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Shahini E, Argentiero A, Andriano A, Losito F, Maida M, Facciorusso A, Cozzolongo R, Villa E. Hepatitis E Virus: What More Do We Need to Know? MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2024; 60:998. [PMID: 38929615 PMCID: PMC11205503 DOI: 10.3390/medicina60060998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is typically a self-limiting, acute illness that spreads through the gastrointestinal tract but replicates in the liver. However, chronic infections are possible in immunocompromised individuals. The HEV virion has two shapes: exosome-like membrane-associated quasi-enveloped virions (eHEV) found in circulating blood or in the supernatant of infected cell cultures and non-enveloped virions ("naked") found in infected hosts' feces and bile to mediate inter-host transmission. Although HEV is mainly spread via enteric routes, it is unclear how it penetrates the gut wall to reach the portal bloodstream. Both virion types are infectious, but they infect cells in different ways. To develop personalized treatment/prevention strategies and reduce HEV impact on public health, it is necessary to decipher the entry mechanism for both virion types using robust cell culture and animal models. The contemporary knowledge of the cell entry mechanism for these two HEV virions as possible therapeutic target candidates is summarized in this narrative review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Endrit Shahini
- Gastroenterology Unit, National Institute of Gastroenterology-IRCCS “Saverio de Bellis”, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy; (F.L.); (R.C.)
| | | | - Alessandro Andriano
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, University of Bari Aldo Moro Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Francesco Losito
- Gastroenterology Unit, National Institute of Gastroenterology-IRCCS “Saverio de Bellis”, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy; (F.L.); (R.C.)
| | - Marcello Maida
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, S. Elia-Raimondi Hospital, 93100 Caltanissetta, Italy;
| | - Antonio Facciorusso
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy;
| | - Raffaele Cozzolongo
- Gastroenterology Unit, National Institute of Gastroenterology-IRCCS “Saverio de Bellis”, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy; (F.L.); (R.C.)
| | - Erica Villa
- Gastroenterology Unit, CHIMOMO Department, University of Modena & Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo 71, 41121 Modena, Italy
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Zhang Y, Chi Z, Cui Z, Chang S, Wang Y, Zhao P. Inflammatory response triggered by avian hepatitis E virus in vivo and in vitro. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1161665. [PMID: 37063902 PMCID: PMC10098337 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1161665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is relevant to public health worldwide, and it affects a variety of animals. Big liver and spleen disease (BLS) and hepatitis-splenomegaly syndrome (HSS) associated with avian HEV (aHEV) were first reported in 1988 and in 1991, respectively. Here, cell culture–adapted aHEV genotype 3 strain, YT-aHEV (YT strain), a typical genotype isolated in China, was used for basic and applied research. We evaluated liver injury during the early stages of infection caused by the YT strain in vivo. Both in vivo and in vitro experimental data demonstrated that viral infection induces innate immunity, with mRNA expression levels of two key inflammatory factors, interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18, significantly upregulated. The YT strain infection was associated with the activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), caspase-1, and NOD-like receptors (NLRs) in the liver and primary hepatocellular carcinoma epithelial cells (LMH). Moreover, inhibiting c-Jun N-terminal kinase, extracellular signal–regulated kinase (ERK1 or 2), P38, NF-κB, or caspase-1 activity has different effects on NLRs, and there is a mutual regulatory relationship between these signaling pathways. The results show that SB 203580, U0126, and VX-765 inhibited IL-1β and IL-18 induced by the YT strain, whereas Pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate (PDTC) had no significant effect on the activity of IL-1β and IL-18. Pretreatment of cells with SP600125 had an inhibitory effect on IL-18 but not on IL-1β. The analysis of inhibition results suggests that there is a connection between Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), NF-κB, and the NLRs signaling pathways. This study explains the relationship between signaling pathway activation (TLRs, NF-κB, MAPK, and NLR–caspase-1) and viral-associated inflammation caused by YT strain infection, which will help to dynamic interaction between aHEV and host innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
| | - Zengna Chi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
| | - Zhizhong Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
| | - Shuang Chang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
| | - Yixin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
- *Correspondence: Peng Zhao,
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Hou L, Chi Z, Zhang Y, Xue Q, Zhai T, Chang S, Wang J, Zhao P. Natural co-infection of fowl adenovirus type E-8b and avian hepatitis E virus in parental layer breeders in Hebei, China. Virol Sin 2023; 38:317-320. [PMID: 36681152 PMCID: PMC10176431 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2023.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lidan Hou
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zengna Chi
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City, 271018, China
| | - Yawen Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City, 271018, China
| | - Qi Xue
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Tianshu Zhai
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Shuang Chang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City, 271018, China
| | - Jia Wang
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Peng Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City, 271018, China.
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Si F, Widén F, Dong S, Li Z. Hepatitis E as a Zoonosis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1417:49-58. [PMID: 37223858 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-99-1304-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis E viruses in the family of Hepeviridae have been classified into 2 genus, 5 species, and 13 genotypes, involving different animal hosts of different habitats. Among all these genotypes, four (genotypes 3, 4, 7, and C1) of them are confirmed zoonotic causing sporadic human diseases, two (genotypes 5 and 8) were likely zoonotic showing experimental animal infections, and the other seven were not zoonotic or unconfirmed. These zoonotic HEV carrying hosts include pig, boar, deer, rabbit, camel, and rat. Taxonomically, all the zoonotic HEVs belong to the genus Orthohepevirus, which include genotypes 3, 4, 5, 7, 8 HEV in the species A and genotype C1 HEV in the species C. In the chapter, information of zoonotic HEV such as swine HEV (genotype 3 and 4), wild boar HEV (genotypes 3-6), rabbit HEV (genotype 3), camel HEV (genotype 7 and 8), and rat HEV (HEV-C1) was provided in detail. At the same time, their prevalence characteristics, transmission route, phylogenetic relationship, and detection technology were discussed. Other animal hosts of HEVs were introduced briefly in the chapter. All these information help peer researchers have basic understanding of zoonotic HEV and adopt reasonable strategy of surveillance and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fusheng Si
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Frederik Widén
- The National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Shijuan Dong
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhen Li
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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Matos M, Bilic I, Tvarogová J, Palmieri N, Furmanek D, Gotowiecka M, Liebhart D, Hess M. A novel genotype of avian hepatitis E virus identified in chickens and common pheasants (Phasianus colchicus), extending its host range. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21743. [PMID: 36526693 PMCID: PMC9758205 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26103-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2019, outbreaks of hepatitis-splenomegaly syndrome (HSS) were observed in six commercial layer chicken flocks, belonging to three different Polish farms, and characterized by increased mortality, hemorrhagic hepatitis with attached blood clots on the liver surface, and splenomegaly. Diseased flocks were initially investigated for the presence of avian hepatitis E virus (aHEV) - the etiological agent of HSS - by conventional reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, which revealed aHEV sequences clustering separately from all known aHEV genotypes. Additionally, an aHEV genome was identified for the first time in common pheasants, from a flock in France, using Next Generation Sequencing. This genome clustered together with the Polish aHEVs here investigated. Complete genome aHEV sequences from the HSS outbreaks confirmed the divergent cluster, with a shared nucleotide sequence identity of 79.6-83.2% with other aHEVs, which we propose to comprise a novel aHEV genotype - genotype 7. Histology and immunohistochemistry investigations in the liver and spleen established an association between aHEV and the observed lesions in the affected birds, consolidating the knowledge on the pathogenesis of aHEV, which is still largely unknown. Thus, the present investigation extends the natural host range and genotypes of aHEV and strengthens knowledge on the pathogenesis of HSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Matos
- grid.6583.80000 0000 9686 6466Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ivana Bilic
- grid.6583.80000 0000 9686 6466Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jana Tvarogová
- grid.6583.80000 0000 9686 6466Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicola Palmieri
- grid.6583.80000 0000 9686 6466Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Dieter Liebhart
- grid.6583.80000 0000 9686 6466Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Hess
- grid.6583.80000 0000 9686 6466Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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Kinast V, Klöhn M, Nocke MK, Todt D, Steinmann E. Hepatitis E virus species barriers: seeking viral and host determinants. Curr Opin Virol 2022; 56:101274. [PMID: 36283248 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2022.101274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The intimate relationship between virus and host cell can result in highly adapted viruses that are restricted to a single host. However, some viruses have the ability to infect multiple host species. Remarkably, hepatitis E viruses (HEV) comprise genotypes that are either 'single-host' or 'multi-host' genotypes, a trait that raises fundamental questions: Why do different genotypes differ in their host range, despite a high degree of genomic similarity? What are the underlying molecular determinants that shape species barriers? Here, we review the current knowledge of viral and host determinants that may affect the evolutionary trajectories of HEV. We also provide a perspective on techniques and methods that address open questions of HEV host range and adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Kinast
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany; Department of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Mara Klöhn
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Maximilian K Nocke
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Daniel Todt
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany; European Virus Bioinformatics Center (EVBC), 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Eike Steinmann
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), External Partner Site, Bochum, Germany.
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Rivero-Juarez A, Frias M, Perez AB, Pineda JA, Reina G, Fuentes-Lopez A, Freyre-Carrillo C, Ramirez-Arellano E, Alados JC, Rivero A. Orthohepevirus C infection as an emerging cause of acute hepatitis in Spain: First report in Europe. J Hepatol 2022; 77:326-331. [PMID: 35167911 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2022.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIM Hepatitis E virus (HEV) was considered the only member of the Hepeviridae family with zoonotic potential. Nevertheless, this consideration has been reassessed owing to several reported cases of acute and chronic hepatitis linked to the Orthohepevirus C genus. Because the circulation of Orthohepevirus C in rodents has been described worldwide, the risk of zoonotic transmission is plausibly global. METHODS Orthohepevirus C RNA was retrospectively evaluated in 2 cohorts of patients in Spain. The first cohort included patients with acute hepatitis without etiological diagnosis after screening for hepatotropic virus infection. The second cohort included patients diagnosed with acute HEV infection, defined as positivity for anti-HEV-IgM antibodies and/or detectable HEV RNA in serum. RESULTS Cohort 1 comprised 169 patients (64.4% male, median age 43 years) and cohort 2 comprised 98 individuals (68.3% male, median age 45 years). Of the individuals included in Cohort 1, two (1.18%; 95% CI 0.2-3.8) had detectable Orthohepevirus C RNA in serum. In Cohort 2, of the 98 included patients, 58 showed detectable HEV RNA, while 40 only showed positivity for IgM antibodies. Among those bearing only IgM antibodies, Orthohepevirus C RNA was detected in 1 (2.5%; 95% CI 0.06-13.1) individual. All strains were consistent with genotype C1. The infection resulted in mild self-limiting acute hepatitis in 2 patients. Infection caused severe acute hepatitis in the remaining patient who died as a result of liver and renal failure. CONCLUSIONS We described 3 cases of Orthohepevirus C in patients with acute hepatitis, resulting in the first description of this infection in Europe. The prevalence obtained in our study suggests that Orthohepevirus C could be an emerging disease in Europe. LAY SUMMARY We describe the first cases of acute hepatitis related to rat hepatitis E virus in Europe. The prevalence found in our study suggest that rat hepatitis E virus could be considered an emerging disease in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Rivero-Juarez
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Universidad de Córdoba (UCO), Córdoba, Spain; CIBERINFEC, ISCIII - CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Mario Frias
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Universidad de Córdoba (UCO), Córdoba, Spain; CIBERINFEC, ISCIII - CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Belen Perez
- CIBERINFEC, ISCIII - CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Clinical Microbiology Unit, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Pineda
- CIBERINFEC, ISCIII - CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Unit of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Hospital Universitario de Valme, Seville, Spain
| | - Gabriel Reina
- Microbiology Department, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, STUN, Institute of Tropical Health, Universidad de Navarra, diSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ana Fuentes-Lopez
- CIBERINFEC, ISCIII - CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Clinical Microbiology Unit, Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio, Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs.Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Encarnación Ramirez-Arellano
- Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine Unit, Virgen Macarena Univ. Hospital, and Department of Medicine, University of Sevilla / Biomedicine Institute of Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Alados
- Clinical Microbiology Unit, Hospital Universitario de Jerez, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Antonio Rivero
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Universidad de Córdoba (UCO), Córdoba, Spain; CIBERINFEC, ISCIII - CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Siedlecka M, Kublicka A, Wieliczko A, Matczuk AK. Molecular detection of avian hepatitis E virus (Orthohepevirus B) in chickens, ducks, geese, and western capercaillies in Poland. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269854. [PMID: 35737708 PMCID: PMC9223332 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Orthohepevirus B, commonly known as avian hepatitis E virus (aHEV), causes big liver and spleen disease (BLS) or hepatitis-splenomegaly syndrome (HSS) in chickens. BLS is an emerging disease among chicken flocks in several countries around the world. In our previous studies, serology and molecular biology screening revealed that chicken flocks are widely affected by aHEV in Poland. The present study, which was conducted between 2019 and 2020, aimed to investigate the prevalence of aHEV in chicken flocks and other poultry, including ducks, geese, and turkeys. A total of 307 flocks were examined. In addition, 29 samples from captive wild birds (western capercaillies, Tetrao urogallus) were analyzed. In all the investigated poultry species, except turkeys, the nucleic acid sequence covering part of the ORF1 gene of the aHEV genome was detected (34/336 samples, 10.1%). The infection rate was found to be the highest in broiler breeder chicken flocks (14/40 samples; 35%). Phylogenetic analysis of partial ORF1 gene, which encodes helicase, revealed that the obtained sequences belonged to genotypes 2 and 4, while one belonged to genotype 3. Genotype 2 was detected for the first time in domestic geese and ducks, and genotype 4 was detected for the first time in Poland. The study demonstrated the presence of aHEV among the investigated western capercaillies, suggesting that this species is susceptible to aHEV infections and biosecurity is therefore required in western capercaillie breeding facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Siedlecka
- Department of Epizootiology with Clinic of Birds and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Agata Kublicka
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Alina Wieliczko
- Department of Epizootiology with Clinic of Birds and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Anna Karolina Matczuk
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
- * E-mail:
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Gremmel N, Keuling O, Becher P, Baechlein C. Isolation of 15 hepatitis E virus strains lacking ORF1 rearrangements from wild boar and pig organ samples and efficient replication in cell culture. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e2617-e2628. [PMID: 35678772 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
As a zoonotic pathogen, the hepatitis E virus (HEV) leads to numerous infections in humans with different clinical manifestations. Especially genotype 3, as causative agent of a foodborne zoonosis, is transmitted to humans by ingestion of undercooked or raw meat containing liver from HEV-infected animals. Although the virus' prevalence and dissemination in hosts like wild boar and pig have been well characterized, HEV is greatly understudied on a molecular level and reliable cell culture models are lacking. For this reason, the present study concentrated on the isolation and subsequent characterization of porcine HEV from tissue samples derived from wild boar and domestic pigs: 222 wild boars hunted in Northern Germany were investigated for the presence of HEV RNA with a detection rate of 5.9%. Three additional HEV-positive wild boar liver samples as well as an HEV-positive spleen and a positive kidney from domestic pigs were included. After inoculation of positive samples onto the human hepatoma cell line PLC/PRF/5, cells were grown for several weeks. Successful isolation was confirmed by RT-qPCR, virus passage, immunofluorescence staining and titration. Overall, 15 strains from a total of 18 RNA-positive organ samples could be obtained and viral loads >109 RNA copies/ml were measured in cell culture supernatants. Accordingly, 83.3% of the HEV RNA-positive samples contained infectious hepatitis E viral particles and therefore must be considered as a potential source for human infections. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that all isolated strains belong to genotype 3. Further genetic characterization showed a high degree of sequence variability, but no sequence insertions, in the hypervariable region within the open reading frame 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nele Gremmel
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Oliver Keuling
- Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Paul Becher
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christine Baechlein
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany.,Present address: Lower Saxony State Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety, Food and Veterinary Institute Braunschweig/Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Wu JY, Lau EH, Lu ML, Guo C, Guo ZM, Yuan J, Lu JH. An occupational risk of hepatitis E virus infection in the workers along the meat supply chains in Guangzhou, China. One Health 2022; 14:100376. [PMID: 35252529 PMCID: PMC8891999 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2022.100376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Liu K, Zhao Y, Zhao J, Geng N, Meng F, Wang S, Li J, Zhong Z, Zhu L, Liu S, Li N. The diagnosis and molecular epidemiology investigation of avian hepatitis E in Shandong province, China. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:56. [PMID: 35078465 PMCID: PMC8788081 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-03079-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Avian hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the pathogenic agent of big liver and spleen disease (BLS) and of hepatitis-splenomegaly syndrome (HSS) in chickens, which have caused economic losses to the poultry industry in China. In this study, 18 samples of BLS chickens were collected to reveal the molecular epidemiological characteristics of avian HEV in the province of Shandong, China. RESULTS Gross and microscopic lesions of clinical samples were observed; then, virology detection and genetic analysis of avian HEV were performed. The results showed that there was significant swelling and rupture in the liver and that the spleen was enlarged. Microscopic lesions demonstrated obvious hemorrhage in the liver, with infiltration of heterophilic granulocytes, lymphocytes, and macrophages, as well as the reduction of lymphocytes in the spleen. Eleven of the 18 samples were positive for avian HEV, with a positive rate of 61.11%. More importantly, all avian HEV-positive samples were mixed infections: among these, the mixed infections of avian HEV and chicken infectious anemia virus (CIAV) and avian HEV and fowl adenovirus (FAdV) were the most common. Furthermore, the genetic evolution analysis showed that all avian HEV strains obtained here did not belong to the reported 4 genotypes, thus constituting a potential novel genotype. CONCLUSIONS These results of this study further enrich the epidemiological data on avian HEV in Shandong, prove the genetic diversity of avian HEV in China, and uncover the complex mixed infections of avian HEV clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuihao Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yiran Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ningwei Geng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Fanliang Meng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Siqi Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jing Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Zhaobing Zhong
- Taian Daiyue District Administrative Examination and Approval Service Bureau, Taian, 271018, Shandong Province, China
| | - Liya Zhu
- Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Service Centre of Linshu, Linyi, 276700, Shandong Province, China
| | - Sidang Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271000, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Ning Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271000, Shandong Province, China.
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12
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Zhang Y, Zhao H, Chi Z, Cui Z, Chang S, Wang Y, Zhao P. Isolation, identification and genome analysis of an avian hepatitis E virus from white-feathered broilers in China. Poult Sci 2021; 101:101633. [PMID: 34986452 PMCID: PMC8743215 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the major causative pathogen of the big liver and spleen disease, hepatitis-splenomegaly syndrome, and hepatic rupture hemorrhage syndrome. Until now, there are 6 different avian HEV genotypes that infect chickens have been reported worldwide. Epidemiologic investigations of the avian HEV demonstrated that avian HEV has been widely spread in China in recent years. In this study, an avian HEV named YT-aHEV was obtained from white-feathered broilers using LMH cells by virus isolation assay in Shandong province, China. The complete genome consists of 6656-nt excluding the poly(A) tail. The isolate was highly similar to the CaHEV strain and segregated into the same branch belonging to avian HEV genotype 3. Indirect immunofluorescence using capsid protein-specific polyclonal antibodies confirmed that YT-aHEV could establish productive infection and replicate stably in LMH cells. Furthermore, an in vivo avian HEV infection model was established successfully in specific pathogen-free chicken embryos by intravenous experiments. In the present study, we demonstrate an avian HEV infection associated with liver lesions of hemorrhage and swelling by LMH cells for the first time in a white-feather broiler flock in China. This research also provides a new diagnosis method for detection of avian HEV, which laid a foundation for the understanding of pathogenicity and molecular biology of this virus for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Zengna Chi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Zhizhong Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Shuang Chang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Yixin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China.
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13
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Razmyar J, Abbasi M, Mirsalimi SM, Baghkheirati AA, Ahmadian G, Yazdani A. Serologic and Molecular Evidence of Widespread Infection of Avian Hepatitis E Virus in Poultry Farms of Iran. Avian Dis 2021; 65:572-577. [DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-21-00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jamshid Razmyar
- Department of Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 1419963111, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Abbasi
- Department of Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 1419963111, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mehdi Mirsalimi
- Private Poultry Practitioner, P.O. Box 2139 Nelson Av, Vancouver, B. C. Canada V7V 2P6
| | - Amir Asghari Baghkheirati
- Department of Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 1419963111, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Ahmadian
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), P.O. Box 14965/161, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azam Yazdani
- Department of Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 1419963111, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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14
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Velavan TP, Pallerla SR, Johne R, Todt D, Steinmann E, Schemmerer M, Wenzel JJ, Hofmann J, Shih JWK, Wedemeyer H, Bock CT. Hepatitis E: An update on One Health and clinical medicine. Liver Int 2021; 41:1462-1473. [PMID: 33960603 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The hepatitis E virus (HEV) is one of the main causes of acute hepatitis and the de facto global burden is underestimated. HEV-related clinical complications are often undetected and are not considered in the differential diagnosis. Convincing findings from studies suggest that HEV is clinically relevant not only in developing countries but also in industrialized countries. Eight HEV genotypes (HEV-1 to HEV-8) with different human and animal hosts and other HEV-related viruses are in circulation. Transmission routes vary by genotype and location, with large waterborne outbreaks in developing countries and zoonotic food-borne infections in developed countries. An acute infection can be aggravated in pregnant women, organ transplant recipients, patients with pre-existing liver disease and immunosuppressed patients. HEV during pregnancy affects the fetus and newborn with an increased risk of vertical transmission, preterm and stillbirth, neonatal jaundice and miscarriage. Hepatitis E is associated with extrahepatic manifestations that include neurological disorders such as neuralgic amyotrophy, Guillain-Barré syndrome and encephalitis, renal injury and haematological disorders. The risk of transfusion-transmitted HEV is increasingly recognized in Western countries where the risk may be because of a zoonosis. RNA testing of blood components is essential to determine the risk of transfusion-transmitted HEV. There are currently no approved drugs or vaccines for HEV infections. This review focuses on updating the latest developments in zoonoses, screening and diagnostics, drugs in use and under development, and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thirumalaisamy P Velavan
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Vietnamese-German Center for Medical Research, VG-CARE, Hanoi, Vietnam.,Faculty of Medicine, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
| | - Srinivas R Pallerla
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Vietnamese-German Center for Medical Research, VG-CARE, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Reimar Johne
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Todt
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,European Virus Bioinformatics Center (EVBC), Jena, Germany
| | - Eike Steinmann
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Mathias Schemmerer
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, National Consultant Laboratory for HAV and HEV, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen J Wenzel
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, National Consultant Laboratory for HAV and HEV, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Hofmann
- Institute of Virology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Labor Berlin-Charité-Vivantes GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Heiner Wedemeyer
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Partner Hannover-Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Claus-Thomas Bock
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Division of Viral Gastroenteritis and Hepatitis Pathogens and Enteroviruses, Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
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15
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Osamudiamen FT, Akanbi OA, Zander S, Oluwayelu DO, Bock CT, Klink P. Identification of a Putative Novel Genotype of Avian Hepatitis E Virus from Apparently Healthy Chickens in Southwestern Nigeria. Viruses 2021; 13:v13060954. [PMID: 34064072 PMCID: PMC8224330 DOI: 10.3390/v13060954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian hepatitis E virus (aHEV) is the major etiological agent of hepatitis-splenomegaly syndrome (HSS), big liver and spleen disease (BLSD), and hepatic rupture hemorrhage syndrome (HRHS) in chickens. Infections with aHEV cause a significant decrease in egg production and increased mortality in chickens worldwide. However, studies on the prevalence of aHEV in Nigeria are scarce. In this study, serum (n = 88) and fecal samples (n = 110) obtained from apparently healthy layer chickens from three states in southwestern Nigeria were analyzed by nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (nRT-PCR) targeting the helicase and capsid gene for the presence of aHEV. Avian HEV was detected in 12.5% (n = 11/88) of serum samples and 9.1% (n = 10/110) of fecal samples tested. Phylogenetic analysis showed that five of the twelve identified aHEV sequences belonged to genotype 2. The remaining seven sequences were only distantly related to other known aHEV isolates. After amplification of the near-complete ORF2 fragment (1618 bp) and part of the ORF1 (582 bp) of isolate YF40_aHEV_NG phylogenetic analysis revealed a nucleotide sequence identity between 79.0 and 82.6% and 80.1 and 83.5%, respectively, to other known aHEV strains, indicating that the Nigerian isolate YF40_aHEV_NG belongs to a novel aHEV genotype. This is the first report of co-circulation of aHEV genotypes in chickens in Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fisayo Temilade Osamudiamen
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Ibadan, 200223 Ibadan, Nigeria; (F.T.O.); (D.O.O.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Viral Gastroenteritis and Hepatitis Pathogens and Enteroviruses, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (O.A.A.); (S.Z.); (P.K.)
| | - Olusola Aanuoluwapo Akanbi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Viral Gastroenteritis and Hepatitis Pathogens and Enteroviruses, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (O.A.A.); (S.Z.); (P.K.)
| | - Steffen Zander
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Viral Gastroenteritis and Hepatitis Pathogens and Enteroviruses, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (O.A.A.); (S.Z.); (P.K.)
| | | | - Claus-Thomas Bock
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Viral Gastroenteritis and Hepatitis Pathogens and Enteroviruses, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (O.A.A.); (S.Z.); (P.K.)
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tuebigen, 72074 Tuebigen, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-30-18754-2379
| | - Patrycja Klink
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Viral Gastroenteritis and Hepatitis Pathogens and Enteroviruses, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (O.A.A.); (S.Z.); (P.K.)
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16
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Osamudiamen FT, Akanbi OA, Oluwayelu DO, Bock CT, Klink P. Serological evidence of avian HEV antibodies in apparently healthy chickens in southwest Nigeria. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247889. [PMID: 33635917 PMCID: PMC7909675 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian hepatitis E virus (aHEV) is associated with hepatitis-splenomegaly syndrome, big liver and spleen disease and hepatic rupture haemorrhage syndrome. However, the knowledge about aHEV in commercial layer chickens in Nigeria is scarce. In this study, 460 serum samples obtained from 36 apparently healthy commercial layer chicken flocks in three states (Ogun, Osun and Oyo States) of southwestern Nigeria were analysed by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for the presence of anti-aHEV immunoglobulin Y (IgY) antibodies. In total, the overall seroprevalence of anti-aHEV antibodies was 14.6%. The serological analysis revealed that 75% of the flocks examined were positive for anti-aHEV IgY antibodies from chickens of various ages in all three states. The percentage of the seropositive chickens in the three states varied from flock to flock ranging from 60% to 88.8% and seropositive chickens were detected at any age (24-52 weeks of age) without significant differences between the age groups. This is the first report assessing the presence of aHEV antibodies in chickens from Nigeria. The detection of anti-aHEV antibodies in commercial layer chickens in this study emphasizes the importance of serosurveillance in disease monitoring due to the economic threat posed by aHEV as a result of decreased egg production and increased mortality in affected commercial layer chicken farms. However, further studies are essential to reveal the clinical implications and to assess the real burden of aHEV in Nigeria.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Chickens/blood
- Chickens/virology
- Cross-Sectional Studies
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/veterinary
- Epidemiological Monitoring/veterinary
- Hepatitis E/blood
- Hepatitis E/epidemiology
- Hepatitis E/veterinary
- Hepatitis E/virology
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/blood
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/diagnosis
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/epidemiology
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/virology
- Hepevirus/immunology
- Immunoglobulins/blood
- Immunoglobulins/immunology
- Nigeria/epidemiology
- Poultry Diseases/blood
- Poultry Diseases/diagnosis
- Poultry Diseases/epidemiology
- Poultry Diseases/virology
- Seroepidemiologic Studies
- Splenic Diseases/blood
- Splenic Diseases/epidemiology
- Splenic Diseases/veterinary
- Splenic Diseases/virology
- Splenomegaly/blood
- Splenomegaly/epidemiology
- Splenomegaly/veterinary
- Splenomegaly/virology
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Affiliation(s)
- Fisayo Temilade Osamudiamen
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Viral Gastroenteritis and Hepatitis Pathogens and Enteroviruses, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Olusola Aanuoluwapo Akanbi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Viral Gastroenteritis and Hepatitis Pathogens and Enteroviruses, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - C. -Thomas Bock
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Viral Gastroenteritis and Hepatitis Pathogens and Enteroviruses, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Patrycja Klink
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Viral Gastroenteritis and Hepatitis Pathogens and Enteroviruses, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
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17
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Li H, Zhang F, Tan M, Zeng Y, Yang Q, Tan J, Huang J, Huang Y, Kang Z. Research Note: A putative novel subtype of the avian hepatitis E virus of genotype 3, Jiangxi province, China. Poult Sci 2020; 99:6657-6663. [PMID: 33248582 PMCID: PMC7705056 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.09.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the avian hepatitis E virus (HEV) has been widely spread in China, causing huge economic losses. Several studies have carried out detailed epidemiologic investigations of the avian HEV, but no data were from Jiangxi province. Since early April 2020, diseases similar to hepatic rupture hemorrhage syndrome caused by the avian HEV occurred in a Roman Brown layer farm in Jiangxi province, indicating this virus may also be epidemic there. To make this assumption clear, 20 liver samples were collected from the sick flock and then analyzed by detailed viral detection, which confirmed that the avian HEV should be responsible for the aforementioned disease (6 of 20). Then, the capsid gene of the virus was sequenced to show the molecular characteristics of the strain circulating in the aforementioned flock. Sequence comparison showed that it shared 80.7 to 94.7% identities with 12 published strains, while phylogenetic analysis confirmed that it belongs to a new subtype of genotype 3. Moreover, basing on a 242 bp fragment, the novel also shared high similarities to reference strains identified as genotypes before, revealing the genotype 3 maybe very popular in China and even can be divided into several subgroups. In conclusion, a novel avian HEV strain was identified in this study, which belongs to a new subtype of genotype 3. The analysis makes up for the molecular epidemiologic data of avian HEV and provides a basis for further understanding the spread of avian HEV in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqin Li
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330200, China
| | - Fanfan Zhang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330200, China
| | - Meifang Tan
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330200, China
| | - Yanbing Zeng
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330200, China
| | - Qun Yang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330200, China
| | - Jia Tan
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330200, China
| | - Jiangnan Huang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330200, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350013, China
| | - Zhaofeng Kang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330200, China.
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18
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Su Q, Liu Y, Cui Z, Chang S, Zhao P. Genetic diversity of avian hepatitis E virus in China, 2018-2019. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:2403-2407. [PMID: 32304264 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Avian hepatitis E virus (HEV) is highly variable and has multiple genotypes. Previous studies showed that the current epidemic strain in China is genotype 5, but the relevant detection was only carried out in flocks with hepatic rupture haemorrhage syndrome, which does not mean that other genotypes do not exist. In this study, a broader analysis involving different chicken flocks was performed to understand the epidemic status of avian HEV in China. The results showed that the HEV-positive rate of all samples was 7.92% (78/985), and four different genotypes have been identified by analysing a truncate capsid gene fragment, while the homology between them is about 80%. Two of them are separately known as genotype 3 and genotype 5, while the other two are completely unidentified, indicating that there are multiple genotypes of avian HEV prevalent in China. At the same time, the distribution of these genotypes has no obvious geographical clustering pattern, only slightly different in commercial layers, broilers and some indigenous species. This study shows the genetic diversity of avian HEV in China and reminds us to pay more attention to its variation and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Su
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, China
| | - Yaqi Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, China
| | - Zhizhong Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, China
| | - Shuang Chang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, China
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19
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Su Q, Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Cui Z, Chang S, Zhao P. Complete genome analysis of avian hepatitis E virus from chicken with hepatic rupture hemorrhage syndrome. Vet Microbiol 2020; 242:108577. [PMID: 32122587 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Since 2016, severe outbreaks of hepatic rupture hemorrhage syndrome (HRHS) associated with infections of tentative novel avian hepatitis E virus (HEV) have emerged in chickens in China, causing increased mortality and decreased laying rate in adult hens and disturbing the hatching and breeding of chicks. To further identify the genotype and gain a better understanding of the genetic properties of the avian HEV responsible for that, a strain from Hebei province was isolated, purified and sequenced in this study. Results identified a novel avian HEV genotype, sharing 79.5-86.9% identities with other published avian HEV strains, and having higher identities with Orthohepevirus A HEV strains. More importantly, the new isolate contains various amino-acid substitutions in its functional proteins, including methyltransferase, helicase, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. The data presented in this report will enhance the current understanding of the genetic diversity of the avian HEV and provide additional insight into the critical factors that determine the pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Su
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Zhihui Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Yawen Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Zhizhong Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Shuang Chang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, Shandong, China.
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Rivero-Juarez A, Vallejo N, Lopez-Lopez P, Díaz-Mareque AI, Frias M, Vallejo A, Caballero-Gómez J, Rodríguez-Velasco M, Molina E, Aguilera A. Ribavirin as a First Treatment Approach for Hepatitis E Virus Infection in Transplant Recipient Patients. Microorganisms 2019; 8:E51. [PMID: 31888090 PMCID: PMC7022260 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the major cause of acute hepatitis of viral origin worldwide. Despite its usual course as an asymptomatic self-limited hepatitis, there are highly susceptible populations, such as those with underlying immunosuppression, which could develop chronic hepatitis. In this situation, implementation of therapy is mandatory in the sense to facilitate viral clearance. Currently, there are no specific drugs approved for HEV infection, but ribavirin (RBV), the drug of choice, is used for off-label treatment. Here, we present two cases of chronic HEV infection in transplant patients, reviewing and discussing the therapeutic approach available in the literature. The use of RBV for the treatment of an HEV infection in organ transplant patients seems to be effective. The recommendation of 12 weeks of therapy is adequate in terms of efficacy. Nevertheless, there are important issues that urgently need to be assessed, such as optimal duration of therapy and drug dosage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Rivero-Juarez
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Clinical Virology and Zoonoses research group, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía de Córdoba, Instituto Maimonides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Universidad de Córdoba, 14006 Cordoba, Spain; (P.L.-L.); (M.F.); (J.C.-G.)
| | - Nicolau Vallejo
- Digestive Unit, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (N.V.); (E.M.)
| | - Pedro Lopez-Lopez
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Clinical Virology and Zoonoses research group, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía de Córdoba, Instituto Maimonides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Universidad de Córdoba, 14006 Cordoba, Spain; (P.L.-L.); (M.F.); (J.C.-G.)
| | - Ana Isabel Díaz-Mareque
- Nephrology Unit, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
| | - Mario Frias
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Clinical Virology and Zoonoses research group, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía de Córdoba, Instituto Maimonides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Universidad de Córdoba, 14006 Cordoba, Spain; (P.L.-L.); (M.F.); (J.C.-G.)
| | - Aldara Vallejo
- Microbiology Unit, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.V.); (M.R.-V.); (A.A.)
| | - Javier Caballero-Gómez
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Clinical Virology and Zoonoses research group, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía de Córdoba, Instituto Maimonides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Universidad de Córdoba, 14006 Cordoba, Spain; (P.L.-L.); (M.F.); (J.C.-G.)
- Animal Health Department, University of Cordoba-Agrifood Excellence International Campus (ceiA3), 15705 Cordoba, Spain
| | - María Rodríguez-Velasco
- Microbiology Unit, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.V.); (M.R.-V.); (A.A.)
| | - Esther Molina
- Digestive Unit, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (N.V.); (E.M.)
| | - Antonio Aguilera
- Microbiology Unit, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.V.); (M.R.-V.); (A.A.)
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