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Caetano CCS, Azamor T, Meyer NM, Onwubueke C, Calabrese CM, Calabrese LH, Visperas A, Piuzzi NS, Husni ME, Foo SS, Chen W. Mechanistic insights into bone remodelling dysregulation by human viral pathogens. Nat Microbiol 2024; 9:322-335. [PMID: 38316931 PMCID: PMC11045166 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-023-01586-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Bone-related diseases (osteopathologies) associated with human virus infections have increased around the globe. Recent findings have highlighted the intricate interplay between viral infection, the host immune system and the bone remodelling process. Viral infections can disrupt bone homeostasis, contributing to conditions such as arthritis and soft tissue calcifications. Osteopathologies can occur after arbovirus infections such as chikungunya virus, dengue virus and Zika virus, as well as respiratory viruses, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and enteroviruses such as Coxsackievirus B. Here we explore how human viruses dysregulate bone homeostasis, detailing viral factors, molecular mechanisms, host immune response changes and bone remodelling that ultimately result in osteopathologies. We highlight model systems and technologies to advance mechanistic understanding of viral-mediated bone alterations. Finally, we propose potential prophylactic and therapeutic strategies, introduce 'osteovirology' as a research field highlighting the underestimated roles of viruses in bone-related diseases, and discuss research avenues for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila C S Caetano
- Infection Biology Program, Global Center for Pathogen Research and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Tamiris Azamor
- Infection Biology Program, Global Center for Pathogen Research and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Nikki M Meyer
- Infection Biology Program, Global Center for Pathogen Research and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Chineme Onwubueke
- Infection Biology Program, Global Center for Pathogen Research and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Cassandra M Calabrese
- Department of Rheumatic and Immunologic Diseases, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Leonard H Calabrese
- Department of Rheumatic and Immunologic Diseases, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Anabelle Visperas
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Nicolas S Piuzzi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - M Elaine Husni
- Department of Rheumatic and Immunologic Diseases, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Suan-Sin Foo
- Infection Biology Program, Global Center for Pathogen Research and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Weiqiang Chen
- Infection Biology Program, Global Center for Pathogen Research and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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2
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Shao E, Zhao S, Dong Y, Wang Y, Fei Y, Li S, Wang L, Bashir T, Luan T, Lin L, Wang Y, Zhao W, Zhong Z. Anisomycin inhibits Coxsackievirus B replication by promoting the lysosomal degradation of eEF1A1. Antiviral Res 2023; 215:105621. [PMID: 37156267 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Group B Coxsackieviruses (CVB) are non-enveloped small RNA viruses in the genus Enterovirus, family Picornaviridae. CVB infection causes diverse conditions from common cold to myocarditis, encephalitis, and pancreatitis. No specific antiviral is available for the treatment of CVB infection. Anisomycin, a pyrrolidine-containing antibiotic and translation inhibitor, was reported to inhibit the replication of some picornaviruses. However, it is unknown if anisomycin can act as an antiviral against CVB infection. Here we observed that anisomycin showed potent inhibition on CVB type 3 (CVB3) infection with negligible cytotoxicity when applied at the early stage of virus infection. Mice infected with CVB3 showed markedly alleviated myocarditis with reduced viral replication. We found that CVB3 infection significantly increased the transcription of eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 alpha 1 (eEF1A1). CVB3 replication was suppressed by EEF1A1 knockdown, while elevated by EEF1A1 overexpression. Similar to the effect of CVB3 infection, EEF1A1 transcription was increased in response to anisomycin treatment. However, eEF1A1 protein level was decreased with anisomycin treatment in a dose-dependent manner in CVB3-infected cells. Moreover, anisomycin promoted eEF1A1 degradation, which was inhibited by the treatment of chloroquine but not MG132. We demonstrated that eEF1A1 interacted with the heat shock cognate protein 70 (HSP70), and eEF1A1 degradation was inhibited by LAMP2A knockdown, implicating that eEF1A1 is degraded through chaperone-mediated autophagy. Taken together, we demonstrated that anisomycin, which inhibits CVB replication through promoting the lysosomal degradation of eEF1A1, could be a potential antiviral candidate for the treatment of CVB infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enze Shao
- Department of Cell Biology, Harbin Medical University, 196 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Shuoxuan Zhao
- Department of Cell Biology, Harbin Medical University, 196 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Yanyan Dong
- Department of Cell Biology, Harbin Medical University, 196 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, Harbin Medical University, 196 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Yanru Fei
- Department of Cell Biology, Harbin Medical University, 196 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Siwei Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Harbin Medical University, 196 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Lixin Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, Harbin Medical University, 196 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Tahira Bashir
- Department of Cell Biology, Harbin Medical University, 196 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Tian Luan
- Department of Cell Biology, Harbin Medical University, 196 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Lexun Lin
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, 196 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, 196 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Wenran Zhao
- Department of Cell Biology, Harbin Medical University, 196 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081, China.
| | - Zhaohuan Zhong
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, 196 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081, China.
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3
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Olasunkanmi OI, Fei Y, Avala Ntsigouaye J, Yi M, Wang Y, Liu J, Cheng W, Megeto J, Bashir T, Chen Y, Xu W, Lin L, Zhao W, Wang Y, Zhong Z. Antiviral Activity of trans-Hexenoic Acid against Coxsackievirus B and Enterovirus A71. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2023; 67:e0086822. [PMID: 36786598 PMCID: PMC10019289 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00868-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus infections are life-threatening viral infections which occur mainly among children and are possible causes of viral outbreak. Until now, treatment and management of infections caused by members of the genus Enterovirus largely depended on supportive care, and no antiviral medications are currently approved for the treatment of most of these infections. The urgency of discovering new therapeutic options for the treatment of enterovirus infection is increasing. In the present study, we identified that trans-2-hexenoic acid (THA), a natural product from a dietary source, possesses antiviral activity against coxsackievirus B (CVB) and enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) in a dose-dependent manner. We found that THA possesses antiviral activity at 50% effective concentrations (EC50) of 2.9 μM and 3.21 μM against CVB3 and EV-A71 infections, respectively. The time of addition assay revealed that THA inhibits both CVB3 and EV-A71 replication at the entry stage of infection. Additional results from this study further suggest that THA inhibits viral replication by blocking viral entry. Given that THA has received approval as a food additive, treatment of enterovirus infections with THA might be a safe therapeutic option or could pave the way for semisynthetic manufacturing of more antiviral drugs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yanru Fei
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | | | - Ming Yi
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jinchang Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Weixu Cheng
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - James Megeto
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Tahira Bashir
- Department of Cell Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Weizhen Xu
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lexun Lin
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wenran Zhao
- Department of Cell Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhaohua Zhong
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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4
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Thach R, Gitto L. Neonatal sepsis due to Coxsackievirus B3 complicated by liver failure and pulmonary hemorrhage. CASE REPORTS IN PERINATAL MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/crpm-2021-0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is a single-stranded RNA included in the “Human Enterovirus B” category associated with multiple, even severe, health issues in humans. Newborns are at risk of life-threatening conditions due to enteroviral infections. In newborns, the infection can be transmitted vertically, intrapartum or postpartum, and potentially through breast milk. Neonatal sepsis may result in severe complications, such as liver failure and pulmonary hemorrhage, with subsequent death.
Case presentation
A male newborn was admitted to the emergency department with fever, generalized hypotonia, hypo-reactivity to external stimuli, multiple episodes of apnea and desaturation, and metabolic acidosis. Laboratory studies revealed disseminated intravascular coagulation, and evidence of progressive multiorgan failure. Polymerase chain reaction performed on specimens collected at the time of admission returned positive for Enterovirus, specifically Coxsackievirus B3 VP1 gene. The patient eventually succumbed after several days due to severe sepsis, despite aggressive treatment with immunoglobulins and Pleconaril. An autopsy revealed hemorrhage in the lung, liver, heart, and gastric mucosa.
Conclusions
Enteroviral neonatal infections should be included in the differential diagnosis of a newborn presenting with fever, failure to thrive, and hyporeactivity, especially if symptoms arise during the classic CVB3 season. Maternal medical history should be reviewed for any possible febrile symptoms associated with a recent enterovirus infection. Aggressive treatment with immunoglobulins and, if available, Pleconaril could effectively treat the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmey Thach
- Department of Medicine , William Beaumont Army Medical Center , El paso , TX , USA
| | - Lorenzo Gitto
- Department of Pathology , State University of New York Upstate Medical University , Syracuse , USA
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5
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Liu M, Yang Q, Han J. Transcriptomic analysis reveals that coxsackievirus B3 Woodruff and GD strains use similar key genes to induce FoxO signaling pathway activation in HeLa cells. Arch Virol 2021; 167:131-140. [PMID: 34773511 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05292-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is a major cause of viral myocarditis in humans. Although there have been studies on CVB3 infection and pathogenesis, the precise disease mechanism is still not clear. In this study, we used RNA-seq technology to compare the transcriptomic profile of virus-infected HeLa cells to that of uninfected cells to identify key genes involved in host-virus interaction. For this, two CVB3 strains, CVB3 Woodruff, an experimental strain, and GD16-69/GD/CHN/2016, a clinical strain, were selected to examine the common mechanisms underlying their infection. Transcriptomic profiles revealed increased expression of the cell cycle genes CCNG2, GADD45B, PIM1, RBM15, KLF10, and RIOK3 and decreased expression of CYBA. The autophagy-related genes ATG12 and YOD1 were found to be upregulated, while the expression of SOD2 and XPO1 increased slightly in infected cells, and only a minor change was observed in GABARAP expression. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis showed the FoxO signaling pathway to be enriched and showed a close interaction with differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the protein-protein interaction network. DEGs associated with related pathways such as cell cycle, autophagy, and oxidative stress resistance were also confirmed by qRT-PCR. In summary, the FoxO signaling pathway was activated during infection with both CVB3 strains and was found to have a regulatory role in downstream pathways such as cell cycle, autophagy, oxidative stress resistance, and the antiviral immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Rd, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Qian Yang
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Jun Han
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Rd, Beijing, 102206, China.
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6
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MicroRNA-324-3p Plays A Protective Role Against Coxsackievirus B3-Induced Viral Myocarditis. Virol Sin 2021; 36:1585-1599. [PMID: 34632544 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-021-00441-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral myocarditis (VM) is an inflammatory disease of the myocardium associated with heart failure, which is caused by common viral infections. A majority of the infections are initiated by coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3). MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have a major role in various biological processes, including gene expression, cell growth, proliferation, and apoptosis, as well as viral infection and antiviral immune responses. Although, miRNAs have been found to regulate viral infections, their role in CVB3 infection remains poorly understood. In the previous study, miRNA microarray results showed that miR-324-3p expression levels were significantly increased when cells and mice were infected with CVB3. It was also found that miR-324-3p downregulated TRIM27 and decreased CVB3 replication in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, analysis of downstream signaling of TRIM27 revealed that, miR-324-3p inhibited CVB3 infection, and reduced cytopathic effect and viral plaque formation by reducing the expression of TRIM27. In vivo, miR-324-3p decreased the expression of TRIM27, reduced cardiac viral replication and load, thereby strongly attenuating cardiac injury and inflammation. Taken together, this study suggests that miR-324-3p targets TRIM27 to inhibit CVB3 replication and viral load, thereby reducing the cardiac injury associated with VM.
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7
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Chakafana G, Spracklen TF, Kamuli S, Zininga T, Shonhai A, Ntusi NAB, Sliwa K. Heat Shock Proteins: Potential Modulators and Candidate Biomarkers of Peripartum Cardiomyopathy. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:633013. [PMID: 34222357 PMCID: PMC8241919 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.633013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) is a potentially life-threatening condition in which heart failure and systolic dysfunction occur late in pregnancy or within months following delivery. To date, no reliable biomarkers or therapeutic interventions for the condition exist, thus necessitating an urgent need for identification of novel PPCM drug targets and candidate biomarkers. Leads for novel treatments and biomarkers are therefore being investigated worldwide. Pregnancy is generally accompanied by dramatic hemodynamic changes, including a reduced afterload and a 50% increase in cardiac output. These increased cardiac stresses during pregnancy potentially impair protein folding processes within the cardiac tissue. The accumulation of misfolded proteins results in increased toxicity and cardiac insults that trigger heart failure. Under stress conditions, molecular chaperones such as heat shock proteins (Hsps) play crucial roles in maintaining cellular proteostasis. Here, we critically assess the potential role of Hsps in PPCM. We further predict specific associations between the Hsp types Hsp70, Hsp90 and small Hsps with several proteins implicated in PPCM pathophysiology. Furthermore, we explore the possibility of select Hsps as novel candidate PPCM biomarkers and drug targets. A better understanding of how these Hsps modulate PPCM pathogenesis holds promise in improving treatment, prognosis and management of the condition, and possibly other forms of acute heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Chakafana
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Cape Heart Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Timothy F Spracklen
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Cape Heart Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Stephen Kamuli
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Cape Heart Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tawanda Zininga
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Addmore Shonhai
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
| | - Ntobeko A B Ntusi
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Cape Heart Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Cape Universities Body Imaging Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Karen Sliwa
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Cape Heart Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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8
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Modulation of IGF2 Expression in the Murine Thymus and Thymic Epithelial Cells Following Coxsackievirus-B4 Infection. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9020402. [PMID: 33672010 PMCID: PMC7919294 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B4 (CV-B4) can infect human and murine thymic epithelial cells (TECs). In a murine TEC cell line, CV-B4 can downregulate the transcription of the insulin-like growth factor 2 (Igf2) gene coding for the self-peptide of the insulin family. In this study, we show that CV-B4 infections of a murine TEC cell line decreased Igf2 P3 promoter activity by targeting a region near the transcription start site; however, the stability of Igf2 transcripts remained unchanged, indicating a regulation of Igf2 transcription. Furthermore, CV-B4 infections decreased STAT3 phosphorylation in vitro. We also showed that mice infected with CV-B4 had an altered expression of Igf2 isoforms as detected in TECs, followed by a decrease in the pro-IGF2 precursor in the thymus. Our study sheds new light on the intrathymic regulation of Igf2 transcription during CV-B4 infections and supports the hypothesis that a viral infection can disrupt central self-tolerance to insulin by decreasing Igf2 transcription in the thymic epithelium.
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9
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Majer A, McGreevy A, Booth TF. Molecular Pathogenicity of Enteroviruses Causing Neurological Disease. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:540. [PMID: 32328043 PMCID: PMC7161091 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses are single-stranded positive-sense RNA viruses that primarily cause self-limiting gastrointestinal or respiratory illness. In some cases, these viruses can invade the central nervous system, causing life-threatening neurological diseases including encephalitis, meningitis and acute flaccid paralysis (AFP). As we near the global eradication of poliovirus, formerly the major cause of AFP, the number of AFP cases have not diminished implying a non-poliovirus etiology. As the number of enteroviruses linked with neurological disease is expanding, of which many had previously little clinical significance, these viruses are becoming increasingly important to public health. Our current understanding of these non-polio enteroviruses is limited, especially with regards to their neurovirulence. Elucidating the molecular pathogenesis of these viruses is paramount for the development of effective therapeutic strategies. This review summarizes the clinical diseases associated with neurotropic enteroviruses and discusses recent advances in the understanding of viral invasion of the central nervous system, cell tropism and molecular pathogenesis as it correlates with host responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Majer
- Viral Diseases Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Alan McGreevy
- Viral Diseases Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Biology, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Timothy F Booth
- Viral Diseases Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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10
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Holmes AC, Zagnoli-Vieira G, Caldecott KW, Semler BL. Effects of TDP2/VPg Unlinkase Activity on Picornavirus Infections Downstream of Virus Translation. Viruses 2020; 12:E166. [PMID: 32023921 PMCID: PMC7077319 DOI: 10.3390/v12020166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we characterized the role of host cell protein tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 2 (TDP2) activity, also known as VPg unlinkase, in picornavirus infections in a human cell model of infection. TDP2/VPg unlinkase is used by picornaviruses to remove the small polypeptide, VPg (Virus Protein genome-linked, the primer for viral RNA synthesis), from virus genomic RNA. We utilized a CRISPR/Cas-9-generated TDP2 knock out (KO) human retinal pigment epithelial-1 (hRPE-1) cell line, in addition to the wild type (WT) counterpart for our studies. We determined that in the absence of TDP2, virus growth kinetics for two enteroviruses (poliovirus and coxsackievirus B3) were delayed by about 2 h. Virus titers were reduced by ~2 log10 units for poliovirus and 0.5 log10 units for coxsackievirus at 4 hours post-infection (hpi), and by ~1 log10 unit at 6 hpi for poliovirus. However, virus titers were nearly indistinguishable from those of control cells by the end of the infectious cycle. We determined that this was not the result of an alternative source of VPg unlinkase activity being activated in the absence of TPD2 at late times of infection. Viral protein production in TDP2 KO cells was also substantially reduced at 4 hpi for poliovirus infection, consistent with the observed growth kinetics delay, but reached normal levels by 6 hpi. Interestingly, this result differs somewhat from what has been reported previously for the TDP2 KO mouse cell model, suggesting that either cell type or species-specific differences might be playing a role in the observed phenotype. We also determined that catalytically inactive TDP2 does not rescue the growth defect, confirming that TDP2 5' phosphodiesterase activity is required for efficient virus replication. Importantly, we show for the first time that polysomes can assemble efficiently on VPg-linked RNA after the initial round of translation in a cell culture model, but both positive and negative strand RNA production is impaired in the absence of TDP2 at mid-times of infection, indicating that the presence of VPg on the viral RNA affects a step in the replication cycle downstream of translation (e.g., RNA synthesis). In agreement with this conclusion, we found that double-stranded RNA production (a marker of viral RNA synthesis) is delayed in TDP2 KO RPE-1 cells. Moreover, we show that premature encapsidation of nascent, VPg-linked RNA is not responsible for the observed virus growth defect. Our studies provide the first lines of evidence to suggest that either negative- or positive-strand RNA synthesis (or both) is a likely candidate for the step that requires the removal of VPg from the RNA for an enterovirus infection to proceed efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Autumn C. Holmes
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics and Center for Virus Research, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA;
| | - Guido Zagnoli-Vieira
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK; (G.Z.-V.); (K.W.C.)
| | - Keith W. Caldecott
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK; (G.Z.-V.); (K.W.C.)
| | - Bert L. Semler
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics and Center for Virus Research, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA;
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