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Shao H, Wu X, Xiao Y, Yang Y, Ma J, Zhou Y, Chen W, Qin S, Yang J, Wang R, Li H. Recent research advances on polysaccharide-, peptide-, and protein-based hemostatic materials: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 261:129752. [PMID: 38280705 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Hemorrhage is a potentially life-threatening emergency that can occur at any time or place. Whether traumatic, congenital, surgical, disease-related, or drug-induced, bleeding can lead to severe complications or death. Therefore, the development of efficient hemostatic materials is critical. However, the results and prognosis demonstrated by clinical means of hemostasis do not reach expectations. With the development of technology, novel hemostatic materials have been developed from polysaccharides (chitosan, hyaluronic acid, alginate, cellulose, cyclodextrins, starch, dextran, and carrageenan), peptides (self-assembling peptides), and proteins (silk fibroin, collagen, gelatin, keratin, and thrombin). These new materials exhibit high hemostatic efficacy due to the enhancement or interaction of various hemostatic mechanisms. The main forms include adhesives, sealants, bandages, hemostatic powders, and hemostatic sponges. This article introduces the clotting process and principles of hemostatic methods and reviews the research on polysaccharide-, peptide-, and protein-based hemostatic materials in the last five years. The design ideas and hemostatic principles of polysaccharide-, peptide-, and protein-based hemostatic materials are mainly introduced. Finally, we summarize material designs, advantages, disadvantages, and challenges regarding hemostatic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanjie Shao
- Ningbo Medical Center Li Huili Hospital, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315000, PR China; Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperative Base of Biomedical Materials and Technology, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, PR China; Ningbo Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo 315300, PR China
| | - Xiang Wu
- Ningbo Medical Center Li Huili Hospital, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315000, PR China; Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperative Base of Biomedical Materials and Technology, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, PR China; Ningbo Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo 315300, PR China
| | - Ying Xiao
- Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperative Base of Biomedical Materials and Technology, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, PR China; Ningbo Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo 315300, PR China
| | - Yanyu Yang
- Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperative Base of Biomedical Materials and Technology, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, PR China; Ningbo Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo 315300, PR China
| | - Jingyun Ma
- Ningbo Institute of Innovation for Combined Medicine and Engineering, The Affiliated Li Huili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315100, PR China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Ningbo Institute of Innovation for Combined Medicine and Engineering, The Affiliated Li Huili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315100, PR China
| | - Wen Chen
- Ningbo Medical Center Li Huili Hospital, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315000, PR China
| | - Shaoxia Qin
- Ningbo Medical Center Li Huili Hospital, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315000, PR China
| | - Jiawei Yang
- Ningbo Medical Center Li Huili Hospital, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315000, PR China
| | - Rong Wang
- Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperative Base of Biomedical Materials and Technology, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, PR China; Ningbo Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo 315300, PR China.
| | - Hong Li
- Ningbo Medical Center Li Huili Hospital, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315000, PR China.
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Bergeman MH, Hernandez MQ, Diefenderfer J, Drewes JA, Velarde K, Tierney WM, Enow JA, Glenn HL, Rahman MM, Hogue IB. Individual herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) particles exit by exocytosis and accumulate at preferential egress sites. J Virol 2024; 98:e0178523. [PMID: 38193690 PMCID: PMC10883806 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01785-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The human pathogen herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) produces a lifelong infection in the majority of the world's population. While the generalities of alpha herpesvirus assembly and egress pathways are known, the precise molecular and spatiotemporal details remain unclear. In order to study this aspect of HSV-1 infection, we engineered a recombinant HSV-1 strain expressing a pH-sensitive reporter, gM-pHluorin. Using a variety of fluorescent microscopy modalities, we can detect individual virus particles undergoing intracellular transport and exocytosis at the plasma membrane. We show that particles exit from epithelial cells individually, not bulk release of many particles at once, as has been reported for other viruses. In multiple cell types, HSV-1 particles accumulate over time at the cell periphery and cell-cell contacts. We show that this accumulation effect is the result of individual particles undergoing exocytosis at preferential sites and that these egress sites can contribute to cell-cell spread. We also show that the viral membrane proteins gE, gI, and US9, which have important functions in intracellular transport in neurons, are not required for preferential egress and clustering in non-neuronal cells. Importantly, by comparing HSV-1 to a related alpha herpesvirus, pseudorabies virus, we show that this preferential exocytosis and clustering effect are cell type dependent, not virus dependent. This preferential egress and clustering appear to be the result of the arrangement of the microtubule cytoskeleton, as virus particles co-accumulate at the same cell protrusions as an exogenous plus end-directed kinesin motor.IMPORTANCEAlpha herpesviruses produce lifelong infections in their human and animal hosts. The majority of people in the world are infected with herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), which typically causes recurrent oral or genital lesions. However, HSV-1 can also spread to the central nervous system, causing severe encephalitis, and might also contribute to the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Many of the steps of how these viruses infect and replicate inside host cells are known in depth, but the final step, exiting from the infected cell, is not fully understood. In this study, we engineered a novel variant of HSV-1 that allows us to visualize how individual virus particles exit from infected cells. With this imaging assay, we investigated preferential egress site formation in certain cell types and their contribution to the cell-cell spread of HSV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa H. Bergeman
- ASU-Banner Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Michaella Q. Hernandez
- ASU-Banner Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Jake A. Drewes
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Kimberly Velarde
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Wesley M. Tierney
- ASU-Banner Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Junior A. Enow
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- Biodesign Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Honor L. Glenn
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- Center for Structural Discovery, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Masmudur M. Rahman
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- Biodesign Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Ian B. Hogue
- ASU-Banner Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
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3
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Arone C, Martial S, Burlaud-Gaillard J, Thoulouze MI, Roingeard P, Dutartre H, Muriaux D. HTLV-1 biofilm polarization maintained by tetraspanin CD82 is required for efficient viral transmission. mBio 2023; 14:e0132623. [PMID: 37889017 PMCID: PMC10746275 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01326-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is an oncogenic retrovirus whose transmission relies primarily on cell-to-cell contacts as cell-free viruses are poorly infectious. Among the intercellular transmission routes described, HTLV-1 biofilms are adhesive structures polarized at the cell surface that confine virions in a protective environment, which is believed to promote their simultaneous delivery during infection. Here, we show that several tetraspanins are enriched in HTLV-1 biofilms and incorporated into the viral envelope. However, we report that only the tetraspanin CD82 interacts with HTLV-1 Gag proteins which initiates their polarization into viral biofilms. Also, we demonstrate that CD82 maintains HTLV-1 biofilm polarization and favors viral transmission, as its silencing induces a complete reorganization of viral clusters at the cell surface and reduces the ability of infected T-cells to transmit the virus. Our results highlight the crucial role of CD82 and its glycosylation state in the architectural organization of HTLV-1 biofilms and their subsequent transfer through intercellular contacts.IMPORTANCEIn the early stages of infection, human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) dissemination within its host is believed to rely mostly on cell-to-cell contacts. Past studies unveiled a novel mechanism of HTLV-1 intercellular transmission based on the remodeling of the host-cell extracellular matrix and the generation of cell-surface viral assemblies whose structure, composition, and function resemble bacterial biofilms. These polarized aggregates of infectious virions, identified as viral biofilms, allow the bulk delivery of viruses to target cells and may help to protect virions from immune attacks. However, viral biofilms' molecular and functional description is still in its infancy, although it is crucial to fully decipher retrovirus pathogenesis. Here, we explore the function of cellular tetraspanins (CD9, CD81, CD82) that we detect inside HTLV-1 particles within biofilms. Our results demonstrate specific roles for CD82 in the cell-surface distribution and intercellular transmission of HTLV-1 biofilms, which we document as two essential parameters for efficient viral transmission. At last, our findings indicate that N-glycosylation of cell-surface molecules, including CD82, is required for the polarization of HTLV-1 biofilms and for the efficient transmission of HTLV-1 between T-lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coline Arone
- Infectious Disease Research Institute of Montpellier (IRIM), UMR CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Samuel Martial
- Center for International Research on Infectiology (CIRI), UMR Inserm, Lyon, France
| | | | | | - Philippe Roingeard
- IBiSA Electron Microscopy Platform of Tours University, UMR Inserm, Tours, France
| | - Hélène Dutartre
- Center for International Research on Infectiology (CIRI), UMR Inserm, Lyon, France
| | - Delphine Muriaux
- Infectious Disease Research Institute of Montpellier (IRIM), UMR CNRS, Montpellier, France
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4
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Rajesh V, Jangra S, Ghosh A. Effect of silencing Thrips palmi Btk29A and COL3A1 on fitness and virus acquisition. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1254246. [PMID: 37928674 PMCID: PMC10620694 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1254246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Thrips palmi (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) is a major agricultural pest infesting over 200 plant species. Along with direct injury caused by feeding, T. palmi spreads several orthotospoviruses. Groundnut bud necrosis orthotospovirus (GBNV, family Tospoviridae, genus Orthotospovirus) is the predominant orthotospovirus in Asia, vectored by T. palmi. It is responsible for almost 89 million USD losses in Asia annually. Several transcripts of T. palmi related to innate immune response, receptor binding, cell signaling, cellular trafficking, viral replication, and apoptosis are responsive to the infection of orthotospoviruses in thrips. Expression of T. palmi tyrosine kinase Btk29A isoform X1 (Btk29A) and collagen alpha-1(III) chain-like (COL3A1) are significantly regulated post-GBNV and capsicum chlorosis orthotospovirus infection. In the present study, T. palmi Btk29A and COL3A1 were silenced and the effect on virus titer and fitness was assessed. The expression of Btk29A and COL3A1 was significantly reduced by 3.62 and 3.15-fold, respectively, 24 h post-dsRNA exposure. Oral administration of Btk29A and COL3A1 dsRNAs induced 60 and 50.9% mortality in T. palmi. The GBNV concentration in T. palmi significantly dropped post-silencing Btk29A. In contrast, the silencing of COL3A1 led to an increase in GBNV concentration in T. palmi compared to the untreated control. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the effect of silencing Btk29A and COL3A1 on the fitness and GBNV titer in T. palmi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vavilapalli Rajesh
- Insect Vector Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Plant Virology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
- Division of Entomology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Sumit Jangra
- Insect Vector Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Plant Virology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Amalendu Ghosh
- Insect Vector Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Plant Virology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
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5
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Bergeman MH, Hernandez MQ, Diefenderfer J, Drewes JA, Velarde K, Tierney WM, Enow JA, Glenn HL, Rahman MM, Hogue IB. LIVE-CELL FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY OF HSV-1 CELLULAR EGRESS BY EXOCYTOSIS. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.27.530373. [PMID: 36909512 PMCID: PMC10002666 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.27.530373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
The human pathogen Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (HSV-1) produces a lifelong infection in the majority of the world's population. While the generalities of alpha herpesvirus assembly and egress pathways are known, the precise molecular and spatiotemporal details remain unclear. In order to study this aspect of HSV-1 infection, we engineered a recombinant HSV-1 strain expressing a pH-sensitive reporter, gM-pHluorin. Using a variety of fluorescent microscopy modalities, we can detect individual virus particles undergoing intracellular transport and exocytosis at the plasma membrane. We show that particles exit from epithelial cells individually, not bulk release of many particles at once, as has been reported for other viruses. In multiple cell types, HSV-1 particles accumulate over time at the cell periphery and cell-cell contacts. We show that this accumulation effect is the result of individual particles undergoing exocytosis at preferential sites and that these egress sites can contribute to cell-cell spread. We also show that the viral membrane proteins gE, gI, and US9, which have important functions in intracellular transport in neurons, are not required for preferential egress and clustering in non-neuronal cells. Importantly, by comparing HSV-1 to a related alpha herpesvirus, pseudorabies virus, we show that this preferential exocytosis and clustering effect is cell type-dependent, not virus dependent. This preferential egress and clustering appears to be the result of the arrangement of the microtubule cytoskeleton, as virus particles co-accumulate at the same cell protrusions as an exogenous plus end-directed kinesin motor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa H Bergeman
- ASU-Banner Neurodegenerative Research Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States
| | - Michaella Q Hernandez
- ASU-Banner Neurodegenerative Research Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States
| | - Jenna Diefenderfer
- ASU-Banner Neurodegenerative Research Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States
| | - Jake A Drewes
- ASU-Banner Neurodegenerative Research Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States
| | - Kimberly Velarde
- ASU-Banner Neurodegenerative Research Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States
| | - Wesley M Tierney
- ASU-Banner Neurodegenerative Research Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States
| | - Junior A Enow
- Biodesign Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States
| | - Honor L Glenn
- Biodesign Center for Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States
| | - Masmudur M Rahman
- Biodesign Center for Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States
| | - Ian B Hogue
- ASU-Banner Neurodegenerative Research Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States
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Rojo-Romanos T, Karpinski J, Millen S, Beschorner N, Simon F, Paszkowski-Rogacz M, Lansing F, Schneider PM, Sonntag J, Hauber J, Thoma-Kress AK, Buchholz F. Precise excision of HTLV-1 provirus with a designer-recombinase. Mol Ther 2023; 31:2266-2285. [PMID: 36934299 PMCID: PMC10362392 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2023.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a pathogenic retrovirus that persists as a provirus in the genome of infected cells and can lead to adult T cell leukemia (ATL). Worldwide, more than 10 million people are infected and approximately 5% of these individuals will develop ATL, a highly aggressive cancer that is currently incurable. In the last years, genome editing tools have emerged as promising antiviral agents. In this proof-of-concept study, we use substrate-linked directed evolution (SLiDE) to engineer Cre-derived site-specific recombinases to excise the HTLV-1 proviral genome from infected cells. We identified a conserved loxP-like sequence (loxHTLV) present in the long terminal repeats of the majority of virus isolates. After 181 cycles of SLiDE, we isolated a designer-recombinase (designated RecHTLV), which efficiently recombines the loxHTLV sequence in bacteria and human cells with high specificity. Expression of RecHTLV in human Jurkat T cells resulted in antiviral activity when challenged with an HTLV-1 infection. Moreover, expression of RecHTLV in chronically infected SP cells led to the excision of HTLV-1 proviral DNA. Our data suggest that recombinase-mediated excision of the HTLV-1 provirus represents a promising approach to reduce proviral load in HTLV-1-infected individuals, potentially preventing the development of HTLV-1-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Rojo-Romanos
- Medical Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Janet Karpinski
- Medical Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Sebastian Millen
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Niklas Beschorner
- PROVIREX Genome Editing Therapies GmbH, Luruper Hauptstrasse 1, 22547 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Florian Simon
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maciej Paszkowski-Rogacz
- Medical Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Felix Lansing
- Medical Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Paul Martin Schneider
- Medical Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jan Sonntag
- Medical Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Joachim Hauber
- PROVIREX Genome Editing Therapies GmbH, Luruper Hauptstrasse 1, 22547 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andrea K Thoma-Kress
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frank Buchholz
- Medical Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
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7
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Kendle W, Hoang K, Korleski E, Panfil AR, Polakowski N, Lemasson I. Upregulation of Neuropilin-1 Inhibits HTLV-1 Infection. Pathogens 2023; 12:831. [PMID: 37375521 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12060831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) can produce a spectrum of pathological effects ranging from inflammatory disorders to leukemia. In vivo, HTLV-1 predominantly infects CD4+ T-cells. Infectious spread within this population involves the transfer of HTLV-1 virus particles from infected cells to target cells only upon cell-to-cell contact. The viral protein, HBZ, was found to enhance HTLV-1 infection through transcriptional activation of ICAM1 and MYOF, two genes that facilitate viral infection. In this study, we found that HBZ upregulates the transcription of COL4A1, GEM, and NRP1. COL4A1 and GEM are genes involved in viral infection, while NRP1, which encodes neuropilin 1 (Nrp1), serves as an HTLV-1 receptor on target cells but has no reported function on HTLV-1-infected cells. With a focus on Nrp1, cumulative results from chromatin immunoprecipitation assays and analyses of HBZ mutants support a model in which HBZ upregulates NRP1 transcription by augmenting recruitment of Jun proteins to an enhancer downstream of the gene. Results from in vitro infection assays demonstrate that Nrp1 expressed on HTLV-1-infected cells inhibits viral infection. Nrp1 was found to be incorporated into HTLV-1 virions, and deletion of its ectodomain removed the inhibitory effect. These results suggest that inhibition of HTLV-1 infection by Nrp1 is caused by the ectodomain of Nrp1 extended from virus particles, which may inhibit the binding of virus particles to target cells. While HBZ has been found to enhance HTLV-1 infection using cell-based models, there may be certain circumstances in which activation of Nrp1 expression negatively impacts viral infection, which is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley Kendle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Kimson Hoang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Erica Korleski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Amanda R Panfil
- Center for Retrovirus Research, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Nicholas Polakowski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Isabelle Lemasson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
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8
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Liu W, Xu Z, Qiu Y, Qiu X, Tan L, Song C, Sun Y, Liao Y, Liu X, Ding C. Single-Cell Transcriptome Atlas of Newcastle Disease Virus in Chickens Both In Vitro and In Vivo. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0512122. [PMID: 37191506 PMCID: PMC10269786 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.05121-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is an avian paramyxovirus that causes major economic losses to the poultry industry around the world, with NDV pathogenicity varying due to strain virulence differences. However, the impacts of intracellular viral replication and the heterogeneity of host responses among cell types are unknown. Here, we investigated the heterogeneity of lung tissue cells in response to NDV infection in vivo and that of the chicken embryo fibroblast cell line DF-1 in response to NDV infection in vitro using single-cell RNA sequencing. We characterized the NDV target cell types in the chicken lung at the single-cell transcriptome level and classified cells into five known and two unknown cell types. The five known cell types are the targets of NDV in the lungs with virus RNA detected. Different paths of infection in the putative trajectories of NDV infection were distinguished between in vivo and in vitro, or between virulent Herts/33 strain and nonvirulent LaSota strain. Gene expression patterns and the interferon (IFN) response in different putative trajectories were demonstrated. IFN responses were elevated in vivo, especially in myeloid and endothelial cells. We distinguished the virus-infected and non-infected cells, and the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway was the main pathway after virus infection. Cell-cell communication analysis revealed the potential cell surface receptor-ligand of NDV. Our data provide a rich resource for understanding NDV pathogenesis and open the way to interventions specifically targeting infected cells. IMPORTANCE Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is an avian paramyxovirus that causes major economic losses to the poultry industry around the world, with NDV pathogenicity varying due to strain virulence differences. However, the impacts of intracellular viral replication and the heterogeneity of host responses among cell types are unknown. Here, we investigated the heterogeneity of lung tissue cells in response to NDV infection in vivo and that of the chicken embryo fibroblast cell line DF-1 in response to NDV infection in vitro using single-cell RNA sequencing. Our results open the way to interventions specifically targeting infected cells, suggest principles of virus-host interactions applicable to NDV and other similar pathogens, and highlight the potential for simultaneous single-cell measurements of both host and viral transcriptomes for delineating a comprehensive map of infection in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, this study can be a useful resource for the further investigation and understanding of NDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zejun Xu
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Wuhu Institute of Technology, Wuhu, China
| | - Yafeng Qiu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xusheng Qiu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Tan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Cuiping Song
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingjie Sun
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Liao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Chan Ding
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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Guo Y, Yuan Z, Hu Z, Gao Y, Guo H, Zhu H, Hong K, Cen K, Mai Y, Bai Y, Yang X. Diagnostic model constructed by five EMT-related genes for renal fibrosis and reflecting the condition of immune-related cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1161436. [PMID: 37266443 PMCID: PMC10229861 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1161436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Renal fibrosis is a physiological and pathological characteristic of chronic kidney disease (CKD) to end-stage renal disease. Since renal biopsy is the gold standard for evaluating renal fibrosis, there is an urgent need for additional non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers. Methods We used R package "limma" to screen out differently expressed genes (DEGs) based on Epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT), and carried out the protein interaction network and GO, KEGG enrichment analysis of DEGs. Secondly, the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), random forest tree (RF), and support vector machine-recursive feature elimination (SVM-RFE) algorithms were used to identify candidate diagnostic genes. ROC curves were plotted to evaluate the clinical diagnostic value of these genes. In addition, mRNA expression levels of candidate diagnostic genes were analyzed in control samples and renal fibrosis samples. CIBERSORT algorithm was used to evaluate immune cells level. Additionally, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and drug sensitivity were conducted. Results After obtaining a total of 24 DEGs, we discovered that they were mostly involved in several immunological and inflammatory pathways, including NF-KappaB signaling, AGE-RAGE signaling, and TNF signaling. Five genes (COL4A2, CXCL1, TIMP1, VCAM1, and VEGFA) were subsequently identified as biomarkers for renal fibrosis through machine learning, and their expression levels were confirmed by validation cohort data sets and in vitro RT-qPCR experiment. The AUC values of these five genes demonstrated significant clinical diagnostic value in both the training and validation sets. After that, CIBERSORT analysis showed that these biomarkers were strongly associated with immune cell content in renal fibrosis patients. GSEA also identifies the potential roles of these diagnostic genes. Additionally, diagnostic candidate genes were found to be closely related to drug sensitivity. Finally, a nomogram for diagnosing renal fibrosis was developed. Conclusion COL4A2, CXCL1, TIMP1, VCAM1, and VEGFA are promising diagnostic biomarkers of tissue and serum for renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Guo
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Ziwei Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zujian Hu
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hangcheng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hengyue Zhu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Kai Hong
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Kenan Cen
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yifeng Mai
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yongheng Bai
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xuejia Yang
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Millen S, Thoma-Kress AK. Milk Transmission of HTLV-1 and the Need for Innovative Prevention Strategies. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:867147. [PMID: 35360738 PMCID: PMC8962517 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.867147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Breastfeeding is recommended by the World Health Organization for at least 6 months up to 2 years of age, and breast milk protects against several diseases and infections. Intriguingly, few viruses are transmitted via breastfeeding including Human T-cell leukemia virus Type 1 (HTLV-1). HTLV-1 is a highly oncogenic yet neglected retrovirus, which primarily infects CD4+ T-cells in vivo and causes incurable diseases like HTLV-1-associated inflammatory conditions or Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) after lifelong viral persistence. Worldwide, at least 5–10 million people are HTLV-1-infected and most of them are unaware of their infection posing the risk of silent transmissions. HTLV-1 is transmitted via cell-containing body fluids such as blood products, semen, and breast milk, which constitutes the major route of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT). Risk of transmission increases with the duration of breastfeeding, however, abstinence from breastfeeding as it is recommended in some endemic countries is not an option in resource-limited settings or underrepresented areas and populations. Despite significant progress in understanding details of HTLV-1 cell-to-cell transmission, it is still not fully understood, which cells in which organs get infected via the oral route, how these cells get infected, how breast milk affects this route of infection and how to inhibit oral transmission despite breastfeeding, which is an urgent need especially in underrepresented areas of the world. Here, we review these questions and provide an outlook how future research could help to uncover prevention strategies that might ultimately allow infants to benefit from breastfeeding while reducing the risk of HTLV-1 transmission.
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Yu Z, Wang Y, Deng J, Liu D, Zhang L, Shao H, Wang Z, Zhu W, Zhao C, Ke Q. Long non-coding RNA COL4A2-AS1 facilitates cell proliferation and glycolysis of colorectal cancer cells via miR-20b-5p/hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha subunit axis. Bioengineered 2021; 12:6251-6263. [PMID: 34477476 PMCID: PMC8806750 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1969833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have critical functions in tumorigenesis and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC). The role of lncRNA COL4A2-AS1 (COL4A2-AS1) lacks system investigation. The current study comprehensively analyzed the expression, biological functions, and mechanism of COL4A2-AS1 in CRC through performing real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), Western blot, cell transfection, cell colony assay, MTT assay, flow cytometry and dual-luciferase reporter system assays. A xenograft model of CRC was constructed to further verify the function of COL4A2-AS1 in CRC progression in vivo. The data revealed an upregulated expression of COL4A2-AS1 in CRC tissues and cell lines than paired adjacent tissues and normal cell line. Silencing COL4A2-AS1 inhibited proliferation, aerobic glycolysis, and promoted apoptosis of CRC cells in vivo and in vitro. However, overexpression of COL4A2-AS1 significantly promoted CRC cell proliferation and aerobic glycolysis. In CRC cells, miR-20b-5p was sponged by COL4A2-AS1 and hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha subunit (HIF1A). Restoration of HIF1A expression reversed the inhibitory effects of silencing COL4A2-AS1 on aerobic glycolysis and proliferation of CRC cells. The current findings showed that COL4A2-AS1 promoted the proliferation, and aerobic glycolysis of CRC cells potentially through modulating the miR-20b-5p/HIF1A axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijun Yu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second People’s Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, China
| | - Yeming Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second People’s Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, China
| | - Jianwu Deng
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second People’s Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, China
| | - Dong Liu
- General Medicine, The Second People’s Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, China
| | - Lingling Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second People’s Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, China
| | - Hua Shao
- Department of General Surgery, The Second People’s Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, China
| | - Zilu Wang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second People’s Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, China
| | - Wenjun Zhu
- Clinical Laboratory, The Second People’s Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, China
| | - Cheng Zhao
- Department of Oncology, The Second People’s Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, China
| | - Qungang Ke
- Department of General Surgery, The Second People’s Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, China
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12
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Yu Z, Wang Y, Deng J, Liu D, Zhang L, Shao H, Wang Z, Zhu W, Zhao C, Ke Q. Long non-coding RNA COL4A2-AS1 facilitates cell proliferation and glycolysis of colorectal cancer cells via miR-20b-5p/hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha subunit axis. Bioengineered 2021. [PMID: 34477476 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.196983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have critical functions in tumorigenesis and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC). The role of lncRNA COL4A2-AS1 (COL4A2-AS1) lacks system investigation. The current study comprehensively analyzed the expression, biological functions, and mechanism of COL4A2-AS1 in CRC through performing real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), Western blot, cell transfection, cell colony assay, MTT assay, flow cytometry and dual-luciferase reporter system assays. A xenograft model of CRC was constructed to further verify the function of COL4A2-AS1 in CRC progression in vivo. The data revealed an upregulated expression of COL4A2-AS1 in CRC tissues and cell lines than paired adjacent tissues and normal cell line. Silencing COL4A2-AS1 inhibited proliferation, aerobic glycolysis, and promoted apoptosis of CRC cells in vivo and in vitro. However, overexpression of COL4A2-AS1 significantly promoted CRC cell proliferation and aerobic glycolysis. In CRC cells, miR-20b-5p was sponged by COL4A2-AS1 and hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha subunit (HIF1A). Restoration of HIF1A expression reversed the inhibitory effects of silencing COL4A2-AS1 on aerobic glycolysis and proliferation of CRC cells. The current findings showed that COL4A2-AS1 promoted the proliferation, and aerobic glycolysis of CRC cells potentially through modulating the miR-20b-5p/HIF1A axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijun Yu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, China
| | - Yeming Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, China
| | - Jianwu Deng
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, China
| | - Dong Liu
- General Medicine, The Second People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, China
| | - Lingling Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, China
| | - Hua Shao
- Department of General Surgery, The Second People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, China
| | - Zilu Wang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, China
| | - Wenjun Zhu
- Clinical Laboratory, The Second People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, China
| | - Cheng Zhao
- Department of Oncology, The Second People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, China
| | - Qungang Ke
- Department of General Surgery, The Second People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, China
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Forlani G, Shallak M, Accolla RS, Romanelli MG. HTLV-1 Infection and Pathogenesis: New Insights from Cellular and Animal Models. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158001. [PMID: 34360767 PMCID: PMC8347336 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of the human T-cell leukemia virus-1 (HTLV-1), cellular and animal models have provided invaluable contributions in the knowledge of viral infection, transmission and progression of HTLV-associated diseases. HTLV-1 is the causative agent of the aggressive adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma and inflammatory diseases such as the HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Cell models contribute to defining the role of HTLV proteins, as well as the mechanisms of cell-to-cell transmission of the virus. Otherwise, selected and engineered animal models are currently applied to recapitulate in vivo the HTLV-1 associated pathogenesis and to verify the effectiveness of viral therapy and host immune response. Here we review the current cell models for studying virus–host interaction, cellular restriction factors and cell pathway deregulation mediated by HTLV products. We recapitulate the most effective animal models applied to investigate the pathogenesis of HTLV-1-associated diseases such as transgenic and humanized mice, rabbit and monkey models. Finally, we summarize the studies on STLV and BLV, two closely related HTLV-1 viruses in animals. The most recent anticancer and HAM/TSP therapies are also discussed in view of the most reliable experimental models that may accelerate the translation from the experimental findings to effective therapies in infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Forlani
- Laboratory of General Pathology and Immunology “Giovanna Tosi”, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (G.F.); (M.S.); (R.S.A.)
| | - Mariam Shallak
- Laboratory of General Pathology and Immunology “Giovanna Tosi”, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (G.F.); (M.S.); (R.S.A.)
| | - Roberto Sergio Accolla
- Laboratory of General Pathology and Immunology “Giovanna Tosi”, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (G.F.); (M.S.); (R.S.A.)
| | - Maria Grazia Romanelli
- Department of Biosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Tozzi A. Why Should Natural Principles Be Simple? PHILOSOPHIA (RAMAT-GAN, ISRAEL) 2021; 50:321-335. [PMID: 33879931 PMCID: PMC8051000 DOI: 10.1007/s11406-021-00359-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
One of the criteria to a strong principle in natural sciences is simplicity. The conventional view holds that the world is provided with natural laws that must be simple. This common-sense approach is a modern rewording of the medieval philosophical/theological concept of the Multiple arising from (and generated by) the One. Humans need to pursue unifying frameworks, classificatory criteria and theories of everything. Still, the fact that our cognitive abilities tend towards simplification and groupings does not necessarily entail that this is the way the world works. Here we ask: what if singularity does not pave the way to multiplicity? How will we be sure if the Ockham's razor holds in real life? We will show in the sequel that the propensity to reduce to simplicity the relationships among the events leads to misleading interpretations of scientific issues. We are not going to take a full sceptic turn: we will engage in active outreach, suggesting examples from biology and physics to demonstrate how a novel methodological antiunitary approach might help to improve our scientific attitude towards world affairs. We will provide examples from aggregation of SARS-Cov-2 particles, unclassified extinct creatures, pathological brain stiffness. Further, we will describe how antiunitary strategies, plagiarising medieval concepts from William od Ockham and Gregory of Rimini, help to explain novel relational approaches to quantum mechanics and the epistemological role of our mind in building the real world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Tozzi
- Center for Nonlinear Science, Department of Physics, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #311427, Denton, TX 76203-5017 USA
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15
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Liu C, Qin XW, He J, Weng SP, He JG, Guo CJ. Roles of extracellular matrix components in Tiger frog virus attachment to fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) cells. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 107:9-15. [PMID: 32976972 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tiger frog virus (TFV) belongs to the genus Ranavirus (family Iridoviridae) and causes significant harm in cultured frogs, resulting in substantial losses in ecological and economic field in Southern China. Attachment is the first step in viral life cycle, which is dependent on the interactions of virions with extracellular matrix (ECM) components. Studying this process will help in understanding virus infection and controlling viral diseases. In this study, the roles of primary ECM components in TFV attachment were investigated. The results on the kinetics of virus attachment showed TFV successful attachment to the cell surface as a relatively rapid process after TFV was used to inoculate cells for 10 min at 4 °C. Western blot and quantitative PCR analyses results showed that soluble fibronectin, collagen IV, laminin, or hyaluronic acid treatment with TFV caused no significant effect on virus attachment. Soluble heparin, heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate A/B could inhibit TFV attachment in a dose-dependent manner. Enzymic digestion by cell surface heparin/heparan sulfate using heparinase I, II, and III could significantly prevent TFV attachment, suggesting that heparan sulfate plays an important role in TFV attachment. Furthermore, the binding assays of heparin-agarose beads and virion showed that TFV virions specifically bound with heparin in a dose-dependent manner. Given that heparin is a structural analogue of heparan sulfate, the above results suggest that heparan sulfate might serve as an attachment factor of TFV infection. Our work would be beneficial to understand the mechanisms of TFV attachment and the interactions of TFV with cellular receptor(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, No.132 Waihuan Dong Road, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, PR China
| | - Xiao-Wei Qin
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, No.132 Waihuan Dong Road, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, PR China
| | - Jian He
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, No.132 Waihuan Dong Road, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, PR China
| | - Shao-Ping Weng
- Coastal Engineering and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China
| | - Jian-Guo He
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, No.132 Waihuan Dong Road, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, PR China; Coastal Engineering and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China
| | - Chang-Jun Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, No.132 Waihuan Dong Road, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, PR China; Coastal Engineering and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China.
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Newman RA, Sastry KJ, Arav-Boger R, Cai H, Matos R, Harrod R. Antiviral Effects of Oleandrin. J Exp Pharmacol 2020; 12:503-515. [PMID: 33262663 PMCID: PMC7686471 DOI: 10.2147/jep.s273120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past 15 years, investigators have reported on the utility and safety of cardiac glycosides for numerous health benefits including those as treatments for malignant disease, stroke-mediated ischemic injury and certain neurodegenerative diseases. In addition to those, there is a growing body of evidence for novel antiviral effects of selected cardiac glycoside molecules. One unique cardiac glycoside, oleandrin derived from Nerium oleander, has been reported to have antiviral activity specifically against 'enveloped' viruses including HIV and HTLV-1. Importantly, a recent publication has presented in vitro evidence for oleandrin's ability to inhibit production of infectious virus particles when used for treatment prior to, as well as after infection by SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19. This review will highlight the known in vitro antiviral effects of oleandrin as well as present previously unpublished effects of this novel cardiac glycoside against Ebola virus, Cytomegalovirus, and Herpes simplex viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Newman
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA.,Phoenix Biotechnology, Inc, San Antonio, TX 78217, USA
| | - K Jagannadha Sastry
- Departments of Thoracic, Head and Neck Medical Oncology and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ravit Arav-Boger
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Hongyi Cai
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Robert Harrod
- Department of Biological Sciences, the Dedman College Center for Drug Discovery, Design & Delivery, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75275, USA
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Donhauser N, Socher E, Millen S, Heym S, Sticht H, Thoma-Kress AK. Transfer of HTLV-1 p8 and Gag to target T-cells depends on VASP, a novel interaction partner of p8. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008879. [PMID: 32997728 PMCID: PMC7526893 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) orf I-encoded accessory protein p8 is cleaved from its precursor p12, and both proteins contribute to viral persistence. p8 induces cellular protrusions, which are thought to facilitate transfer of p8 to target cells and virus transmission. Host factors interacting with p8 and mediating p8 transfer are unknown. Here, we report that vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP), which promotes actin filament elongation, is a novel interaction partner of p8 and important for p8 and HTLV-1 Gag cell-to-cell transfer. VASP contains an Ena/VASP homology 1 (EVH1) domain that targets the protein to focal adhesions. Bioinformatics identified a short stretch in p8 (amino acids (aa) 24–45) which may mediate interactions with the EVH1 domain of VASP. Co-immunoprecipitations confirmed interactions of VASP:p8 in 293T, Jurkat and HTLV-1-infected MT-2 cells. Co-precipitation of VASP:p8 could be significantly blocked by peptides mimicking aa 26–37 of p8. Mutational studies revealed that the EVH1-domain of VASP is necessary, but not sufficient for the interaction with p8. Further, deletion of the VASP G- and F-actin binding domains significantly diminished co-precipitation of p8. Imaging identified areas of partial co-localization of VASP with p8 at the plasma membrane and in protrusive structures, which was confirmed by proximity ligation assays. Co-culture experiments revealed that p8 is transferred between Jurkat T-cells via VASP-containing conduits. Imaging and flow cytometry revealed that repression of both endogenous and overexpressed VASP by RNA interference or by CRISPR/Cas9 reduced p8 transfer to the cell surface and to target Jurkat T-cells. Stable repression of VASP by RNA interference in chronically infected MT-2 cells impaired both p8 and HTLV-1 Gag transfer to target Jurkat T-cells, while virus release was unaffected. Thus, we identified VASP as a novel interaction partner of p8, which is important for transfer of HTLV-1 p8 and Gag to target T-cells. The delta-retrovirus Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 encodes the accessory protein p8, which is generated by proteolytic cleavage from p12. Earlier work has shown that p8 enhances the formation of cellular conduits between T-cells, is transferred through these conduits to target T-cells and increases HTLV-1 transmission. It was suggested that p8 dampens T-cell responses in target T-cells, thus facilitating HTLV-1 infection. Our work sheds light on the mechanism of p8 transfer to target T-cells. We show that vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP), a novel interaction partner of p8, contributes to transfer of p8 to target T-cells. Mechanistically, VASP is crucial for recruitment of p8 to the cell surface. Since VASP is known to promote elongation of actin filaments by preventing them from capping, interactions of p8 with VASP are an elegant strategy to exploit the host cell machinery for being transported to the cell surface, and as a consequence, to other cells. Given that VASP is also important for cell-to-cell transfer of the HTLV-1 Gag protein, our work proposes that VASP is a new cellular target to counteract HTLV-1 cell-to-cell transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Donhauser
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Eileen Socher
- Division of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Millen
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Heym
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Heinrich Sticht
- Division of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andrea K. Thoma-Kress
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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18
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Maali Y, Journo C, Mahieux R, Dutartre H. Microbial Biofilms: Human T-cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 First in Line for Viral Biofilm but Far Behind Bacterial Biofilms. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:2041. [PMID: 33042035 PMCID: PMC7523422 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.02041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a retrovirus associated with adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). To date, it is the unique published example of a virus able to form a biofilm at the surface of infected cells. Deeply studied in bacteria, bacterial biofilms represent multicellular assemblies of bacteria in contact with a surface and shielded by the extracellular matrix (ECM). Microbial lifestyle in biofilms, either viral or bacterial, is opposed structurally and physiologically to an isolated lifestyle, in which viruses or bacteria freely float in their environment. HTLV-1 biofilm formation is believed to be promoted by viral proteins, mainly Tax, through remodeling of the ECM of the infected cells. HTLV-1 biofilm has been linked to cell-to-cell transmission of the virus. However, in comparison to bacterial biofilms, very little is known on kinetics of viral biofilm formation or dissemination, but also on its pathophysiological roles, such as escape from immune detection or therapeutic strategies, as well as promotion of leukemogenesis. The switch between production of cell-free isolated virions and cell-associated viral biofilm, although not fully apprehended yet, remains a key step to understand HTLV-1 infection and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef Maali
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Chloé Journo
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Renaud Mahieux
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Hélène Dutartre
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Lyon, France
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