabolomics and Transcriptomics Analyses Reveal Metabolic Landscape in Neuronal Cells during JEV Infection. Virol Sin 2021; 36:1554-1565. [PMID: 34558014 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-021-00445-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a leading cause of viral encephalitis in endemic regions of Asia. The neurotropism of JEV and its high-efficiency replication in neurons are the key events for pathogenesis. Revealing the interplay between virus and host cells in metabolic facet is of great importance both for unraveling the pathogenesis mechanisms and providing novel antiviral targets. This study took advantage of the integration analysis of metabolomics and transcriptomics to depict the metabolic profiles of neurons during the early stage of JEV infection. Increased glycolysis and its branched pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) flux and impaired oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in glucose utilization, and the catabolic patterns of lipid metabolism were created to facilitate the biosynthesis of precursors needed for JEV replication in neurons. Pharmacological inhibitions of both glycolysis pathway and PPP in neurons suggested its indispensable role in maintaining the optimal propagation of JEV. In addition, analysis of metabolomic-transcriptomic regulatory network showed the pivotal biological function of lipid metabolism during JEV infection. Several pro-inflammatory lipid metabolites were significantly up-regulated and might partially be responsible for the progression of encephalitis. These unique metabolic reprogramming features might give deeper insight into JEV infected neurons and provide promising antiviral approaches targeting metabolism.
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Alketbi EH, Hamdy R, El‐Kabalawy A, Juric V, Pignitter M, A. Mosa K, Almehdi AM, El‐Keblawy AA, Soliman SSM. Lipid-based therapies against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Rev Med Virol 2021; 31:1-13. [PMID: 34546604 PMCID: PMC8013851 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Viruses have evolved to manipulate host lipid metabolism to benefit their replication cycle. Enveloped viruses, including coronaviruses, use host lipids in various stages of the viral life cycle, particularly in the formation of replication compartments and envelopes. Host lipids are utilised by the virus in receptor binding, viral fusion and entry, as well as viral replication. Association of dyslipidaemia with the pathological development of Covid-19 raises the possibility that exploitation of host lipid metabolism might have therapeutic benefit against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In this review, promising host lipid targets are discussed along with potential inhibitors. In addition, specific host lipids are involved in the inflammatory responses due to viral infection, so lipid supplementation represents another potential strategy to counteract the severity of viral infection. Furthermore, switching the lipid metabolism through a ketogenic diet is another potential way of limiting the effects of viral infection. Taken together, restricting the access of host lipids to the virus, either by using lipid inhibitors or supplementation with exogenous lipids, might significantly limit SARS-CoV-2 infection and/or severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Humaid Alketbi
- Department of Applied BiologyCollege of SciencesUniversity of SharjahSharjahUnited Arab Emirates
| | - Rania Hamdy
- Research Institute for Medical and Health SciencesUniversity of SharjahSharjahUnited Arab Emirates
- Faculty of PharmacyZagazig UniversityZagazigEgypt
| | | | - Viktorija Juric
- Department of Physiological ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Marc Pignitter
- Department of Physiological ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Kareem A. Mosa
- Department of Applied BiologyCollege of SciencesUniversity of SharjahSharjahUnited Arab Emirates
- Research Institute of Science and EngineeringUniversity of SharjahSharjahUnited Arab Emirates
- Department of BiotechnologyFaculty of AgricultureAl‐Azhar UniversityCairoEgypt
| | - Ahmed M. Almehdi
- Department of ChemistryCollege of SciencesUniversity of SharjahSharjahUnited Arab Emirates
| | - Ali A. El‐Keblawy
- Department of Applied BiologyCollege of SciencesUniversity of SharjahSharjahUnited Arab Emirates
- Research Institute of Science and EngineeringUniversity of SharjahSharjahUnited Arab Emirates
| | - Sameh S. M. Soliman
- Research Institute for Medical and Health SciencesUniversity of SharjahSharjahUnited Arab Emirates
- Faculty of PharmacyZagazig UniversityZagazigEgypt
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryCollege of PharmacyUniversity of SharjahSharjahUnited Arab Emirates
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Schneider-Schaulies S, Schumacher F, Wigger D, Schöl M, Waghmare T, Schlegel J, Seibel J, Kleuser B. Sphingolipids: Effectors and Achilles Heals in Viral Infections? Cells 2021; 10:cells10092175. [PMID: 34571822 PMCID: PMC8466362 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
As viruses are obligatory intracellular parasites, any step during their life cycle strictly depends on successful interaction with their particular host cells. In particular, their interaction with cellular membranes is of crucial importance for most steps in the viral replication cycle. Such interactions are initiated by uptake of viral particles and subsequent trafficking to intracellular compartments to access their replication compartments which provide a spatially confined environment concentrating viral and cellular components, and subsequently, employ cellular membranes for assembly and exit of viral progeny. The ability of viruses to actively modulate lipid composition such as sphingolipids (SLs) is essential for successful completion of the viral life cycle. In addition to their structural and biophysical properties of cellular membranes, some sphingolipid (SL) species are bioactive and as such, take part in cellular signaling processes involved in regulating viral replication. It is especially due to the progress made in tools to study accumulation and dynamics of SLs, which visualize their compartmentalization and identify interaction partners at a cellular level, as well as the availability of genetic knockout systems, that the role of particular SL species in the viral replication process can be analyzed and, most importantly, be explored as targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibylle Schneider-Schaulies
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Wuerzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany; (S.S.-S.); (M.S.); (T.W.)
| | - Fabian Schumacher
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (F.S.); (D.W.)
| | - Dominik Wigger
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (F.S.); (D.W.)
| | - Marie Schöl
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Wuerzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany; (S.S.-S.); (M.S.); (T.W.)
| | - Trushnal Waghmare
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Wuerzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany; (S.S.-S.); (M.S.); (T.W.)
| | - Jan Schlegel
- Department for Biotechnology and Biophysics, University of Wuerzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany;
| | - Jürgen Seibel
- Department for Organic Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany;
| | - Burkhard Kleuser
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (F.S.); (D.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-30-8386-9823
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45
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Dang X, Li Y, Li X, Wang C, Ma Z, Wang L, Fan X, Li Z, Huang D, Xu J, Zhou Z. Lipidomic Profiling Reveals Distinct Differences in Sphingolipids Metabolic Pathway between Healthy Apis cerana cerana larvae and Chinese Sacbrood Disease. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12080703. [PMID: 34442269 PMCID: PMC8396520 DOI: 10.3390/insects12080703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chinese sacbrood disease (CSD), which is caused by Chinese sacbrood virus (CSBV), is a major viral disease in Apis cerana cerana larvae. Analysis of lipid composition is critical to the study of CSBV replication. The host lipidome profiling during CSBV infection has not been conducted. This paper identified the lipidome of the CSBV-larvae interaction through high-resolution mass spectrometry. A total of 2164 lipids were detected and divided into 20 categories. Comparison of lipidome between healthy and CSBV infected-larvae showed that 266 lipid species were altered by CSBV infection. Furthermore, qRT-PCR showed that various sphingolipid enzymes and the contents of sphingolipids in the larvae were increased, indicating that sphingolipids may be important for CSBV infection. Importantly, Cer (d14:1 + hO/21:0 + O), DG (41:0e), PE (18:0e/18:3), SM (d20:0/19:1), SM (d37:1), TG (16:0/18:1/18:3), TG (18:1/20:4/21:0) and TG (43:7) were significantly altered in both CSBV_24 h vs. CK_24 h and CSBV_48 h vs. CK_48 h. Moreover, TG (39:6), which was increased by more than 10-fold, could be used as a biomarker for the early detection of CSD. This study provides evidence that global lipidome homeostasis in A. c. cerana larvae is remodeled after CSBV infection. Detailed studies in the future may improve the understanding of the relationship between the sphingolipid pathway and CSBV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqun Dang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insect, College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China; (X.D.); (Y.L.); (X.L.); (C.W.); (Z.M.); (L.W.); (X.F.); (Z.L.); (D.H.)
| | - Yan Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insect, College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China; (X.D.); (Y.L.); (X.L.); (C.W.); (Z.M.); (L.W.); (X.F.); (Z.L.); (D.H.)
| | - Xiaoqing Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insect, College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China; (X.D.); (Y.L.); (X.L.); (C.W.); (Z.M.); (L.W.); (X.F.); (Z.L.); (D.H.)
| | - Chengcheng Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insect, College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China; (X.D.); (Y.L.); (X.L.); (C.W.); (Z.M.); (L.W.); (X.F.); (Z.L.); (D.H.)
| | - Zhengang Ma
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insect, College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China; (X.D.); (Y.L.); (X.L.); (C.W.); (Z.M.); (L.W.); (X.F.); (Z.L.); (D.H.)
| | - Linling Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insect, College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China; (X.D.); (Y.L.); (X.L.); (C.W.); (Z.M.); (L.W.); (X.F.); (Z.L.); (D.H.)
| | - Xiaodong Fan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insect, College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China; (X.D.); (Y.L.); (X.L.); (C.W.); (Z.M.); (L.W.); (X.F.); (Z.L.); (D.H.)
| | - Zhi Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insect, College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China; (X.D.); (Y.L.); (X.L.); (C.W.); (Z.M.); (L.W.); (X.F.); (Z.L.); (D.H.)
| | - Dunyuan Huang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insect, College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China; (X.D.); (Y.L.); (X.L.); (C.W.); (Z.M.); (L.W.); (X.F.); (Z.L.); (D.H.)
| | - Jinshan Xu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insect, College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China; (X.D.); (Y.L.); (X.L.); (C.W.); (Z.M.); (L.W.); (X.F.); (Z.L.); (D.H.)
- Correspondence: (J.X.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Zeyang Zhou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insect, College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China; (X.D.); (Y.L.); (X.L.); (C.W.); (Z.M.); (L.W.); (X.F.); (Z.L.); (D.H.)
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Correspondence: (J.X.); (Z.Z.)
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Molho M, Chuang C, Nagy PD. Co-opting of nonATP-generating glycolytic enzymes for TBSV replication. Virology 2021; 559:15-29. [PMID: 33799077 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Positive-strand RNA viruses build viral replication organelles (VROs) with the help of co-opted host factors. The energy requirement of intensive viral replication processes is less understood. Previous studies on tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) showed that tombusviruses hijack two ATP-producing glycolytic enzymes to produce ATP locally within VROs. In this work, we performed a cDNA library screen with Arabidopsis thaliana proteins and the TBSV p33 replication protein. The p33 - plant interactome contained highly conserved glycolytic proteins. We find that the glycolytic Hxk2 hexokinase, Eno2 phosphopyruvate hydratase and Fba1 fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase are critical for TBSV replication in yeast or in a cell-free replicase reconstitution assay. The recruitment of Fba1 is important for the local production of ATP within VROs. Altogether, our data support the model that TBSV recruits and compartmentalizes possibly most members of the glycolytic pathway. This might allow TBSV to avoid competition with the host for ATP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Molho
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Plant Science Building, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Chingkai Chuang
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Plant Science Building, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Peter D Nagy
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Plant Science Building, Lexington, KY, USA.
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ANXA2 Facilitates Enterovirus 71 Infection by Interacting with 3D Polymerase and PI4KB to Assist the Assembly of Replication Organelles. Virol Sin 2021; 36:1387-1399. [PMID: 34196914 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-021-00417-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Similar to that of other enteroviruses, the replication of enterovirus 71 (EV71) occurs on rearranged membranous structures called replication organelles (ROs). Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase III (PI4KB), which is required by enteroviruses for RO formation, yields phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PI4P) on ROs. PI4P then binds and induces conformational changes in the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) to modulate RdRp activity. Here, we targeted 3D polymerase, the core enzyme of EV71 ROs, and found that the host factor Annexin A2 (ANXA2) can interact with 3D polymerase and promote the replication of EV71. Then, an experiment showed that the annexin domain of ANXA2, which possesses membrane-binding capacity, mediates the interaction of ANXA2 with EV71 3D polymerase. Further research showed that ANXA2 is localized on ROs and interacts with PI4KB. Overexpression of ANXA2 stimulated the formation of PI4P, and the level of PI4P was decreased in ANXA2-knockout cells. Furthermore, ANXA2, PI4KB, and 3D were shown to be localized to the viral RNA replication site, where they form a higher-order protein complex, and the presence of ANXA2 promoted the PI4KB-3D interaction. Altogether, our data provide new insight into the role of ANXA2 in facilitating formation of the EV71 RNA replication complex.
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Sahin E, Keskin E, Akata I. The unique genome organization of two novel fusariviruses hosted by the true morel mushroom Morchella esculenta. Virus Res 2021; 302:198486. [PMID: 34146607 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Two putative mycoviruses belonging to the proposed family "Fusariviridae" were identified in Morchella esculenta by sequencing of double-stranded RNAs extracted from the morel mushroom. These viruses were tentatively named "Morchella esculenta fusarivirus 1″ (MeFV1) and "Morchella esculenta fusarivirus 2″ (MeFV2). Including the poly(A) tail the complete genomes of MeFV1 and MeFV2 are composed of 9096 and 9011 nucleotides (nt) respectively. Both genomes contain four non-overlapping open reading frames (ORFs) in which the largest and the smallest ORFs are ORF2 and ORF3 for both genomes respectively. The ORF1 of MeFV1 and MeFV2 are preceded by the 5' untranslated regions (UTRs) of 27 and 37 nt respectively and encode 341 and 339 aa long proteins that do not exhibit significant similarity to any of the protein sequences present in GenBank database. The 1502 and 1511 aa long proteins encoded by ORF2 of MeFV1 and MeFV2 share 84.42% sequence identity to each other and are 58.54% and 58.57% identical to the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of Morchella importuna fusarivirus 1 (MiFV1) respectively. Interestingly, a Promethin/LDAF1 protein domain that is associated with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and lipid droplet (LD) membranes was identified at the N terminal regions of MeFV1 and MeFV2 RdRps, implying that the replication of these viruses is linked to the lipid membranes. The ORF3 and ORF4 of MeFV1 and MeFV2 encode proteins (268 and 333 aa long, and 645 and 647 aa long respectively) that only share significant sequence similarities with the proteins encoded by the ORF2 and ORF3 of MiFV1 respectively. The 3' UTRs of MeFV1 and MeFV2 are 162 and 159 nt long respectively and both of them have 51 nt long terminal poly(A) traits. To our knowledge, MeFV1 and MeFV2 are the first fusariviruses identified in M. esculenta and this is the first study reporting on the presence of Promethin/LDAF1 domain in viral RdRps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ergin Sahin
- Ankara University Faculty of Science Department of Biology 06100 Tandogan, Ankara, Turkey; Dokuz Eylül University Faculty of Science Department of Biology 35390 Buca, İzmir, Turkey.
| | - Emre Keskin
- Evolutionary Genetics Laboratory (eGL), Ankara University Faculty of Agriculture Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture 06110 Dışkapı, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ilgaz Akata
- Ankara University Faculty of Science Department of Biology 06100 Tandogan, Ankara, Turkey
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Molho M, Lin W, Nagy PD. A novel viral strategy for host factor recruitment: The co-opted proteasomal Rpn11 protein interaction hub in cooperation with subverted actin filaments are targeted to deliver cytosolic host factors for viral replication. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009680. [PMID: 34161398 PMCID: PMC8260003 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Positive-strand (+)RNA viruses take advantage of the host cells by subverting a long list of host protein factors and transport vesicles and cellular organelles to build membranous viral replication organelles (VROs) that support robust RNA replication. How RNA viruses accomplish major recruitment tasks of a large number of cellular proteins are intensively studied. In case of tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV), a single viral replication protein, named p33, carries out most of the recruitment duties. Yet, it is currently unknown how the viral p33 replication protein, which is membrane associated, is capable of the rapid and efficient recruitment of numerous cytosolic host proteins to facilitate the formation of large VROs. In this paper, we show that, TBSV p33 molecules do not recruit each cytosolic host factor one-by-one into VROs, but p33 targets a cytosolic protein interaction hub, namely Rpn11, which interacts with numerous other cytosolic proteins. The highly conserved Rpn11, called POH1 in humans, is the metalloprotease subunit of the proteasome, which couples deubiquitination and degradation of proteasome substrates. However, TBSV takes advantage of a noncanonical function of Rpn11 by exploiting Rpn11's interaction with highly abundant cytosolic proteins and the actin network. We provide supporting evidence that the co-opted Rpn11 in coordination with the subverted actin network is used for delivering cytosolic proteins, such as glycolytic and fermentation enzymes, which are readily subverted into VROs to produce ATP locally in support of VRO formation, viral replicase complex assembly and viral RNA replication. Using several approaches, including knockdown of Rpn11 level, sequestering Rpn11 from the cytosol into the nucleus in plants or temperature-sensitive mutation in Rpn11 in yeast, we show the inhibition of recruitment of glycolytic and fermentation enzymes into VROs. The Rpn11-assisted recruitment of the cytosolic enzymes by p33, however, also requires the combined and coordinated role of the subverted actin network. Accordingly, stabilization of the actin filaments by expression of the Legionella VipA effector in yeast and plant, or via a mutation of ACT1 in yeast resulted in more efficient and rapid recruitment of Rpn11 and the selected glycolytic and fermentation enzymes into VROs. On the contrary, destruction of the actin filaments via expression of the Legionella RavK effector led to poor recruitment of Rpn11 and glycolytic and fermentation enzymes. Finally, we confirmed the key roles of Rpn11 and the actin filaments in situ ATP production within TBSV VROs via using a FRET-based ATP-biosensor. The novel emerging theme is that TBSV targets Rpn11 cytosolic protein interaction hub driven by the p33 replication protein and aided by the subverted actin filaments to deliver several co-opted cytosolic pro-viral factors for robust replication within VROs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Molho
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Wenwu Lin
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Peter D. Nagy
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
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The retromer is co-opted to deliver lipid enzymes for the biogenesis of lipid-enriched tombusviral replication organelles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2016066118. [PMID: 33376201 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2016066118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Biogenesis of viral replication organelles (VROs) is critical for replication of positive-strand RNA viruses. In this work, we demonstrate that tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) and the closely related carnation Italian ringspot virus (CIRV) hijack the retromer to facilitate building VROs in the surrogate host yeast and in plants. Depletion of retromer proteins, which are needed for biogenesis of endosomal tubular transport carriers, strongly inhibits the peroxisome-associated TBSV and the mitochondria-associated CIRV replication in yeast and in planta. In vitro reconstitution revealed the need for the retromer for the full activity of the viral replicase. The viral p33 replication protein interacts with the retromer complex, including Vps26, Vps29, and Vps35. We demonstrate that TBSV p33-driven retargeting of the retromer into VROs results in delivery of critical retromer cargoes, such as 1) Psd2 phosphatidylserine decarboxylase, 2) Vps34 phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), and 3) phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase (PI4Kα-like). The recruitment of these cellular enzymes by the co-opted retromer is critical for de novo production and enrichment of phosphatidylethanolamine phospholipid, phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate [PI(3)P], and phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate [PI(4)P] phosphoinositides within the VROs. Co-opting cellular enzymes required for lipid biosynthesis and lipid modifications suggest that tombusviruses could create an optimized lipid/membrane microenvironment for efficient VRO assembly and protection of the viral RNAs during virus replication. We propose that compartmentalization of these lipid enzymes within VROs helps tombusviruses replicate in an efficient milieu. In summary, tombusviruses target a major crossroad in the secretory and recycling pathways via coopting the retromer complex and the tubular endosomal network to build VROs in infected cells.
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