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Sun J, Wang Y, Zhang X, Cheng Z, Song Y, Li H, Wang N, Liu S, Cao Z, Li H, Zheng W, Duan C, Cao Y. Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analyses Reveal the Role of Phenylalanine Metabolism in the Maize Response to Stalk Rot Caused by Fusarium proliferatum. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1492. [PMID: 38338769 PMCID: PMC10855574 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Stalk rot is a prevalent disease of maize (Zea mays L.) that severely affects maize yield and quality worldwide. The ascomycete fungus Fusarium spp. is the most common pathogen of maize stalk rot. At present, the molecular mechanism of Fusarium proliferation during the maize stalk infection that causes maize stalk rot has rarely been reported. In this study, we investigated the response of maize to F. proliferatum infestation by analyzing the phenotypic, transcriptomic, and metabolomic data of inbred lines ZC17 (resistant) and CH72 (susceptible) with different levels of resistance to stalk rot. Physiological and phenotypic results showed that the infection CH72 was significantly more severe than ZC17 after inoculation. Transcriptome analysis showed that after inoculation, the number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) was higher in CH72 than in ZC17. Nearly half of these DEGs showed the same expression trend in the two inbred lines. Functional annotation and enrichment analyses indicated that the major pathways enriched for DEGs and DEMs included the biosynthesis of plant secondary metabolites, phenylalanine metabolism, biosynthesis of plant hormones, and plant-pathogen interactions. The comprehensive analysis of transcriptome and metabolome data indicated that phenylalanine metabolism and the phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis pathways played a crucial role in maize resistance to F. proliferatum infection. In addition, a transcription factor (TF) analysis of the DEGs showed that several TF families, including MYB, bHLH, NAC, and WRKY, were significantly activated after inoculation, suggesting that these TFs play important roles in the molecular regulatory network of maize disease resistance. The findings of this study provide valuable insights into the molecular basis of the response of maize to Fusarium proliferatum infection and highlight the importance of combining multiple approaches, such as phenotyping, transcriptomics, and metabolomics, to gain a comprehensive understanding of plant-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Sun
- Institute of Cereal Crops, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yanzhao Wang
- Institute of Cereal Crops, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xingrui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Grain Crop Genetic Resources Evaluation and Utilization, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zeqiang Cheng
- Institute of Cereal Crops, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yinghui Song
- Institute of Cereal Crops, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Huimin Li
- Institute of Cereal Crops, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Na Wang
- Institute of Cereal Crops, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Shen Liu
- Institute of Cereal Crops, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Zijia Cao
- Institute of Cereal Crops, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Hongxia Li
- Institute of Cereal Crops, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Wanying Zheng
- Institute of Cereal Crops, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Canxing Duan
- Key Laboratory of Grain Crop Genetic Resources Evaluation and Utilization, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yanyong Cao
- Institute of Cereal Crops, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- The Shennong Laboratory, Zhengzhou 450002, China
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Jayaprakash A, Roy A, Thanmalagan RR, Arunachalam A, P T V L. Understanding the mechanism of pathogenicity through interactome studies between Arachis hypogaea L. and Aspergillus flavus. J Proteomics 2023; 287:104975. [PMID: 37482270 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2023.104975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus) infects the peanut seeds during pre-and post-harvest stages, causing seed quality destruction for humans and livestock consumption. Even though many resistant varieties were developed, the molecular mechanism of defense interactions of peanut against A. flavus still needs further investigation. Hence, an interologous host-pathogen protein interaction (HPPI) network was constructed to understand the subcellular level interaction mechanism between peanut and A. flavus. Out of the top 10 hub proteins of both organisms, protein phosphatase 2C and cyclic nucleotide-binding/kinase domain-containing protein and different ribosomal proteins were identified as candidate proteins involved in defense. Functional annotation and subcellular localization based characterization of HPPI identified protein SGT1 homolog, calmodulin and Rac-like GTP-binding proteins to be involved in defense response against fungus. The relevance of HPPI in infectious conditions was assessed using two transcriptome data which identified the interplay of host kinase class R proteins, bHLH TFs and cell wall related proteins to impart resistance against pathogen infection. Further, the pathogenicity analysis identified glycogen phosphorylase and molecular chaperone and allergen Mod-E/Hsp90/Hsp1 as potential pathogen targets to enhance the host defense mechanism. Hence, the computationally predicted host-pathogen PPI network could provide valuable support for molecular biology experiments to understand the host-pathogen interaction. SIGNIFICANCE: Protein-protein interactions execute significant cellular interactions in an organism and are influenced majorly by stress conditions. Here we reported the host-pathogen protein-protein interaction between peanut and A. flavus, and a detailed network analysis based on function, subcellular localization, gene co-expression, and pathogenicity was performed. The network analysis identified key proteins such as host kinase class R proteins, calmodulin, SGT1 homolog, Rac-like GTP-binding proteins bHLH TFs and cell wall related to impart resistance against pathogen infection. We observed the interplay of defense related proteins and cell wall related proteins predominantly, which could be subjected to further studies. The network analysis described in this study could be applied to understand other host-pathogen systems generally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiswarya Jayaprakash
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, R. V. Nagar Kalapet, Pondicherry 605014, India
| | - Abhijeet Roy
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, R. V. Nagar Kalapet, Pondicherry 605014, India
| | - Raja Rajeswary Thanmalagan
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, R. V. Nagar Kalapet, Pondicherry 605014, India
| | - Annamalai Arunachalam
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, R. V. Nagar Kalapet, Pondicherry 605014, India
| | - Lakshmi P T V
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, R. V. Nagar Kalapet, Pondicherry 605014, India.
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A review of mycotoxin biosynthetic pathways: associated genes and their expressions under the influence of climatic factors. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2021.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Xiao J, Guo X, Qiao X, Zhang X, Chen X, Zhang D. Activity of Fengycin and Iturin A Isolated From Bacillus subtilis Z-14 on Gaeumannomyces graminis Var. tritici and Soil Microbial Diversity. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:682437. [PMID: 34220767 PMCID: PMC8250863 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.682437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis Z-14 can inhibit phytopathogenic fungi, and is used as a biocontrol agent for wheat take-all disease. The present study used the soil-borne fungus Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (Ggt), which causes wheat take-all disease, and the soil microbial community as indicators, and investigated the antifungal effects of fengycin and iturin A purified from strain Z-14 using high performance liquid chromatography and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, respectively. The results showed that fengycin destroyed the internal structure of Ggt cells by digesting the cytoplasm and organelles, forming vacuoles, and inducing hyphal shrinkage and distortion. Iturin A induced cell wall disappearance, membrane degeneration, intracellular material shrinkage, and hyphal fragmentation. A biocontrol test demonstrated a 100% control effect on wheat take-all when wheat seedlings were treated with fengycin at 100 μg/ml or iturin A at 500 μg/ml. Iturin A and fengycin both reduced the relative abundance of Aspergillus and Gibberella. At the genus level, iturin A reduced the relative abundance of Mortierella and Myrothecium, while fengycin reduced that of Fusarium. Only fengycin treatment for 7 days had a significant effect on soil bacterial diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Xiao
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xiaojun Guo
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xinlei Qiao
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xuechao Zhang
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xiaomeng Chen
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Dongdong Zhang
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
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Liu H, Wu H, Wang Y, Wang H, Chen S, Yin Z. Comparative transcriptome profiling and co-expression network analysis uncover the key genes associated withearly-stage resistance to Aspergillus flavus in maize. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:216. [PMID: 33985439 PMCID: PMC8117602 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-02983-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fungus Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus) is a serious threat to maize (Zea mays) production worldwide. It causes considerable yield and economic losses, and poses a health risk to humans and livestock due to the high toxicity of aflatoxin. However, key genes and regulatory networks conferring maize resistance to A. flavus are not clear, especially at the early stage of infection. Here, we performed a comprehensive transcriptome analysis of two maize inbred lines with contrasting resistance to A. flavus infection. RESULTS The pairwise comparisons between mock and infected kernels in each line during the first 6 h post inoculation (hpi) showed that maize resistance to A. flavus infection was specific to the genotype and infection stage, and defense pathways were strengthened in the resistant line. Further comparison of the two maize lines revealed that the infection-induced up-regulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the resistant line might underlie the enhanced resistance. Gene co-expression network analysis by WGCNA (weighted gene co-expression network analysis) identified 7 modules that were significantly associated with different infection stages, and 110 hub genes of these modules. These key regulators mainly participate in the biosynthesis of fatty acid and antibiotics. In addition, 90 candidate genes for maize resistance to A. flavus infection and/or aflatoxin contamination obtained in previous studies were confirmed to be differentially expressed between the resistant and susceptible lines within the first 6 hpi. CONCLUSION This work unveiled more A. flavus resistance genes and provided a detailed regulatory network of early-stage resistance to A. flavus in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Haofeng Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Saihua Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
| | - Zhitong Yin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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Bai H, Si H, Zang J, Pang X, Yu L, Cao H, Xing J, Zhang K, Dong J. Comparative Proteomic Analysis of the Defense Response to Gibberella Stalk Rot in Maize and Reveals That ZmWRKY83 Is Involved in Plant Disease Resistance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:694973. [PMID: 34489999 PMCID: PMC8417113 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.694973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is the causal agent of Gibberella stalk rot in maize stem, resulting in maize lodging, yield, quality, and mechanical harvesting capacity. To date, little is known about the maize stem defense mechanism in response to the invasion of F. graminearum. This study represents a global proteomic approach to document the infection by F. graminearum. A total of 1,894 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified in maize stem with F. graminearum inoculation. Functional categorization analysis indicated that proteins involved in plant-pathogen interaction were inducible at the early stages of infection. We also found that the expression of proteins involved in phenylpropanoid, flavonoid, and terpenoid biosynthesis were upregulated in response to F. graminearum infection, which may reflect that these secondary metabolism pathways were important in the protection against the fungal attack in maize stem. In continuously upregulated proteins after F. graminearum infection, we identified a WRKY transcription factor, ZmWRKY83, which could improve the resistance to plant pathogens. Together, the results show that the defense response of corn stalks against F. graminearum infection was multifaceted, involving the induction of proteins from various immune-related pathways, which had a directive significance for molecular genetic breeding of maize disease-resistant varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Bai
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Helong Si
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Jinping Zang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xi Pang
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Lu Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Hongzhe Cao
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Jihong Xing
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- *Correspondence: Jihong Xing,
| | - Kang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Kang Zhang,
| | - Jingao Dong
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Jingao Dong,
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Soni P, Gangurde SS, Ortega-Beltran A, Kumar R, Parmar S, Sudini HK, Lei Y, Ni X, Huai D, Fountain JC, Njoroge S, Mahuku G, Radhakrishnan T, Zhuang W, Guo B, Liao B, Singam P, Pandey MK, Bandyopadhyay R, Varshney RK. Functional Biology and Molecular Mechanisms of Host-Pathogen Interactions for Aflatoxin Contamination in Groundnut ( Arachis hypogaea L.) and Maize ( Zea mays L.). Front Microbiol 2020; 11:227. [PMID: 32194520 PMCID: PMC7063101 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins are secondary metabolites produced by soilborne saprophytic fungus Aspergillus flavus and closely related species that infect several agricultural commodities including groundnut and maize. The consumption of contaminated commodities adversely affects the health of humans and livestock. Aflatoxin contamination also causes significant economic and financial losses to producers. Research efforts and significant progress have been made in the past three decades to understand the genetic behavior, molecular mechanisms, as well as the detailed biology of host-pathogen interactions. A range of omics approaches have facilitated better understanding of the resistance mechanisms and identified pathways involved during host-pathogen interactions. Most of such studies were however undertaken in groundnut and maize. Current efforts are geared toward harnessing knowledge on host-pathogen interactions and crop resistant factors that control aflatoxin contamination. This study provides a summary of the recent progress made in enhancing the understanding of the functional biology and molecular mechanisms associated with host-pathogen interactions during aflatoxin contamination in groundnut and maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Soni
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sunil S. Gangurde
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Rakesh Kumar
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sejal Parmar
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Hyderabad, India
| | - Hari K. Sudini
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Hyderabad, India
| | - Yong Lei
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinzhi Ni
- Crop Genetics and Breeding Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture – Agriculture Research Service, Tifton, GA, United States
| | - Dongxin Huai
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jake C. Fountain
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, United States
| | - Samuel Njoroge
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - George Mahuku
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | | | - Weijian Zhuang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Baozhu Guo
- Crop Protection and Management Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service, Tifton, GA, United States
| | - Boshou Liao
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Prashant Singam
- Department of Genetics, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India
| | - Manish K. Pandey
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Rajeev K. Varshney
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Hyderabad, India
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