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Soltero-Rivera M, Battersby I, Morrison J, Spofford N, Weese JS. Antimicrobial use practices in canine and feline patients with co-morbidities undergoing dental procedures in primary care practices in the US. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0305533. [PMID: 38985775 PMCID: PMC11236167 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0305533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate how the presence of co-morbid conditions influenced antimicrobial usage as presumptive prophylaxis for suspected bacteremia in dogs and cats undergoing dental treatments at primary care veterinary clinics in the United States. In 2020, data was collected from 1076 veterinary clinics across 44 US states. A total of 681,541 general anesthesia dental procedures were conducted on 592,472 dogs and 89,069 cats. This revealed that systemic antimicrobials were administered in 8.8% of dog procedures and 7.8% of cat procedures in the absence of concurrent periodontal disease or extractions. Cefpodoxime, clindamycin, and amoxicillin-clavulanate were the most frequently used antimicrobials in dogs, while cefovecin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, and clindamycin topped the list for cats. Dogs with cardiovascular, hepato-renal, and endocrine co-morbidities, as well as those undergoing concurrent removal of cutaneous or subcutaneous neoplasia, displayed higher antimicrobial use. Similarly, cats with endocrine or hepato-renal disease, retroviral infection (i.e., feline leukemia virus (FeLV), feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)), and concurrent removal of cutaneous or subcutaneous neoplasia exhibited increased antimicrobial use. Dogs with hepato-renal abnormalities had longer treatment durations compared to those without (10.1 vs. 9.6 days). Conversely, cats with concurrent removal of cutaneous or subcutaneous neoplasia had shorter durations of treatment as compared to those that did not have this procedure performed (8.4 vs 9.2 days). The findings of this study underscore the necessity for further research and collaboration within the veterinary community to develop evidence-based guidelines, promoting responsible antimicrobial use, and advancing the field of veterinary dentistry for enhanced patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Soltero-Rivera
- Department of Veterinary Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Ian Battersby
- Mars Veterinary Health, Vancouver, WA, United States of America
| | - JoAnn Morrison
- Banfield Pet Hospital, Vancouver, WA, United States of America
| | | | - J. Scott Weese
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Weaver E, Macartney RA, Irwin R, Uddin S, Hooker A, Burke GA, Wylie MP, Lamprou DA. Liposomal encapsulation of amoxicillin via microfluidics with subsequent investigation of the significance of PEGylated therapeutics. Int J Pharm 2024; 650:123710. [PMID: 38097147 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
With an increasing concern of global antimicrobial resistance, the efforts to improve the formulation of a narrowing library of therapeutic antibiotics must be confronted. The liposomal encapsulation of antibiotics using a novel and sustainable microfluidic method has been employed in this study to address this pressing issue, via a targeted, lower-dose medical approach. The study focusses upon microfluidic parameter optimisation, formulation stability, cytotoxicity, and future applications. Particle sizes of circa. 130 nm, with viable short-term (28-day) physical stability were obtained, using two different non-cytotoxic liposomal formulations, both of which displayed suitable antibacterial efficacy. The microfluidic method allowed for high encapsulation efficiencies (≈77 %) and the subsequent in vitro release profile suggested high limits of antibiotic dissociation from the nanovessels, achieving 90% release within 72 h. In addition to the experimental data, the growing use of poly(ethylene) glycol (PEG) within lipid-based formulations is discussed in relation to anti-PEG antibodies, highlighting the key pharmacological differences between PEGylated and non-PEGylated formulations and their respective advantages and drawbacks. It's surmised that in the case of the formulations used in this study, the addition of PEG upon the liposomal membrane would still be a beneficial feature to possess owing to beneficial features such as stability, antibiotic efficacy and the capacity to further modify the liposomal membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Weaver
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Robyn A Macartney
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; Nanotechnology & Integrated Bioengineering Centre (NIBEC), School of Engineering, Ulster University, York Street, Belfast BT15 1ED, UK
| | - Robyn Irwin
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Shahid Uddin
- Immunocore Ltd, 92 Park Dr, Milton, Abingdon OX14 4RY, UK
| | - Andrew Hooker
- Immunocore Ltd, 92 Park Dr, Milton, Abingdon OX14 4RY, UK
| | - George A Burke
- Nanotechnology & Integrated Bioengineering Centre (NIBEC), School of Engineering, Ulster University, York Street, Belfast BT15 1ED, UK
| | - Matthew P Wylie
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Dimitrios A Lamprou
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK.
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Islam TN, Meem FS, Yasmin R, Amin MB, Rahman T, Mohasin M. Co-exposure of chromium or cadmium and a low concentration of amoxicillin are responsible to emerge amoxicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2023; 35:279-288. [PMID: 37879458 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2023.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heavy metals and antimicrobials co-exist in many environmental settings. The co-exposure of heavy metals and antimicrobials can drive emergence of antimicrobial resistant (AMR) Enterobacteriaceae. We hypothesized that co-exposure to heavy metals and a low concentration of antibiotic might alter antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, which facilitate emergence of AMR Staphylococcus aureus. METHODS The growth kinetics of antimicrobial susceptible S. aureus was carried out in the presence of chromium or cadmium salt and a low concentration of antibiotics. Subsequently, the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern was determined by the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Moreover, the mRNA copy number was determined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS The antimicrobial susceptibility profile revealed that the zone of inhibition (ZOI) for ampicillin, amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin and doxycycline was significantly decreased in chromium pre-exposed S. aureus compared to unexposed bacteria, whereas cadmium pre-exposed bacteria only showed significant decreased in ZOI for amoxicillin. Moreover, the MIC of amoxicillin for S. aureus was increased by 8-fold in chromium and 32-fold in cadmium when bacteria were co-exposed with low concentrations of amoxicillin. The mRNA expression of femX, mepA and norA also significantly increased in S. aureus after exposure to chromium and a low concentration of amoxicillin. CONCLUSION Cultivation of S. aureus at the minimum levels of chromium or cadmium and a low concentration of amoxicillin increased the inhibitory concentration of amoxicillin through inducing bacterial efflux pumps and antibiotic resistant genes. However, it is warranted to assess the whole transcriptome to find out all responsible factors behind this de novo amoxicillin resistant S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tajreen Naziba Islam
- Infection and Immunity Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Foujia Samsad Meem
- Infection and Immunity Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rahena Yasmin
- Infection and Immunity Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Mohammed Badrul Amin
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tania Rahman
- Infection and Immunity Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Mohasin
- Infection and Immunity Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
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Pant N, Rush C, Warner J, Eisen DP. Effect of Savirin or Ticagrelor Treatment on the Expression of Commonly Used Reference Genes in Staphylococcus aureus. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11020336. [PMID: 36838300 PMCID: PMC9964243 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Reference genes are frequently used for the normalization of quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (qRTPCR) data in gene expression studies. Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most common causes of biofilm-related infections. Savirin and ticagrelor show in vitro as well as in vivo antibiofilm activity against S. aureus. The main aim of this study was to identify the most stably expressed reference genes to study the effect of these molecules on genes in a strong biofilm producing S. aureus isolate isolated from biofilm-related infection. Quantitative real-time PCR was performed by using relative quantification method. Four different algorithms, delta Ct, normfinder, bestkeeper, and genorm, followed by a comprehensive analysis was used to identify the most stable reference genes from a list of sixteen different candidate reference genes. All four algorithms reported different results, with some comparable findings among some methods. In the comprehensive analysis of the results of all the algorithms used, the most stable reference genes found were spa, rpoD, and pyk for savirin treatment experiment and gapdH, gyrA, and gmk for ticagrelor treatment experiment. The optimal number of reference genes required was two for both the experimental conditions. Despite having some drawbacks, each algorithm can reliably determine an appropriate reference gene independently. However, based on consensus ranking and the required optimal number of reference genes reported, spa and rpoD were the most appropriate reference genes for savirin treatment experiment, and gapdH and gyrA were most appropriate for ticagrelor treatment experiment. This study provides baseline data on reference genes to study the effect of savirin or ticagrelor treatment on the expression of potential reference genes in S. aureus. We recommend prior re-validation of reference genes on a case-by-case basis before they can be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narayan Pant
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Catherine Rush
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Warner
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Damon P. Eisen
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
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Drug Delivery from Hyaluronic Acid–BDDE Injectable Hydrogels for Antibacterial and Anti-Inflammatory Applications. Gels 2022; 8:gels8040223. [PMID: 35448124 PMCID: PMC9033012 DOI: 10.3390/gels8040223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid (HA) injectable biomaterials are currently applied in numerous biomedical areas, beyond their use as dermal fillers. However, bacterial infections and painful inflammations are associated with healthcare complications that can appear after injection, restricting their applicability. Fortunately, HA injectable hydrogels can also serve as drug delivery platforms for the controlled release of bioactive agents with a critical role in the control of certain diseases. Accordingly, herein, HA hydrogels were crosslinked with 1 4-butanediol diglycidyl ether (BDDE) loaded with cefuroxime (CFX), tetracycline (TCN), and amoxicillin (AMX) antibiotics and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) anti-inflammatory agent in order to promote antibacterial and anti-inflammatory responses. The hydrogels were thoroughly characterized and a clear correlation between the crosslinking grade and the hydrogels’ physicochemical properties was found after rheology, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetry (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses. The biological safety of the hydrogels, expected due to the lack of BDDE residues observed in 1H-NMR spectroscopy, was also corroborated by an exhaustive biocompatibility test. As expected, the in vitro antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activity of the drug-loaded HA-BDDE hydrogels was confirmed against Staphylococcus aureus by significantly decreasing the pro-inflammatory cytokine levels.
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Zhang L, Xie H, Wang Y, Wang H, Hu J, Zhang G. Pharmacodynamic Parameters of Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) Integration Models. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:860472. [PMID: 35400105 PMCID: PMC8989418 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.860472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) integration models are used to investigate the antimicrobial activity characteristics of drugs targeting pathogenic bacteria through comprehensive analysis of the interactions between PK and PD parameters. PK/PD models have been widely applied in the development of new drugs, optimization of the dosage regimen, and prevention and treatment of drug-resistant bacteria. In PK/PD analysis, minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) is the most commonly applied PD parameter. However, accurately determining MIC is challenging and this can influence the therapeutic effect. Therefore, it is necessary to optimize PD indices to generate more rational results. Researchers have attempted to optimize PD parameters using mutant prevention concentration (MPC)-based PK/PD models, multiple PD parameter-based PK/PD models, kill rate-based PK/PD models, and others. In this review, we discuss progress on PD parameters for PK/PD models to provide a valuable reference for drug development, determining the dosage regimen, and preventing drug-resistant mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longfei Zhang
- Postdoctoral Research Station, Henan Agriculture University, Zhengzhou, China
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
- Postdoctoral Research Base, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Hongbing Xie
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yongqiang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Hongjuan Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Jianhe Hu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
- Postdoctoral Research Base, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
- *Correspondence: Jianhe Hu ;
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- Postdoctoral Research Station, Henan Agriculture University, Zhengzhou, China
- Gaiping Zhang
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