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Temmerman R, Berlamont H, El Garch F, Rose M, Simjee S, Meschi S, de Jong A. Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Canine and Feline Urinary Tract Infection Pathogens Isolated from Animals with Clinical Signs in European Veterinary Practices during the Period 2013-2018. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:500. [PMID: 38927167 PMCID: PMC11200364 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13060500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacterial urinary tract infections (UTIs) occur frequently in companion animals and are often treated with antibiotics. However, antimicrobial resistance can severely hamper treatment success. Therefore, antimicrobial susceptibility monitoring is key. UTI isolates were obtained from dogs and cats in two collection periods (ComPath II: 2013-2014 and ComPath III: 2017-2018) as part of CEESA's ComPath programme. Susceptibility testing of the UTI isolates (2021 in total) was carried out at one central laboratory using agar and broth dilution methodology as recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Escherichia coli was the most frequently isolated bacterium in UTI in both dogs (46.9%, 43.1%) and cats (61.2%, 48.3%) across ComPath II and ComPath III, respectively. The percentage of resistance in E. coli was low (<10%) across both programmes in both dogs and cats except for trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (dogs ComPath III: 12.9%; cats ComPath II: 13.0%) and enrofloxacin (10.5%), marbofloxacin (11.4%), and doxycycline (98.8%) for dogs in ComPath III. Three (7.5%) of the 40 isolated S. aureus bacteria in total were MRSA and harboured mecA. The level of multidrug resistance (MDR) was generally low and ranged from 0.0% for feline coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp. to 11.7% for canine Proteus spp., except for a peak of MDR observed in canine Klebsiella isolates from ComPath II (36.7%). Overall, antimicrobial resistance for most canine and feline UTI pathogens isolated during the ComPath II and ComPath III programmes was low (1-10%) to moderate (10-20%).
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Mi K, Sun L, Zhang L, Tang A, Tian X, Hou Y, Sun L, Huang L. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model to determine dosage regimens and withdrawal intervals of aditoprim against Streptococcus suis. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1378034. [PMID: 38694922 PMCID: PMC11061430 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1378034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Streptococcus suis (S. suis) is a zoonotic pathogen threatening public health. Aditoprim (ADP), a novel veterinary medicine, exhibits an antibacterial effect against S. suis. In this study, a physiologically based pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PBPK/PD) model was used to determine the dosage regimens of ADP against S. suis and withdrawal intervals. Methods: The PBPK model of ADP injection can predict drug concentrations in plasma, liver, kidney, muscle, and fat. A semi-mechanistic pharmacodynamic (PD) model, including susceptible subpopulation and resistant subpopulation, is successfully developed by a nonlinear mixed-effect model to evaluate antibacterial effects. An integrated PBPK/PD model is conducted to predict the time-course of bacterial count change and resistance development under different ADP dosages. Results: ADP injection, administrated at 20 mg/kg with 12 intervals for 3 consecutive days, can exert an excellent antibacterial effect while avoiding resistance emergence. The withdrawal interval at the recommended dosage regimen is determined as 18 days to ensure food safety. Discussion: This study suggests that the PBPK/PD model can be applied as an effective tool for the antibacterial effect and safety evaluation of novel veterinary drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Mi
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Sun
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Aoran Tang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Tian
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yixuan Hou
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lingling Sun
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lingli Huang
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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KuKanich KS, Anderson EE, Carcamo Tzic AD, KuKanich B. Florfenicol urinary excretion and its potential for treating canine urinary tract infections. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2024. [PMID: 38420879 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The canine urinary excretion of florfenicol was evaluated to explore its potential for treating urinary tract infections. Nine healthy male intact purpose-bred Beagles and four healthy client-owned dogs each received a single oral dose of florfenicol 20 mg/kg (300 mg/mL parenteral solution) with food. All voluntary urinations were collected for 12 h. Although florfenicol is reportedly bitter tasting, 7/9 Beagles and 4/4 client-owned dogs completely ingested the florfenicol and were enrolled; salivation (n = 1) and headshaking (n = 3) were observed. The last measured urine florfenicol concentrations were variable: Beagles (0.23-3.19 mcg/mL), Pug (3.01 mcg/mL) English Setter (21.29 mcg/mL), Greyhound (32.68 mcg/mL), and Standard Poodle (13.00 mcg/mL). Urine half-life was similar for the Beagles and the Pug, 0.75-1.39 h, whereas the half-life was 1.70-1.82 h for the English Setter, Greyhound, and Standard Poodle. Larger breed dogs exceeded 8 mcg/mL florfenicol (wild-type cutoff) in their urine at 12 h, whereas the Beagles and Pug had <8 mcg/mL; it is unclear if this is an individual, breed, or size difference. These data suggest oral florfenicol may need to be administered q6-12h for canine urinary tract infections, but further data are needed (more enrolled dogs, multiple-dose regimens) before considering clinical trials or breed-specific differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate S KuKanich
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Elayna E Anderson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Astrid D Carcamo Tzic
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Butch KuKanich
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
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Azzariti S, Mead A, Toutain PL, Bond R, Pelligand L. Time-Kill Analysis of Canine Skin Pathogens: A Comparison of Pradofloxacin and Marbofloxacin. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1548. [PMID: 37887249 PMCID: PMC10603860 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12101548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Time-kill curves (TKCs) are more informative compared with the use of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) as they allow the capture of bacterial growth and the development of drug killing rates over time, which allows to compute key pharmacodynamic (PD) parameters. Our study aimed, using a semi-mechanistic mathematical model, to estimate the best pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) indices (ƒAUC/MIC or %ƒT > MIC) for the prediction of clinical efficacy of veterinary FQs in Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli collected from canine pyoderma cases with a focus on the comparison between marbofloxacin and pradofloxacin. Eight TCKs for each bacterial species (4 susceptible and 4 resistant) were analysed in duplicate. The best PK/PD index was ƒAUC24h/MIC in both staphylococci and E. coli. For staphylococci, values of 25-40 h were necessary to achieve a bactericidal effect, whereas the calculated values (25-35 h) for E. coli were lower than those predicting a positive clinical outcome (100-120 h) in murine models. Pradofloxacin showed a higher potency (lower EC50) in comparison with marbofloxacin. However, no difference in terms of a maximal possible pharmacological killing rate (Emax) was observed. Taking into account in vivo exposure at the recommended dosage regimen (3 and 2 mg/kg for pradofloxacin and marbofloxacin, respectively), the overall killing rates (Kdrug) computed were also similar in most instances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Azzariti
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK; (S.A.); (A.M.); (P.-L.T.)
| | - Andrew Mead
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK; (S.A.); (A.M.); (P.-L.T.)
| | - Pierre-Louis Toutain
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK; (S.A.); (A.M.); (P.-L.T.)
- INTHERES, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, 23 chemin des Capelles-BP 87614, CEDEX 03, 31076 Toulouse, France
| | - Ross Bond
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK;
| | - Ludovic Pelligand
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK; (S.A.); (A.M.); (P.-L.T.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK;
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Gholami MH, Derakhshanfar A, Gholami T. Novel combination therapy for respiratory diseases of small ruminants: Field studies of over 10 years. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2023; 10:516-521. [PMID: 37969799 PMCID: PMC10636082 DOI: 10.5455/javar.2023.j705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to evaluate a new drug combination for small ruminant respiratory diseases to find a better treatment protocol for the potential replacement of older methods. Materials and Methods A total of 6,886 animals received common respiratory disease therapies out of 15,845 animals that had respiratory disorders. The new combination therapy technique treated the remaining animals (8,968). The animals were given an oral suspension of triclabendazole or levamisole at an initial dosage of 0.2 ml/kg body weight (BW). The following day, 0.2 mg/kg of 1% ivermectin was subcutaneously administered. Then, on the third and fifth days of treatment, a subcutaneous injection of 30 mg/kg BW of florfenicol (30%) was administered. The survival and recovery rates for both groups were tracked throughout a 6-month period of observation. Postmortem and histopathological signs were also assessed. Results In the group of the novel combination therapy, group A, clinical, postmortem, and histopathological signs were significantly reduced compared to group B. Clinical signs and mortality in group A were 90% and 93% lower than in group B, respectively. Animals that received the new combination therapy were healed of their disease and stayed immune for 6 months. Conclusion This novel therapy demonstrated significant efficacy against respiratory diseases in a 10-year field study. The paper proved that the protocol introduced could be a new therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amin Derakhshanfar
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Tahereh Gholami
- Department of Foreign Language, Faculty of Humanities, Islamic Azad University of Kazerun, Kazerun, Iran
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Zhang H, Huang Y, Yu J, Liu X, Ding H. PK/PD integration of florfenicol alone and in combination with doxycycline against Riemerella anatipestifer. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:975673. [PMID: 36157174 PMCID: PMC9493122 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.975673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Riemerella anatipestifer (RA) is an important pathogen found in poultry. RA infection can kill ducks and lead to significant economic losses. Seven RA strains with different susceptibility phenotypes were chosen to study the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) integration of florfenicol (FF) alone and in combination with doxycycline (DOX). The checkerboard assay indicated that synergy [fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) ≤ 0.5] was detected in the CVCC3952 strain of RA and that additivity (FICI >0.5 to ≤ 1) was observed in other strains. Static time–kill curves showed that the bactericidal effect of FF against RA was produced at a FF concentration ≥4 MIC, and the antibacterial activity of FF against RA was enhanced from the aspects of efficacy and efficacy in combination with DOX. Dynamic time–kill curves indicated that FF elicited bactericidal activity against the CVCC3857 strain with a reduction ≥4.88 log10CFU/ml when the dose was ≥8 mg/L. However, a bactericidal effect was not achieved at the maximum administered dose of FF monotherapy (20 mg/L) for isolates with a MIC ≥4 μg/ml. The effect of FF against RA was enhanced upon combination with DOX. The combination of FF with DOX reduced the bacterial burden ≥4.53 log10CFU/ml for all strains with a MIC ≥4 μg/ml. Data were fitted to a sigmoidal Emax model. The PK/PD parameters of AUC24h/MIC (the area under the concentration–time curve over 24 h divided by the MIC) and %T >MIC (the cumulative percentage of time over a 24-h period at which the concentration exceeded the MIC) of FF for eliciting a reduction of 3 log10CFU/ml was 40.10 h and 58.71, respectively. For strains with a MIC ≤ 16 μg/ml, the magnitude of the AUC24h/MIC and Cmax/MIC required for a 3 log10CFU/ml of bacterial killing was 34.84 h and 4.74 in the presence of DOX at 0.5 MIC, respectively. These data suggest that combination of FF with DOX enhanced the activity against RA strains with various susceptibilities to FF and DOX.
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Quantitative Pharmacodynamic Characterization of Resistance versus Heteroresistance of Colistin in E. coli Using a Semimechanistic Modeling of Killing Curves. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2022; 66:e0079322. [PMID: 36040146 PMCID: PMC9487539 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00793-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Heteroresistance corresponds to the presence, in a bacterial isolate, of an initial small subpopulation of bacteria characterized by a significant reduction in their sensitivity to a given antibiotic. Mechanisms of heteroresistance versus resistance are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to explore heteroresistance in mcr-positive and mcr-negative Escherichia coli strains exposed to colistin by use of modeling killing curves with a semimechanistic model. We quantify, for a range of phenotypically (susceptibility based on MIC) and genotypically (carriage of mcr-1 or mcr-3 or mcr-negative) different bacteria, a maximum killing rate (Emax) of colistin and the corresponding potency (EC50), i.e., the colistin concentrations corresponding to Emax/2. Heteroresistant subpopulations were identified in both mcr-negative and mcr-positive E. coli as around 0.06% of the starting population. Minority heteroresistant bacteria, both for mcr-negative and mcr-positive strains, differed from the corresponding dominant populations only by the maximum killing rate of colistin (differences for Emax by a factor of 12.66 and 3.76 for mcr-negative and mcr-positive strains, respectively) and without alteration of their EC50s. On the other hand, the resistant mcr-positive strains are distinguished from the mcr-negative strains by differences in their EC50, which can reach a factor of 44 for their dominant population and 22 for their heteroresistant subpopulations. It is suggested that the underlying physiological mechanisms differ between resistance and heteroresistance, with resistance being linked to a decrease in the affinity of colistin for its site of action, whereas heteroresistance would, rather, be linked to an alteration of the target, which will be more difficult to be further changed or destroyed.
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Optimization and Validation of Dosage Regimen for Ceftiofur against Pasteurella multocida in Swine by Physiological Based Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Model. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073722. [PMID: 35409082 PMCID: PMC8998519 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Model informed drug development is a valuable tool for drug development and clinical application due to its ability to integrate variability and uncertainty of data. This study aimed to determine an optimal dosage of ceftiofur against P. multocida by ex vivo pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model and validate the dosage regimens by Physiological based Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic (PBPK/PD) model. The pharmacokinetic profiles of ceftiofur both in plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) are determined. PD performance of ceftiofur against P. multocida was investigated. By establishing PK/PD model, PK/PD parameters and doses were determined. PBPK model and PBPK/PD model were developed to validate the dosage efficacy. The PK/PD parameters, AUC0–24 h/MIC, for bacteriostatic action, bactericidal action and elimination were determined as 44.02, 89.40, and 119.90 h and the corresponding dosages were determined as 0.22, 0.46, and 0.64 mg/kg, respectively. AUC24 h/MIC and AUC 72 h/MIC are simulated by PBPK model, compared with the PK/PD parameters, the therapeutic effect can reach probability of target attainment (PTA) of 90%. The time-courses of bacterial growth were predicted by the PBPK/PD model, which indicated the dosage of 0.46 mg/kg body weight could inhibit the bacterial growth and perform good bactericidal effect.
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Application of Semi-Mechanistic Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Model in Antimicrobial Resistance. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14020246. [PMID: 35213979 PMCID: PMC8880204 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a major public health issue. The pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model is an essential tool to optimize dosage regimens and alleviate the emergence of resistance. The semi-mechanistic PK/PD model is a mathematical quantitative tool to capture the relationship between dose, exposure, and response, in terms of the mechanism. Understanding the different resistant mechanisms of bacteria to various antibacterials and presenting this as mathematical equations, the semi-mechanistic PK/PD model can capture and simulate the progress of bacterial growth and the variation in susceptibility. In this review, we outline the bacterial growth model and antibacterial effect model, including different resistant mechanisms, such as persisting resistance, adaptive resistance, and pre-existing resistance, of antibacterials against bacteria. The application of the semi-mechanistic PK/PD model, such as the determination of PK/PD breakpoints, combination therapy, and dosage optimization, are also summarized. Additionally, it is important to integrate the PD effect, such as the inoculum effect and host response, in order to develop a comprehensive mechanism model. In conclusion, with the semi-mechanistic PK/PD model, the dosage regimen can be reasonably determined, which can suppress bacterial growth and resistance development.
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Effects of Growth Medium and Inoculum Size on Pharmacodynamics Activity of Marbofloxacin against Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Caprine Clinical Mastitis. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10111290. [PMID: 34827228 PMCID: PMC8614650 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10111290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is an important pathogen that causes clinical mastitis in goats and produces infections difficult to cure. Different antimicrobials as fluoroquinolones have been used against S. aureus. However, the studies developed to evaluate the bacterial drug interaction only have used the MIC as a single reference point with artificial growth media. The aims of this study were to describe the effect of marbofloxacin on S. aureus isolated from mastitis goats' milk by different approaches as the minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations (MIC and MBC) in cation adjusted Mueller-Hinton broth (CAMHB), serum and milk of goats at two inoculum sizes of 105 and 108 CFU/mL, the determination and analysis of the time kill curves (TKC) by non-linear mixed effect models in each growth medium and inoculum size, as well as the estimation of their pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) cutoff values. The results obtained indicate that MIC values were higher and increases 2,4-fold in serum and 3,6-fold in milk at high inoculum, as well as the EC50 values determined by each pharmacodynamics model. Finally, the PK/PD cutoff values defined as fAUC24/MIC ratios to achieve clinical efficacy were highly dependent on inoculum and growth medium, with median values of 60-180, especially at high inoculum in milk, suggesting that further studies are necessary to evaluate and optimize the best therapeutic strategies for treating S. aureus in lactating goats.
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Temmerman R, Pelligand L, Schelstraete W, Antonissen G, Garmyn A, Devreese M. Enrofloxacin Dose Optimization for the Treatment of Colibacillosis in Broiler Chickens Using a Drinking Behaviour Pharmacokinetic Model. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10050604. [PMID: 34069540 PMCID: PMC8161238 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10050604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Enrofloxacin is frequently administered via drinking water for the treatment of colibacillosis in broiler chickens. However, the EMA/CVMP has urged to re-evaluate historically approved doses, especially for antimicrobials administered via drinking water. In response, the objectives of this study were two-fold. First, to evaluate the pharmacokinetics (PK) of enrofloxacin following IV, PO and drinking water administration. Second, to predict the efficacy of a range of doses in the drinking water for the treatment of APEC infections. For the first objective, PK parameters were estimated by fitting a one-compartmental model with a zero-order IV infusion and an oral absorption lag function to the simultaneously modelled IV and PO data. After fixing these parameter values, a drinking behaviour pharmacokinetic (DBPK) model was developed for the description and prediction of drinking water PK profiles by adding three model improvements (different diurnal and nocturnal drinking rates, inter-animal variability in water consumption and taking account of dose non-proportionality). The subsequent simulations and probability of target attainment (PTA) analysis predicted that a dose of 12.5 mg/kg/24 h is efficacious in treating colibacillosis with an MIC up to 0.125 μg/mL (ECOFF), whereas the currently registered dose (10 mg/kg/24 h) reaches a PTA of 66% at ECOFF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Temmerman
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (R.T.); (W.S.); (G.A.)
| | - Ludovic Pelligand
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK;
| | - Wim Schelstraete
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (R.T.); (W.S.); (G.A.)
| | - Gunther Antonissen
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (R.T.); (W.S.); (G.A.)
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;
| | - An Garmyn
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;
| | - Mathias Devreese
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (R.T.); (W.S.); (G.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-(0)9-264-73-47
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Lees P, Pelligand L, Giraud E, Toutain PL. A history of antimicrobial drugs in animals: Evolution and revolution. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2021; 44:137-171. [PMID: 32725687 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The evolutionary process of antimicrobial drug (AMD) uses in animals over a mere eight decades (1940-2020) has led to a revolutionary outcome, and both evolution and revolution are ongoing, with reports on a range of uses, misuses and abuses escalating logarithmically. As well as veterinary therapeutic perspectives (efficacy, safety, host toxicity, residues, selection of drug, determination of dose and measurement of outcome in treating animal diseases), there are also broader, nontherapeutic uses, some of which have been abandoned, whilst others hopefully will soon be discontinued, at least in more developed countries. Although AMD uses for treatment of animal diseases will continue, it must: (a) be sustainable within the One Health paradigm; and (b) devolve into more prudent, rationally based therapeutic uses. As this review on AMDs is published in a Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, its scope has been made broader than most recent reviews in this field. Many reviews have focused on negative aspects of AMD actions and uses, especially on the question of antimicrobial resistance. This review recognizes these concerns but also emphasizes the many positive aspects deriving from the use of AMDs, including the major research-based advances underlying both the prudent and rational use of AMDs. It is structured in seven sections: (1) Introduction; (2) Sulfonamide history; (3) Nontherapeutic and empirical uses of AMDs (roles of agronomists and veterinarians); (4) Rational uses of AMDs (roles of pharmacologists, clinicians, industry and regulatory controls); (5) Prudent use (residue monitoring, antimicrobial resistance); (6) International and inter-disciplinary actions; and (7) Conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Lees
- The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Etienne Giraud
- INTHERES, INRA, ENVT, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre-Louis Toutain
- The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
- INTHERES, INRA, ENVT, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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Mi K, Sun D, Li M, Hao H, Zhou K, Liu Z, Yuan Z, Huang L. Evidence for Establishing the Clinical Breakpoint of Cefquinome against Haemophilus Parasuis in China. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10020105. [PMID: 33498972 PMCID: PMC7912692 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Haemophilus parasuis can cause high morbidity and mortality in swine. Cefquinome possesses excellent antibacterial activity against pathogens causing diseases of the respiratory tract. This study aimed to establish the clinical breakpoint (CBP) of cefquinome against H. parasuis and to monitor the resistance change. Referring to the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) distribution of cefquinome against 131 H. parasuis isolates, the MIC50 and MIC90 were determined to be 0.125 and 1 μg/mL, respectively. And the epidemiological cutoff (ECOFF) value was 1 μg/mL. HPS42 was selected as a representative strain for the pharmacodynamic (PD) experiment, pharmacokinetic (PK) experiment and clinical experiments. The PK/PD index values, area under concentration-time curve (AUC)/MIC, of the bacteriostatic, bactericidal, and bacterial elimination effects were 23, 41, and 51 h, respectively. The PK/PD cutoff was calculated as 0.125 μg/mL by Monte Carlo simulation (MCS), and the clinical cutoff was 0.25−4 μg/mL by WindoW. Combing these three values, the CBP of cefquinome against H. parasuis was found to be 1 μg/mL. In conclusion, this was the first study to integrate various cutoffs to establish the CBP in the laboratory. It is helpful to distinguish wild type H. parasuis and reduce the probability of treatment failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Mi
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Wuhan 430000, China; (K.M.); (D.S.); (H.H.); (Z.L.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Da Sun
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Wuhan 430000, China; (K.M.); (D.S.); (H.H.); (Z.L.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Mei Li
- MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China; (M.L.); (K.Z.)
| | - Haihong Hao
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Wuhan 430000, China; (K.M.); (D.S.); (H.H.); (Z.L.); (Z.Y.)
- MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China; (M.L.); (K.Z.)
| | - Kaixiang Zhou
- MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China; (M.L.); (K.Z.)
| | - Zhenli Liu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Wuhan 430000, China; (K.M.); (D.S.); (H.H.); (Z.L.); (Z.Y.)
- MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China; (M.L.); (K.Z.)
| | - Zonghui Yuan
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Wuhan 430000, China; (K.M.); (D.S.); (H.H.); (Z.L.); (Z.Y.)
- MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China; (M.L.); (K.Z.)
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Lingli Huang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Wuhan 430000, China; (K.M.); (D.S.); (H.H.); (Z.L.); (Z.Y.)
- MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China; (M.L.); (K.Z.)
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China
- Correspondence:
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Toutain PL, Pelligand L, Lees P, Bousquet-Mélou A, Ferran AA, Turnidge JD. The pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic paradigm for antimicrobial drugs in veterinary medicine: Recent advances and critical appraisal. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2020; 44:172-200. [PMID: 33089523 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) modelling is the initial step in the semi-mechanistic approach for optimizing dosage regimens for systemically acting antimicrobial drugs (AMDs). Numerical values of PK/PD indices are used to predict dose and dosing interval on a rational basis followed by confirmation in clinical trials. The value of PK/PD indices lies in their universal applicability amongst animal species. Two PK/PD indices are routinely used in veterinary medicine, the ratio of the area under the curve of the free drug plasma concentration to the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) (fAUC/MIC) and the time that free plasma concentration exceeds the MIC over the dosing interval (fT > MIC). The basic concepts of PK/PD modelling of AMDs were established some 20 years ago. Earlier studies have been reviewed previously and are not reconsidered in this review. This review describes and provides a critical appraisal of more recent, advanced PK/PD approaches, with particular reference to their application in veterinary medicine. Also discussed are some hypotheses and new areas for future developments.First, a brief overview of PK/PD principles is presented as the basis for then reviewing more advanced mechanistic considerations on the precise nature of selected indices. Then, several new approaches to selecting PK/PD indices and establishing their numerical values are reviewed, including (a) the modelling of time-kill curves and (b) the use of population PK investigations. PK/PD indices can be used for dose determination, and they are required to establish clinical breakpoints for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. A particular consideration is given to the precise nature of MIC, because it is pivotal in establishing PK/PD indices, explaining that it is not a "pharmacodynamic parameter" in the usual sense of this term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Louis Toutain
- INTHERES, INRA, ENVT, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Peter Lees
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Aude A Ferran
- INTHERES, INRA, ENVT, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - John D Turnidge
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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