1
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Focosi D, Maggi F. Avian Influenza Virus A(H5Nx) and Prepandemic Candidate Vaccines: State of the Art. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8550. [PMID: 39126117 PMCID: PMC11312817 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza virus has been long considered the main threat for a future pandemic. Among the possible avian influenza virus subtypes, A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b is becoming enzootic in mammals, representing an alarming step towards a pandemic. In particular, genotype B3.13 has recently caused an outbreak in US dairy cattle. Since pandemic preparedness is largely based on the availability of prepandemic candidate vaccine viruses, in this review we will summarize the current status of the enzootics, and challenges for H5 vaccine manufacturing and delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Focosi
- North-Western Tuscany Blood Bank, Pisa University Hospital, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Maggi
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani”-IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy;
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2
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Franchini M, Focosi D. Monoclonal Antibodies and Hyperimmune Immunoglobulins in the Next Pandemic. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2024. [PMID: 38877202 DOI: 10.1007/82_2024_274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Pandemics are highly unpredictable events that are generally caused by novel viruses. There is a high likelihood that such novel pathogens belong to entirely novel viral families for which no targeted small-molecule antivirals exist. In addition, small-molecule antivirals often have pharmacokinetic properties that make them contraindicated for the frail patients who are often the most susceptible to a novel virus. Passive immunotherapies-available from the first convalescent patients-can then play a key role in controlling pandemics. Convalescent plasma is immediately available, but if manufacturers have fast platforms to generate marketable drugs, other forms of passive antibody treatment can be produced. In this chapter, we will review the technological platforms for generating monoclonal antibodies and hyperimmune immunoglobulins, the current experience on their use for treatment of COVID-19, and the pipeline for pandemic candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Franchini
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hematology, Carlo Poma Hospital, Mantua, Italy
| | - Daniele Focosi
- North-Western Tuscany Blood Bank, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy.
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3
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Wang Y, Wei X, Liu Y, Li S, Pan W, Dai J, Yang Z. Towards broad-spectrum protection: the development and challenges of combined respiratory virus vaccines. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1412478. [PMID: 38903942 PMCID: PMC11188343 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1412478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
In the post-COVID-19 era, the co-circulation of respiratory viruses, including influenza, SARS-CoV-2, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), continues to have significant health impacts and presents ongoing public health challenges. Vaccination remains the most effective measure for preventing viral infections. To address the concurrent circulation of these respiratory viruses, extensive efforts have been dedicated to the development of combined vaccines. These vaccines utilize a range of platforms, including mRNA-based vaccines, viral vector vaccines, and subunit vaccines, providing opportunities in addressing multiple pathogens at once. This review delves into the major advancements in the field of combined vaccine research, underscoring the strategic use of various platforms to tackle the simultaneous circulation of respiratory viruses effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaotong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shengfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiqi Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Respiratory Disease AI Laboratory on Epidemic and Medical Big Data Instrument Applications, Faculty of Innovation Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao, Macao SAR, China
| | - Jun Dai
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zifeng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
- Respiratory Disease AI Laboratory on Epidemic and Medical Big Data Instrument Applications, Faculty of Innovation Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao, Macao SAR, China
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4
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Malik S, Asghar M, Waheed Y. Outlining recent updates on influenza therapeutics and vaccines: A comprehensive review. Vaccine X 2024; 17:100452. [PMID: 38328274 PMCID: PMC10848012 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2024.100452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus has presented a considerable healthcare challenge during the past years, particularly in vulnerable groups with compromised immune systems. Therapeutics and vaccination have always been in research annals since the spread of influenza. Efforts have been going on to develop an antiviral therapeutic approach that could assist in better disease management and reduce the overall disease complexity, resistance development, and fatality rates. On the other hand, vaccination presents a chance for effective, long-term, cost-benefit, and preventive response against the morbidity and mortality associated with the influenza. However, the issues of resistance development, strain mutation, antigenic variability, and inability to cure wide-spectrum and large-scale strains of the virus by available vaccines remain there. The article gathers the updated data for the therapeutics and available influenza vaccines, their mechanism of action, shortcomings, and trials under clinical experimentation. A methodological approach has been adopted to identify the prospective therapeutics and available vaccines approved and within the clinical trials against the influenza virus. Review contains influenza therapeutics, including traditional and novel antiviral drugs and inhibitor therapies against influenza virus as well as research trials based on newer drug combinations and latest technologies such as nanotechnology and organic and plant-based natural products. Most recent development of influenza vaccine has been discussed including some updates on traditional vaccination protocols and discussion on next-generation and upgraded novel technologies. This review will help the readers to understand the righteous approach for dealing with influenza virus infection and for deducing futuristic approaches for novel therapeutic and vaccine trials against Influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiza Malik
- Bridging Health Foundation, Rawalpindi, Punjab 46000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asghar
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sweden
- Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-Ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Yasir Waheed
- Office of Research, Innovation, and Commercialization (ORIC), Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University (SZABMU), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
- Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Byblos 1401, Lebanon
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5
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Liu X, Zhao T, Wang L, Yang Z, Luo C, Li M, Luo H, Sun C, Yan H, Shu Y. A mosaic influenza virus-like particles vaccine provides broad humoral and cellular immune responses against influenza A viruses. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:132. [PMID: 37679361 PMCID: PMC10485063 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00728-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of a universal influenza vaccine to elicit broad immune responses is essential in reducing disease burden and pandemic impact. In this study, the mosaic vaccine design strategy and genetic algorithms were utilized to optimize the seasonal influenza A virus (H1N1, H3N2) hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) antigens, which also contain most potential T-cell epitopes. These mosaic immunogens were then expressed as virus-like particles (VLPs) using the baculovirus expression system. The immunogenicity and protection effectiveness of the mosaic VLPs were compared to the commercial quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (QIV) in the mice model. Strong cross-reactive antibody responses were observed in mice following two doses of vaccination with the mosaic VLPs, with HI titers higher than 40 in 15 of 16 tested strains as opposed to limited cross HI antibody levels with QIV vaccination. After a single vaccination, mice also show a stronger level of cross-reactive antibody responses than the QIV. The QIV vaccinations only elicited NI antibodies to a small number of vaccine strains, and not even strong NI antibodies to its corresponding vaccine components. In contrast, the mosaic VLPs caused robust NI antibodies to all tested seasonal influenza virus vaccine strains. Here, we demonstrated the mosaic vaccines induces stronger cross-reactive antibodies and robust more T-cell responses compared to the QIV. The mosaic VLPs also provided protection against challenges with ancestral influenza A viruses of both H1 and H3 subtypes. These findings indicated that the mosaic VLPs were a promising strategy for developing a broad influenza vaccine in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejie Liu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, 518107, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tianyi Zhao
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, 518107, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liangliang Wang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, 518107, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhuolin Yang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, 518107, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chuming Luo
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, 518107, Shenzhen, China
| | - Minchao Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, 518107, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huanle Luo
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, 518107, Shenzhen, China
| | - Caijun Sun
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, 518107, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Huacheng Yan
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Southern Military Theatre, 510610, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yuelong Shu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, 518107, Shenzhen, China.
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 100730, Beijing, China.
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6
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Luo J, Zhang Z, Zhao S, Gao R. A Comparison of Etiology, Pathogenesis, Vaccinal and Antiviral Drug Development between Influenza and COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076369. [PMID: 37047339 PMCID: PMC10094131 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus and coronavirus, two kinds of pathogens that exist widely in nature, are common emerging pathogens that cause respiratory tract infections in humans. In December 2019, a novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 emerged, causing a severe respiratory infection named COVID-19 in humans, and raising a global pandemic which has persisted in the world for almost three years. Influenza virus, a seasonally circulating respiratory pathogen, has caused four global pandemics in humans since 1918 by the emergence of novel variants. Studies have shown that there are certain similarities in transmission mode and pathogenesis between influenza and COVID-19, and vaccination and antiviral drugs are considered to have positive roles as well as several limitations in the prevention and control of both diseases. Comparative understandings would be helpful to the prevention and control of these diseases. Here, we review the study progress in the etiology, pathogenesis, vaccine and antiviral drug development for the two diseases.
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7
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Li J, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Liu L. Influenza and Universal Vaccine Research in China. Viruses 2022; 15:116. [PMID: 36680158 PMCID: PMC9861666 DOI: 10.3390/v15010116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses usually cause seasonal influenza epidemics and influenza pandemics, resulting in acute respiratory illness and, in severe cases, multiple organ complications and even death, posing a serious global and human health burden. Compared with other countries, China has a large population base and a large number of influenza cases and deaths. Currently, influenza vaccination remains the most cost-effective and efficient way to prevent and control influenza, which can significantly reduce the risk of influenza virus infection and serious complications. The antigenicity of the influenza vaccine exhibits good protective efficacy when matched to the seasonal epidemic strain. However, when influenza viruses undergo rapid and sustained antigenic drift resulting in a mismatch between the vaccine strain and the epidemic strain, the protective effect is greatly reduced. As a result, the flu vaccine must be reformulated and readministered annually, causing a significant drain on human and financial resources. Therefore, the development of a universal influenza vaccine is necessary for the complete fight against the influenza virus. By statistically analyzing cases related to influenza virus infection and death in China in recent years, this paper describes the existing marketed vaccines, vaccine distribution and vaccination in China and summarizes the candidate immunogens designed based on the structure of influenza virus, hoping to provide ideas for the design and development of new influenza vaccines in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Longding Liu
- Key Laboratory of Systemic Innovative Research on Virus Vaccine, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China
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8
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Wang WC, Sayedahmed EE, Sambhara S, Mittal SK. Progress towards the Development of a Universal Influenza Vaccine. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081684. [PMID: 36016306 PMCID: PMC9415875 DOI: 10.3390/v14081684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses are responsible for millions of cases globally and significantly threaten public health. Since pandemic and zoonotic influenza viruses have emerged in the last 20 years and some of the viruses have resulted in high mortality in humans, a universal influenza vaccine is needed to provide comprehensive protection against a wide range of influenza viruses. Current seasonal influenza vaccines provide strain-specific protection and are less effective against mismatched strains. The rapid antigenic drift and shift in influenza viruses resulted in time-consuming surveillance and uncertainty in the vaccine protection efficacy. Most recent universal influenza vaccine studies target the conserved antigen domains of the viral surface glycoproteins and internal proteins to provide broader protection. Following the development of advanced vaccine technologies, several innovative strategies and vaccine platforms are being explored to generate robust cross-protective immunity. This review provides the latest progress in the development of universal influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chien Wang
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue Institute for Immunology, Inflammation and Infectious Disease, and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (W.-C.W.); (E.E.S.)
| | - Ekramy E. Sayedahmed
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue Institute for Immunology, Inflammation and Infectious Disease, and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (W.-C.W.); (E.E.S.)
| | - Suryaprakash Sambhara
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (S.K.M.)
| | - Suresh K. Mittal
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue Institute for Immunology, Inflammation and Infectious Disease, and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (W.-C.W.); (E.E.S.)
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (S.K.M.)
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9
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Qiao Y, Zhang Y, Chen J, Jin S, Shan Y. A biepitope, adjuvant-free, self-assembled influenza nanovaccine provides cross-protection against H3N2 and H1N1 viruses in mice. NANO RESEARCH 2022; 15:8304-8314. [PMID: 35911479 PMCID: PMC9325945 DOI: 10.1007/s12274-022-4482-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Currently, the incorporation of multiple epitopes into vaccines is more desirable than the incorporation of a single antigen for universal influenza vaccine development. However, epitopes induce poor immune responses. Although the use of adjuvants can overcome this obstacle, it may raise new problems. Effective antigen delivery vehicles that can function as both antigen carriers and intrinsic adjuvants are highly desired for vaccine development. Here, we report a biepitope nanovaccine that provides complete protection in mice against H3N2 virus as well as partial protection against H1N1 virus. This vaccine (3MCD-f) consists of two conserved epitopes (matrix protein 2 ectodomain (M2e) and CDhelix), and these epitopes were presented on the surface of ferritin in a sequential tandem format. Subcutaneous immunization with 3MCD-f in the absence of adjuvant induces robust humoral and cellular immune responses. These results provide a proof of concept for the 3MCD-f nanovaccine that might be an ideal candidate for future influenza pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbo Qiao
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012 China
| | - YaXin Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012 China
| | - Jie Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012 China
| | - Shenghui Jin
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012 China
| | - Yaming Shan
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012 China
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10
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Khanefard N, Sapavee S, Akeprathumchai S, Mekvichitsaeng P, Poomputsa K. Production of Neuraminidase Virus Like Particles by Stably Transformed Insect Cells: A Simple Process for NA-Based Influenza Vaccine Development. Mol Biotechnol 2022; 64:1409-1418. [PMID: 35704162 PMCID: PMC9198613 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-022-00519-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Neuraminidase (NA) is a second major surface protein of the influenza virus and has recently been suggested as a supplemental antigen to the major immunodominant hemagglutinin (HA) antigen in the influenza vaccine. NA is less affected by antigenic drift compared to the HA, induces strong anti-neuraminidase immune responses, and provides broader protection against many influenza strains. However, the NA amount in currently licensed influenza virus vaccines is much lower than that of HA, and not standardized. A platform to produce NA antigen, in the form of virus-like particles (VLPs), was thus developed, to facilitate supplementation of NA antigen in the influenza vaccine formula. Stably transformed Sf9 insect cells had been engineered to express the influenza A virus (H5N1) NA gene under a baculovirus OpMNPV IE2 promoter. Recombinant NA protein was synthesized and assembled into VLPs, in the intact cellular environment provided by insect cells. Approximately 150 µg/ml of NA-VLPs was obtained in the culture medium. Purification of the NA-VLPs was achieved by a sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation. The purified NA-VLPs effectively induced anti-NA antibodies with neuraminidase inhibition activities in mice. This work demonstrates a simple process to produce an immunocompetent NA-VLPs antigen, exclusively made of only neuraminidase, by insect cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najmeh Khanefard
- Biotechnology Program, School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (Bangkhunthian), Bangkok, 10150, Thailand
| | - Saithip Sapavee
- Biotechnology Program, School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (Bangkhunthian), Bangkok, 10150, Thailand
| | - Saengchai Akeprathumchai
- Biotechnology Program, School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (Bangkhunthian), Bangkok, 10150, Thailand
| | - Phenjun Mekvichitsaeng
- Pilot Plant Development and Training Institute, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (Bangkhunthian), Bangkok, 10150, Thailand
| | - Kanokwan Poomputsa
- Biotechnology Program, School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (Bangkhunthian), Bangkok, 10150, Thailand.
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11
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Flynn JA, Weber T, Cejas PJ, Cox KS, Touch S, Austin LA, Ou Y, Citron MP, Luo B, Gindy ME, Bahl K, Ciaramella G, Espeseth AS, Zhang L. Characterization of humoral and cell-mediated immunity induced by mRNA vaccines expressing influenza hemagglutinin stem and nucleoprotein in mice and nonhuman primates. Vaccine 2022; 40:4412-4423. [PMID: 35680500 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.03.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In response to immune pressure, influenza viruses evolve, producing drifted variants capable of escaping immune recognition. One strategy for inducing a broad-spectrum immune response capable of recognizing multiple antigenically diverse strains is to target conserved proteins or protein domains. To that end, we assessed the efficacy and immunogenicity of mRNA vaccines encoding either the conserved stem domain of a group 1 hemagglutinin (HA), a group 2 nucleoprotein (NP), or a combination of the two antigens in mice, as well as evaluated immunogenicity in naïve and influenza seropositive nonhuman primates (NHPs). HA stem-immunized animals developed a robust anti-stem antibody binding titer, and serum antibodies recognized antigenically distinct group 1 HA proteins. These antibodies showed little to no neutralizing activity in vitro but were active in an assay measuring induction of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. HA-directed cell-mediated immunity was weak following HA stem mRNA vaccination; however, robust CD4 and CD8 T cell responses were detected in both mice and NHPs after immunization with mRNA vaccines encoding NP. Both HA stem and NP mRNA vaccines partially protected mice from morbidity following lethal influenza virus challenge, and superior efficacy against two different H1N1 strains was observed when the antigens were combined. In vivo T cell depletion suggested that anti-NP cell-mediated immunity contributed to protection in the mouse model. Taken together, these data show that mRNA vaccines encoding conserved influenza antigens, like HA stem and NP in combination, induce broadly reactive humoral responses as well as cell-mediated immunity in mice and NHPs, providing protection against homologous and heterologous influenza infection in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yangsi Ou
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | | | - Bin Luo
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Lan Zhang
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA.
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12
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Sadeghsoltani F, Mohammadzadeh I, Safari MM, Hassanpour P, Izadpanah M, Qujeq D, Moein S, Vaghari-Tabari M. Zinc and Respiratory Viral Infections: Important Trace Element in Anti-viral Response and Immune Regulation. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:2556-2571. [PMID: 34368933 PMCID: PMC8349606 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-02859-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Influenza viruses, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and SARS-COV2 are among the most dangerous respiratory viruses. Zinc is one of the essential micronutrients and is very important in the immune system. The aim of this narrative review is to review the most interesting findings about the importance of zinc in the anti-viral immune response in the respiratory tract and defense against influenza, RSV, and SARS-COV2 infections. The most interesting findings on the role of zinc in regulating immunity in the respiratory tract and the relationship between zinc and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are reviewed, as well. Besides, current findings regarding the relationship between zinc and the effectiveness of respiratory viruses' vaccines are reviewed. The results of reviewed studies have shown that zinc and some zinc-dependent proteins are involved in anti-viral defense and immune regulation in the respiratory tract. It seems that zinc can reduce the viral titer following influenza infection. Zinc may reduce RSV burden in the lungs. Zinc can be effective in reducing the duration of viral pneumonia symptoms. Zinc may enhance the effectiveness of hydroxychloroquine in reducing mortality rate in COVID-19 patients. Besides, zinc has a positive effect in preventing ARDS and ventilator-induced lung damage. The relationship between zinc levels and the effectiveness of respiratory viruses' vaccines, especially influenza vaccines, is still unclear, and the findings are somewhat contradictory. In conclusion, zinc has anti-viral properties and is important in defending against respiratory viral infections and regulating the immune response in the respiratory tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Sadeghsoltani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Daneshgah Street, P.O. Box 51666-14711, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Iraj Mohammadzadeh
- Non-Communicable Pediatric Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Mir-Meghdad Safari
- Virtual School of Medical Education and Management, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa Hassanpour
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Daneshgah Street, P.O. Box 51666-14711, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Melika Izadpanah
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Durdi Qujeq
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center (CMBRC), Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Soheila Moein
- Medicinal Plants Processing Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mostafa Vaghari-Tabari
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Daneshgah Street, P.O. Box 51666-14711, Tabriz, Iran.
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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13
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Dhakal S, Deshpande S, McMahon M, Strohmeier S, Krammer F, Klein SL. Female-biased effects of aging on a chimeric hemagglutinin stalk-based universal influenza virus vaccine in mice. Vaccine 2022; 40:1624-1633. [PMID: 33293159 PMCID: PMC8178415 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To determine if biological sex and age intersect to affect universal influenza vaccine-induced immunity, adult and aged male and female C57BL/6 mice were sequentially immunized with a chimeric-hemagglutinin (cHA) stalk-based H1 vaccine. Adult mice developed greater quantity and quality of H1-stalk antibodies, that were more cross-reactive with other group 1, but not group 2, influenza viruses, than aged mice. The vaccine did not induce neutralizing or hemagglutination inhibition antibodies, but rather antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, which was greater in adult than aged mice. Vaccinated adult mice were better protected than aged mice after challenge with 2009 H1N1 virus, experiencing less morbidity and having lower pulmonary virus titers. The age-associated decline in immunity and protection was consistently greater among females than males, with the reduction in immunity and protection for aged as compared with adult females often being the sole comparison driving the overall age-associated significant differences. The age-associated reduction in stalk-based immunity in females was not, however, associated with changes in estradiol. To determine if the better antibodies in adults could be utilized to protect aged mice, serum was passively transferred from vaccinated adult mice into naïve sex-matched aged mice. Even with transferred serum from young adult mice, aged females still suffered greater morbidity than aged males. These data suggest there are sex-dependent effects of aging on cHA-based universal influenza virus vaccine-induced immunity that cannot be reversed through transfer of serum from young animals. The lack of consideration of sex-specific effects of aging on immunity could hinder efforts toward universal vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Dhakal
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Sharvari Deshpande
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Meagan McMahon
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Shirin Strohmeier
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Sabra L Klein
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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14
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Dong C, Wang BZ. Engineered Nanoparticulate Vaccines to Combat Recurring and Pandemic Influenza Threats. ADVANCED NANOBIOMED RESEARCH 2022; 2:2100122. [PMID: 35754779 PMCID: PMC9231845 DOI: 10.1002/anbr.202100122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Reoccurring seasonal flu epidemics and occasional pandemics are among the most severe threats to public health. Current seasonal influenza vaccines provide limited protection against drifted circulating strains and no protection against influenza pandemics. Next-generation influenza vaccines, designated as universal influenza vaccines, should be safe, affordable, and elicit long-lasting cross-protective influenza immunity. Nanotechnology plays a critical role in the development of such novel vaccines. Engineered nanoparticles can incorporate multiple advantageous properties into the same nanoparticulate platforms to improve vaccine potency and breadth. These immunological properties include virus-like biomimicry, high antigen-load, controlled antigen release, targeted delivery, and induction of innate signaling pathways. Many nanoparticle influenza vaccines have shown promising results in generating potent and broadly protective immune responses. This review will summarize the necessity and characteristics of next-generation influenza vaccines and the immunological correlates of broad influenza immunity and focus on how cutting-edge nanoparticle technology contributes to such vaccine development. The review will give new insights into the rational design of nanoparticle universal vaccines to combat influenza epidemics and pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhong Dong
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Georgia State University Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA
| | - Bao-Zhong Wang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Georgia State University Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA
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15
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Qiao Y, Li S, Jin S, Pan Y, Shi Y, Kong W, Shan Y. A self-assembling nanoparticle vaccine targeting the conserved epitope of influenza virus hemagglutinin stem elicits a cross-protective immune response. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:3250-3260. [PMID: 35157751 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr08460g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Various vaccine strategies have been developed to provide broad protection against diverse influenza viruses. The hemagglutinin (HA) stem is the major potential target of these vaccines. Enhancing immunogenicity and eliciting cross-protective immune responses are critical for HA stem-based vaccine designs. In this study, the A helix (Ah) and CD helix (CDh) from the HA stem were fused with ferritin, individually, or in tandem, yielding Ah-f, CDh-f and (A + CD)h-f nanoparticles (NPs), respectively. These NPs were produced through a prokaryotic expression system. After three immunizations with AS03-adjuvanted NPs in BALB/c mice via the subcutaneous route, CDh-f and (A + CD)h-f induced robust humoral and cellular immune responses. Furthermore, CDh-f and (A + CD)h-f conferred complete protection against a lethal challenge of H3N2 virus, while no remarkable immune responses and protective effects were detected in the Ah-f group. These results indicate that the CDh-based nanovaccine represents a promising vaccine platform against influenza, and the epitope-conjugated ferritin NPs may be a potential vaccine platform against other infectious viruses, such as SARS-COV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbo Qiao
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China.
| | - Shuang Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China.
| | - Shenghui Jin
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China.
| | - Yi Pan
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China.
| | - Yuhua Shi
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China.
| | - Wei Kong
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China.
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Yaming Shan
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China.
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
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16
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Influenza Vaccine: An Engineering Vision from Virological Importance to Production. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2022; 27:714-738. [PMID: 36313971 PMCID: PMC9589582 DOI: 10.1007/s12257-022-0115-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
According to data from the World Health Organization (WHO) every year, millions of people are affected by flu. Flu is a disease caused by influenza viruses. For preventing this, seasonal influenza vaccinations are widely considered the most efficient way to protect against the negative effects of the flu. To date, there is no "one-size-fits-all" vaccine that can be effective all over the world to protect against all seasonal or pandemic influenza virus types. Because influenza virus transforms its genetic structure and it can emerges as immunogenically new (antigenic drift) which causes epidemics or new virus subtype (antigenic shift) which causes pandemics. As a result, annual revaccination or new subtype viral vaccine development is required. Currently, three types of vaccines (inactivated, live attenuated, and recombinant) are approved in different countries. These can be named "conventional influenza vaccines" and their production are based on eggs or cell culture. Although, there is good effort to develop new influenza vaccines for broader and longer period of time protection. In this sense these candidate vaccines are called "universal influenza vaccines". In this article, after we mentioned the short history of flu then virus morphology and infection, we explained the diseases caused by the influenza virus in humans. Afterward, we explained in detail the production methods of available influenza vaccines, types of bioreactors used in cell culture based production, conventional and new vaccine types, and development strategies for better vaccines.
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Pelz L, Rüdiger D, Dogra T, Alnaji FG, Genzel Y, Brooke CB, Kupke SY, Reichl U. Semi-continuous Propagation of Influenza A Virus and Its Defective Interfering Particles: Analyzing the Dynamic Competition To Select Candidates for Antiviral Therapy. J Virol 2021; 95:e0117421. [PMID: 34550771 PMCID: PMC8610589 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01174-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Defective interfering particles (DIPs) of influenza A virus (IAV) are naturally occurring mutants that have an internal deletion in one of their eight viral RNA (vRNA) segments, rendering them propagation-incompetent. Upon coinfection with infectious standard virus (STV), DIPs interfere with STV replication through competitive inhibition. Thus, DIPs are proposed as potent antivirals for treatment of the influenza disease. To select corresponding candidates, we studied de novo generation of DIPs and propagation competition between different defective interfering (DI) vRNAs in an STV coinfection scenario in cell culture. A small-scale two-stage cultivation system that allows long-term semi-continuous propagation of IAV and its DIPs was used. Strong periodic oscillations in virus titers were observed due to the dynamic interaction of DIPs and STVs. Using next-generation sequencing, we detected a predominant formation and accumulation of DI vRNAs on the polymerase-encoding segments. Short DI vRNAs accumulated to higher fractions than longer ones, indicating a replication advantage, yet an optimum fragment length was observed. Some DI vRNAs showed breaking points in a specific part of their bundling signal (belonging to the packaging signal), suggesting its dispensability for DI vRNA propagation. Over a total cultivation time of 21 days, several individual DI vRNAs accumulated to high fractions, while others decreased. Using reverse genetics for IAV, purely clonal DIPs derived from highly replicating DI vRNAs were generated. We confirm that these DIPs exhibit a superior in vitro interfering efficacy compared to DIPs derived from lowly accumulated DI vRNAs and suggest promising candidates for efficacious antiviral treatment. IMPORTANCE Defective interfering particles (DIPs) emerge naturally during viral infection and typically show an internal deletion in the viral genome. Thus, DIPs are propagation-incompetent. Previous research suggests DIPs as potent antiviral compounds for many different virus families due to their ability to interfere with virus replication by competitive inhibition. For instance, the administration of influenza A virus (IAV) DIPs resulted in a rescue of mice from an otherwise lethal IAV dose. Moreover, no apparent toxic effects were observed when only DIPs were administered to mice and ferrets. IAV DIPs show antiviral activity against many different IAV strains, including pandemic and highly pathogenic avian strains, and even against nonhomologous viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2, by stimulation of innate immunity. Here, we used a cultivation/infection system, which exerted selection pressure toward accumulation of highly competitive IAV DIPs. These DIPs showed a superior interfering efficacy in vitro, and we suggest them for effective antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Pelz
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Bioprocess Engineering, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Rüdiger
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Bioprocess Engineering, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Tanya Dogra
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Bioprocess Engineering, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Fadi G. Alnaji
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Microbiology, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Yvonne Genzel
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Bioprocess Engineering, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Christopher B. Brooke
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Microbiology, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Sascha Y. Kupke
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Bioprocess Engineering, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Udo Reichl
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Bioprocess Engineering, Magdeburg, Germany
- Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Bioprocess Engineering, Magdeburg, Germany
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18
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Deng X, Wang Q, Liu M, Zheng Q, Wu F, Huang J. Tetrameric Neuraminidase of Influenza A Virus Is Required to Induce Protective Antibody Responses in Mice. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:729914. [PMID: 34671330 PMCID: PMC8521146 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.729914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza neuraminidase (NA) is able to induce cross-subtype immunity and is considered as a promising target for the development of universal influenza vaccines. However, commercial influenza vaccines only induced low NA-specific immune responses due to the low amounts and the denatured conformation of NA proteins in current inactivated or split influenza vaccines. Here we investigated the protective efficacy of recombinant tetrameric and monomeric NA proteins to determine whether the conformation contributed to induce protective immunity. We found that H1N1PR8NA tetramer (NAtet) could provide complete homologous protection against A/PR8 (H1N1) virus infection in mice, while the protection of H1N1PR8NA monomer (NAmono) was moderate. Higher levels of NA-reactive binding and inhibition antibodies and less weight loss were observed in the H1N1PR8NAtet-vaccinated group. Similarly, H5N1VNNAtet immunization exhibited a preferable heterologous protection than H5N1VNNAmono, but neither H7N9SHNAtet nor H7N9SHNAmono vaccination showed heterosubtypic protection. We also compared the effect of three adjuvants, aluminum, 3′3′-cGAMP (cGAMP), and Poly(I:C), on the humoral response and protective efficacy induced by H1N1PR8NAtet. H1N1PR8NAtet protein adjuvanted with aluminum was observed to exhibited better capacity in inducing NA-specific humoral immunity and preventing weight loss than with cGAMP or Poly(I:C). In conclusion, our data demonstrate that tetrameric NA with natural conformation is required to induce protective anti-NA immunity. The NA tetramer could provide homologous protection and subtype-specific cross-protection. In addition, the aluminum adjuvant is preferable in recombinant NA protein vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiren Deng
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qimin Wang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mei Liu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qinwen Zheng
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan Wu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinghe Huang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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19
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Deinhardt-Emmer S, Jäckel L, Häring C, Böttcher S, Wilden JJ, Glück B, Heller R, Schmidtke M, Koch M, Löffler B, Ludwig S, Ehrhardt C. Inhibition of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase by Pictilisib Blocks Influenza Virus Propagation in Cells and in Lungs of Infected Mice. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11060808. [PMID: 34072389 PMCID: PMC8228449 DOI: 10.3390/biom11060808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus (IV) infections are considered to cause severe diseases of the respiratory tract. Beyond mild symptoms, the infection can lead to respiratory distress syndrome and multiple organ failure. Occurrence of resistant seasonal and pandemic strains against the currently licensed antiviral medications points to the urgent need for new and amply available anti-influenza drugs. Interestingly, the virus-supportive function of the cellular phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) suggests that this signaling module may be a potential target for antiviral intervention. In the sense of repurposing existing drugs for new indications, we used Pictilisib, a known PI3K inhibitor to investigate its effect on IV infection, in mono-cell-culture studies as well as in a human chip model. Our results indicate that Pictilisib is a potent inhibitor of IV propagation already at early stages of infection. In a murine model of IV pneumonia, the in vitro key findings were verified, showing reduced viral titers as well as inflammatory response in the lung after delivery of Pictilisib. Our data identified Pictilisib as a promising drug candidate for anti-IV therapies that warrant further studying. These results further led to the conclusion that the repurposing of previously approved substances represents a cost-effective and efficient way for development of novel antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Deinhardt-Emmer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, D-07747 Jena, Germany; (M.K.); (B.L.)
- Section of Experimental Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Jena University Hospital, Hans-Knoell-Str. 2, D-07745 Jena, Germany; (C.H.); (S.B.); (B.G.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence: (S.D.-E.); (C.E.); Tel.: +49-(0)3641-9393640 (S.D.-E.); +49-(0)3641-9395700 (C.E.)
| | - Laura Jäckel
- Institute of Virology Muenster, Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), Westfaelische Wilhelms-University, D-48149 Muenster, Germany; (L.J.); (J.J.W.); (S.L.)
| | - Clio Häring
- Section of Experimental Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Jena University Hospital, Hans-Knoell-Str. 2, D-07745 Jena, Germany; (C.H.); (S.B.); (B.G.); (M.S.)
| | - Sarah Böttcher
- Section of Experimental Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Jena University Hospital, Hans-Knoell-Str. 2, D-07745 Jena, Germany; (C.H.); (S.B.); (B.G.); (M.S.)
| | - Janine J. Wilden
- Institute of Virology Muenster, Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), Westfaelische Wilhelms-University, D-48149 Muenster, Germany; (L.J.); (J.J.W.); (S.L.)
| | - Brigitte Glück
- Section of Experimental Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Jena University Hospital, Hans-Knoell-Str. 2, D-07745 Jena, Germany; (C.H.); (S.B.); (B.G.); (M.S.)
| | - Regine Heller
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Jena University Hospital, Hans-Knoell-Str. 2, D-07745 Jena, Germany;
| | - Michaela Schmidtke
- Section of Experimental Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Jena University Hospital, Hans-Knoell-Str. 2, D-07745 Jena, Germany; (C.H.); (S.B.); (B.G.); (M.S.)
| | - Mirijam Koch
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, D-07747 Jena, Germany; (M.K.); (B.L.)
| | - Bettina Löffler
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, D-07747 Jena, Germany; (M.K.); (B.L.)
| | - Stephan Ludwig
- Institute of Virology Muenster, Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), Westfaelische Wilhelms-University, D-48149 Muenster, Germany; (L.J.); (J.J.W.); (S.L.)
| | - Christina Ehrhardt
- Section of Experimental Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Jena University Hospital, Hans-Knoell-Str. 2, D-07745 Jena, Germany; (C.H.); (S.B.); (B.G.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence: (S.D.-E.); (C.E.); Tel.: +49-(0)3641-9393640 (S.D.-E.); +49-(0)3641-9395700 (C.E.)
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20
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Quartuccio L, Zabotti A, Gallo T, De Vita S, Valent F. Influenza vaccination in chronic inflammatory arthritis undergoing immunosuppressive treatments: temporal trend and factors of adherence. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2021; 60:2456-2460. [PMID: 33083815 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keaa454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To verify the level of adherence to the influenza vaccination program in a population of patients suffering from RA, PsA or AS undergoing immunosuppressive treatment. METHODS Administrative databases from the Regional Health Information System of Friuli Venezia Giulia (FVG), Italy, were used. Subjects were residents in FVG, suffered from chronic inflammatory arthritis and had at least one prescription for a DMARD in the 9 months before the start of the vaccination season (from 1 October to 31 December). The observation ranged from 2006 to 2018. Logistic regression was used to assess the association between vaccination and the patient's characteristics in the 2018-2019 influenza season. RESULTS Overall, vaccination adherence decreased from the highest value of 35.7% (662/1853) in 2006 to the lowest value of 25.3% (926/3663) in 2014; in people ≥65 years of age it also decreased over time from 61.6% (577/936) in 2008 to 43.9% (701/1595) in the 2014. By logistic analysis on the 2018-2019 season, which included 4460 patients, older subjects were more likely to be vaccinated [people 65-74 years, odds ratio (OR) 4.58 (95% CI 3.72, 5.64); people 75-84 years, OR 6.47 (95% CI 5.04, 8.32); both vs <65] as were those with diabetes [OR 1.66 (95% CI 1.05, 2.64)]. Treatment with a biologic agent alone [OR 0.64 (95% CI 0.52, 0.80)] and RA diagnosis [OR 0.69 (95% CI 0.51, 0.93)] were associated with lower adherence. CONCLUSION Influenza vaccination adherence is alarmingly low in a population at higher risk of infectious complications, in particular in elderly patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Quartuccio
- Clinic of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Academic Hospital "Santa Maria della Misericordia", Azienda sanitaria universitaria Friuli Centrale, University of Udine
| | - Alen Zabotti
- Clinic of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Academic Hospital "Santa Maria della Misericordia", Azienda sanitaria universitaria Friuli Centrale, University of Udine
| | - Tolinda Gallo
- Department of Prevention, Azienda sanitaria universitaria Friuli Centrale
| | - Salvatore De Vita
- Clinic of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Academic Hospital "Santa Maria della Misericordia", Azienda sanitaria universitaria Friuli Centrale, University of Udine
| | - Francesca Valent
- Institute of Epidemiology, Academic Hospital "Santa Maria della Misericordia", Azienda sanitaria universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy
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21
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Kim KH, Lee YT, Park Y, Ko EJ, Jung YJ, Kim YJ, Jo EK, Kang SM. BCG Cell Wall Skeleton As a Vaccine Adjuvant Protects Both Infant and Old-Aged Mice from Influenza Virus Infection. Biomedicines 2021; 9:516. [PMID: 34063125 PMCID: PMC8148143 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9050516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) and the cell wall skeleton (CWS) derived from BCG are known to enhance nonspecific immune activation and anti-cancer immunity; however, their roles as a vaccine adjuvant are largely unknown. Here, we report that BCG-CWS acts as a strong immune adjuvant by promoting the protective immune responses in mouse models with influenza vaccination. The different aged mice immunized with inactivated split vaccine with or without BCG-CWS were challenged with an influenza pandemic virus. When protective immune responses were compared, even a single immunization of adult mice with a BCG-CWS-adjuvanted vaccine showed significantly enhanced humoral immune responses with increased IgG1 and IgG2a isotype antibodies. Importantly, the protective effects by the BCG-CWS adjuvant for influenza vaccination upon humoral and cellular immunogenicity were comparable between infants (6 days and 2 weeks old) and aged (20 months old) mice. Moreover, BCG-CWS dramatically augmented vaccine-mediated protective responses, including decreased viral loads, lung damage, and airway resistance, as well as increased mouse survival, amelioration of weight loss, and proinflammatory cytokine expression in all experimental groups including infant, adults, and old aged mice. We further provided the evidence that the BCG-CWS adjuvant effects were mediated through Toll-like receptors (TLR) 2 and TLR4 signaling pathways. Together, these data suggest that BCG-CWS can be promising as a potential influenza vaccine adjuvant in both young and old aged population through TLR2/4-mediated immune-boosting activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Hye Kim
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA; (K.-H.K.); (Y.-T.L.); (Y.P.); (E.-J.K.); (Y.-J.J.); (Y.-J.K.)
| | - Young-Tae Lee
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA; (K.-H.K.); (Y.-T.L.); (Y.P.); (E.-J.K.); (Y.-J.J.); (Y.-J.K.)
| | - Yoonsuh Park
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA; (K.-H.K.); (Y.-T.L.); (Y.P.); (E.-J.K.); (Y.-J.J.); (Y.-J.K.)
| | - Eun-Ju Ko
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA; (K.-H.K.); (Y.-T.L.); (Y.P.); (E.-J.K.); (Y.-J.J.); (Y.-J.K.)
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced Convergence Technology and Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Jung
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA; (K.-H.K.); (Y.-T.L.); (Y.P.); (E.-J.K.); (Y.-J.J.); (Y.-J.K.)
| | - Yu-Jin Kim
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA; (K.-H.K.); (Y.-T.L.); (Y.P.); (E.-J.K.); (Y.-J.J.); (Y.-J.K.)
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Eun-Kyeong Jo
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Chungnam NationalUniversity, Munhwa-ro 266, Jungku, Daejeon 35015, Korea;
- Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Munhwa-ro 266, Jungku, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Sang-Moo Kang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA; (K.-H.K.); (Y.-T.L.); (Y.P.); (E.-J.K.); (Y.-J.J.); (Y.-J.K.)
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22
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Population Disequilibrium as Promoter of Adaptive Explorations in Hepatitis C Virus. Viruses 2021; 13:v13040616. [PMID: 33916702 PMCID: PMC8067247 DOI: 10.3390/v13040616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Replication of RNA viruses is characterized by exploration of sequence space which facilitates their adaptation to changing environments. It is generally accepted that such exploration takes place mainly in response to positive selection, and that further diversification is boosted by modifications of virus population size, particularly bottleneck events. Our recent results with hepatitis C virus (HCV) have shown that the expansion in sequence space of a viral clone continues despite prolonged replication in a stable cell culture environment. Diagnosis of the expansion was based on the quantification of diversity indices, the occurrence of intra-population mutational waves (variations in mutant frequencies), and greater individual residue variations in mutant spectra than those anticipated from sequence alignments in data banks. In the present report, we review our previous results, and show additionally that mutational waves in amplicons from the NS5A-NS5B-coding region are equally prominent during HCV passage in the absence or presence of the mutagenic nucleotide analogues favipiravir or ribavirin. In addition, by extending our previous analysis to amplicons of the NS3- and NS5A-coding region, we provide further evidence of the incongruence between amino acid conservation scores in mutant spectra from infected patients and in the Los Alamos National Laboratory HCV data banks. We hypothesize that these observations have as a common origin a permanent state of HCV population disequilibrium even upon extensive viral replication in the absence of external selective constraints or changes in population size. Such a persistent disequilibrium—revealed by the changing composition of the mutant spectrum—may facilitate finding alternative mutational pathways for HCV antiviral resistance. The possible significance of our model for other genetically variable viruses is discussed.
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23
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Aggregation by peptide conjugation rescues poor immunogenicity of the HA stem. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241649. [PMID: 33137148 PMCID: PMC7605677 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus infection is a global public health threat. Current seasonal influenza vaccines are efficacious only when vaccine strains are matched with circulating strains. There is a critical need for developing "universal" vaccines that protect against all influenza viruses. HA stem is a promising target for developing broad-spectrum influenza vaccines due to its relatively conserved feature. However, HA stem is weakly immunogenic when administered alone in a soluble form. Several approaches have been employed to improve the immunogenicity of HA stem, including conjugation of HA stem with a highly immunogenic carrier protein or displaying HA stem on a nanoparticle scaffold. Converting a weakly immunologic protein into a multimer through aggregation can significantly enhance its immunogenicity, with some multimeric protein aggregates previously shown to be more immunogenic than their soluble counterparts in animal models. Here, we show that a chemically coupling a peptide derived from the head domain of PR8 HA (P35) with the poorly immunogenic HA stem protein results in aggregation of the HA stem which significantly increases stem-specific B cell responses following vaccination. Importantly, vaccination with this conjugate in the absence of adjuvant still induced robust B cell responses against stem in vivo. Improving HA stem immunogenicity by aggregation provides an alternative avenue to conjugation with exotic carrier proteins or nanoparticle formulation.
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24
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García-Crespo C, Soria ME, Gallego I, de Ávila AI, Martínez-González B, Vázquez-Sirvent L, Gómez J, Briones C, Gregori J, Quer J, Perales C, Domingo E. Dissimilar Conservation Pattern in Hepatitis C Virus Mutant Spectra, Consensus Sequences, and Data Banks. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9113450. [PMID: 33121037 PMCID: PMC7692060 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9113450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The influence of quasispecies dynamics on long-term virus diversification in nature is a largely unexplored question. Specifically, whether intra-host nucleotide and amino acid variation in quasispecies fit the variation observed in consensus sequences or data bank alignments is unknown. Genome conservation and dynamics simulations are used for the computational design of universal vaccines, therapeutic antibodies and pan-genomic antiviral agents. The expectation is that selection of escape mutants will be limited when mutations at conserved residues are required. This strategy assumes long-term (epidemiologically relevant) conservation but, critically, does not consider short-term (quasispecies-dictated) residue conservation. We calculated mutant frequencies of individual loci from mutant spectra of hepatitis C virus (HCV) populations passaged in cell culture and from infected patients. Nucleotide or amino acid conservation in consensus sequences of the same populations, or in the Los Alamos HCV data bank did not match residue conservation in mutant spectra. The results relativize the concept of sequence conservation in viral genetics and suggest that residue invariance in data banks is an insufficient basis for the design of universal viral ligands for clinical purposes. Our calculations suggest relaxed mutational restrictions during quasispecies dynamics, which may contribute to higher calculated short-term than long-term viral evolutionary rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos García-Crespo
- Department of Interactions with the environment, Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (CSIC-UAM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (C.G.-C.); (M.E.S.); (I.G.); (A.I.d.Á.); (B.M.-G.); (L.V.-S.)
| | - María Eugenia Soria
- Department of Interactions with the environment, Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (CSIC-UAM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (C.G.-C.); (M.E.S.); (I.G.); (A.I.d.Á.); (B.M.-G.); (L.V.-S.)
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, UAM. Av. Reyes Católicos 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Gallego
- Department of Interactions with the environment, Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (CSIC-UAM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (C.G.-C.); (M.E.S.); (I.G.); (A.I.d.Á.); (B.M.-G.); (L.V.-S.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd) del Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (J.G.); (C.B.); (J.G.); (J.Q.)
| | - Ana Isabel de Ávila
- Department of Interactions with the environment, Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (CSIC-UAM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (C.G.-C.); (M.E.S.); (I.G.); (A.I.d.Á.); (B.M.-G.); (L.V.-S.)
| | - Brenda Martínez-González
- Department of Interactions with the environment, Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (CSIC-UAM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (C.G.-C.); (M.E.S.); (I.G.); (A.I.d.Á.); (B.M.-G.); (L.V.-S.)
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, UAM. Av. Reyes Católicos 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucía Vázquez-Sirvent
- Department of Interactions with the environment, Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (CSIC-UAM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (C.G.-C.); (M.E.S.); (I.G.); (A.I.d.Á.); (B.M.-G.); (L.V.-S.)
| | - Jordi Gómez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd) del Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (J.G.); (C.B.); (J.G.); (J.Q.)
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina ‘López-Neyra’ (CSIC), Parque Tecnológico Ciencias de la Salud, Armilla, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Carlos Briones
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd) del Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (J.G.); (C.B.); (J.G.); (J.Q.)
- Department of Molecular Evolution, Centro de Astrobiología (CAB, CSIC-INTA), Torrejón de Ardoz, 28850 Madrid, Spain
| | - Josep Gregori
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd) del Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (J.G.); (C.B.); (J.G.); (J.Q.)
- Liver Unit, Liver Diseases—Viral Hepatitis, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Roche Diagnostics, S.L., Sant Cugat del Vallés, 08174 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Quer
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd) del Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (J.G.); (C.B.); (J.G.); (J.Q.)
- Liver Unit, Liver Diseases—Viral Hepatitis, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Celia Perales
- Department of Interactions with the environment, Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (CSIC-UAM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (C.G.-C.); (M.E.S.); (I.G.); (A.I.d.Á.); (B.M.-G.); (L.V.-S.)
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, UAM. Av. Reyes Católicos 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd) del Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (J.G.); (C.B.); (J.G.); (J.Q.)
- Correspondence: or (C.P.); (E.D.)
| | - Esteban Domingo
- Department of Interactions with the environment, Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (CSIC-UAM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (C.G.-C.); (M.E.S.); (I.G.); (A.I.d.Á.); (B.M.-G.); (L.V.-S.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd) del Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (J.G.); (C.B.); (J.G.); (J.Q.)
- Correspondence: or (C.P.); (E.D.)
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25
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Tannig P, Peter AS, Lapuente D, Klessing S, Schmidt A, Damm D, Tenbusch M, Überla K, Temchura V. Genetic Co-Administration of Soluble PD-1 Ectodomains Modifies Immune Responses against Influenza A Virus Induced by DNA Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040570. [PMID: 33019546 PMCID: PMC7712647 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the low efficacy and the need for seasonal adaptation of currently licensed influenza A vaccines, the importance of alternative vaccination strategies is increasingly recognized. Considering that DNA vaccines can be rapidly manufactured and readily adapted with novel antigen sequences, genetic vaccination is a promising immunization platform. However, the applicability of different genetic adjuvants to this approach still represents a complex challenge. Immune checkpoints are a class of molecules involved in adaptive immune responses and germinal center reactions. In this study, we immunized mice by intramuscular electroporation with a DNA-vaccine encoding hemagglutinin (HA) and nucleoprotein (NP) of the influenza A virus. The DNA-vaccine was applied either alone or in combination with genetic adjuvants encoding the soluble ectodomains of programmed cell death protein-1 (sPD-1) or its ligand (sPD-L1). Co-administration of genetic checkpoint adjuvants did not significantly alter immune responses against NP. In contrast, sPD-1 co-electroporation elevated HA-specific CD4+ T cell responses, decreased regulatory CD4+ T cell pools, and modulated the IgG2a-biased HA antibody pattern towards an isotype-balanced IgG response with a trend to higher influenza neutralization in vitro. Taken together, our data demonstrate that a genetic DNA-adjuvant encoding soluble ectodomains of sPD-1 was able to modulate immune responses induced by a co-administered influenza DNA vaccine.
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26
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Gupta A, Karki R, Dandu HR, Dhama K, Bhatt ML, Saxena SK. COVID-19: benefits and risks of passive immunotherapeutics. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2020; 16:2963-2972. [PMID: 32962524 PMCID: PMC7544960 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1808410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Passive immunotherapeutics (PITs), including convalescent plasma, serum, or hyperimmune immunoglobulin, have been of clinical importance during sudden outbreaks since the early twentieth century for the treatment of viral diseases such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), middle east respiratory syndrome (MERS) and swine flu (H1N1). With the recent SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, wherein effective antivirals and vaccines are still lacking, an interest in convalescent plasma therapy as a lifesaving option has resurfaced due to its capacity for antigenic neutralization and reducing viremia. This review summarizes convalescent blood products (CBPs) in terms of current technologies and the shortcomings related to the collection, manufacture, pathogen inactivation, and banking of CBPs, with a specific focus on their plausible applications, benefits, and risks in the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Gupta
- Ceutica & Chemie Healthcare Pvt. Ltd ., Bangalore, India
| | - Rashmi Karki
- Ceutica & Chemie Healthcare Pvt. Ltd ., Bangalore, India
| | - Himanshu R Dandu
- Department of Internal Medicine, King George's Medical University , Lucknow, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) , Bareilly, India
| | - Madan Lb Bhatt
- Department of Centre for Advanced Research (CFAR), Faculty of Medicine, King George's Medical University (KGMU) , Lucknow, India
| | - Shailendra K Saxena
- Department of Centre for Advanced Research (CFAR), Faculty of Medicine, King George's Medical University (KGMU) , Lucknow, India
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27
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Stambas J, Lu C, Tripp RA. Innate and adaptive immune responses in respiratory virus infection: implications for the clinic. Expert Rev Respir Med 2020; 14:1141-1147. [PMID: 32762572 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2020.1807945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The innate immune response is the first line of defense and consists of physical, chemical and cellular defenses. The adaptive immune response is the second line of defense and is pathogen-specific. Innate immunity occurs immediately while adaptive immunity develops upon pathogen exposure, and is long-lasting, highly specific, and sustained by memory T cells. Respiratory virus infection typically induces effective immunity but over-exuberant responses are associated with pathophysiology. Cytokines expressed in response to viral infection can enhance biological responses, activate, and trigger signaling pathways leading to adaptive immunity Vaccines induce immunity, specifically B and T cell responses. Vaccination is generally efficacious, but for many viruses, our understanding of vaccination strategies and immunity is incomplete or in its infancy. Studies that examine innate and adaptive immune responses to respiratory virus infection will aid vaccine development and may reduce the burden of respiratory viral disease. AREAS COVERED A literature search was performed using PubMed. The search covered: innate, adaptive, respiratory virus, vaccine development, B cell, and T cell. EXPERT OPINION Immunity rests on two pillars, i.e. the innate and adaptive immune system, which function together on different tasks to maintain homeostasis. a better understanding of immunity is necessary for disease prevention and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Stambas
- School of Medicine, Deakin University , Melbourne, Australia
| | - Chunni Lu
- School of Medicine, Deakin University , Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ralph A Tripp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia , Athens, GA, USA
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28
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Focosi D, Anderson AO, Tang JW, Tuccori M. Convalescent Plasma Therapy for COVID-19: State of the Art. Clin Microbiol Rev 2020; 33:e00072-20. [PMID: 32792417 PMCID: PMC7430293 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00072-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Convalescent plasma (CP) therapy has been used since the early 1900s to treat emerging infectious diseases; its efficacy was later associated with the evidence that polyclonal neutralizing antibodies can reduce the duration of viremia. Recent large outbreaks of viral diseases for which effective antivirals or vaccines are still lacking has renewed the interest in CP as a life-saving treatment. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has led to the scaling up of CP therapy to unprecedented levels. Compared with historical usage, pathogen reduction technologies have now added an extra layer of safety to the use of CP, and new manufacturing approaches are being explored. This review summarizes historical settings of application, with a focus on betacoronaviruses, and surveys current approaches for donor selection and CP collection, pooling technologies, pathogen inactivation systems, and banking of CP. We additionally list the ongoing registered clinical trials for CP throughout the world and discuss the trial results published thus far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Focosi
- North-Western Tuscany Blood Bank, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Arthur O Anderson
- Department of Respiratory Mucosal Immunity, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Julian W Tang
- Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Tuccori
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Unit of Adverse Drug Reaction Monitoring, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
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29
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A brief outline of respiratory viral disease outbreaks: 1889-till date on the public health perspectives. Virusdisease 2020; 31:441-449. [PMID: 32905186 PMCID: PMC7466926 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-020-00628-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is currently causing the respiratory illness termed as the coronavirus disease 2019 or the COVID-19 pandemic. Indeed, the significant increase in deaths in the current days due to influenza around the world started in 1889 is a continued public health threat because of its intermittent style of pandemic outbreaks. An array of research on the influenza viruses has been conducted especially pointing on (1) the development of the anti-viral drugs and the design of probable vaccines on trial basis, (2) the biochemical and genetic aspects underlying the viral pathogenicity, (3) the viral epidemiology, and on (4) the protective immunity against the influenza viruses. Current review briefly discussed the epidemic/ pandemic history of influenza and correlated with the current epidemiology, the possible preventive measures that may be taken by the public health professionals as well as to increase the protective awareness among the general people. The viral reassortments during the initiation of pandemics have also been focused based on the previous literatures.
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30
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Vangelista L, Secchi M. Prepare for the Future: Dissecting the Spike to Seek Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies and Universal Vaccine for Pandemic Coronaviruses. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:226. [PMID: 33033717 PMCID: PMC7490329 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Learning from the lengthy fight against HIV-1, influenza, and Ebola virus infection, broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs), directed at conserved regions of surface proteins crucial to virus entry (Env, hemagglutinin, and GP, respectively), are an essential resource for passive as well as active immunization. Rare in their emergence and antigen recognition mode, bnAbs are active toward a large set of different viral strains. Isolation, characterization and production of bnAbs lead to their possible use in passive immunotherapy and form the basis for an educated effort in the development of vaccines for universal coverage. SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies targeting the spike receptor binding domain (RBD) may lead to antibody dependent enhancement (ADE) of infection, possibly hampering the field of vaccine development. This perspective points to the identification of conserved regions in the spike of SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV through investigation, dissection and recombinant production of isolated moieties. These spike moieties should be capable of independent folding and allow the detection as well as the elicitation of bnAbs, thus setting the basis for an effective passive immunotherapy and the development of a universal vaccine against human epidemic coronaviruses (HCoVs). SARS, MERS and, most of all, COVID-19 demonstrate that humanity is the target of HCoV, preparedness for future hits is thus no longer an option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Vangelista
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nazarbayev University School of Medicine, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
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31
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Sims LD, Tripodi A, Swayne DE. Spotlight on avian pathology: can we reduce the pandemic threat of H9N2 avian influenza to human and avian health? Avian Pathol 2020; 49:529-531. [PMID: 32720513 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2020.1796139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 should be a "call to arms" for the poultry industry to reassess containment of the H9N2 subtype of low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses. Strains of this virus are a human pandemic threat and a severe economic burden on poultry production. Over the past 20 years they have spread throughout Asia, Africa, Middle East and parts of Europe. As a global industry, a critical need is to re-imagine production and marketing chains, especially in low and middle-income countries, where the structure of much of the industry facilitates virus transmission, especially, but not only, in improperly managed live poultry markets and related value chains. Better, appropriately matched vaccines are needed to support this process but such vaccines cannot, alone, overcome the existing defects in biosecurity, including high farm densities. None of this will occur unless the threat posed by this virus to global health security is recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie D Sims
- Asia Pacific Veterinary Information Services Pty. Ltd., Montmorency, Australia
| | | | - David E Swayne
- United States National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, USA
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32
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Herst CV, Burkholz S, Sidney J, Sette A, Harris PE, Massey S, Brasel T, Cunha-Neto E, Rosa DS, Chao WCH, Carback R, Hodge T, Wang L, Ciotlos S, Lloyd P, Rubsamen R. An effective CTL peptide vaccine for Ebola Zaire Based on Survivors' CD8+ targeting of a particular nucleocapsid protein epitope with potential implications for COVID-19 vaccine design. Vaccine 2020; 38:4464-4475. [PMID: 32418793 PMCID: PMC7186210 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The 2013-2016 West Africa EBOV epidemic was the biggest EBOV outbreak to date. An analysis of virus-specific CD8+ T-cell immunity in 30 survivors showed that 26 of those individuals had a CD8+ response to at least one EBOV protein. The dominant response (25/26 subjects) was specific to the EBOV nucleocapsid protein (NP). It has been suggested that epitopes on the EBOV NP could form an important part of an effective T-cell vaccine for Ebola Zaire. We show that a 9-amino-acid peptide NP44-52 (YQVNNLEEI) located in a conserved region of EBOV NP provides protection against morbidity and mortality after mouse adapted EBOV challenge. A single vaccination in a C57BL/6 mouse using an adjuvanted microsphere peptide vaccine formulation containing NP44-52 is enough to confer immunity in mice. Our work suggests that a peptide vaccine based on CD8+ T-cell immunity in EBOV survivors is conceptually sound and feasible. Nucleocapsid proteins within SARS-CoV-2 contain multiple Class I epitopes with predicted HLA restrictions consistent with broad population coverage. A similar approach to a CTL vaccine design may be possible for that virus.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- COVID-19
- COVID-19 Vaccines
- Coronavirus Infections/immunology
- Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drug Design
- Ebola Vaccines/chemistry
- Ebola Vaccines/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/chemistry
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/immunology
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/prevention & control
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Nucleocapsid Proteins/chemistry
- Nucleocapsid Proteins/immunology
- Pandemics/prevention & control
- Pneumonia, Viral/immunology
- Pneumonia, Viral/prevention & control
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Vaccines, Subunit/chemistry
- Vaccines, Subunit/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/chemistry
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- C V Herst
- Flow Pharma, Inc., 3451 Vincent Road, Pleasant Hill, CA 94523, United States
| | - S Burkholz
- Flow Pharma, Inc., 3451 Vincent Road, Pleasant Hill, CA 94523, United States
| | - J Sidney
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - A Sette
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - P E Harris
- Endocrinology Division, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - S Massey
- University of Texas, Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - T Brasel
- University of Texas, Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - E Cunha-Neto
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Allergy-LIM60, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil; Institute for Investigation in Immunology (iii) INCT, São Paulo, Brazil; Heart Institute (Incor), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - D S Rosa
- Institute for Investigation in Immunology (iii) INCT, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP/EPM), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - W C H Chao
- University of Macau, E12 Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - R Carback
- Flow Pharma, Inc., 3451 Vincent Road, Pleasant Hill, CA 94523, United States
| | - T Hodge
- Flow Pharma, Inc., 3451 Vincent Road, Pleasant Hill, CA 94523, United States
| | - L Wang
- Flow Pharma, Inc., 3451 Vincent Road, Pleasant Hill, CA 94523, United States
| | - S Ciotlos
- Flow Pharma, Inc., 3451 Vincent Road, Pleasant Hill, CA 94523, United States
| | - P Lloyd
- Flow Pharma, Inc., 3451 Vincent Road, Pleasant Hill, CA 94523, United States
| | - R Rubsamen
- Flow Pharma, Inc., 3451 Vincent Road, Pleasant Hill, CA 94523, United States; Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, 55 Fruit St, Boston, MA 02114, United States.
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