1
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Qu S, Chi SD, He ZM. The Development of Aspergillus flavus and Biosynthesis of Aflatoxin B1 are Regulated by the Golgi-Localized Mn 2+ Transporter Pmr1. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:1276-1291. [PMID: 38179648 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Microorganisms rely on diverse ion transport and trace elements to sustain growth, development, and secondary metabolism. Manganese (Mn2+) is essential for various biological processes and plays a crucial role in the metabolism of human cells, plants, and yeast. In Aspergillus flavus, we confirmed that Pmr1 localized in cis- and medial-Golgi compartments was critical in facilitating Mn2+ transport, fungal growth, development, secondary metabolism, and glycosylation. In comparison to the wild type, the Δpmr1 mutant displayed heightened sensitivity to environmental stress, accompanied by inhibited synthesis of aflatoxin B1, kojic acid, and a substantial reduction in pathogenicity toward peanuts and maize. Interestingly, the addition of exogenous Mn2+ effectively rectified the developmental and secondary metabolic defects in the Δpmr1 mutant. However, Mn2+ supplement failed to restore the growth and development of the Δpmr1Δgdt1 double mutant, which indicated that the Gdt1 compensated for the functional deficiency of pmr1. In addition, our results showed that pmr1 knockout leads to an upregulation of O-glycosyl-N-acetylglucose (O-GlcNAc) and O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT), while Mn2+ supplementation can restore the glycosylation in A. flavus. Collectively, this study indicates that the pmr1 regulates Mn2+ via Golgi and maintains growth and metabolism functions of A. flavus through regulation of the glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Qu
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Sheng-Da Chi
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhu-Mei He
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
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2
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Fayyaz HA, El-Massik MA, Bahey-El-Din M, Abdel-Bary A, Abdallah OY, Eltaher HM. Targeted DPPC/DMPG surface-modified voriconazole lipid nanoparticles control invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in immunocompromised population: in-vitro and in-vivo assessment. Int J Pharm 2024; 649:123663. [PMID: 38061501 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is the most devastating Aspergillus-related lung disease. Voriconazole (VRZ) is the first-line treatment against IPA. Despite availability in oral and parenteral dosage forms, risks of systemic toxicity dictate alternative pulmonary administration. Inspired by natural lung surfactants, dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine/dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol (DPPC/DMPG) surface-modified lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) were scrutinized for pulmonary administration. DPPC/DMPG-VRZ-LNPs prepared using ultrasonication/thin film hydration were investigated for colloidal properties over 3-month shelf storage. They were stable with a slight change in entrapment efficiency. They provided a sustained VRZ release over 24 h, with a rapid initial release. In vitro aerosolization indicated higher percentages of VRZ deposited on stages corresponding to secondary bronchi and alveolar ducts. Moreover, intrapulmonary administration maintained high lung VRZ concentration (27 ± 1.14 µg/g) after 6 h. A preclinical study using a cyclophosphamide-induced neutropenic rat model demonstrated a 3-fold reduction in BALF-Galactomannan down to 0.515 ± 0.22 µg/L confirming DPPC/DMPG-VRZ-LNPs potential in hyphal growth inhibition. Histopathological examination of infected/nontreated lung sections exhibited dense fungal load inside alveoli and blood vessels indicating massive tissue and angio-invasiveness. Nevertheless, DPPC/DMPG-VRZ-LNPs-treated animals displayed minimal hyphae with no signs of invasiveness. The developed bioinspired nanoparticles serve as prospective bioactive nanocarrier candidates for pulmonary administration of VRZ in the management of IPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba A Fayyaz
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, 21521, Egypt.
| | - Magda A El-Massik
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, 21521, Egypt.
| | - Mohammed Bahey-El-Din
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt.
| | - Amany Abdel-Bary
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21131, Egypt.
| | - Ossama Y Abdallah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, 21521, Egypt.
| | - Hoda M Eltaher
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, 21521, Egypt; Regenerative Medicine and Cellular Therapies Division, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom.
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3
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Lian X, Scott-Thomas A, Lewis JG, Bhatia M, Chambers ST. A Novel Monoclonal Antibody 1D2 That Broadly Inhibits Clinically Important Aspergillus Species. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8090960. [PMID: 36135685 PMCID: PMC9502797 DOI: 10.3390/jof8090960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is a ubiquitous airborne fungus, is the predominant cause (>90%) of invasive aspergillosis (IA) in immunosuppressed patients and has a high mortality. New approaches to prevention and treatment are needed because of the poor efficacy, toxicity and side effects of the current anti-Aspergillus drugs on patients. Thus, we aim to explore a new avenue to combat Aspergillus infection by using a novel monoclonal antibody (mAb) 1D2 against a glycoprotein on the cell wall of Aspergillus. The ability of this mAb to inhibit attachment, germination, and growth of Aspergillus conidia and hyphae in vitro were examined. A dose-dependent growth inhibition of Aspergillus conidia in the presence of mAb 1D2 was found. The mAb 1D2 inhibited attachment of Aspergillus conidia to an untreated slide surface and fibronectin-treated surface compared to an unrelated mAb 6B10. When conidia were exposed to 1D2 concomitantly with inoculation into culture media, the mAb prevented the swelling and germination of conidia. This inhibitory ability of 1D2 was less apparent if it was added two hours after inoculation. Damage to hyphae was also observed when 1D2 was added to Aspergillus hyphae that had been incubated in media overnight. These in vitro results indicate that mAb 1D2 broadly inhibits clinically important Aspergillus species and has a promising therapeutic effect both as prophylaxis to inhibit an Aspergillus infection as well as a treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xihua Lian
- Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Second Clinical Medical School, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou 362000, China
| | - Amy Scott-Thomas
- Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - John G. Lewis
- Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
- Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Madhav Bhatia
- Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Stephen T. Chambers
- Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +64-3-364-0649
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Abstract
Invasive fungal infections are emerging diseases that kill over 1.5 million people per year worldwide. With the increase of immunocompromised populations, the incidence of invasive fungal infections is expected to continue to rise. Vaccines for viral and bacterial infectious diseases have had a transformative impact on human health worldwide. However, no fungal vaccines are currently in clinical use. Recently, interest in fungal vaccines has grown significantly. One Candida vaccine has completed phase 2 clinical trials, and research on vaccines against coccidioidomycosis continues to advance. Additionally, multiple groups have discovered various Cryptococcus mutant strains that promote protective responses to subsequent challenge in mouse models. There has also been progress in antibody-mediated fungal vaccines. In this review, we highlight recent fungal vaccine research progress, outline the wealth of data generated, and summarize current research for both fungal biology and immunology studies relevant to fungal vaccine development. We also review technological advancements in vaccine development and highlight the future prospects of a human vaccine against invasive fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amariliz Rivera
- Department of Pediatrics and Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, New Jersey, USA;
| | - Jennifer Lodge
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Current affiliation: Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA;
| | - Chaoyang Xue
- Public Health Research Institute and Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, New Jersey, USA;
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5
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Slarve M, Holznecht N, Reza H, Gilkes A, Slarve I, Olson J, Ernst W, Ho SO, Adler-Moore J, Fujii G. Recombinant Aspergillus fumigatus antigens Asp f 3 and Asp f 9 in liposomal vaccine protect mice against invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Vaccine 2022; 40:4160-4168. [PMID: 35680499 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis caused by the ubiquitous mold Aspergillus fumigatus is a major threat to immunocompromised patients, causing unacceptably high mortality despite standard of care treatment, and costing an estimated $1.2 billion annually. Treatment for this disease has been complicated by the emergence of azole resistant strains of A. fumigatus, rendering first-line antifungal therapy ineffective. The difficulties in treating infected patients using currently available drugs make immunotherapeutic vaccination an attractive option. Here, we demonstrate the efficacy of VesiVax® adjuvant liposomes, consisting of a combination of two individual liposome preparations, to which two recombinant A. fumigatus surface antigens, Asp f 3 and Asp f 9 (VesiVax® Af3/9), have been chemically conjugated. Using a murine model, we demonstrate that VesiVax® Af3/9 is protective against infection by azole resistant strains of A. fumigatus in both steroid-suppressed and neutropenic mice as quantified by improved survival and reduced fungal burden in the lungs. This protection correlates with upregulation of IL-4 produced by splenocytes, and the presence of Asp f 3 and Asp f 9 specific IgG2a antibodies in the serum of mice given VesiVax® Af3/9. Furthermore, mice given VesiVax® Af3/9 with a subsequent course of liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome®) had improved survival over those given either treatment alone, indicating a benefit to VesiVax® Af3/9 vaccination even in the case of infections that require follow-up antifungal treatment. These data demonstrate that prophylactic vaccination with VesiVax® Af3/9 is a promising method of protection against invasive pulmonary aspergillosis even as the changing face of the disease renders current therapies ineffective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Slarve
- California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, Biological Sciences Department, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - Nickolas Holznecht
- California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, Biological Sciences Department, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - Hernan Reza
- California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, Biological Sciences Department, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - Adrienne Gilkes
- California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, Biological Sciences Department, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - Ielyzaveta Slarve
- California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, Biological Sciences Department, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - Jon Olson
- California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, Biological Sciences Department, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - William Ernst
- Molecular Express, Inc, Rancho Dominguez, CA, United States
| | - Sam On Ho
- Molecular Express, Inc, Rancho Dominguez, CA, United States
| | - Jill Adler-Moore
- California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, Biological Sciences Department, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - Gary Fujii
- Molecular Express, Inc, Rancho Dominguez, CA, United States
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Desoubeaux G, Cray C, Chesnay A. Challenges to establish the diagnosis of aspergillosis in non-laboratory animals: looking for alternatives in veterinary medicine and demonstration of feasibility through two concrete examples in penguins and dolphins. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:757200. [PMID: 35928207 PMCID: PMC9345302 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.757200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillosis remains difficult to diagnose in animals. Laboratory-based assays are far less developed than those for human medicine, and only few studies have been completed to validate their utility in routine veterinary diagnostics. To overcome the current limitations, veterinarians and researchers have to propose alternative methods including extrapolating from human diagnostic tools and using innovative technology. In the present overview, two specific examples were complementarily addressed in penguins and dolphins to illustrate how is challenging the diagnosis of aspergillosis in animals. Specific focus will be made on the novel application of simple testing in blood based on serological assays or protein electrophoresis and on the new information garnered from metabolomics/proteomics to discover potential new biomarkers. In conclusion, while the diagnostic approach of aspergillosis in veterinary medicine cannot be directly taken from options developed for human medicine, it can certainly serve as inspiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Desoubeaux
- Parasitologie – Mycologie – Médecine tropicale, Hôpital Bretonneau, CHRU Tours, Tours, France
- Centre d’étude des pathologies respiratoires – Inserm U1100, faculté de Médecine, Université de Tours, Tours, France
- *Correspondence: Guillaume Desoubeaux,
| | - Carolyn Cray
- University of Miami, Comparative Pathology, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Adélaïde Chesnay
- Parasitologie – Mycologie – Médecine tropicale, Hôpital Bretonneau, CHRU Tours, Tours, France
- Centre d’étude des pathologies respiratoires – Inserm U1100, faculté de Médecine, Université de Tours, Tours, France
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7
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Cateau E, Leclerc A, Cartier N, Valsechi I, Bailly É, Senechal RL, Becerra M, Gallou BL, Lavergne RA, Chesnay A, Robin JP, Cray C, Goddard N, Thorel M, Guillot J, Mulot B, Desoubeaux G. pAspergillosis in a colony of Humboldt penguins (Spheniscus humboldti) under managed care: a clinical and environmental investigation in a French zoological park. Med Mycol 2022; 60:6609783. [PMID: 35713494 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myac046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillosis is pervasive in bird populations, especially those under human care. Its management can be critically impacted by exposure to high levels of conidia and by resistance to azole drugs. The fungal contamination in the environment of a Humboldt penguin (Spheniscus humboldti) group, housed in a French zoological park next to numerous large crop fields, was assessed through three serial sessions of surface sampling in nests, in 2018-20: all isolates were counted and characterized by sequencing. When identified as A. fumigatus, they were systematically screened for resistance mutations in the cyp51A gene and tested for MICs determination. In the same time, the clinical incidence of aspergillosis was evaluated in the penguin population by the means of systematic necropsy and mycological investigations. A microsatellite-based analysis tracked the circulation of A. fumigatus strains. Environmental investigations highlighted substantial increase of the fungal load during the summer season (>12-fold vs. the other timepoints) and large overrepresentation of species belonging to the Aspergillus section Fumigati, ranging from 22.7 to 94.6% relative prevalence. Only one cryptic species was detected (A. nishimurae), and one isolate exhibited G138S resistance mutation with elevated MICs. The overall incidence of aspergillosis was measured at ∼3.4% case-years, and mostly in juveniles. The analysis of microsatellite polymorphism revealed a high level of genetic diversity among A. fumigatus clinical isolates. In contrast, one environmental strain appeared largely overrepresented during the summer sampling session. In all, the rural location of the zoo did not influence the emergence of resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Cateau
- Parasitologie - Mycologie - Médecine tropicale, Hôpital Bretonneau, 37044 CHRU Tours, France.,Parasitologie - Mycologie, Hôpital de la Milétrie, 86021 CHU Poitiers, France
| | - Antoine Leclerc
- ZooParc de Beauval & Beauval Nature, 41110 Saint-Aignan-sur-Cher, France
| | - Noémie Cartier
- Parasitologie - Mycologie - Médecine tropicale, Hôpital Bretonneau, 37044 CHRU Tours, France
| | - Isabel Valsechi
- Dynamyc - Université Paris-Est Créteil-Val de Marne (UPEC), Ecole nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort (EnvA), USC Anses, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Éric Bailly
- Parasitologie - Mycologie - Médecine tropicale, Hôpital Bretonneau, 37044 CHRU Tours, France
| | - Ronan Le Senechal
- Parasitologie - Mycologie - Médecine tropicale, Hôpital Bretonneau, 37044 CHRU Tours, France
| | - Margaux Becerra
- Parasitologie - Mycologie - Médecine tropicale, Hôpital Bretonneau, 37044 CHRU Tours, France
| | - Brice Le Gallou
- Parasitologie - Mycologie - Médecine tropicale, Hôpital Bretonneau, 37044 CHRU Tours, France
| | - Rose-Anne Lavergne
- Parasitologie - Mycologie, Hôtel Dieu, 44093 CHU Nantes, France.,Institute de Recherche en Santé 2, EA1155-IICiMed, 44200 Université de Nantes Atlantique, France
| | - Adélaïde Chesnay
- Parasitologie - Mycologie - Médecine tropicale, Hôpital Bretonneau, 37044 CHRU Tours, France.,Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires - Inserm U100, Faculté de médecine, 37032 Université de Tours, France
| | - Jean-Patrice Robin
- Institut pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, CNRS - UMR 7178, 67037 Université de Strasbourg, France
| | - Carolyn Cray
- Miami University, Comparative pathology, Miller school of medicien, 33136 Miami - Florida, U.S.A
| | - Nicolas Goddard
- ZooParc de Beauval & Beauval Nature, 41110 Saint-Aignan-sur-Cher, France
| | - Milan Thorel
- ZooParc de Beauval & Beauval Nature, 41110 Saint-Aignan-sur-Cher, France
| | - Jacques Guillot
- Dynamyc - Université Paris-Est Créteil-Val de Marne (UPEC), Ecole nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort (EnvA), USC Anses, 94000 Créteil, France.,Oniris, Ecole nationale vétérinaire de Nantes, 44307 Nantes, France
| | - Baptiste Mulot
- ZooParc de Beauval & Beauval Nature, 41110 Saint-Aignan-sur-Cher, France
| | - Guillaume Desoubeaux
- Parasitologie - Mycologie - Médecine tropicale, Hôpital Bretonneau, 37044 CHRU Tours, France.,Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires - Inserm U100, Faculté de médecine, 37032 Université de Tours, France
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Lian X, Scott-Thomas A, Lewis JG, Bhatia M, MacPherson SA, Zeng Y, Chambers ST. Monoclonal Antibodies and Invasive Aspergillosis: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105563. [PMID: 35628374 PMCID: PMC9146623 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is a life-threatening fungal disease that causes high morbidity and mortality in immunosuppressed patients. Early and accurate diagnosis and treatment of IA remain challenging. Given the broad range of non-specific clinical symptoms and the shortcomings of current diagnostic techniques, most patients are either diagnosed as “possible” or “probable” cases but not “proven”. Moreover, because of the lack of sensitive and specific tests, many high-risk patients receive an empirical therapy or a prolonged treatment of high-priced antifungal agents, leading to unnecessary adverse effects and a high risk of drug resistance. More precise diagnostic techniques alongside a targeted antifungal treatment are fundamental requirements for reducing the morbidity and mortality of IA. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with high specificity in targeting the corresponding antigen(s) may have the potential to improve diagnostic tests and form the basis for novel IA treatments. This review summarizes the up-to-date application of mAb-based approaches in assisting IA diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xihua Lian
- Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand; (X.L.); (A.S.-T.); (J.G.L.); (M.B.); (S.A.M.)
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Second Clinical Medical School of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou 362000, China
| | - Amy Scott-Thomas
- Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand; (X.L.); (A.S.-T.); (J.G.L.); (M.B.); (S.A.M.)
| | - John G. Lewis
- Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand; (X.L.); (A.S.-T.); (J.G.L.); (M.B.); (S.A.M.)
- Steroid and Immunobiochemistry Laboratory, Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Madhav Bhatia
- Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand; (X.L.); (A.S.-T.); (J.G.L.); (M.B.); (S.A.M.)
| | - Sean A. MacPherson
- Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand; (X.L.); (A.S.-T.); (J.G.L.); (M.B.); (S.A.M.)
- Haematology Department, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand
| | - Yiming Zeng
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine), The Second Clinical Medical School of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou 362000, China;
| | - Stephen T. Chambers
- Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand; (X.L.); (A.S.-T.); (J.G.L.); (M.B.); (S.A.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +64-3-364-0649
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9
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Reidy L, Desoubeaux G, Cardenas J, Seither J, Kahl K, Chauvin D, Adkesson M, Govett P, Aitken-Palmer C, Stadler C, Tocidlowski M, Sirpenski G, Bronson E, Cray C. DETECTION OF GLIOTOXIN BUT NOT BIS(METHYL)GLIOTOXIN IN PLASMA FROM BIRDS WITH CONFIRMED AND PROBABLE ASPERGILLOSIS. J Zoo Wildl Med 2022; 53:60-69. [PMID: 35339150 DOI: 10.1638/2021-0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillosis remains a difficult disease to diagnose antemortem in many species, especially avian species. In the present study, banked plasma samples from various avian species were examined for gliotoxin (GT), which is a recognized key virulence factor produced during the replication of Aspergillus species hyphae and a secondary metabolite bis(methyl)gliotoxin (bmGT). Initially, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry methods for detecting GT and bmGT were validated in a controlled model using sera obtained from rats experimentally infected with Aspergillus fumigatus. The minimum detection level for both measurements was determined to be 3 ng/ml, and the assay was found to be accurate and reliable. As proof of concept, GT was detected in 85.7% (30/35) of the samples obtained from birds with confirmed aspergillosis and in 60.7% (17/28) of samples from birds with probable infection but only in one of those from clinically normal birds (1/119). None of the birds were positive for bmGT. Repeated measures from birds under treatment suggests results may have prognostic value. Further studies are needed to implement quantitative methods and to determine the utility of this test in surveillance screening in addition to its use as a diagnostic test in birds with suspected aspergillosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Reidy
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Guillaume Desoubeaux
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Université de Tours, CEPR, INSERM U1100/Equipe 3, 37000 Tours, France
- CHU de Tours, Service de Parasitologie, Mycologie, Médicine tropicale, 37000 Tours, France
| | - Julia Cardenas
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Joshua Seither
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Kristin Kahl
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - David Chauvin
- Université de Tours, CEPR, INSERM U1100/Equipe 3, 37000 Tours, France
| | - Michael Adkesson
- Chicago Zoological Society/Brookfield Zoo, Brookfield, IL 60513, USA
| | - Pamela Govett
- Chicago Zoological Society/Brookfield Zoo, Brookfield, IL 60513, USA
| | | | - Cynthia Stadler
- Los Angeles Zoo & Botanical Gardens, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | | | | | | | - Carolyn Cray
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA,
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10
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Two Monoclonal Antibodies That Specifically Recognize Aspergillus Cell Wall Antigens and Can Detect Circulating Antigens in Infected Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010252. [PMID: 35008678 PMCID: PMC8745570 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is a life-threatening disease mainly caused by Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus flavus. Early diagnosis of this condition is crucial for patient treatment and survival. As current diagnostic techniques for IA lack sufficient accuracy, we have raised two monoclonal antibodies (1D2 and 4E4) against A. fumigatus cell wall fragments that may provide a platform for a new diagnostic approach. The immunoreactivity of these antibodies was tested by immunofluorescence and ELISA against various Aspergillus and Candida species in vitro and by immunohistochemistry in A. fumigatus infected mouse tissues. Both monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) showed intensive fluorescence with the hyphae wall of A. fumigatus and A. flavus, but there was no staining with other Aspergillus species or Candida species. Both mAbs also showed strong immunoreactivity to the cell wall of A. fumigatus hyphae in the infected liver, spleen and kidney of mice with IA. The antigens identified by 1D2 and 4E4 might be glycoproteins and the epitopes are most likely a protein or peptide rather than a carbohydrate. An antibody-based antigen capture ELISA detected the extracellular antigens released by A. fumigatus, A. flavus, A. niger and A. terreus, but not in Candida species. The antigen could be detected in the plasma of mice after 48 h of infection by double-sandwich ELISA. In conclusion, both 1D2 and 4E4 mAbs are potentially promising diagnostic tools to investigate invasive aspergillosis.
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Ibe C, Oladele RO, Alamir O. Our pursuit for effective antifungal agents targeting fungal cell wall components, where are we? Int J Antimicrob Agents 2021; 59:106477. [PMID: 34798234 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2021.106477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Invasive mycotic infections account for an unacceptably high mortality rates in humans. These infections are initiated by the fungal cell wall which mediates host-fungi interactions. The cell wall is fused to the physiology of fungi, and it is involved in essential functions in the entire cell functionality. Components of the cell wall are synthesised and modified in the cell wall space by the activities of cell wall proteins through a range of signalling pathways that have only been described in many fungi, therefore making them suitable drug targets. The echinocandins class of cell wall-active drugs block cell wall β-1,3-glucan biosynthesis through inhibiting the catalytic subunit of the synthetic protein complex. Resistance to echinocandins can be through the acquisition of single nucleotide polymorphisms and/or through activation of cell wall signalling pathways resulting in altered cell wall proteome and elevated chitin content in the cell wall. Countering the cell wall remodelling process will enhance the effectiveness of β-1,3-glucan-active antifungal agents. Cell surface proteins are also important antifungal targets which can be used to develop rapid and robust diagnostics and more effective therapeutics. The cell wall remains a crucial target in fungi that needs to be harnessed to combat mycotic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chibuike Ibe
- Department of Microbiology, Abia State University, PMB 2000 Uturu, Abia State, Nigeria.
| | - Rita O Oladele
- Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos State, Nigeria
| | - Omran Alamir
- Natural Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Public Authority for Applied Education and Training, Al Asimah, Kuwait
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12
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Roth KDR, Wenzel EV, Ruschig M, Steinke S, Langreder N, Heine PA, Schneider KT, Ballmann R, Fühner V, Kuhn P, Schirrmann T, Frenzel A, Dübel S, Schubert M, Moreira GMSG, Bertoglio F, Russo G, Hust M. Developing Recombinant Antibodies by Phage Display Against Infectious Diseases and Toxins for Diagnostics and Therapy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:697876. [PMID: 34307196 PMCID: PMC8294040 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.697876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies are essential molecules for diagnosis and treatment of diseases caused by pathogens and their toxins. Antibodies were integrated in our medical repertoire against infectious diseases more than hundred years ago by using animal sera to treat tetanus and diphtheria. In these days, most developed therapeutic antibodies target cancer or autoimmune diseases. The COVID-19 pandemic was a reminder about the importance of antibodies for therapy against infectious diseases. While monoclonal antibodies could be generated by hybridoma technology since the 70ies of the former century, nowadays antibody phage display, among other display technologies, is robustly established to discover new human monoclonal antibodies. Phage display is an in vitro technology which confers the potential for generating antibodies from universal libraries against any conceivable molecule of sufficient size and omits the limitations of the immune systems. If convalescent patients or immunized/infected animals are available, it is possible to construct immune phage display libraries to select in vivo affinity-matured antibodies. A further advantage is the availability of the DNA sequence encoding the phage displayed antibody fragment, which is packaged in the phage particles. Therefore, the selected antibody fragments can be rapidly further engineered in any needed antibody format according to the requirements of the final application. In this review, we present an overview of phage display derived recombinant antibodies against bacterial, viral and eukaryotic pathogens, as well as microbial toxins, intended for diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Daniel Ralph Roth
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Esther Veronika Wenzel
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Abcalis GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Maximilian Ruschig
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stephan Steinke
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Nora Langreder
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Philip Alexander Heine
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Kai-Thomas Schneider
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Rico Ballmann
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Viola Fühner
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Stefan Dübel
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Abcalis GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany.,YUMAB GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Maren Schubert
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Federico Bertoglio
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Giulio Russo
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Abcalis GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Hust
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,YUMAB GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany
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13
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Gu X, Hua YH, Zhang YD, Bao DI, Lv J, Hu HF. The Pathogenesis of Aspergillus fumigatus, Host Defense Mechanisms, and the Development of AFMP4 Antigen as a Vaccine. Pol J Microbiol 2021; 70:3-11. [PMID: 33815522 PMCID: PMC8008755 DOI: 10.33073/pjm-2021-003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is one of the ubiquitous fungi with airborne conidia, which accounts for most aspergillosis cases. In immunocompetent hosts, the inhaled conidia are rapidly eliminated. However, immunocompromised or immunodeficient hosts are particularly vulnerable to most Aspergillus infections and invasive aspergillosis (IA), with mortality from 50% to 95%. Despite the improvement of antifungal drugs over the last few decades, the therapeutic effect for IA patients is still limited and does not provide significant survival benefits. The drawbacks of antifungal drugs such as side effects, antifungal drug resistance, and the high cost of antifungal drugs highlight the importance of finding novel therapeutic and preventive approaches to fight against IA. In this article, we systemically addressed the pathogenic mechanisms, defense mechanisms against A. fumigatus, the immune response, molecular aspects of host evasion, and vaccines' current development against aspergillosis, particularly those based on AFMP4 protein, which might be a promising antigen for the development of anti-A. fumigatus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Gu
- College of Law and Political Science, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China.,The University of Hong Kong Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yan-Hong Hua
- The University of Hong Kong Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yang-Dong Zhang
- The PLA Rocket Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - D I Bao
- The PLA Rocket Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Lv
- The PLA Rocket Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Fang Hu
- The PLA Rocket Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, China
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14
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From bench to bedside - translational approaches in anti-fungal immunology. Curr Opin Microbiol 2020; 58:153-159. [PMID: 33190074 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2020.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Invasive fungal infections mainly occur in patients suffering from impaired immunity. Their associated mortality is high despite antifungal treatment. Thus, several efforts have been made to translate our knowledge on protective antifungal immunity into clinical application. Since the first attempts with transfusion of neutrophilic granulocytes, these approaches have become more refined and include administration of cytokines to booster antifungal immune responses or selective stimulation of pattern recognition receptors. Recently, novel tools that have proven effective in the treatment of cancer have offered new options for enhancing antifungal immunity. These approaches include checkpoint inhibitors as well as T-cell based therapies, including chimeric antigen receptor T-cells.
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15
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Chelius C, Huso W, Reese S, Doan A, Lincoln S, Lawson K, Tran B, Purohit R, Glaros T, Srivastava R, Harris SD, Marten MR. Dynamic Transcriptomic and Phosphoproteomic Analysis During Cell Wall Stress in Aspergillus nidulans. Mol Cell Proteomics 2020; 19:1310-1329. [PMID: 32430394 PMCID: PMC8014999 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra119.001769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungal cell-wall integrity signaling (CWIS) pathway regulates cellular response to environmental stress to enable wall repair and resumption of normal growth. This complex, interconnected, pathway has been only partially characterized in filamentous fungi. To better understand the dynamic cellular response to wall perturbation, a β-glucan synthase inhibitor (micafungin) was added to a growing A. nidulans shake-flask culture. From this flask, transcriptomic and phosphoproteomic data were acquired over 10 and 120 min, respectively. To differentiate statistically-significant dynamic behavior from noise, a multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS) model was applied to both data sets. Over 1800 genes were dynamically expressed and over 700 phosphorylation sites had changing phosphorylation levels upon micafungin exposure. Twelve kinases had altered phosphorylation and phenotypic profiling of all non-essential kinase deletion mutants revealed putative connections between PrkA, Hk-8-4, and Stk19 and the CWIS pathway. Our collective data implicate actin regulation, endocytosis, and septum formation as critical cellular processes responding to activation of the CWIS pathway, and connections between CWIS and calcium, HOG, and SIN signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Chelius
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Walker Huso
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Samantha Reese
- Center for Plant Science Innovation and Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Alexander Doan
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Stephen Lincoln
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Kelsi Lawson
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Bao Tran
- BioScience Mass Spectrometry Facility, The U.S. Army CCDC Chemical Biological Center, BioSciences Division, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA
| | - Raj Purohit
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Trevor Glaros
- BioSciences Division, B11 Bioenergy and Biome Sciences, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - Ranjan Srivastava
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Steven D Harris
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Mark R Marten
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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16
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Boniche C, Rossi SA, Kischkel B, Vieira Barbalho F, Nogueira D’Aurea Moura Á, Nosanchuk JD, Travassos LR, Pelleschi Taborda C. Immunotherapy against Systemic Fungal Infections Based on Monoclonal Antibodies. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6010031. [PMID: 32121415 PMCID: PMC7151209 DOI: 10.3390/jof6010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing incidence in systemic fungal infections in humans has increased focus for the development of fungal vaccines and use of monoclonal antibodies. Invasive mycoses are generally difficult to treat, as most occur in vulnerable individuals, with compromised innate and adaptive immune responses. Mortality rates in the setting of our current antifungal drugs remain excessively high. Moreover, systemic mycoses require prolonged durations of antifungal treatment and side effects frequently occur, particularly drug-induced liver and/or kidney injury. The use of monoclonal antibodies with or without concomitant administration of antifungal drugs emerges as a potentially efficient treatment modality to improve outcomes and reduce chemotherapy toxicities. In this review, we focus on the use of monoclonal antibodies with experimental evidence on the reduction of fungal burden and prolongation of survival in in vivo disease models. Presently, there are no licensed monoclonal antibodies for use in the treatment of systemic mycoses, although the potential of such a vaccine is very high as indicated by the substantial promising results from several experimental models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Boniche
- Biomedical Sciences Institute, Department of Microbiology, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (C.B.); (S.A.R.); (B.K.); (F.V.B.)
| | - Suélen Andreia Rossi
- Biomedical Sciences Institute, Department of Microbiology, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (C.B.); (S.A.R.); (B.K.); (F.V.B.)
| | - Brenda Kischkel
- Biomedical Sciences Institute, Department of Microbiology, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (C.B.); (S.A.R.); (B.K.); (F.V.B.)
| | - Filipe Vieira Barbalho
- Biomedical Sciences Institute, Department of Microbiology, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (C.B.); (S.A.R.); (B.K.); (F.V.B.)
| | - Ágata Nogueira D’Aurea Moura
- Tropical Medicine Institute, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05403-000, Brazil;
| | - Joshua D. Nosanchuk
- Departments of Medicine (Division of Infectious Diseases) and Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA;
| | - Luiz R. Travassos
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo 04021-001, Brazil;
| | - Carlos Pelleschi Taborda
- Biomedical Sciences Institute, Department of Microbiology, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (C.B.); (S.A.R.); (B.K.); (F.V.B.)
- Tropical Medicine Institute, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05403-000, Brazil;
- Correspondence:
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17
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Ulrich S, Ebel F. Monoclonal Antibodies as Tools to Combat Fungal Infections. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6010022. [PMID: 32033168 PMCID: PMC7151206 DOI: 10.3390/jof6010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies represent an important element in the adaptive immune response and a major tool to eliminate microbial pathogens. For many bacterial and viral infections, efficient vaccines exist, but not for fungal pathogens. For a long time, antibodies have been assumed to be of minor importance for a successful clearance of fungal infections; however this perception has been challenged by a large number of studies over the last three decades. In this review, we focus on the potential therapeutic and prophylactic use of monoclonal antibodies. Since systemic mycoses normally occur in severely immunocompromised patients, a passive immunization using monoclonal antibodies is a promising approach to directly attack the fungal pathogen and/or to activate and strengthen the residual antifungal immune response in these patients.
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18
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Schubert M, Xue S, Ebel F, Vaggelas A, Krylov VB, Nifantiev NE, Chudobová I, Schillberg S, Nölke G. Monoclonal Antibody AP3 Binds Galactomannan Antigens Displayed by the Pathogens Aspergillus flavus, A. fumigatus, and A. parasiticus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:234. [PMID: 31380292 PMCID: PMC6646516 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus and A. flavus are the fungal pathogens responsible for most cases of invasive aspergillosis (IA). Early detection of the circulating antigen galactomannan (GM) in serum allows the prompt application of effective antifungal therapy, thus improving the survival rate of IA patients. However, the use of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) for the diagnosis of IA is often associated with false positives due to cross-reaction with bacterial polysaccharides. More specific antibodies are therefore needed. Here we describe the characterization of the Aspergillus-specific mAb AP3 (IgG1κ), including the precise identification of its corresponding antigen. The antibody was generated using A. parasiticus cell wall fragments and was shown to bind several Aspergillus species. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that AP3 binds a cell wall antigen, but immunoprecipitation and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays showed that the antigen is also secreted into the culture medium. The inability of AP3 to bind the A. fumigatus galactofuranose (Galf )-deficient mutant ΔglfA confirmed that Galf residues are part of the epitope. Several lines of evidence strongly indicated that AP3 recognizes the Galf residues of O-linked glycans on Aspergillus proteins. Glycoarray analysis revealed that AP3 recognizes oligo-[β-D-Galf-1,5] sequences containing four or more residues with longer chains more efficiently. We also showed that AP3 captures GM in serum, suggesting it may be useful as a diagnostic tool for patients with IA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Schubert
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sheng Xue
- Institute for Translational Medicine, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Frank Ebel
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Annegret Vaggelas
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Vadim B Krylov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikolay E Nifantiev
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ivana Chudobová
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefan Schillberg
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Aachen, Germany.,Institute for Phytopathology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Greta Nölke
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Aachen, Germany
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