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Gamna F, Cochis A, Mojsoska B, Kumar A, Rimondini L, Spriano S. Nano-topography and functionalization with the synthetic peptoid GN2-Npm 9 as a strategy for antibacterial and biocompatible titanium implants. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24246. [PMID: 38293435 PMCID: PMC10825347 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have attracted great interest in scientific research, especially for biomedical applications such as drug delivery and orthopedic applications. Since they are readily degradable in the physiological environment, scientific research has recently been trying to make AMPs more stable. Peptoids are synthetic N-substituted glycine oligomers that mimic the structure of peptides. They have a structure that does not allow proteolytic degradation, which makes them more stable while maintaining microbial activity. This structure also brings many advantages to the molecule, such as greater diversity and specificity, making it more suitable for biological applications. For the first time, a synthesized peptoid (GN2-Npm9) was used to functionalize a nanometric chemically pre-treated (CT) titanium surface for bone-contact implant applications. A preliminary characterization of the functionalized surfaces was performed using the contact angle measurements and zeta potential titration curves. These preliminary analyses confirmed the presence of the peptoid and its adsorption on CT. The functionalized surface had a hydrophilic behaviour (contact angle = 30°) but the hydrophobic tryptophan-like residues were also exposed. An electrostatic interaction between the lysine residue of GN2-Npm9 and the surface allowed a chemisorption mechanism. The biological characterization of the CT_GN2-Nmp9 surfaces demonstrated the ability to prevent surface colonization and biofilm formation by the pathogens Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus epidermidis thus showing a broad-range activity. The cytocompatibility was confirmed by human mesenchymal stem cells. Finally, a bacteria-cells co-culture model was applied to demonstrate the selective bioactivity of the CT_GN2-Nmp9 surface that was able to preserve colonizing cells adhered to the device surface from bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Cochis
- Università del Piemonte Orientale UPO, Department of Health Sciences, Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases–CAAD, Novara, Italy
| | - Biljana Mojsoska
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Università del Piemonte Orientale UPO, Department of Health Sciences, Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases–CAAD, Novara, Italy
| | - Lia Rimondini
- Università del Piemonte Orientale UPO, Department of Health Sciences, Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases–CAAD, Novara, Italy
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2
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Wang X, Feng L, Li M, Dong W, Luo X, Shang D. Membrane-active and DNA binding related double-action antimycobacterial mechanism of antimicrobial peptide W3R6 and its synthetic analogs. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2023:130415. [PMID: 37336295 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2023.130415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of multidrug- or extremely drug-resistant M. tuberculosis strains has made very few drugs available for current tuberculosis treatment. Antimicrobial peptides can be employed as a promising alternative strategy for TB treatment. Here, we designed and synthesized a series of peptide sequences based on the structure-activity relationships of natural sequences of antimicrobial peptides. The peptide W3R6 and its analogs were screened and found to have potent antimycobacterial activity against M. smegmatis, and no hemolytic activity against human erythrocytes. The evidence from the mechanism of action study indicated that W3R6 and its analogs can interact with the mycobacterial membrane in a lytic manner and form pores on the outer membrane of M. smegmatis. Significant colocalization of D-W3R6 with mycobacterial DNA was observed by confocal laser scanning microscopy and DNA retardation assays, which suggested that the antimycobacterial mechanism of action of the peptide was associated with the unprotected genomic DNA of M. smegmatis. In general, W3R6 and its analogs act on not only the mycobacterial membrane but also the genomic DNA in the cytoplasm, which makes it difficult for mycobacteria to generate resistance due to the peptides having two targets. In addition, the peptides can effectively eliminate M. smegmatis cells from infected macrophages. Our findings indicated that the antimicrobial peptide W3R6 could be a novel lead compound to overcome the threat from drug-resistant M. tuberculosis strains in the development of potent AMPs for TB therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorui Wang
- School of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China
| | - Liubin Feng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Mengmiao Li
- School of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China
| | - Weibing Dong
- School of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China; Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China.
| | - Xueyue Luo
- School of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China
| | - Dejing Shang
- School of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China; Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China.
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Jacobo-Delgado YM, Rodríguez-Carlos A, Serrano CJ, Rivas-Santiago B. Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell-wall and antimicrobial peptides: a mission impossible? Front Immunol 2023; 14:1194923. [PMID: 37266428 PMCID: PMC10230078 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1194923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is one of the most important infectious agents worldwide and causes more than 1.5 million deaths annually. To make matters worse, the drug resistance among Mtb strains has risen substantially in the last few decades. Nowadays, it is not uncommon to find patients infected with Mtb strains that are virtually resistant to all antibiotics, which has led to the urgent search for new molecules and therapies. Over previous decades, several studies have demonstrated the efficiency of antimicrobial peptides to eliminate even multidrug-resistant bacteria, making them outstanding candidates to counterattack this growing health problem. Nevertheless, the complexity of the Mtb cell wall makes us wonder whether antimicrobial peptides can effectively kill this persistent Mycobacterium. In the present review, we explore the complexity of the Mtb cell wall and analyze the effectiveness of antimicrobial peptides to eliminate the bacilli.
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Nyembe PL, Ntombela T, Makatini MM. Review: Structure-Activity Relationship of Antimicrobial Peptoids. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051506. [PMID: 37242748 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to their broad-spectrum activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, natural antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and their synthetic analogs have emerged as prospective therapies for treating illnesses brought on by multi-drug resistant pathogens. To overcome the limitations of AMPs, such as protease degradation, oligo-N-substituted glycines (peptoids) are a promising alternative. Despite having the same backbone atom sequence as natural peptides, peptoid structures are more stable because, unlike AMP, their functional side chains are attached to the backbone nitrogen (N)-atom rather than the alpha carbon atom. As a result, peptoid structures are less susceptible to proteolysis and enzymatic degradation. The advantages of AMPs, such as hydrophobicity, cationic character, and amphipathicity, are mimicked by peptoids. Furthermore, structure-activity relationship studies (SAR) have shown that tuning the structure of peptoids is a crucial step in developing effective antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla L Nyembe
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
| | - Thandokuhle Ntombela
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
| | - Maya M Makatini
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
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5
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Pratt EJ, Mancera-Andrade EI, Bicker KL. Synthesis and Characterization of Derivatives of the Antifungal Peptoid RMG8-8. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:36663-36671. [PMID: 36278036 PMCID: PMC9583092 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cryptococcal meningitis, caused by the fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans, is a devastating disease with a mortality rate of over 80%. Due to the increasing prevalence of resistance to antifungals and the high mammalian toxicity of current treatments, the development of new antifungal therapies is vital. In an effort to improve the biological properties of a previously discovered antifungal peptoid, termed RMG8-8, an iterative structure-activity relationship study was conducted. This three-round study sought to optimize the structure of RMG8-8 by focusing on three main structural components: the lipophilic tail, aliphatic side chains, and aromatic side chains. In addition to antifungal testing against C. neoformans, cytotoxicity testing was also performed on all derivatives against human liver cells, and select promising compounds were tested for hemolytic activity against human red blood cells. A number of derivatives containing unique aliphatic or aromatic side chains had antifungal activity similar to RMG8-8 (MIC = 1.56 μg/mL), but all of these compounds were more toxic than RMG8-8. While no derivative was improved across all biological tests, modest improvements were made to the hemolytic activity with compound 9, containing isobutyl side chains in positions 2 and 5, compared to RMG8-8 (HC10 = 130 and 75 μg/mL, respectively). While this study did not yield a dramatically optimized RMG8-8 derivative, this result was not totally unexpected given the remarkable selectivity of this compound from discovery. Nonetheless, this study is an important step in the development of RMG8-8 as a viable antifungal therapeutic.
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Ratrey P, Datta B, Mishra A. Intracellular Bacterial Targeting by a Thiazolyl Benzenesulfonamide and Octaarginine Peptide Complex. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:3257-3268. [PMID: 35736131 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A brominated thiazolyl benzenesulfonamide (BTB) derivative is conjugated with the cell-penetrating peptide octaarginine (R8) in an effort to construct innovative antibacterial products. The noncovalent complex of BTB and R8 is characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, which indicates hydrogen bonding between the two constituents. Attachment of the peptide moiety renders aqueous solubility to the hydrophobic benzenesulfonamide drug and bestows bactericidal activity. Confocal imaging in conjunction with dye probes shows successful clearance of intracellular Staphylococcus aureus bacteria by the BTB-R8 complex. Scanning electron micrographs and studies with a set of fluorescent dyes suggest active disruption of the bacterial cell membrane by the BTB-R8 complex. In contrast, the complex of BTB with octalysine (K8) fails to cause membrane damage and displays a modest antibacterial effect. A complex of BTB with the water-soluble hydrophilic polymer poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) does not display any antibacterial effect, indicating the distinctive role of the cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) R8 in the cognate complex. The leakage of the encapsulated dye from giant unilamellar vesicles upon interaction with the BTB-R8 complex further highlights the membrane activity of the complex, which cannot be accomplished by bare sulfonamide alone. This work broadens the scope of use of CPPs with respect to eliciting antibacterial activity and potentially expands the limited arsenal of membrane-targeting antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Ratrey
- Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, India
- Department of Biological Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, India
| | - Bhaskar Datta
- Department of Biological Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, India
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, India
| | - Abhijit Mishra
- Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, India
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Svenson J, Molchanova N, Schroeder CI. Antimicrobial Peptide Mimics for Clinical Use: Does Size Matter? Front Immunol 2022; 13:915368. [PMID: 35720375 PMCID: PMC9204644 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.915368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for efficient antimicrobial therapies that can alleviate suffering caused by infections from resistant bacteria is more urgent than ever before. Infections caused by multi-resistant pathogens represent a significant and increasing burden to healthcare and society and researcher are investigating new classes of bioactive compounds to slow down this development. Antimicrobial peptides from the innate immune system represent one promising class that offers a potential solution to the antibiotic resistance problem due to their mode of action on the microbial membranes. However, challenges associated with pharmacokinetics, bioavailability and off-target toxicity are slowing down the advancement and use of innate defensive peptides. Improving the therapeutic properties of these peptides is a strategy for reducing the clinical limitations and synthetic mimics of antimicrobial peptides are emerging as a promising class of molecules for a variety of antimicrobial applications. These compounds can be made significantly shorter while maintaining, or even improving antimicrobial properties, and several downsized synthetic mimics are now in clinical development for a range of infectious diseases. A variety of strategies can be employed to prepare these small compounds and this review describes the different compounds developed to date by adhering to a minimum pharmacophore based on an amphiphilic balance between cationic charge and hydrophobicity. These compounds can be made as small as dipeptides, circumventing the need for large compounds with elaborate three-dimensional structures to generate simplified and potent antimicrobial mimics for a range of medical applications. This review highlight key and recent development in the field of small antimicrobial peptide mimics as a promising class of antimicrobials, illustrating just how small you can go.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natalia Molchanova
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Christina I. Schroeder
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, United States
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8
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Mojsoska B. Solid-phase synthesis of novel antimicrobial peptoids with α- and β-chiral side chains. Methods Enzymol 2022; 663:327-340. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2021.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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9
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Molloy A, Harrison J, McGrath JS, Owen Z, Smith C, Liu X, Li X, Cox JAG. Microfluidics as a Novel Technique for Tuberculosis: From Diagnostics to Drug Discovery. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9112330. [PMID: 34835455 PMCID: PMC8618277 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a global healthcare crisis, with an estimated 5.8 million new cases and 1.5 million deaths in 2020. TB is caused by infection with the major human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which is difficult to rapidly diagnose and treat. There is an urgent need for new methods of diagnosis, sufficient in vitro models that capably mimic all physiological conditions of the infection, and high-throughput drug screening platforms. Microfluidic-based techniques provide single-cell analysis which reduces experimental time and the cost of reagents, and have been extremely useful for gaining insight into monitoring microorganisms. This review outlines the field of microfluidics and discusses the use of this novel technique so far in M. tuberculosis diagnostics, research methods, and drug discovery platforms. The practices of microfluidics have promising future applications for diagnosing and treating TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Molloy
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK; (A.M.); (J.H.)
| | - James Harrison
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK; (A.M.); (J.H.)
| | - John S. McGrath
- Sphere Fluidics Limited, The McClintock Building, Suite 7, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6GP, UK; (J.S.M.); (Z.O.); (C.S.); (X.L.); (X.L.)
| | - Zachary Owen
- Sphere Fluidics Limited, The McClintock Building, Suite 7, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6GP, UK; (J.S.M.); (Z.O.); (C.S.); (X.L.); (X.L.)
| | - Clive Smith
- Sphere Fluidics Limited, The McClintock Building, Suite 7, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6GP, UK; (J.S.M.); (Z.O.); (C.S.); (X.L.); (X.L.)
| | - Xin Liu
- Sphere Fluidics Limited, The McClintock Building, Suite 7, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6GP, UK; (J.S.M.); (Z.O.); (C.S.); (X.L.); (X.L.)
| | - Xin Li
- Sphere Fluidics Limited, The McClintock Building, Suite 7, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6GP, UK; (J.S.M.); (Z.O.); (C.S.); (X.L.); (X.L.)
| | - Jonathan A. G. Cox
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK; (A.M.); (J.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-121-204-5011
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10
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Herlan CN, Feser D, Schepers U, Bräse S. Bio-instructive materials on-demand - combinatorial chemistry of peptoids, foldamers, and beyond. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:11131-11152. [PMID: 34611672 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc04237h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Combinatorial chemistry allows for the rapid synthesis of large compound libraries for high throughput screenings in biology, medicinal chemistry, or materials science. Especially compounds from a highly modular design are interesting for the proper investigation of structure-to-activity relationships. Permutations of building blocks result in many similar but unique compounds. The influence of certain structural features on the entire structure can then be monitored and serve as a starting point for the rational design of potent molecules for various applications. Peptoids, a highly diverse class of bioinspired oligomers, suit perfectly for combinatorial chemistry. Their straightforward synthesis on a solid support using repetitive reaction steps ensures easy handling and high throughput. Applying this modular approach, peptoids are readily accessible, and their interchangeable side-chains allow for various structures. Thus, peptoids can easily be tuned in their solubility, their spatial structure, and, consequently, their applicability in various fields of research. Since their discovery, peptoids have been applied as antimicrobial agents, artificial membranes, molecular transporters, and much more. Studying their three-dimensional structure, various foldamers with fascinating, unique properties were discovered. This non-comprehensive review will state the most interesting discoveries made over the past years and arouse curiosity about what may come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudine Nicole Herlan
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann von Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
| | - Dominik Feser
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann von Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Ute Schepers
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann von Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.,Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz Haber Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann von Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany. .,Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz Haber Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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11
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Jiao S, DeStefano A, Monroe JI, Barry M, Sherck N, Casey T, Segalman RA, Han S, Shell MS. Quantifying Polypeptoid Conformational Landscapes through Integrated Experiment and Simulation. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sally Jiao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Audra DeStefano
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Jacob I. Monroe
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Mikayla Barry
- Department of Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Nicholas Sherck
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Thomas Casey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Rachel A. Segalman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department of Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Songi Han
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - M. Scott Shell
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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Connolly MD, Xuan S, Molchanova N, Zuckermann RN. Submonomer synthesis of sequence defined peptoids with diverse side-chains. Methods Enzymol 2021; 656:241-270. [PMID: 34325788 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2021.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Peptoids are a diverse family of sequence-defined oligomers of N-substituted glycine monomers, that can be readily accessed by the solid-phase submonomer synthesis method. Due to the versatility and efficiency of this chemistry, and the easy access to hundreds of potential monomers, there is an enormous potential sequence space that can be explored. This has enabled researchers from many different fields to custom-design peptoid sequences tailored to a wide variety of problems in biomedicine, nanoscience and polymer science. Here we provide detailed protocols for the synthesis of peptoids, using optimized protocols that can be performed by non-chemists. The submonomer method is fully compatible with Fmoc-peptide synthesis conditions, so the method is readily automated on existing automated peptide synthesizers using protocols provided here. Although the submonomer synthesis for peptoids is well established, there are special considerations required in order to access many of the most useful and desirable sidechains. Here we provide methods to include most of the amino-acid-like side chains, some of the most important non-natural monomer classes, as well as the creation of peptoid conjugates and peptide-peptoid hybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Connolly
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Sunting Xuan
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Natalia Molchanova
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Ronald N Zuckermann
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States.
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13
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Melo de Oliveira VN, Flávia do Amaral Moura C, Peixoto ADS, Gonçalves Ferreira VP, Araújo HM, Lapa Montenegro Pimentel LM, Pessoa CDÓ, Nicolete R, Versiani Dos Anjos J, Sharma PP, Rathi B, Pena LJ, Rollin P, Tatibouët A, Nascimento de Oliveira R. Synthesis of alkynylated 1,2,4-oxadiazole/1,2,3-1H-triazole glycoconjugates: Discovering new compounds for use in chemotherapy against lung carcinoma and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 220:113472. [PMID: 33940463 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A total of forty-three compounds were synthesized, including thirty-two new ones. Among those compounds, seventeen were selected and tested on human tumor cell lines: PC-3 (prostate adenocarcinoma), HCT-116 (colorectal tumor), NCIH-460 (lung carcinoma), SKMEL-103 (melanoma) and AGP-01 (gastric tumor). Alkynylated 1,2,4-oxadiazoles 2m, 3g and 3k exhibited antiproliferative activities against NCIH-460 in culture. Alkynylated N-cyclohexyl-1,2,4-oxadiazoles 3a-m and bis-heterocycle glucoglycero-1,2,3-triazole-N-cyclohexyl-1,2,4-oxadiazole derivatives 5a-k and 6-11 were evaluated for their in vitro efficacy towards Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) H37Ra and H37Rv strains. In general, glycerosugars conjugated to 1,2,4-oxadiazole via a 1,2,3-triazole linkage (5a, 5e, 5j, 5k, and 7) showed in vitro inhibitory activity against Mtb (H37Rv). The largest molecules bis-triazoles 10 and 11, proved inactive against TB. Probably, the absence of the N-cyclohexyl group in compound 8 and 1,2,4-oxadiazole nucleus in compound 9 were responsible for its low activity. Glucoglycero-triazole-oxadiazole derivatives 5e (10 μM) and 7 (23.9 μM) were the most promising antitubercular compounds, showing a better selective index than when tested against RAW 264.7 and HepG2 cells. Vero cell were used to investigate cytotoxicity of compounds 5a, 5h, 5j, 5k, and these compounds showed good cell viability. Further, in silico studies were performed for most active compounds (5e and 7) with potential drug targets, DprE1 and InhA of Mtb to understand possible interactions aided with molecular dynamic simulation (100ns).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Vanessa Pinheiro Gonçalves Ferreira
- Laboratorio de Oncologia Experimental, Nucleo de Pesquisa Em Desenvolvimento de Medicamentos (NPDM), Universidade Federal Do Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil; Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Eusebio, Brazil
| | - Héverton Mendes Araújo
- Laboratorio de Oncologia Experimental, Nucleo de Pesquisa Em Desenvolvimento de Medicamentos (NPDM), Universidade Federal Do Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil; Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Eusebio, Brazil
| | | | - Claudia do Ó Pessoa
- Laboratorio de Oncologia Experimental, Nucleo de Pesquisa Em Desenvolvimento de Medicamentos (NPDM), Universidade Federal Do Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Roberto Nicolete
- Laboratorio de Oncologia Experimental, Nucleo de Pesquisa Em Desenvolvimento de Medicamentos (NPDM), Universidade Federal Do Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil; Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Eusebio, Brazil
| | | | - Prem Prakash Sharma
- Laboratory for Translational Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry, Hansraj College University Enclave, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Brijesh Rathi
- Laboratory for Translational Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry, Hansraj College University Enclave, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Lindomar José Pena
- Department of Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz, 50740-465, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Patrick Rollin
- Universite D'Orleans et CNRS, ICOA, UMR 7311, BP 6759, F-45067, Orleans, France
| | - Arnaud Tatibouët
- Universite D'Orleans et CNRS, ICOA, UMR 7311, BP 6759, F-45067, Orleans, France
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14
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Herlan CN, Sommer K, Weis P, Nieger M, Bräse S. Structural Diversity of Peptoids: Tube-Like Structures of Macrocycles. Molecules 2020; 26:E150. [PMID: 33396246 PMCID: PMC7795174 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26010150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptoids, or poly-N-substituted glycines, are characterised by broad structural diversity. Compared to peptides, they are less restricted in rotation and lack backbone-derived H bonding. Nevertheless, certain side chains force the peptoid backbone into distinct conformations. Designable secondary structures like helices or nanosheets arise from this knowledge. Herein, we report the copper-catalysed alkyne-azide cycloaddition (CuAAC) of macrocycles to form innovative tube-like tricyclic peptoids, giving access to host-guest chemistry or storage applications. Different linker systems make the single tubes tuneable in size and enable modifications within the gap. An azobenzene linker, which is reversibly switchable in conformation, was successfully incorporated and allowed for light-triggered changes of the entire tricyclic structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudine Nicole Herlan
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (C.N.H.); (K.S.)
| | - Katharina Sommer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (C.N.H.); (K.S.)
| | - Patrick Weis
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Kaiserstr. 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany;
| | - Martin Nieger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55 (A.I. Virtasen aukio 1), FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (C.N.H.); (K.S.)
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems—Functional Molecular Systems, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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15
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Bicker KL, Cobb SL. Recent advances in the development of anti-infective peptoids. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:11158-11168. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc04704j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This feature article highlights the progress that has been made towards the development of novel anti-infective peptoids and the key areas for future development within this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin L. Bicker
- Department of Chemistry
- Middle Tennessee State University
- Murfreesboro
- USA
| | - Steven L Cobb
- Deparment of Chemistry
- Biophysical Sciences Institute
- Durham University
- Durham
- UK
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