1
|
Piersanti S, Rebora M, Turchetti B, Salerno G, Ruscetta M, Zucconi L, D'Alò F, Buzzini P, Sannino C. Microplastics in the diet of Hermetia illucens: Implications for development and midgut bacterial and fungal microbiota. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 186:259-270. [PMID: 38943817 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
In a world with a population exceeding 8 billion people and continuing to grow, pollution from food and plastic waste is causing long-term issues in ecosystems. Potential solutions may be found by exploiting insect-based bioconversion. In this context, we investigated the impact of polyvinyl chloride microparticles (PVC-MPs) on the development of Hermetia illucens (black soldier fly; BSF) and its midgut bacterial and fungal microbiota. The impact of PVC-MPs was evaluated feeding BSF larvae with a PVC-MPs-supplemented diet. The larvae exposed to different PVC-MPs concentrations (2.5%, 5%, 10% and 20% w/w) developed into adults with no significant increase in pupal mortality. Faster development and smaller pupae were observed when 20% PVC-MPs was provided. The BSF larvae ingest PVC-MPs, resulting in a reduction in MPs size. Larvae exposed to PVC-MPs did not exhibit differences in gut morphology. Regarding the impact of PVC-MPs on the structure of both bacterial and fungal communities, the overall alpha- and beta-diversity did not exhibit significant changes. However, the presence of PVC-MPs significantly affected the relative abundances of Enterobacteriaceae and Paenibacillaceae among the bacteria and of Dipodascaceae and Plectospharellaceae among the fungi (including yeast and filamentous life forms), suggesting that PVC-MP contamination has a taxa-dependent impact. These results indicate that BSF larvae can tolerate PVC-MPs in their diet, supporting the potential use of these insects in organic waste management, even in the presence of high levels of PVC-MP contamination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Piersanti
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Manuela Rebora
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Benedetta Turchetti
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Gianandrea Salerno
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Mario Ruscetta
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Laura Zucconi
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy.
| | - Federica D'Alò
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council, Porano (TR), Italy.
| | - Pietro Buzzini
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Ciro Sannino
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li K, Li WJ, Liang K, Li FF, Qin GQ, Liu JH, Zhang YL, Li XJ. Gut microorganisms of Locusta migratoria in various life stages and its possible influence on cellulose digestibility. mSystems 2024; 9:e0060024. [PMID: 38888356 PMCID: PMC11264664 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00600-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Locusta migratoria is an important phytophagous pest, and its gut microbial communities play an important role in cellulose degradation. In this study, the gut microbial and cellulose digestibility dynamics of Locusta migratoria were jointly analyzed using high-throughput sequencing and anthrone colorimetry. The results showed that the gut microbial diversity and cellulose digestibility across life stages were dynamically changing. The species richness of gut bacteria was significantly higher in eggs than in larvae and imago, the species richness and cellulose digestibility of gut bacteria were significantly higher in early larvae (first and second instars) than in late larvae (third to fifth instars), and the diversity of gut bacteria and cellulose digestibility were significantly higher in imago than in late larvae. There is a correlation between the dynamics of gut bacterial communities and cellulose digestibility. Enterobacter, Lactococcus, and Pseudomonas are the most abundant genera throughout all life stages. Six strains of highly efficient cellulolytic bacteria were screened, which were dominant gut bacteria. Carboxymethyl cellulase activity (CMCA) and filter paper activity (FPA) experiments revealed that Pseudomonas had the highest cellulase enzyme activity. This study provides a new way for the screening of cellulolytic bacteria and lays the foundation for developing insects with significant biomass into cellulose-degrading bioreactors. IMPORTANCE Cellulose is the most abundant and cheapest renewable resource in nature, but its degradation is difficult, so finding efficient cellulose degradation methods is an urgent challenge. Locusta migratoria is a large group of agricultural pests, and the large number of microorganisms that inhabit their intestinal tracts play an important role in cellulose degradation. We analyzed the dynamics of Locusta migratoria gut microbial communities and cellulose digestibility using a combination of high-throughput sequencing technology and anthrone colorimetry. The results revealed that the gut microbial diversity and cellulose digestibility were dynamically changed at different life stages. In addition, we explored the intestinal bacterial community of Locusta migratoria across life stages and its correlation with cellulose digestibility. The dominant bacterial genera at different life stages of Locusta migratoria were uncovered and their carboxymethyl cellulase activity (CMCA) and filter paper activity (FPA) were determined. This study provides a new avenue for screening cellulolytic bacteria and lays the foundation for developing insects with significant biomass into cellulose-degrading bioreactors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Li
- The Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Wen-Jing Li
- The Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Ke Liang
- The Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Fei-Fei Li
- The Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Guo-Qing Qin
- The Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Jia-Hao Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Yu-Long Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Xin-Jiang Li
- The Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Shelomi M. Mitigation Strategies against Food Safety Contaminant Transmission from Black Soldier Fly Larva Bioconversion. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1590. [PMID: 38891637 PMCID: PMC11171339 DOI: 10.3390/ani14111590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The black soldier fly larva, Hermetia illucens, can efficiently convert organic waste into biomatter for use in animal feed. This circularity comes with a risk of contaminating downstream consumers of the larval products with microbes, heavy metals, and other hazards potentially present in the initial substrate. This review examines research on mitigation techniques to manage these contaminants, from pretreatment of the substrate to post-treatment of the larvae. While much research has been done on such techniques, little of it focused on their effects on food safety contaminants. Cheap and low-technology heat treatment can reduce substrate and larval microbial load. Emptying the larval gut through starvation is understudied but promising. Black soldier fly larvae accumulate certain heavy metals like cadmium, and their ability to process certain hazards is unknown, which is why some government authorities are erring on the side of caution regarding how larval bioconversion can be used within feed production. Different substrates have different risks and some mitigation strategies may affect larval rearing performance and the final products negatively, so different producers will need to choose the right strategy for their system to balance cost-effectiveness with sustainability and safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matan Shelomi
- Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, 106319 Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Van Looveren N, IJdema F, van der Heijden N, Van Der Borght M, Vandeweyer D. Microbial dynamics and vertical transmission of Escherichia coli across consecutive life stages of the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens). Anim Microbiome 2024; 6:29. [PMID: 38797818 PMCID: PMC11129375 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-024-00317-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The black soldier fly (BSF, Hermetia illucens L.) is one of the most promising insects for bioconversion of organic waste, which often carry a high microbial load with potential foodborne pathogens. Although horizontal transmission (from rearing substrate to larvae) has been extensively studied, less is known about vertical transmission of microorganisms, and particularly of foodborne pathogens, across different BSF life stages. RESULTS This study investigated the microbial dynamics and vertical transmission of Escherichia coli across different life stages (larvae, prepupae, pupae and adults) of one BSF life cycle and its associated substrate (chicken feed) and frass, based on a combination of general microbial counts (based on culture-dependent techniques) and the bacterial community composition (based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing). Multiple interactions between the microbiota of the substrate, frass and BSF larvae were affirmed. The larvae showed relative consistency among both the microbial counts and bacterial community composition. Diversification of the bacterial communities started during the pupal stage, while most notable changes of the microbial counts and bacterial community compositions occurred during metamorphosis to adults. Furthermore, vertical transmission of E. coli was investigated after substrate inoculation with approximately 7.0 log cfu/g of kanamycin-resistant E. coli, and monitoring E. coli counts from larval to adult stage. Although the frass still contained substantial levels of E. coli (> 4.5 log cfu/g) and E. coli was taken up by the larvae, limited vertical transmission of E. coli was observed with a decreasing trend until the prepupal stage. E. coli counts were below the detection limit (1.0 log cfu/g) for all BSF samples from the end of the pupal stage and the adult stage. Additionally, substrate inoculation of E. coli did not have a substantial impact on the bacterial community composition of the substrate, frass or different BSF life stages. CONCLUSIONS The fluctuating microbial counts and bacterial community composition underscored the dynamic character of the microbiota of BSF life stages. Additionally, vertical transmission throughout one BSF life cycle was not observed for E. coli. Hence, these findings paved the way for future case studies on vertical transmission of foodborne pathogens across consecutive BSF life stages or other insect species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noor Van Looveren
- KU Leuven, Geel Campus, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), Research Group for Insect Production and Processing, Kleinhoefstraat 4, Geel, 2440, Belgium
| | - Freek IJdema
- KU Leuven, Geel Campus, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), Research Group for Insect Production and Processing, Kleinhoefstraat 4, Geel, 2440, Belgium
| | - Niels van der Heijden
- KU Leuven, Geel Campus, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), Research Group for Insect Production and Processing, Kleinhoefstraat 4, Geel, 2440, Belgium
| | - Mik Van Der Borght
- KU Leuven, Geel Campus, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), Research Group for Insect Production and Processing, Kleinhoefstraat 4, Geel, 2440, Belgium
| | - Dries Vandeweyer
- KU Leuven, Geel Campus, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), Research Group for Insect Production and Processing, Kleinhoefstraat 4, Geel, 2440, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gwenzi W, Gufe C, Alufasi R, Makuvara Z, Marumure J, Shanmugam SR, Selvasembian R, Halabowski D. Insects to the rescue? Insights into applications, mechanisms, and prospects of insect-driven remediation of organic contaminants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 925:171116. [PMID: 38382596 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Traditional and emerging contaminants pose significant human and environmental health risks. Conventional physical, chemical, and bioremediation techniques have been extensively studied for contaminant remediation. However, entomo- or insect-driven remediation has received limited research and public attention. Entomo-remediation refers to the use of insects, their associated gut microbiota, and enzymes to remove or mitigate organic contaminants. This novel approach shows potential as an eco-friendly method for mitigating contaminated media. However, a comprehensive review of the status, applications, and challenges of entomo-remediation is lacking. This paper addresses this research gap by examining and discussing the evidence on entomo-remediation of various legacy and emerging organic contaminants. The results demonstrate the successful application of entomo-remediation to remove legacy organic contaminants such as persistent organic pollutants. Moreover, entomo-remediation shows promise in removing various groups of emerging contaminants, including microplastics, persistent and emerging organic micropollutants (e.g., antibiotics, pesticides), and nanomaterials. Entomo-remediation involves several insect-mediated processes, including bio-uptake, biotransfer, bioaccumulation, and biotransformation of contaminants. The mechanisms underlying the biotransformation of contaminants are complex and rely on the insect gut microbiota and associated enzymes. Notably, while insects facilitate the remediation of contaminants, they may also be exposed to the ecotoxicological effects of these substances, which is often overlooked in research. As an emerging field of research, entomo-remediation has several knowledge gaps. Therefore, this review proposes ten key research questions to guide future perspectives and advance the field. These questions address areas such as process optimization, assessment of ecotoxicological effects on insects, and evaluation of potential human exposure and health risks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Willis Gwenzi
- Biosystems and Environmental Engineering Research Group, 380 New Adylin, Marlborough, Harare, Zimbabwe; Alexander von Humboldt Fellow and Guest Professor, Grassland Science and Renewable Plant Resources, Faculty of Organic Agricultural Sciences, Universität Kassel, Steinstraße 19, D-37213 Witzenhausen, Germany; Alexander von Humboldt Fellow and Guest Professor, Leibniz-Institut für Agrartechnik und Bioökonomie e.V. (ATB), Max-Eyth-Allee 100, D-14469 Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Claudious Gufe
- Department of Veterinary Technical Services, Central Veterinary Laboratories, 18A Bevan Building, Borrowdale Road, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Richwell Alufasi
- Biological Sciences Department, Bindura University of Science Education, 741 Chimurenga Road, Off Trojan Road, P. Bag 1020, Bindura, Zimbabwe
| | - Zakio Makuvara
- Department of Physics, Geography and Environmental Science, School of Natural Sciences, Great Zimbabwe University, Masvingo, Zimbabwe; Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, South Africa
| | - Jerikias Marumure
- Department of Physics, Geography and Environmental Science, School of Natural Sciences, Great Zimbabwe University, Masvingo, Zimbabwe; Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, South Africa
| | | | - Rangabhashiyam Selvasembian
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Engineering and Sciences, SRM University-AP, Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh 522240, India
| | - Dariusz Halabowski
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of Ecology and Vertebrate Zoology, Lodz, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Maritan E, Quagliariello A, Frago E, Patarnello T, Martino ME. The role of animal hosts in shaping gut microbiome variation. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20230071. [PMID: 38497257 PMCID: PMC10945410 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Millions of years of co-evolution between animals and their associated microbial communities have shaped and diversified the nature of their relationship. Studies continue to reveal new layers of complexity in host-microbe interactions, the fate of which depends on a variety of different factors, ranging from neutral processes and environmental factors to local dynamics. Research is increasingly integrating ecosystem-based approaches, metagenomics and mathematical modelling to disentangle the individual contribution of ecological factors to microbiome evolution. Within this framework, host factors are known to be among the dominant drivers of microbiome composition in different animal species. However, the extent to which they shape microbiome assembly and evolution remains unclear. In this review, we summarize our understanding of how host factors drive microbial communities and how these dynamics are conserved and vary across taxa. We conclude by outlining key avenues for research and highlight the need for implementation of and key modifications to existing theory to fully capture the dynamics of host-associated microbiomes. This article is part of the theme issue 'Sculpting the microbiome: how host factors determine and respond to microbial colonization'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Maritan
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, 35020 Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Quagliariello
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, 35020 Padova, Italy
| | - Enric Frago
- CIRAD, UMR CBGP, INRAE, Institut Agro, IRD, Université Montpellier, 34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Tomaso Patarnello
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, 35020 Padova, Italy
| | - Maria Elena Martino
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, 35020 Padova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang Z, Li J, Zhao P, Yu Z, Yang L, Ding X, Lv H, Yi S, Sheng Q, Zhang L, Zhou F, Wang H. Integrated microbiome and metabolome analyses reveal the effects of low pH on intestinal health and homeostasis of crayfish (Procambarus clarkii). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2024; 270:106903. [PMID: 38503037 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2024.106903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Low pH (LpH) poses a significant challenge to the health, immune response, and growth of aquatic animals worldwide. Crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) is a globally farmed freshwater species with a remarkable adaptability to various environmental stressors. However, the effects of LpH stress on the microbiota and host metabolism in crayfish intestines remain poorly understood. In this study, integrated analyses of antioxidant enzyme activity, histopathological damage, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) were performed to investigate the physiology, histopathology, microbiota, and metabolite changes in crayfish intestines exposed to LpH treatment. The results showed that LpH stress induced obvious changes in superoxide dismutase and catalase activities and histopathological alterations in crayfish intestines. Furthermore, 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis revealed that exposure to LpH caused significant alterations in the diversity and composition of the crayfish intestinal microbiota at the phylum and genus levels. At the genus level, 14 genera including Bacilloplasma, Citrobacter, Shewanella, Vibrio, RsaHf231, Erysipelatoclostridium, Anaerorhabdus, Dysgonomonas, Flavobacterium, Tyzzerella, Brachymonas, Muribaculaceae, Propionivibrio, and Comamonas, exhibited significant differences in their relative abundances. The LC-MS analysis revealed 859 differentially expressed metabolites in crayfish intestines in response to LpH, including 363 and 496 upregulated and downregulated metabolites, respectively. These identified metabolites exhibited significant enrichment in 24 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways (p < 0.05), including seven and 17 upregulated and downregulated pathways, respectively. These pathways are mainly associated with energy and amino acid metabolism. Correlation analysis revealed a strong correlation between the metabolites and intestinal microbiota of crayfish during LpH treatment. These findings suggest that LpH may induce significant oxidative stress, intestinal tissue damage, disruption of intestinal microbiota homeostasis, and alterations in the metabolism in crayfish. These findings provide valuable insights into how the microbial and metabolic processes of crayfish intestines respond to LpH stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhanqi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China.
| | - Jiapeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Pengfei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Zaihang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Lianlian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Xueyan Ding
- Zhejiang Fisheries Technical Extension Center, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - He Lv
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Resources Conservation and Development, College of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - ShaoKui Yi
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Resources Conservation and Development, College of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Qiang Sheng
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Resources Conservation and Development, College of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Liqin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Fan Zhou
- Zhejiang Fisheries Technical Extension Center, Hangzhou 310023, China.
| | - Hua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Resources Conservation and Development, College of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China; Huzhou Key Laboratory of Medical and Environmental Application Technologies, College of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Praeg N, Klammsteiner T. Primary study on frass fertilizers from mass-reared insects: Species variation, heat treatment effects, and implications for soil application at laboratory scale. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 356:120622. [PMID: 38513580 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Insect farming has gained popularity as a resource-efficient and eco-friendly method for managing organic wastes by converting them into high-quality protein, fat, and frass. Insect frass is a powerful organic fertilizer that enriches the soil with essential plant nutrients and enhances plant defense mechanisms through chitin stimulation. Given the importance of frass commercialization for many insect farmers and the use of increasingly diverse organic wastes as insect feedstocks, there is a need for legal guidelines to enable clean production practices. The recent introduction of a legal definition for frass and heat treatment requirements by the EU commission marks a significant step towards standardizing its quality; however, little is known about the processes shaping its nutritional profiles and contributing to its maturation. Our study addresses key knowledge gaps in frass composition and production practices. Here, we analyzed the physicochemical, plant-nutritional, and microbiological properties of black soldier fly, yellow mealworm, and Jamaican field cricket frass from mass-rearing operations and assessed the impact of hygienizing heat treatment on fertilizer properties and frass microbiota. The results showed that frass properties varied significantly across insect species, revealing concentrations of plant-available nutrients as high as 7000 μg NH4+-N, 150 μg NO2-NO3--N, and 20 mg available P per g of total solids. Heat treatment reduced microbial activity, biomass, and viable counts of pathogenic Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. In terms of frass microbiome composition, alpha diversity showed no significant differences between fresh and heat-treated frass samples; however, significant differences in microbial community composition were observed across the three insect species. Despite heat treatment, soil application of frass reactivated and boosted soil microbial activity, inducing up to a 25-fold increase in microbial respiration, suggesting no long-term detrimental effects on microorganisms. These findings not only enhance our understanding of insect frass as a nutrient-rich organic fertilizer but also have implications for regulatory frameworks, underscoring its promising potential for soil health and nutrient cycling. However, it is important to recognize the primary nature of this research, conducted at laboratory scale and over a short term. Future studies should aim to validate these findings in agricultural settings and explore additional factors influencing frass properties and its (long-term) interaction with soil ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Praeg
- Universität Innsbruck, Department of Microbiology, Technikerstrasse 25d, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Klammsteiner
- Universität Innsbruck, Department of Microbiology, Technikerstrasse 25d, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria; Universität Innsbruck, Department of Ecology, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ma C, Huang Z, Feng X, Memon FU, Cui Y, Duan X, Zhu J, Tettamanti G, Hu W, Tian L. Selective breeding of cold-tolerant black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae: Gut microbial shifts and transcriptional patterns. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 177:252-265. [PMID: 38354633 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
The larvae of black soldier fly (BSFL) convert organic waste into insect proteins used as feedstuff for livestock and aquaculture. BSFL production performance is considerably reduced during winter season. Herein, the intraspecific diversity of ten commercial BSF colonies collected in China was evaluated. The Bioforte colony was subjected to selective breeding at 12 °C and 16 °C to develop cold-tolerant BSF with improved production performance. After breeding for nine generations, the weight of larvae, survival rate, and the dry matter conversion rate significantly increased. Subsequently, intestinal microbiota in the cold-tolerant strain showed that bacteria belonging to Morganella, Dysgonomonas, Salmonella, Pseudochrobactrum, and Klebsiella genera were highly represented in the 12 °C bred, while those of Acinetobacter, Pseudochrobactrum, Enterococcus, Comamonas, and Leucobacter genera were significantly represented in the 16 °C bred group. Metagenomic revealed that several animal probiotics of the Enterococcus and Vagococcus genera were greatly enriched in the gut of larvae bred at 16 °C. Moreover, bacterial metabolic pathways including carbohydrate, lipid, amino acids, and cofactors and vitamins, were significantly increased, while organismal systems and human diseases was decreased in the 16 °C bred group. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that the upregulated differentially expressed genes in the 16 °C bred groups mainly participated in Autophagy-animal, AMPK signaling pathway, mTOR signaling pathway, Wnt signaling pathway, FoxO signaling pathway, Hippo signaling pathway at day 34 under 16 °C conditions, suggesting their significant role in the survival of BSFL. Taken together, these results shed lights on the role of intestinal microflora and gene pathways in the adaptation of BSF larvae to cold stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chong Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Bioforte Biotechnology (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Zhijun Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Bioforte Biotechnology (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Xingbao Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Bioforte Biotechnology (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Fareed Uddin Memon
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Bioforte Biotechnology (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Ying Cui
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Bioforte Biotechnology (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Xinyu Duan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Bioforte Biotechnology (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Bioforte Biotechnology (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Gianluca Tettamanti
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese 21100, Italy; Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-environmental Technology (BAT Center), University of Napoli Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Wenfeng Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Bioforte Biotechnology (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518118, China; Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Ling Tian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Bioforte Biotechnology (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518118, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhao JH, Cheng P, Wang Y, Yan X, Xu ZM, Peng DH, Yu GH, Shao MW. Using kin discrimination to construct synthetic microbial communities of Bacillus subtilis strains impacts the growth of black soldier fly larvae. INSECT SCIENCE 2024. [PMID: 38494587 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Using synthetic microbial communities to promote host growth is an effective approach. However, the construction of such communities lacks theoretical guidance. Kin discrimination is an effective means by which strains can recognize themselves from non-self, and construct competitive microbial communities to produce more secondary metabolites. However, the construction of cooperative communities benefits from the widespread use of beneficial microorganisms. We used kin discrimination to construct synthetic communities (SCs) comprising 13 Bacillus subtilis strains from the surface and gut of black soldier fly (BSF) larvae. We assessed larval growth promotion in a pigeon manure system and found that the synthetic community comprising 4 strains (SC 4) had the most profound effect. Genomic analyses of these 4 strains revealed that their complementary functional genes underpinned the robust functionality of the cooperative synthetic community, highlighting the importance of strain diversity. After analyzing the bacterial composition of BSF larvae and the pigeon manure substrate, we observed that SC 4 altered the bacterial abundance in both the larval gut and pigeon manure. This also influenced microbial metabolic functions and co-occurrence network complexity. Kin discrimination facilitates the rapid construction of synthetic communities. The positive effects of SC 4 on larval weight gain resulted from the functional redundancy and complementarity among the strains. Furthermore, SC 4 may enhance larval growth by inducing shifts in the bacterial composition of the larval gut and pigeon manure. This elucidated how the SC promoted larval growth by regulating bacterial composition and provided theoretical guidance for the construction of SCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong University Key Laboratory for Sustainable Control of Fruit and Vegetable Diseases and Pests, Innovative Institute for Plant Health, College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong University Key Laboratory for Sustainable Control of Fruit and Vegetable Diseases and Pests, Innovative Institute for Plant Health, College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong University Key Laboratory for Sustainable Control of Fruit and Vegetable Diseases and Pests, Innovative Institute for Plant Health, College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xun Yan
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong University Key Laboratory for Sustainable Control of Fruit and Vegetable Diseases and Pests, Innovative Institute for Plant Health, College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Min Xu
- College of Resources and Environment, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dong-Hai Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Guo-Hui Yu
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong University Key Laboratory for Sustainable Control of Fruit and Vegetable Diseases and Pests, Innovative Institute for Plant Health, College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming-Wei Shao
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong University Key Laboratory for Sustainable Control of Fruit and Vegetable Diseases and Pests, Innovative Institute for Plant Health, College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cattaneo A, Meneguz M, Dabbou S, Tambone F, Scaglia B. Local circular economy: BSF insect rearing in the Italian Agri-Food Industry. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 179:234-244. [PMID: 38489981 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
With a growing population, both food and waste production will increase. There is an urgent need for innovative ways of valorizing waste. The black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) efficiently converts agri-food by-products (BPs) into high-quality materials; its rearing process yields larvae (BSFL) rich in fat and protein for feed purposes, with "frass" acting as organic fertilizer. While the insect rearing sector is expanding, few producers use BPs. Therefore, a case study approach was adopted to evaluate the potential for establishing an Italian BSFL production plant on BPs available on the territory. After contacting more than 115 agri-food companies (maximum 100 km from the BSFL plant), they were classified based on sector, distance, size, and BPs (quantity, seasonality, management). BPs with a low value (fruit and vegetable residues) were treated as waste, associated with costs and low valorization. By merging the available BPs on the territory and following the literature on BSFL nutritional needs' two diets (Scenario BSFL) were created, assessing their suitability comparing them to the current full-scale plant diet (Scenario 0). The exploitation of BPs for BSFL rearing reduced local waste production by 52 % compared to conventional composting (Scenario 0). In addition, integrating BPs into the larval feed formulation increased BSFL production value (+47 times). These results highlight the potential of locally-based insect rearing to valorize BPs and create a network of sustainable actors within the agri-food industry. Further investigations are needed to improve the connection between agri-food and insect industrial activities, expanding this framework to other regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Cattaneo
- Center Agriculture Food Environment (C3A), University of Trento, Via E. Mach 1, San Michele all'Adige 38098, Italy; BEF Biosystems s.r.l. Strada di Settimo 224/15, 10156 Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Meneguz
- BEF Biosystems s.r.l. Strada di Settimo 224/15, 10156 Turin, Italy.
| | - Sihem Dabbou
- Center Agriculture Food Environment (C3A), University of Trento, Via E. Mach 1, San Michele all'Adige 38098, Italy
| | - Fulvia Tambone
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, University of the Study of Milan, Via Celoria 2, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Barbara Scaglia
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, University of the Study of Milan, Via Celoria 2, Milan 20133, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Shi C, Xie P, Ding Z, Niu G, Wen T, Gu W, Lu Y, Wang F, Li W, Zeng J, Shen Q, Yuan J. Inhibition of pathogenic microorganisms in solid organic waste via black soldier fly larvae-mediated management. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 913:169767. [PMID: 38176562 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Inadequately managed solid organic waste generation poses a threat to the environment and human health globally. Biotransformation with the black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) is emerging as talent technology for solid waste management. However, there is a lack of understanding of whether BSFL can effectively suppress potential pathogenic microorganisms during management and the underlying mechanisms. In this study, we investigated the temporal variations of microorganisms in two common types of solid waste, i.e., kitchen waste (KW) and pig manure (PM). Natural composting and composting with BSFL under three different pH levels (pH 5, 7, and 9) were established to explore their impact on microbial communities in compost and the gut of BSFL. The results showed that the compost of kitchen waste and pig manure led to an increase in relative abundance of various potentially pathogenic bacteria. Temporal gradient analyses revealed that the most substantial reduction in the relative abundance and diversity of potentially pathogenic microorganisms occurred when the initial pH of both two wastes were adjusted to 7 upon the introduction of BSFL. Through network and pls-pm analysis, it was discovered that the gut microbiota of BSFL occupied an ecological niche in the compost, inhibiting the proliferation of potentially pathogenic microorganisms. This study has revealed the potential of BSFL in reducing public health risks during the solid waste management process, providing robust support for sustainable waste management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chaohong Shi
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nutrient Cycling and Farmland Conservation, Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer in South Region, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Penghao Xie
- Key lab of organic-based fertilizers of China and Jiangsu provincial key lab for solid organic waste utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhexu Ding
- Key lab of organic-based fertilizers of China and Jiangsu provincial key lab for solid organic waste utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Guoqing Niu
- Key lab of organic-based fertilizers of China and Jiangsu provincial key lab for solid organic waste utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Tao Wen
- Key lab of organic-based fertilizers of China and Jiangsu provincial key lab for solid organic waste utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wenjie Gu
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nutrient Cycling and Farmland Conservation, Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer in South Region, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming 525000, China.
| | - Yusheng Lu
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nutrient Cycling and Farmland Conservation, Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer in South Region, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Fengying Wang
- Guangzhou Outreach Environmental Technologies Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Wanling Li
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nutrient Cycling and Farmland Conservation, Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer in South Region, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jianguo Zeng
- Key lab of organic-based fertilizers of China and Jiangsu provincial key lab for solid organic waste utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Qirong Shen
- Key lab of organic-based fertilizers of China and Jiangsu provincial key lab for solid organic waste utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jun Yuan
- Key lab of organic-based fertilizers of China and Jiangsu provincial key lab for solid organic waste utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Xia J, Ge C, Yao H. Identification of functional microflora underlying the biodegradation of sulfadiazine-contaminated substrates by Hermetia illucens. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 463:132892. [PMID: 37922583 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The increasing discharge of antibiotic residues into the natural environment, stemming from both human activities and animal farming, has detrimental effects on natural ecosystems and serves as a significant driving force for the spread of antibiotic resistance. Biodegradation is an important method for the elimination of antibiotics from contaminated substrates, but the identifying in situ microbial populations involved in antibiotic degradation is challenging. Here, DNA stable isotope probing (DNA-SIP) was employed to identify active sulfadiazine (SDZ) degrading microbes in the gut of black soldier fly larvae (BSFLs). At an initial SDZ concentration of 100 mg kg-1, the highest degradation efficiency reached 73.99% after 6 days at 28 °C. DNA-SIP revealed the incorporation of 13C6 from labeled SDZ in 9 genera, namely, Clostridum sensu stricto 1, Nesterenkonia, Bacillus, Halomonas, Dysgonomonas, Caldalkalibacillus, Enterococcus, g_unclassified_f_Xanthomonadaceae and g_unclassified_f_Micrococcaceae. Co-occurrence network analysis revealed that a significant positive correlation existed among SDZ degrading microbes in the gut microbiota, e.g., between Clostridium sensu stricto 1 and Nesterenkonia. Significant increases in carbohydrate metabolism, membrane transport and translation were crucial in the biodegradation of SDZ in the BSFL gut. These results elucidate the structure of SDZ-degrading microbial communities in the BSFL gut and in situ degradation mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xia
- Research Center for Environmental Ecology and Engineering, School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaorong Ge
- Research Center for Environmental Ecology and Engineering, School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, People's Republic of China
| | - Huaiying Yao
- Research Center for Environmental Ecology and Engineering, School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, People's Republic of China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315800, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Gómez-Brandón M, Beesigamukama D, Probst M, Klammsteiner T, Zhou Y, Zhu YG, Mbi Tanga C. Garden fruit chafer (Pachnoda sinuata L.) accelerates recycling and bioremediation of animal waste. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 173:131-140. [PMID: 37989012 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Bioconversion of livestock wastes using insect larvae represents an emerging and effective strategy for waste management. However, knowledge on the role of the garden fruit chafer (Pachnoda sinuataL.) in waste recycling and influence on the diversity ofmicrobial community infrass fertilizeris limited. Here, we determined whether and to what extent the conversion of cattle dung into insect frass fertilizer byP. sinuatainfluences the frass' microbial community and its associated antibiotic resistance genes abundance. Pachnoda sinuata larvae were used to valorise cattle dung into frass fertilizer; samples were collected weekly to determine the composition of bacteria and fungi, and antibiotic resistant genes using molecular tools. Results revealed that bioconversion of cattle dung byP. sinuatalarvae significantly increased the richness of beneficial bacteria in the frass fertilizer by 2.5-folds within 28 days, but fungal richness did not vary during the study. Treatment of cattle dung withP. sinuatalarvae caused 2 - 3-folds decrease in the genes conferring resistance to commonly used antibiotics such as aminoglycoside, diaminopyrimidine, multidrug, sulfonamide and tetracycline within 14 days. Furthermore, the recycling cattle dung using considerably reduced the abundance of mobile genetic elements known to play critical roles in the horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes between organisms. This studyhighlights the efficiency ofsaprohytic insects in recycling animal manure and suppressing manure-borne pathogens in the organic fertilizer products, opening new market opportunities for innovative and safe bio-based products and achieving efficient resource utilization in a circular and green economy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Gómez-Brandón
- Grupo de Ecología Animal (GEA), University of Vigo, Vigo 36310, Galicia, Spain
| | - Dennis Beesigamukama
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P. O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Maraike Probst
- Universität Innsbruck, Department of Microbiology, Technikerstraβe 25d, Innsbruck, A-6020, Austria
| | - Thomas Klammsteiner
- Universität Innsbruck, Department of Microbiology, Technikerstraβe 25d, Innsbruck, A-6020, Austria; Universität Innsbruck, Department of Ecology, Technikerstraße 25, Innsbruck, A-6020, Austria
| | - YanYan Zhou
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021 China
| | - Yong-Guan Zhu
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021 China; State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Chrysantus Mbi Tanga
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P. O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mannaa M, Mansour A, Park I, Lee DW, Seo YS. Insect-based agri-food waste valorization: Agricultural applications and roles of insect gut microbiota. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ECOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 17:100287. [PMID: 37333762 PMCID: PMC10275724 DOI: 10.1016/j.ese.2023.100287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Meeting the demands of the growing population requires increased food and feed production, leading to higher levels of agri-food waste. As this type of waste seriously threatens public health and the environment, novel approaches to waste management should be developed. Insects have been proposed as efficient agents for biorefining waste, producing biomass that can be used for commercial products. However, challenges in achieving optimal outcomes and maximizing beneficial results remain. Microbial symbionts associated with insects are known to have a critical role in the development, fitness, and versatility of insects, and as such, they can be utilized as targets for the optimization of agri-food waste insect-based biorefinery systems. This review discusses insect-based biorefineries, focusing on the agricultural applications of edible insects, mainly as animal feed and organic fertilizers. We also describe the interplay between agri-food waste-utilizing insects and associated microbiota and the microbial contribution in enhancing insect growth, development, and involvement in organic waste bioconversion processes. The potential contribution of insect gut microbiota in eliminating pathogens, toxins, and pollutants and microbe-mediated approaches for enhancing insect growth and the bioconversion of organic waste are also discussed. The present review outlines the benefits of using insects in agri-food and organic waste biorefinery systems, describes the roles of insect-associated microbial symbionts in waste bioconversion processes, and highlights the potential of such biorefinery systems in addressing the current agri-food waste-related challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Mannaa
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
- Department of Plant Pathology, Cairo University, Faculty of Agriculture, Giza, 12613, Egypt
| | - Abdelaziz Mansour
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
- Department of Economic Entomology and Pesticides, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
| | - Inmyoung Park
- School of Food and Culinary Arts, Youngsan University, Bansong Beltway, Busan, 48015, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Weon Lee
- Department of SmartBio, Kyungsung University, Busan, 48434, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Su Seo
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Vandeweyer D, Bruno D, Bonelli M, IJdema F, Lievens B, Crauwels S, Casartelli M, Tettamanti G, De Smet J. Bacterial biota composition in gut regions of black soldier fly larvae reared on industrial residual streams: revealing community dynamics along its intestinal tract. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1276187. [PMID: 38107863 PMCID: PMC10722301 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1276187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Some insect species have gained attention as efficient bioconverters of low-value organic substrates (i.e., residual streams) into high-value biomass. Black soldier fly (BSF) (Hermetia illucens) larvae are particularly interesting for bioconversion due to their ability to grow on a wide range of substrates, including low-value industrial residual streams. This is in part due to the plasticity of the gut microbiota of polyphagous insects, like BSF. Gut microbiota composition varies depending on rearing substrates, via a mechanism that might support the recruitment of microorganisms that facilitate digestion of a specific substrate. At the same time, specific microbial genera do persist on different substrates via unknown mechanisms. This study aimed to offer insights on this microbial plasticity by investigating how the composition of the bacterial community present in the gut of BSF larvae responds to two industrial residual streams: swill (a mixture of catering and supermarket leftovers) and distiller's dried grains with solubles. The bacterial biota composition of substrates, whole larvae at the beginning of the rearing period and at harvest, rearing residues, and larval gut regions were investigated through 16S rRNA gene sequencing. It was observed that both substrate and insect development influenced the bacterial composition of the whole larvae. Zooming in on the gut regions, there was a clear shift in community composition from a higher to a lower diversity between the anterior/middle midgut and the posterior midgut/hindgut, indicating a selective pressure occurring in the middle midgut region. Additionally, the abundance of the bacterial biota was always high in the hindgut, while its diversity was relatively low. Even more, the bacterial community in the hindgut was found to be relatively more conserved over the different substrates, harboring members of the BSF core microbiota. We postulate a potential role of the hindgut as a reservoir for insect-associated microbes. This warrants further research on that underexplored region of the intestinal tract. Overall, these findings contribute to our understanding of the bacterial biota structure and dynamics along the intestinal tract, which can aid microbiome engineering efforts to enhance larval performance on (industrial) residual streams.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dries Vandeweyer
- Research Group for Insect Production and Processing, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, Geel, Belgium
| | - Daniele Bruno
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Marco Bonelli
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Freek IJdema
- Research Group for Insect Production and Processing, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, Geel, Belgium
- Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Lievens
- Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sam Crauwels
- Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Morena Casartelli
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-environmental Technology, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Gianluca Tettamanti
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
- Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-environmental Technology, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Jeroen De Smet
- Research Group for Insect Production and Processing, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, Geel, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Laconi EB, Jayanegara A, Astuti DA, Fitriana EL, Nabawi SNL, Alifian MD. Evaluation of rations containing bioconverted cacao pod as fiber source for small ruminant. Trop Anim Health Prod 2023; 55:422. [PMID: 38012359 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03843-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the potential use of bioconverted cacao pod (BCP) as a substitute for forage in the total mixed ration (TMR) for a small ruminant. In the in vitro experiment, the control TMR (30% forage and 70% concentrate) was substituted with two different levels of BCP (15% and 30%) and two different types of BCP ( BCP-pc and BCP-tv). Based on the in vitro evaluation, the best ration was then chosen for the in vivo experiment, in which male goats were fed a control TMR, the TMR containing 15% BCP-pc (RC), and TMR containing 15% bioconverted palm kernel meal (RP). The results showed that TMRs with 15% BCP-pc and BCP-tv substitution had significantly lower gas production and digestibility than the control ration. However, the TMR with 15% or 30% BCP substitution showed no significant difference in rumen fermentation characteristics, methane production, and total protozoa. In the in vivo experiment, the RC showed no significant difference in all nutrient intakes, the average daily gain of animals, feed conversion ratio value, and crude fiber digestibility but reduced dry and organic matter digestibility. In comparison, the RP resulted in reduced parameters. Therefore, the study concluded that BCP-pc at a level of 15% could be used as a substitute for forage in TMR for male goats without compromising the fermentability of rumen, nutrient intakes, and their average daily gain and feed conversion ratio. Overall, this study suggests the potential of BCP-pc as an alternative feed ingredient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erika Budiarti Laconi
- Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Jl. Agatis, Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia.
| | - Anuraga Jayanegara
- Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Jl. Agatis, Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia
| | - Dewi Apri Astuti
- Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Jl. Agatis, Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia
| | - Eko Lela Fitriana
- Graduate Study Program of Nutrition and Feed Science, IPB University, Jl. Agatis, Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia
| | - Soviro Nurul Lisa Nabawi
- Graduate Study Program of Nutrition and Feed Science, IPB University, Jl. Agatis, Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia
| | - Mochamad Dzaky Alifian
- Graduate Study Program of Nutrition and Feed Science, IPB University, Jl. Agatis, Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Jenkins SN, Middleton JA, Huang Z, Mickan BS, Andersen MO, Wheat L, Waite IS, Abbott LK. Combining frass and fatty acid co-products derived from Black soldier fly larvae farming shows potential as a slow release fertiliser. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 899:165371. [PMID: 37422234 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Use of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) to process large volumes of organic waste is an emerging industry to produce protein. A co-product of this industry, the larval faeces (frass), has potential to be used as an organic fertiliser in a circular economy. However, BSFL frass has a high ammonium (N-NH4+) content which could result in nitrogen (N) loss following its application to land. One solution is to process the frass by combining it with solid fatty acids (FA) that have previously been used to manufacture slow-release inorganic fertilisers. We investigated the slow-releasing effect of N after combining BSFL frass with three FAs - lauric, myristic and stearic acid. Soil was amended with the three forms of FA processed (FA-P) frass, unprocessed frass or a control and incubated for 28 days. The impact of treatments on soil properties and soil bacterial communities were characterised during the incubation. Lower N-NH4+ concentrations occurred in soil treated with FA-P frass compared to unprocessed frass, and N-NH4+ release was slowest for lauric acid processed frass. Initially, all frass treatments caused a large shift in the soil bacterial community towards a dominance of fast-growing r-strategists that were correlated with increased organic carbon levels. FA-P frass appeared to enhance the immobilisation of N-NH4+ (from frass) by diverting it into microbial biomass. Unprocessed and stearic acid processed frass became enriched by slow-growing K-strategist bacteria at the latter stages of the incubation. Consequently, when frass was combined with FAs, FA chain length played an important role in regulating the composition of r-/K- strategists in soil and N and carbon cycling. Modifying frass with FAs could be developed into a slow release fertiliser leading to reduced soil N loss, improved fertiliser use efficiency, increased profitability and lower production costs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sasha N Jenkins
- School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6000, Australia.
| | - Jen A Middleton
- School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6000, Australia
| | - ZhouDa Huang
- School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6000, Australia
| | - Bede S Mickan
- School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6000, Australia
| | - Morten O Andersen
- School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6000, Australia; The Department of Green Technology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Luke Wheat
- Future Green Solutions, Moresby, WA 6530, Australia
| | - Ian S Waite
- School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6000, Australia
| | - Lynette K Abbott
- School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6000, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Heussler CD, Dittmann IL, Egger B, Robra S, Klammsteiner T. A Comparative Study of Effects of Biodegradable and Non-biodegradable Microplastics on the Growth and Development of Black Soldier Fly Larvae ( Hermetia illucens). WASTE AND BIOMASS VALORIZATION 2023; 15:2313-2322. [PMID: 38623455 PMCID: PMC11016124 DOI: 10.1007/s12649-023-02296-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to investigate the digestion process of biodegradable and non-biodegradable microplastics (MPs) within black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) and assess their impact on larval growth and development. The goal was to understand the fate of MPs within BSFL, considering their potential for waste conversion polluted with MPs. Methods BSFL were exposed to two types of MPs, and their growth, development, potential accumulation and excretion of MPs were monitored. Results The findings revealed that the MPs accumulated solely in the larval gut and had no adverse effects on the growth and development of BSFL. Larvae efficiently excreted MPs before reaching the pupation stage. Conclusion This research emphasizes the potential of BSFL as a bioconversion agent for organic waste, even in the presence of MPs. The effective excretion of MPs by BSFL before pupation suggests their ability to mitigate potential harm caused by MP accumulation. The fact that BSFL may excrete MPs before pupation would contribute to their safe use as animal feedstock. A careful evaluation of the effects of using BSFL reared on contaminated substrates especially containing visually non-detectable residuals like nanoplastics, chemicals or toxic metals and further examination of the broader implications for waste management and sustainable livestock farming remains important. Graphical Abstract Experimental design outlining the workflow for the analyses used to investigate the effect of two types of microplastics, polyamide (PA), and polylactic acid (PLA), on growth and development of black soldier fly larvae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bernhard Egger
- Department of Zoology, Universität Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sabine Robra
- Department of Waste Treatment and Resource Management, Universität Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Gopa Worldwide Consultants, 61348 Bad Homburg vor der Höhe, Germany
| | - Thomas Klammsteiner
- Department of Ecology, Universität Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Microbiology, Universität Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Quan J, Wang Y, Cheng X, Li C, Yuan Z. Revealing the effects of fermented food waste on the growth and intestinal microorganisms of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 171:580-589. [PMID: 37820415 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
The escalating global food waste (FW) issues necessitate sustainable management strategies. Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) offer a promising solution for FW management by converting organic matter into insect protein. However, the fermentation of FW during production, collection, and transportation induces changes in FW's physicochemical properties and bacterial communities, requiring further exploration of its impact on BSFL growth and gut microbiota. The results showed that feeding FW fermented for different durations (0-10 d) slightly affected the BSFL yield. Feeding FW fermented for 8 d, characterized by a lower pH and higher biodiversity, resulted in a slight increase in larval biomass (222 mg/larvae). Nearly all groups harvested the peak larval biomass after 10 day's bioconversion. The fermentation significantly altered the microbial community of FW, with an increase in the abundance of unclassified_f_Clostridiaceae and a decrease in Lactobacillus abundance. As bioconversion progressed, intricate and mutualistic microbial interactions likely occurred between the BSFL gut and FW substrate, restructuring each other's microbial community. Specifically, the abundance of unclassified_f_Clostridiaceae increased in the BSFL gut, while its abundance in the initial larval gut was extremely low (<1 %). Despite the substrate microbial changes and interactions, a stable core gut microbiota was identified across all BSFL samples, primarily composed of nine genera dominated by Enterococcus and Klebsiella. This core gut microbiome may play a crucial role in facilitating the adaptation of BSFL to various environmental conditions and maintaining efficient FW bioconversion. These findings enhance our understanding of the role of BSFL gut microbiota in FW bioconversion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Quan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chunxing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Lishui Institute of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 212200, China
| | - Zengwei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Lishui Institute of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 212200, China; Frontiers Science Center for Critical Earth Material Cycling, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Eke M, Tougeron K, Hamidovic A, Tinkeu LSN, Hance T, Renoz F. Deciphering the functional diversity of the gut microbiota of the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens): recent advances and future challenges. Anim Microbiome 2023; 5:40. [PMID: 37653468 PMCID: PMC10472620 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-023-00261-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioconversion using insects is a promising strategy to convert organic waste (catering leftovers, harvest waste, food processing byproducts, etc.) into biomass that can be used for multiple applications, turned into high added-value products, and address environmental, societal and economic concerns. Due to its ability to feed on a tremendous variety of organic wastes, the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) has recently emerged as a promising insect for bioconversion of organic wastes on an industrial scale. A growing number of studies have highlighted the pivotal role of the gut microbiota in the performance and health of this insect species. This review aims to provide a critical overview of current knowledge regarding the functional diversity of the gut microbiota of H. illucens, highlighting its importance for bioconversion, food safety and the development of new biotechnological tools. After providing an overview of the different strategies that have been used to outline the microbial communities of H. illucens, we discuss the diversity of these gut microbes and the beneficial services they can provide to their insect host. Emphasis is placed on technical strategies and aspects of host biology that require special attention in the near future of research. We also argue that the singular digestive capabilities and complex gut microbiota of H. illucens make this insect species a valuable model for addressing fundamental questions regarding the interactions that insects have evolved with microorganisms. By proposing new avenues of research, this review aims to stimulate research on the microbiota of a promising insect to address the challenges of bioconversion, but also fundamental questions regarding bacterial symbiosis in insects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maurielle Eke
- Biodiversity Research Centre, Earth and Life Institute, UCLouvain, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ngaoundéré, PO BOX 454, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon
| | - Kévin Tougeron
- UMR CNRS 7058 EDYSAN (Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, 80039 France
- Research Institute in Bioscience, Université de Mons, Mons, 7000 Belgium
| | - Alisa Hamidovic
- Biodiversity Research Centre, Earth and Life Institute, UCLouvain, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Leonard S. Ngamo Tinkeu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ngaoundéré, PO BOX 454, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon
| | - Thierry Hance
- Biodiversity Research Centre, Earth and Life Institute, UCLouvain, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - François Renoz
- Biodiversity Research Centre, Earth and Life Institute, UCLouvain, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, 305-8634 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Auger L, Deschamps MH, Vandenberg G, Derome N. Microbiota is structured by gut regions, life stage, and diet in the Black Soldier Fly ( Hermetia illucens). Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1221728. [PMID: 37664118 PMCID: PMC10469785 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1221728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The larvae of the Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) provide numerous ecological benefits, leading to significant commercial advancements. These benefits include the bioconversion of low-value waste into high-value feed and soil amendments. Understanding how the bacterial and eukaryotic microbiota communities affect host performance becomes vital for the optimization and specialization of industrial-scale rearing. This study investigates H. illucens-associated microbiota taxonomic composition and dynamics across the developmental cycle (eggs, neonates, larvae, prepupae, and imago X0 to second generation X1) when reared on two substrates: (i) plant-based (Housefly Gainesville diet) and (ii) animal-based (poultry hatchery waste). By using the 16S gene amplicon metataxonomic approach, we found that the results revealed that bacterial microbiota inherited from parents reared on a different substrate may have induced dysbiosis in the progeny. Specifically, the interaction networks of individuals reared on hatchery waste showed a high prevalence of negative interactions and low connectivity. Proteobacteria (39-92%), Firmicutes (4-39%), Bacteroidota (1-38%), and Actinobacteria (1-33%). In animal feed-reared individuals, Firmicutes reached the highest relative abundance (10-80%), followed by Proteobacteria (6-55%), Actinobacteria (1-31%), and Bacteroidota (0-22%). The rearing substrate was the main driver of microbiota composition, while the developmental stage influenced only the whole individual's bacterial microbiota composition. Gut regions were associated with distinct bacterial composition and richness, with diversity decreasing along the digestive tract. For the first time, microeukaryotes of the microbiota other than Fungi were investigated using 18S genetic marker amplicon sequencing with novel blocking primers specific to the Black Soldier Fly. Microeukaryotes are a neglected part of multitrophic microbiota communities that can have similar effects on their hosts as bacterial microbiota. Microeukaryotes from seven orders were identified in black soldier flies, including potential pathogens (e.g., Aplicomplexa group). Nucletmycea were the dominant class throughout development, followed by Holozoa and Stramenophiles. The eukaryote microbiota was structured by developmental stages but not by gut regions. Insights from this study are a stepping stone toward the microbiological optimization of black soldier flies for industrial rearing, highlighting how a synthetic microbiota assembly should be tailored to the rearing environment of the larvae at a targeted developmental stage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Auger
- Laboratory Derome, Département de Biologie, Institute of Integrative Biology and Systems, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | | | - Grant Vandenberg
- Département des Sciences Animales, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Nicolas Derome
- Laboratory Derome, Département de Biologie, Institute of Integrative Biology and Systems, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Belhadj Slimen I, Yerou H, Ben Larbi M, M’Hamdi N, Najar T. Insects as an alternative protein source for poultry nutrition: a review. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1200031. [PMID: 37662983 PMCID: PMC10470001 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1200031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes the most relevant scientific literature related to the use of insects as alternative protein sources in poultry diets. The black soldier fly, the housefly, the beetle, mealworms, silkworms, earthworms, crickets, and grasshoppers are in the spotlight because they have been identified as an important future source of sustainable animal proteins for poultry feeding. Insect meals meet poultry requirements in terms of nutritional value, essential amino acid composition, nutrient digestibility, and feed acceptance. Furthermore, they are enriched with antimicrobial peptides and bioactive molecules that can improve global health. Results from poultry studies suggest equivalent or enhanced growth performances and quality of end-products as compared to fish meal and soybean meal. To outline this body of knowledge, this article states established threads of research about the nutrient profiles and the digestibility of insect meals, their subsequent effects on the growth and laying performances of poultry as well as the quality of meat, carcass, and eggs. To fully exploit insect-derived products, the effects of insect bioactive molecules (antimicrobial peptides, fatty acids, and polysaccharides) were addressed. Furthermore, as edible insects are likely to take a meaningful position in the feed and food chain, the safety of their derived products needs to be ensured. Some insights into the current knowledge on the prevalence of pathogens and contaminants in edible insects were highlighted. Finally, the effect of insect farming and processing treatment on the nutritive value of insect larvae was discussed. Our overview reveals that using insects can potentially solve problems related to reliance on other food sources, without altering the growth performances and the quality of meat and eggs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Imen Belhadj Slimen
- Laboratory of Materials Molecules and Applications, Preparatory Institute for Scientific and Technical Studies, Tunis, Tunisia
- Department of Animal Sciences, National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia, Carthage University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Houari Yerou
- Department of Agronomic Sciences, SNV Institute, Mustapha Stambouli University, Mascara, Algeria
- Laboratory of Geo Environment and Development of Spaces, Mascara University, Mascara, Algeria
| | - Manel Ben Larbi
- Higher School of Agriculture, University of Carthage, Mateur, Tunisia
| | - Naceur M’Hamdi
- Research Laboratory of Ecosystems and Aquatic Resources, National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia, Carthage University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Taha Najar
- Laboratory of Materials Molecules and Applications, Preparatory Institute for Scientific and Technical Studies, Tunis, Tunisia
- Department of Animal Sciences, National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia, Carthage University, Tunis, Tunisia
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Chen G, Zhang K, Tang W, Li Y, Pang J, Yuan X, Song X, Jiang L, Yu X, Zhu H, Wang J, Zhang J, Zhang X. Feed nutritional composition affects the intestinal microbiota and digestive enzyme activity of black soldier fly larvae. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1184139. [PMID: 37293219 PMCID: PMC10244541 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1184139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Using black soldier fly larvae (BSFLs) to treat food waste is one of the most promising environmental protection technologies. Methods We used high-throughput sequencing to study the effects of different nutritional compositions on the intestinal microbiota and digestive enzymes of BSF. Results Compared with standard feed (CK), high-protein feed (CAS), high-fat feed (OIL) and high-starch feed (STA) had different effects on the BSF intestinal microbiota. CAS significantly reduced the bacterial and fungal diversity in the BSF intestinal tract. At the genus level, CAS, OIL and STA decreased the Enterococcus abundance compared with CK, CAS increased the Lysinibacillus abundance, and OIL increased the Klebsiella, Acinetobacter and Bacillus abundances. Diutina, Issatchenkia and Candida were the dominant fungal genera in the BSFL gut. The relative abundance of Diutina in the CAS group was the highest, and that of Issatchenkia and Candida in the OIL group increased, while STA decreased the abundance of Diutina and increased that of Issatchenkia. The digestive enzyme activities differed among the four groups. The α-amylase, pepsin and lipase activities in the CK group were the highest, and those in the CAS group were the lowest or the second lowest. Correlation analysis of environmental factors showed a significant correlation between the intestinal microbiota composition and digestive enzyme activity, especially α-amylase activity, which was highly correlated with bacteria and fungi with high relative abundances. Moreover, the mortality rate of the CAS group was the highest, and that of the OIL group was the lowest. Discussion In summary, different nutritional compositions significantly affected the community structure of bacteria and fungi in the BSFL intestinal tract, affected digestive enzyme activity, and ultimately affected larval mortality. The high oil diet gave the best results in terms of growth, survival and intestinal microbiota diversity, although the digestive enzymes activities were not the highest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guozhong Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment for Animal Products, Ji'nan, China
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenetic Microbiology and Immunology, Yantai, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenetic Microbiology and Immunology, Yantai, China
- Shandong Breeding Environmental Control Engineering Laboratory, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Wenli Tang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment for Animal Products, Ji'nan, China
- Shandong Breeding Environmental Control Engineering Laboratory, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Youzhi Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment for Animal Products, Ji'nan, China
| | - Junyi Pang
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Xin Yuan
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenetic Microbiology and Immunology, Yantai, China
| | - Xiangbin Song
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment for Animal Products, Ji'nan, China
- Shandong Breeding Environmental Control Engineering Laboratory, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Linlin Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment for Animal Products, Ji'nan, China
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenetic Microbiology and Immunology, Yantai, China
- Shandong Breeding Environmental Control Engineering Laboratory, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Xin Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment for Animal Products, Ji'nan, China
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenetic Microbiology and Immunology, Yantai, China
- Shandong Breeding Environmental Control Engineering Laboratory, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Hongwei Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment for Animal Products, Ji'nan, China
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenetic Microbiology and Immunology, Yantai, China
- Shandong Breeding Environmental Control Engineering Laboratory, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Jiao Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment for Animal Products, Ji'nan, China
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenetic Microbiology and Immunology, Yantai, China
| | - Jianlong Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment for Animal Products, Ji'nan, China
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenetic Microbiology and Immunology, Yantai, China
- Shandong Breeding Environmental Control Engineering Laboratory, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Xingxiao Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment for Animal Products, Ji'nan, China
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenetic Microbiology and Immunology, Yantai, China
- Shandong Breeding Environmental Control Engineering Laboratory, Yantai, Shandong, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kariuki EG, Kibet C, Paredes JC, Mboowa G, Mwaura O, Njogu J, Masiga D, Bugg TDH, Tanga CM. Metatranscriptomic analysis of the gut microbiome of black soldier fly larvae reared on lignocellulose-rich fiber diets unveils key lignocellulolytic enzymes. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1120224. [PMID: 37180276 PMCID: PMC10171111 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1120224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, interest in the black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) gut microbiome has received increased attention primarily due to their role in waste bioconversion. However, there is a lack of information on the positive effect on the activities of the gut microbiomes and enzymes (CAZyme families) acting on lignocellulose. In this study, BSFL were subjected to lignocellulose-rich diets: chicken feed (CF), chicken manure (CM), brewers' spent grain (BSG), and water hyacinth (WH). The mRNA libraries were prepared, and RNA-Sequencing was conducted using the PCR-cDNA approach through the MinION sequencing platform. Our results demonstrated that BSFL reared on BSG and WH had the highest abundance of Bacteroides and Dysgonomonas. The presence of GH51 and GH43_16 enzyme families in the gut of BSFL with both α-L-arabinofuranosidases and exo-alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase 2 were common in the BSFL reared on the highly lignocellulosic WH and BSG diets. Gene clusters that encode hemicellulolytic arabinofuranosidases in the CAZy family GH51 were also identified. These findings provide novel insight into the shift of gut microbiomes and the potential role of BSFL in the bioconversion of various highly lignocellulosic diets to fermentable sugars for subsequent value-added products (bioethanol). Further research on the role of these enzymes to improve existing technologies and their biotechnological applications is crucial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric G. Kariuki
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Caleb Kibet
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Juan C. Paredes
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Gerald Mboowa
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Oscar Mwaura
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - John Njogu
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Daniel Masiga
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Timothy D. H. Bugg
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Chrysantus M. Tanga
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Michishita R, Shimoda M, Furukawa S, Uehara T. Inoculation with black soldier fly larvae alters the microbiome and volatile organic compound profile of decomposing food waste. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4297. [PMID: 36922572 PMCID: PMC10017687 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31388-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The black soldier fly (BSF; Hermetia illucens) is used in sustainable processing of many types of organic waste. However, organic waste being decomposed by BSF produces strong odors, hindering more widespread application. The odor components and how they are produced have yet to be characterized. We found that digestion of food waste by BSF significantly alters the microbial flora, based on metagenomic analyses, and the odor components generated, as shown by thermal desorption gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis. Inoculation with BSF significantly decreased production of volatile organic sulfur compounds (dimethyl disulfide and dimethyl trisulfide), which are known to be released during methionine and cysteine metabolism by Lactobacillus and Enterococcus bacteria. BSF inoculation significantly changed the abundance of Lactobacillus and Enterococcus and decreased microbial diversity overall. These findings may help in optimizing use of BSF for deodorization of composting food waste.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rena Michishita
- Division of Insect Sciences, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8634, Japan.,Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Masami Shimoda
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Seiichi Furukawa
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Takuya Uehara
- Division of Insect Sciences, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8634, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Mani K, Vitenberg T, Ben-Mordechai L, Schweitzer R, Opatovsky I. Comparative untargeted metabolic analysis of natural- and laboratory-reared larvae of black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2023; 266:110851. [PMID: 37001582 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2023.110851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we examined the metabolic composition of black soldier fly (BSF) larvae from natural populations (Ruhama: R and She'ar Yashuv: S) and from a laboratory-reared colony (C) using untargeted metabolomics analysis. The results revealed significant over-accumulation of metabolites from phenylalanine and purine metabolism and biosynthesis of phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan, and arginine in both natural populations, and enriched pathway analysis, compared to the laboratory-reared colony. In addition, we found accumulation of glutathione metabolism and aminoacyl tRNA biosynthesis related metabolites in R, and linoleic acid and tryptophan metabolism related metabolites in S. Moreover, we found down-accumulation of metabolites belonging to alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism in both natural populations: amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism only in the R population and aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism only in the S population. Overall, the results suggest that the naturally growing larvae require large quantities of metabolites from aromatic amino acids (phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan) for defense against pathogens under natural conditions e.g., melanization. In addition, glutathione metabolites help the BSF to survive under oxidative stress. Further study of the functional metabolomics of naturally growing and laboratory-reared larvae could provide a platform for better understanding of BSF larval survival mechanisms in complex environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kannan Mani
- Laboratory of Insect Nutrition and Metabolism, Department of Nutrition and Natural Products, MIGAL-Galilee Research Institute, 1 Tarshish Street, P.O.B. 831, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel; Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee, 1220800, Israel
| | - Tzach Vitenberg
- Laboratory of Insect Nutrition and Metabolism, Department of Nutrition and Natural Products, MIGAL-Galilee Research Institute, 1 Tarshish Street, P.O.B. 831, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel
| | - Lilach Ben-Mordechai
- Laboratory of Insect Nutrition and Metabolism, Department of Nutrition and Natural Products, MIGAL-Galilee Research Institute, 1 Tarshish Street, P.O.B. 831, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel; Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee, 1220800, Israel
| | - Ron Schweitzer
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Tel-Hai Academic College, Upper Galilee, Israel
| | - Itai Opatovsky
- Laboratory of Insect Nutrition and Metabolism, Department of Nutrition and Natural Products, MIGAL-Galilee Research Institute, 1 Tarshish Street, P.O.B. 831, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel; Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee, 1220800, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Bose U, Juhasz A, Stockwell S, Escobar-Correas S, Marcora A, Paull C, Broadbent JA, Wijffels G. Unpacking the Proteome and Metaproteome of the Black Soldier Fly Larvae: Efficacy and Complementarity of Multiple Protein Extraction Protocols. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:7319-7330. [PMID: 36872973 PMCID: PMC9979371 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The larvae of the black soldier fly (BSF), Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), have demonstrated the ability to efficiently bioconvert organic waste into a sustainable source of food and feed, but fundamental biology remains to be discovered to exploit their full biodegradative potential. Herein, LC-MS/MS was used to assess the efficiency of eight differing extraction protocols to build foundational knowledge regarding the proteome landscape of both the BSF larvae body and gut. Each protocol yielded complementary information to improve BSF proteome coverage. Protocol 8 (liquid nitrogen, defatting, and urea/thiourea/chaps) was better than all other protocols for the protein extraction from larvae gut samples, and the exclusion of defatting steps yielded the highest number of proteins for the larval body samples. Protocol-specific functional annotation using protein level information has shown that the selection of extraction buffer can affect protein detection and their associated functional classes within the measured BSF larval gut proteome. A targeted LC-MRM-MS experiment was performed on the selected enzyme subclasses to assess the influence of protocol composition using peptide abundance measurements. Metaproteome analysis of the BSF larvae gut has uncovered the prevalence of two bacterial phyla: actinobacteria and proteobacteria. We envisage that using complementary extraction protocols and investigating the proteome from the BSF body and gut separately will expand the fundamental knowledge of the BSF proteome and thereby provide translational opportunities for future research to enhance their efficiency for waste degradation and contribution to the circular economy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Utpal Bose
- CSIRO
Agriculture and Food, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, Queensland 4067, Australia
- Australian
Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and
Protein Science, School of Science, Edith
Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia 6027, Australia
- School
of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4067, Australia
| | - Angela Juhasz
- Australian
Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and
Protein Science, School of Science, Edith
Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia 6027, Australia
| | - Sally Stockwell
- CSIRO
Agriculture and Food, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, Queensland 4067, Australia
| | - Sophia Escobar-Correas
- CSIRO
Agriculture and Food, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, Queensland 4067, Australia
- Australian
Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and
Protein Science, School of Science, Edith
Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia 6027, Australia
- CSIRO
Agriculture and Food, Boggo Road, Dutton Park, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
| | - Anna Marcora
- School
of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4067, Australia
| | - Cate Paull
- School
of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4067, Australia
| | - James A. Broadbent
- CSIRO
Agriculture and Food, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, Queensland 4067, Australia
| | - Gene Wijffels
- CSIRO
Agriculture and Food, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, Queensland 4067, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Xu Z, Wu X, Zhang J, Cheng P, Xu Z, Sun W, Zhong Y, Wang Y, Yu G, Liu H. Microplastics existence intensified bloom of antibiotic resistance in livestock feces transformed by black soldier fly. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 317:120845. [PMID: 36496063 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Efficient degradation of residual antibiotics in livestock and poultry feces by black soldier flies (BSFs) has been widely reported. Nevertheless, the effects of widely detected microplastics in feces on the dynamic reduction of antibiotics and the transfer of gut bacterial resistome remain unclear. In this study, red fluorescence-labeled microplastics are observed to be abundantly distributed in BSFs gut, which caused epithelial cell damage along with gut peristalsis and friction, thereby releasing reactive oxygen species and activating the antioxidant enzyme system. In addition, they result in not only in inflammatory cytokine release to induce gut inflammation, but fecal hardening because of mucus released from the BSFs, thereby hindering organic mineralization and antibiotic degradation. Besides, the gut pathogenic bacteria easily obtain growth energy and crowded out ecological niches by reducing nitrate produced by inflammatory host cells to nitrite with nitrate reductase. Consequently, linear discriminant analysis effect size and detrended correspondence analysis found that microplastic intake significantly reshape the microbial community structure and cause the significant reduction of several important organic-decomposing bacteria and probiotics (e.g., Pseudomonadales, Coriobacteriales, Lachnospirales, and Ruminococcaceae). In addition, a large number of pathogenic bacteria (e.g., Enterococcaceae, Hungateiclostridiaceae, and Clostridia) are enriched in feces and BSFs gut. Weighted correlation network analysis and bubble diagram analysis indicate that microplastic intake intensified gut colonization of pathogenic bacteria carrying antibiotic-resistant genes/mobile genetic elements, driving the bloom of antibiotic resistance in transformed fecal piles. Therefore, microplastics in feces should be isolated as much as possible before insect transformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Xu
- College of Resources and Environment, Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Innovative Institute for Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, China
| | - Xinyue Wu
- College of Resources and Environment, Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, China
| | - Jiexiang Zhang
- Guangzhou Radio & TV Measurement & Testing Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, 510656, China
| | - Ping Cheng
- Innovative Institute for Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, China
| | - Zhihao Xu
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinggangshan University, Jian, 343009, China
| | - Weimin Sun
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management Institute of Environmental and Soil Sciences, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Yuming Zhong
- College of Resources and Environment, Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, China
| | - Yifan Wang
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Guohui Yu
- Innovative Institute for Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, China.
| | - Hui Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Querejeta M, Hervé V, Perdereau E, Marchal L, Herniou EA, Boyer S, Giron D. Changes in Bacterial Community Structure Across the Different Life Stages of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens). MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2022:10.1007/s00248-022-02146-x. [PMID: 36434303 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-022-02146-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The digestive capacity of organic compounds by the black soldier fly (BSF, Hermetia illucens, Diptera: Stratiomyidae, Linnaeus, 1758) is known to rely on complex larva-microbiota interactions. Although insect development is known to be a driver of changes of bacterial communities, the fluctuations along BSF life cycle in terms of composition and diversity of bacterial communities are still unknown. In this work, we used a metabarcoding approach to explore the differences in bacterial diversity along all four BSF developmental stages: eggs, larvae, pupae, and adult. We detected not only significant differences in bacterial community composition and species richness along the development of BSF, but also nine prevalent amplicon single variants (ASVs) forming the core microbiota. Out of the 2010 ASVs identified, 160 were significantly more abundant in one of the life stages. Moreover, using PICRUSt2, we inferred 27 potential metabolic pathways differentially used among the BSF life cycle. This distribution of metabolic pathways was congruent with the bacterial taxonomic distribution among life stages, demonstrating that the functional requirements of each phase of development are drivers of bacterial composition and diversity. This study provides a better understanding of the different metabolic processes occurring during BSF development and their links to changes in bacterial taxa. This information has important implications for improving bio-waste processing in such an economically important insect species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Querejeta
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261, CNRS-Université de Tours, Tours, France.
- Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.
| | - Vincent Hervé
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261, CNRS-Université de Tours, Tours, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR SayFood, 91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - Elfie Perdereau
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261, CNRS-Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Lorène Marchal
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261, CNRS-Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Elisabeth A Herniou
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261, CNRS-Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Stéphane Boyer
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261, CNRS-Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - David Giron
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261, CNRS-Université de Tours, Tours, France
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Vitenberg T, Opatovsky I. Assessing Fungal Diversity and Abundance in the Black Soldier Fly and its Environment. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2022; 22:3. [PMID: 36398851 PMCID: PMC9673256 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieac066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Detritivorous insects that flourish in decaying environments encounter microorganisms throughout their life cycle. However, it is not clear whether the microbial composition of the decaying environment affects the microbial composition of the insect gut, or whether the opposite is true, with the microorganisms that are adapted to the insect's digestive system being dispersed by the insects to new habitats, thereby becoming more and more common in the environment. To test these questions the fungal composition of the black soldier fly (BSF) (Stratiomyidae; Hermetia illucens Linnaeus) larval gut and its surrounding decaying environment (household compost bins) were analyzed using amplicon sequencing. Constancy in the dominance of the genus Candida (Debaryomycetaceae) in most of the environments and larval guts was found. This finding may suggest a 'core' structure to the fungal community of the BSF. In locations where nutrient composition of the environment had higher fiber content, the Candida was not dominant and the most common fungi were the genus Gibberella (Nectriaceae) and the family Dipodascaceae. The later was dominant also in the larval gut and the former was replaced with Meyerozyma (Debaryomycetaceae), which may suggest a selection process by the insect's gut. Little is known about the ecological interactions of insects with eukaryotic microorganisms, such as yeast-like fungi. As their metabolic complexity and ability is intense, they have the potential to dramatically affect the physiological condition of the insect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tzach Vitenberg
- Department of Nutrition and Natural Products, Laboratory of Insect Nutrition and Metabolism, MIGAL - Galilee Research Centre, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee, Israel
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Fuhrmann A, Wilde B, Conz RF, Kantengwa S, Konlambigue M, Masengesho B, Kintche K, Kassa K, Musazura W, Späth L, Gold M, Mathys A, Six J, Hartmann M. Residues from black soldier fly ( Hermetia illucens) larvae rearing influence the plant-associated soil microbiome in the short term. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:994091. [PMID: 36225364 PMCID: PMC9550165 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.994091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The larvae of the black soldier fly (BSFL, Hermetia illucens) efficiently close resource cycles. Next to the nutrient-rich insect biomass used as animal feed, the residues from the process are promising plant fertilizers. Besides a high nutrient content, the residues contain a diverse microbial community and application to soil can potentially promote soil fertility and agricultural production through the introduction of beneficial microbes. This research assessed the application of the residues on plant-associated bacterial and fungal communities in the rhizosphere of a grass-clover mix in a 42-day greenhouse pot study. Potted soil was amended with BSFL residues (BR+) or conventional compost (CC+) produced by Rwandan waste management companies in parallel to residues and compost sterilized (BR-, CC-) by high-energy electron beam (HEEB) as abiotic controls. The fertilizers were applied at a rate of 150 kg N ha-1. Soil bacterial and fungal communities in both fertilizer and soil were assessed by high-throughput sequencing of ribosomal markers at different times after fertilizer application. Additionally, indicators for soil fertility such as basal respiration, plant yield and soil physicochemical properties were analyzed. Results showed that the application of BSFL residues influenced the soil microbial communities, and especially fungi, stronger than CC fertilizers. These effects on the microbial community structure could partly be attributed to a potential introduction of microbes to the soil by BSFL residues (e.g., members of genus Bacillus) since untreated and sterilized BSFL residues promoted different microbial communities. With respect to the abiotic effects, we emphasize a potential driving role of particular classes of organic matter like fiber and chitin. Indeed, especially taxa associated with decomposition of organic matter (e.g., members of the fungal genus Mortierella) were promoted by the application of BSFL residues. Soil fertility with respect to plant yield (+17% increase compared to unamended control) and basal respiration (+16% increase compared to unamended control) tended to be improved with the addition of BSFL residues. Findings underline the versatile opportunities for soil fertility arising from the application of BSFL residues in plant production and point to further research on quantification of the described effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Fuhrmann
- Sustainable Agroecosystems Group, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Singapore-ETH Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Benjamin Wilde
- Sustainable Agroecosystems Group, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Rafaela Feola Conz
- Sustainable Agroecosystems Group, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Kokou Kintche
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Kinfe Kassa
- Faculty of Water Supply and Environmental Engineering, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - William Musazura
- School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Leonhard Späth
- Sustainable Agroecosystems Group, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Transdisciplinary Lab, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Moritz Gold
- Sustainable Food Processing Laboratory, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Health Science and Technology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec), Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Mathys
- Sustainable Food Processing Laboratory, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Health Science and Technology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Johan Six
- Sustainable Agroecosystems Group, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Hartmann
- Sustainable Agroecosystems Group, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
IJdema F, De Smet J, Crauwels S, Lievens B, Van Campenhout L. Meta-analysis of larvae of the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) microbiota based on 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2022; 98:fiac094. [PMID: 35977400 PMCID: PMC9453823 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiac094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) belong to the most widely reared insects as an alternative protein source at industrial scale. Bacteria in the larval gut can provide benefits for the animal, though some bacteria can also be pathogenic for the insect. Accurate characterization of the BSFL microbiota is important for the production of BSFL in terms of yield and microbiological safety. In this study, 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequence data sets from 11 studies were re-analysed to gain better insights in the BSFL gut microbiota, potential factors that influence their composition, and differences between the gut and the whole larvae microbiota. A core gut microbiota was found consisting of members of Enterococcus, Klebsiella, Morganella, Providencia, and Scrofimicrobium. Further, the factors 'Study', 'Age' and 'Feed' (i.e. rearing substrate of the larvae) significantly affected the microbiota gut composition. When compared to whole larvae, a significantly lower diversity was found for gut samples, suggesting that the larvae harboured additional microbes on their cuticle or in the insect body. Universal choices in insect sample type, primer selection and bio-informatics analysis pipeline can strengthen future meta-analyses and improve our understanding of the BSFL gut microbiota towards the optimization of insect rearing conditions and substrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Freek IJdema
- CLMT Research Group for Insect Production and Processing, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (MS), KU Leuven, B-3001, Campus Geel, Geel, B-2440, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Leuven, B-3001, Belgium
| | - Jeroen De Smet
- CLMT Research Group for Insect Production and Processing, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (MS), KU Leuven, B-3001, Campus Geel, Geel, B-2440, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Leuven, B-3001, Belgium
| | - Sam Crauwels
- CMPG Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M²S), KU Leuven, Leuven, B-3001, Belgium
| | - Bart Lievens
- CMPG Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M²S), KU Leuven, Leuven, B-3001, Belgium
- Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), KU Leuven, Leuven, B-3001, Belgium
| | - Leen Van Campenhout
- CLMT Research Group for Insect Production and Processing, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (MS), KU Leuven, B-3001, Campus Geel, Geel, B-2440, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Leuven, B-3001, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Liu T, Klammsteiner T, Dregulo AM, Kumar V, Zhou Y, Zhang Z, Awasthi MK. Black soldier fly larvae for organic manure recycling and its potential for a circular bioeconomy: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 833:155122. [PMID: 35405225 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Livestock farming and its products provide a diverse range of benefits for our day-to-day life. However, the ever-increasing demand for farmed animals has raised concerns about waste management and its impact on the environment. Worldwide, cattle produce enormous amounts of manure, which is detrimental to soil properties if poorly managed. Waste management with insect larvae is considered one of the most efficient techniques for resource recovery from manure. In recent years, the use of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) for resource recovery has emerged as an effective method. Using BSFL has several advantages over traditional methods, as the larvae produce a safe compost and extract trace elements like Cu and Zn. This paper is a comprehensive review of the potential of BSFL for recycling organic wastes from livestock farming, manure bioconversion, parameters affecting the BSFL application on organic farming, and process performance of biomolecule degradation. The last part discusses the economic feasibility, lifecycle assessment, and circular bioeconomy of the BSFL in manure recycling. Moreover, it discusses the future perspectives associated with the application of BSFL. Specifically, this review discusses BSFL cultivation and its impact on the larvae's physiology, gut biochemical physiology, gut microbes and metabolic pathways, nutrient conservation and global warming potential, microbial decomposition of organic nutrients, total and pathogenic microbial dynamics, and recycling of rearing residues as fertilizer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China
| | - Thomas Klammsteiner
- Department of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25d, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andrei Mikhailovich Dregulo
- Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Saint-Petersburg State University" 7-9 Universitetskaya emb., 199034, Saint- Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Vinay Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Yuwen Zhou
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China
| | - Zengqiang Zhang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China
| | - Mukesh Kumar Awasthi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Li XY, Mei C, Luo XY, Wulamu D, Zhan S, Huang YP, Yang H. Dynamics of the intestinal bacterial community in black soldier fly larval guts and its influence on insect growth and development. INSECT SCIENCE 2022. [PMID: 35811567 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Black soldier fly (BSF), Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), is a prominent insect for the bioconversion of various organic wastes. As a saprotrophic insect, the BSF inhabits microbe-rich environments. However, the influences of the intestinal microorganisms on BSF growth and development are not very clear. In this study, the dynamics of the intestinal bacterial community of BSF larvae (BSFL) were analyzed using pyrosequencing. Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria were the most prevalent bacterial phyla in the intestines of all larval instars. The dynamic changes in bacterial community compositions among different larval instars were striking at the genus level. Klebsiella, Clostridium, Providencia, and Dysgonomonas were the relatively most abundant bacteria in the 1st- to 4th-instar BSFL, respectively. Dysgonomonas and Providencia also dominated the 5th- and 6th-instar larvae, at ratios of 31.1% and 47.2%, respectively. In total, 148 bacterial strains affiliated with 20 genera were isolated on different media under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Among them, 6 bacteria, BSF1-BSF6, were selected for further study. The inoculation of the 6 isolates independently into germ-free BSFL feeding on an artificial diet showed that all the bacteria, except BSF4, significantly promoted BSF growth and development compared with the germ-free control. Citrobacter, Dysgonomonas, Klebsiella, Ochrobactrum, and Providencia promoted BSF development significantly by increasing the weight gains of larvae and pupae, as well as increasing the prepupae and eclosion rates. In addition, Citrobacter, Klebsiella and Providencia shortened the BSF life cycle significantly. The results illustrate the promotive effects of intestinal bacteria on BSF growth and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yu Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, Institute of Entomology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Cheng Mei
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, Institute of Entomology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xing-Yu Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Dilinuer Wulamu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, Institute of Entomology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuai Zhan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-Ping Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, Institute of Entomology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Geng J, Sui Z, Dou W, Miao Y, Wang T, Wei X, Chen S, Zhang Z, Xiao J, Huang D. 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing Reveals Specific Gut Microbes Common to Medicinal Insects. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:892767. [PMID: 35651499 PMCID: PMC9149300 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.892767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects have a long history of being used in medicine, with clear primary and secondary functions and less side effects, and the study and exploitation of medicinal insects have received increasing attention. Insects gut microbiota and their metabolites play an important role in protecting the hosts from other potentially harmful microbes, providing nutrients, promoting digestion and degradation, and regulating growth and metabolism of the hosts. However, there are still few studies linking the medicinal values of insects with their gut microbes. In this study, we focused on the specific gut microbiota common to medicinal insects, hoping to trace the potential connection between medicinal values and gut microbes of medicinal insects. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing data, we compared the gut microbiota of medicinal insects [Periplaneta americana, Protaetia (Liocola) brevitarsis (Lewis) and Musca domestica], in their medicinal stages, and non-medicinal insects (Hermetia illucens L., Tenebrio molitor, and Drosophila melanogaster), and found that the intestinal microbial richness of medicinal insects was higher, and there were significant differences in the microbial community structure between the two groups. We established a model using a random-forest method to preliminarily screen out several types of gut microbiota common to medicinal insects that may play medicinal values: Parabacteroides goldsteinii, Lactobacillus dextrinicus, Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis (B. infantis), and Vagococcus carniphilus. In particular, P. goldsteinii and B. infantis were most probably involved in the anti-inflammatory effects of medicinal insects. Our results revealed an association between medicinal insects and their gut microbes, providing new development directions and possibly potential tools for utilizing microbes to enhance the medicinal efficacy of medicinal insects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Geng
- Institute of Entomology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhuoxiao Sui
- Institute of Entomology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Weihao Dou
- Institute of Entomology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yunheng Miao
- Institute of Entomology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Institute of Entomology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xunfan Wei
- Institute of Entomology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Sicong Chen
- Institute of Entomology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zongqi Zhang
- Institute of Entomology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jinhua Xiao
- Institute of Entomology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Dawei Huang
- Institute of Entomology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Black Soldier Fly Larvae Influence Internal and Substrate Bacterial Community Composition Depending on Substrate Type and Larval Density. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0008422. [PMID: 35532232 PMCID: PMC9128521 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00084-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Saprophagous fly larvae interact with a rich community of bacteria in decomposing organic matter. Larvae of some species, such as the black soldier fly, can process a wide range of organic residual streams into edible insect biomass and thus produce protein as a sustainable component of livestock feed. The microbiological safety of the insects and substrates remains a point of concern. Substrate-associated bacteria can dominate the larval gut microbiota, but the larvae can also alter the bacterial community in the substrate. However, the relative importance of substrate type and larval density in bacterial community dynamics is unknown. We investigated four larval densities (0 [control], 50, 100, or 200 larvae per container [520 mL; diameter, 75 mm]) and three feed substrates (chicken feed, chicken manure, and camelina substrate [50% chicken feed, 50% camelina oilseed press cake]) and sampled the bacterial communities of the substrates and larvae at three time points over 15 days. Although feed substrate was the strongest driver of microbiota composition over time, larval density significantly altered the relative abundances of several common bacterial genera, including potential pathogens, in each substrate and in larvae fed chicken feed. Bacterial communities of the larvae and substrate differed to a higher degree in chicken manure and camelina than in chicken feed. This supports the substrate-dependent impact of black soldier fly larvae on bacteria both within the larvae and in the substrate. This study indicates that substrate composition and larval density can alter bacterial community composition and might be used to improve insect microbiological safety. IMPORTANCE Black soldier fly larvae can process organic side streams into nutritious insect biomass, yielding a sustainable ingredient of animal feed. In processing such organic residues, the larvae impact the substrate and its microbiota. However, their role relative to the feed substrate in shaping the bacterial community is unknown. This may be important for the waste management industry to determine whether pathogens can be controlled by manipulating the larval density and the timing of harvest. We investigated how the type of feed substrate and the larval density (number of larvae per container) interacted to influence bacterial community composition in the substrates and larvae over time. Substrate type was the strongest driver of bacterial community composition, and the magnitude of the impact of the larvae depended on the substrate type and larval density. Thus, both substrate composition and larval density may be used to improve the microbiological safety of the larvae as animal feed.
Collapse
|
38
|
Diet Fermentation Leads to Microbial Adaptation in Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens; Linnaeus, 1758) Larvae Reared on Palm Oil Side Streams. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14095626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Insects offer a promising alternative source of protein to mitigate the environmental consequences of conventional livestock farming. Larvae of the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens; Linnaeus, 1758) efficiently convert a variety of organic side streams and residues into valuable proteins, lipids, and chitin. Here, we evaluated the suitability of two palm oil industry side streams—empty fruit bunches (EFB) and palm kernel meal (PKM)—as larval feed, and their impact on the larval gut microbiome. Among 69 fungal species we screened, Marasmius palmivorus, Irpex consors, and Bjerkandera adusta achieved the fastest growth and lignin degradation, so these fungi were used for the pretreatment of 7:3 mixtures of EFB and PKM. Larvae reared on the mixture pretreated with B. adusta (BAD) developed significantly more quickly and reached a higher final weight than those reared on the other pretreatments or the non-fermented reference (NFR). Amplicon sequencing of the BAD and NFR groups revealed major differences in the larval gut microbiome. The NFR group was dominated by facultatively anaerobic Enterobacteriaceae (typical of H. illucens larvae) whereas the BAD group favored obligately anaerobic, cellulolytic bacteria (Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae). We hypothesize that fungal lignin degradation led to an accumulation of mycelia and subsequent cellulolytic breakdown of fiber residues, thus improving substrate digestibility.
Collapse
|
39
|
Seyedalmoosavi MM, Mielenz M, Veldkamp T, Daş G, Metges CC. Growth efficiency, intestinal biology, and nutrient utilization and requirements of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae compared to monogastric livestock species: a review. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2022; 13:31. [PMID: 35509031 PMCID: PMC9069764 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-022-00682-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, interest in the larvae of black soldier fly (BSF) (Hermetia illucens) as a sustainable protein resource for livestock feed has increased considerably. However, knowledge on the nutritional and physiological aspects of this insect, especially compared to other conventional farmed animals is scarce. This review presents a critical comparison of data on the growth potential and efficiency of the BSF larvae (BSFL) compared to conventional monogastric livestock species. Advantages of BSFL over other monogastric livestock species includes their high growth rate and their ability to convert low-grade organic waste into high-quality protein and fat-rich biomass suitable for use in animal feed. Calculations using literature data suggest that BSFL are more efficient than broilers, pigs and fish in terms of conversion of substrate protein into body mass, but less efficient than broilers and fish in utilization of substrate gross energy to gain body mass. BSFL growth efficiency varies greatly depending on the nutrient quality of their dietary substrates. This might be associated with the function of their gastrointestinal tract, including the activity of digestive enzymes, the substrate particle characteristics, and their intestinal microbial community. The conceived advantage of BSFL having an environmental footprint better than conventional livestock is only true if BSFL is produced on low-grade organic waste and its protein would directly be used for human consumption. Therefore, their potential role as a new species to better close nutrient cycles in agro-ecological systems needs to be reconsidered, and we conclude that BSFL is a complementary livestock species efficiently utilizing organic waste that cannot be utilized by other livestock. In addition, we provide comparative insight into morpho-functional aspects of the gut, characterization of digestive enzymes, gut microbiota and fiber digestion. Finally, current knowledge on the nutritional utilization and requirements of BSFL in terms of macro- and micro-nutrients is reviewed and found to be rather limited. In addition, the research methods to determine nutritional requirements of conventional livestock are not applicable for BSFL. Thus, there is a great need for research on the nutrient requirements of BSFL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad M Seyedalmoosavi
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Nutritional Physiology, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Manfred Mielenz
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Nutritional Physiology, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Teun Veldkamp
- Wageningen UR, Livestock Research, P.O. Box 338, 6700AH, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Gürbüz Daş
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Nutritional Physiology, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Cornelia C Metges
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Nutritional Physiology, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Sandrock C, Leupi S, Wohlfahrt J, Kaya C, Heuel M, Terranova M, Blanckenhorn WU, Windisch W, Kreuzer M, Leiber F. Genotype-by-Diet Interactions for Larval Performance and Body Composition Traits in the Black Soldier Fly, Hermetia illucens. INSECTS 2022; 13:424. [PMID: 35621760 PMCID: PMC9147266 DOI: 10.3390/insects13050424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Further advancing black soldier fly (BSF) farming for waste valorisation and more sustainable global protein supplies critically depends on targeted exploitation of genotype-phenotype associations in this insect, comparable to conventional livestock. This study used a fully crossed factorial design of rearing larvae of four genetically distinct BSF strains (FST: 0.11-0.35) on three nutritionally different diets (poultry feed, food waste, poultry manure) to investigate genotype-by-environment interactions. Phenotypic responses included larval growth dynamics over time, weight at harvest, mortality, biomass production with respective contents of ash, fat, and protein, including amino acid profiles, as well as bioconversion and nitrogen efficiency, reduction of dry matter and relevant fibre fractions, and dry matter loss (emissions). Virtually all larval performance and body composition traits were substantially influenced by diet but also characterised by ample BSF genetic variation and, most importantly, by pronounced interaction effects between the two. Across evaluated phenotypes, variable diet-dependent rankings and the lack of generally superior BSF strains indicate the involvement of trade-offs between traits, as their relationships may even change signs. Conflicting resource allocation in light of overall BSF fitness suggests anticipated breeding programs will require complex and differential selection strategies to account for pinpointed trait maximisation versus multi-purpose resilience.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Sandrock
- Department of Livestock Sciences, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Ackerstrasse 113, 5070 Frick, Switzerland; (S.L.); (J.W.); (C.K.); (F.L.)
| | - Simon Leupi
- Department of Livestock Sciences, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Ackerstrasse 113, 5070 Frick, Switzerland; (S.L.); (J.W.); (C.K.); (F.L.)
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Eschikon 27, 8315 Lindau, Switzerland; (M.H.); (M.K.)
| | - Jens Wohlfahrt
- Department of Livestock Sciences, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Ackerstrasse 113, 5070 Frick, Switzerland; (S.L.); (J.W.); (C.K.); (F.L.)
| | - Cengiz Kaya
- Department of Livestock Sciences, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Ackerstrasse 113, 5070 Frick, Switzerland; (S.L.); (J.W.); (C.K.); (F.L.)
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Maike Heuel
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Eschikon 27, 8315 Lindau, Switzerland; (M.H.); (M.K.)
| | - Melissa Terranova
- AgroVet-Strickhof, ETH Zurich, Eschikon 27, 8315 Lindau, Switzerland;
| | - Wolf U. Blanckenhorn
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Wilhelm Windisch
- Animal Nutrition, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University Munich, Liesel-Beckmann-Strasse 2, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany;
| | - Michael Kreuzer
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Eschikon 27, 8315 Lindau, Switzerland; (M.H.); (M.K.)
| | - Florian Leiber
- Department of Livestock Sciences, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Ackerstrasse 113, 5070 Frick, Switzerland; (S.L.); (J.W.); (C.K.); (F.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Cifuentes Y, Vilcinskas A, Kämpfer P, Glaeser SP. Isolation of Hermetia illucens larvae core gut microbiota by two different cultivation strategies. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2022; 115:821-837. [PMID: 35460063 PMCID: PMC9123031 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-022-01735-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Hermetia illucens larvae (black soldier fly larvae, BSFL) convert efficiently organic waste to high quality biomass. To gain knowledge on the specific functions of gut microbes in this process it is a prerequisite to culture members of the core gut microbiota. Two different cultivation strategies were applied here for this purpose, a dilution-to-extinction cultivation and direct plating using six different media to culture aerobic heterotrophic bacteria. A total of 341 isolates were obtained by the dilution-to-extinction cultivation and 138 isolates by direct plating from guts of BSFL reared on chicken feed. Bacterial isolates were phylogenetically identified at the genus level by 16S rRNA gene sequencing (phylotyping) and differentiated at the strain level by genomic fingerprinting (genotyping). The main proportion of isolates was assigned to Proteobacteria, Firmicutes (Bacilli), and Actinobacteria. Predominant genera discussed in literature as member of a potential BSFL core gut microbiota, Providencia, Proteus, Morganella, Enterococcus, Bacillus, and members of the family Enterobacteriaceae, were isolated. A high intra-phylotype diversity was obtained by genomic fingerprinting which was especially enhanced by the dilution-to-extinction cultivation. This study showed that the application of different cultivation strategies including a dilution-to-extinction cultivation helps to culture a higher diversity of the BSFL gut microbiota and that genomic fingerprinting gives a better picture on the genetic diversity of cultured bacteria which cannot be covered by a 16S rRNA gene sequence based identification alone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yina Cifuentes
- Institute of Applied Microbiology, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, IFZ-Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Vilcinskas
- Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Giessen, Germany.,Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Nutritional Sciences, and Environmental, Giessen, Germany
| | - Peter Kämpfer
- Institute of Applied Microbiology, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, IFZ-Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Stefanie P Glaeser
- Institute of Applied Microbiology, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, IFZ-Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Kuznetsova TA, Vecherskii MV, Khayrullin DR, Stepankov AA, Maximova IA, Kachalkin AV, Ushakova NA. Dramatic effect of black soldier fly larvae on fungal community in a compost. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:2598-2603. [PMID: 34687463 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) offer very good prospects for the production of cheap and high-quality dietary protein. This insect is able to consume low-quality substrates, including food waste. The properties and safety of the compost obtained are largely determined by its microbiome. However, while the bacterial component of the BSFL-compost microbiome has been much studied, little is known about its fungal component. In plant-based rearing substrates both the biomass and the metabolic activity of fungi often exceed the biomass and the activity of prokaryotes. So, the purpose of this study was to investigate the fungal community of the compost produced by BSF larvae reared on a food waste substrate. RESULTS Community structure was determined by metabarcoding of the ITS (internal transcribed spacer) region. Species composition and abundance were determined using the plating technique and subsequent identification of the isolated pure cultures. It was found that the primary mycobiome of the food waste substrate that was used consisted of 19 families, represented mainly by phytopathogenic and endophytic genera. Larva incubation led to the complete elimination of all mycelial fungi from the resulting compost. The final mycobiome consisted of only two yeast species, Pichia kudriavzevii and Diutina rugosa, with a total abundance of 1.2 × 107 CFU g-1 . CONCLUSIONS The rearing of BSFL led to the complete elimination of mycelial fungi from its feed substrate. The final compost lacked harmful fungi, including molds. This information may be crucial for BSF compost utilization. The phenomenon was also an interesting aspect of zoomicrobial interactions in nature and agriculture. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana A Kuznetsova
- Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maksim V Vecherskii
- Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - David R Khayrullin
- Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksandr A Stepankov
- Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina A Maximova
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Soil Science Department, Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksey V Kachalkin
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Soil Science Department, Moscow, Russia
- All-Russian Collection of Microorganisms, Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
| | - Nina A Ushakova
- Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Deng B, Zhu J, Wang G, Xu C, Zhang X, Wang P, Yuan Q. Effects of three major nutrient contents, compost thickness and treatment time on larval weight, process performance and residue component in black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) composting. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 307:114610. [PMID: 35093757 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The cellulose content in vegetable waste (VW) is high and cannot be directly digested by black soldier fly larvae (BSFL). In this study, in order to treat VW using BSFL composting, kitchen waste (KW) is used as the only nutritional supplement for VW to analyze the effects of the different contents of crude protein (CP), crude fat (EE), carbohydrate (3C), compost thickness (CT), and treatment time on the larval weight (LW), survival rate (SR), dry matter reduction rate (DMR), bioconversion rate (BCR), physical and chemical properties of BSFL sand and changes in the microbial community. Our results showed that when the average 3C content increased by 40%, the average LW increased by 47.6%, and the SR, DMR, BCR, and organic matter (OM) content increased by 16.82%, 8.5%, 4.77%, and 3.86%, respectively. In contrast, when the average compost thickness increased by 5 cm, the average weight of BSFL decreased by 22.64%, while the SR of larvae, DMR, BCR, OM, and total nutrients (TN + P2O5 + K2O) decreased by 5%, 5.2%, 4.42%, 9.6%, and 0.78%, respectively. Germination test showed that BSFL sand alone could not be used as soilless culture substrate. After BSFL treatment, we found that the dominant phyla in BSFL sand were Firmicutes (95.77%), Proteobacteria (2.54%), Actinobacteria (0.74%), and Chloroflexi (0.6%). Our results indicate that BSFL composting is an effective method of treating VW, and 3C content and CT have a significant effect on BSFL composting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Deng
- College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment in Mid‒lower Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Junyu Zhu
- College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment in Mid‒lower Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Guoqing Wang
- College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment in Mid‒lower Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chao Xu
- College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment in Mid‒lower Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment in Mid‒lower Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Panpan Wang
- College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment in Mid‒lower Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Qiaoxia Yuan
- College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment in Mid‒lower Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Foysal MJ, Dao TTT, Fotedar R, Gupta SK, Tay A, Chaklader MR. Sources of protein diet differentially stimulate the gut and water microbiota under freshwater crayfish, marron (Cherax cainii, Austin 2002) culture. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2022; 14:286-298. [PMID: 35130581 PMCID: PMC9303337 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.13049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
To reduce the reliance on fishmeal (FM), other protein sources have been evaluated on cultured animals. In a 60-days feeding trial, marrons (Cherax cainii) were fed a FM diet and five test diets containing 100% of plant-based protein sources such as soybean, lupin and valorised animal-based proteins such as poultry-by-product, black soldier fly and tuna hydrolysate. At the end of the trial, DNA samples from marron gut and rearing water were investigated through DNA-based 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Plant-based diets increased abundance for Aeromonas, Flavobacterium and Vogesella, whereas animal and insect proteins influenced diverse bacterial groups in the gut linked to various metabolic activities. Insect meal in the water favoured the growth of Firmicutes and lactic acid bacteria, beneficial for the marron health. Aeromonas richness in the gut and reared water signified the ubiquitous nature of the genus in the environment. The higher bacterial diversity in the gut and water with PBP and BSF was further supported by qPCR quantification of the bacterial single-copy gene, rpoB. The overall results suggested that PBP and BSF can exhibit positive and influential effects on the gut and water microbial communities, hence can be used as sustainable ingredients for the crayfish aquaculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Javed Foysal
- School of Molecular and Life SciencesCurtin UniversityBentleyWAAustralia
- Department of Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologyShahjalal University of Science and TechnologySylhetBangladesh
| | - Thi Thanh Thuy Dao
- School of Molecular and Life SciencesCurtin UniversityBentleyWAAustralia
| | - Ravi Fotedar
- School of Molecular and Life SciencesCurtin UniversityBentleyWAAustralia
| | | | - Alfred Tay
- Helicobacter Research Laboratory, Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, School of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Western AustraliaPerthWAAustralia
| | - Md Reaz Chaklader
- School of Molecular and Life SciencesCurtin UniversityBentleyWAAustralia
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Luo X, Yang Q, Lin Y, Tang Z, Tomberlin JK, Liu W, Huang Y. Black soldier fly larvae effectively degrade lincomycin from pharmaceutical industry wastes. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 307:114539. [PMID: 35085969 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Lincomycin fermentation residues (LFR) are the byproducts from the pharmaceutical industry, and contain high concentrations of antibiotics that could pose a threat to the environment. Here, we report that black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) and associated microbiota can effectively degrade LFR and accelerate the degradation of lincomycin in LFR. The degradation rate of lincomycin in LFR can reach 84.9% after 12 days of BSFL-mediated bioconversion, which is 3-fold greater than that accomplished with natural composting. The rapid degradation was partially carried out by the BSFL-associated microbiota, contributing 22.0% of the degradation in the final composts. Based on microbiome analysis, we found that the structure of microbiota from both BSFL guts and BSFL composts changed significantly during the bioconversion, and that several bacterial genera were correlated with lincomycin degradation. The roles of the associated microbiota in the degradation were further verified by the ability of two larval intestinal bacterial isolates and one bacterial isolate from BSFL composts to lincomycin degradation. The synergy between BSFL and the isolated strains resulted in a 2-fold increase in degradation compared to that achieved by microbial degradation alone. Furthermore, we determined that the degradation was correlated with the induction of several antibiotic resistant genes (ARGs) associated with lincomycin degradation in larval guts and BSFL composts. Moreover, the environmental conditions in the BSFL composts were found to be conducive to the degradation. In conclusion, these findings demonstrate that the BSFL-mediated bioconversion of LFR could effectively reduce residual lincomycin and that the associated microbiota play crucial roles in the process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Luo
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yueting Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China; Department of General Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Zhijun Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jeffery K Tomberlin
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, 400 Bizzell St., College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Wen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Yongping Huang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Gut Metagenomic Profiling of Gossypol Induced Oxycarenus laetus (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) Reveals Gossypol Tolerating Bacterial Species. Indian J Microbiol 2022; 62:54-60. [PMID: 35068604 PMCID: PMC8758820 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-021-00964-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxycarenus laetus is a cotton pest that primarily feeds on seeds that are rich in gossypol. Though gossypol is toxic to general herbivores, O. laetus does not show such complications and instead grows and reproduces well on cotton plants compared to its other hosts. In this study, we have fed O. laetus with natural and induced gossypol-based diets to explore the difference in its gut microbiota. We performed NGS 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing on the Illumina MiSeq platform and analyzed the data using the QIIME2 pipeline supplemented with Greengenes and EZBioCloud reference databases. We also used culture-based methods to identify a few abundant gut bacteria present in O. laetus. Enterococcus faecalis, Wolbachia bourtzisii, Wolbachia pipientis, Corynebacterium glyciniphilum, Staphylococcus sciuri, and Kocuria rosea were some of the major species that formed the core gut microbiome of O. laetus. We have also observed that some species were present only in the sample with the highest concentration of gossypol, signifying that they might have the potential to degrade gossypol. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12088-021-00964-0.
Collapse
|
47
|
Marasco R, Fusi M, Callegari M, Jucker C, Mapelli F, Borin S, Savoldelli S, Daffonchio D, Crotti E. Destabilization of the Bacterial Interactome Identifies Nutrient Restriction-Induced Dysbiosis in Insect Guts. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0158021. [PMID: 34985334 PMCID: PMC8729773 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01580-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress-associated dysbiosis of microbiome can have several configurations that, under an energy landscape conceptual framework, can change from one configuration to another due to different alternating selective forces. It has been proposed-according to the Anna Karenina Principle-that in stressed individuals the microbiome are more dispersed (i.e., with a higher within-beta diversity), evidencing the grade of dispersion as indicator of microbiome dysbiosis. We hypothesize that although dysbiosis leads to different microbial communities in terms of beta diversity, these are not necessarily differently dispersed (within-beta diversity), but they form disrupted networks that make them less resilient to stress. To test our hypothesis, we select nutrient restriction (NR) stress that impairs host fitness but does not introduce overt microbiome selectors, such as toxic compounds and pathogens. We fed the polyphagous black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens, with two NR diets and a control full-nutrient (FN) diet. NR diets were dysbiotic because they strongly affected insect growth and development, inducing significant microscale changes in physiochemical conditions of the gut compartments. NR diets established new configurations of the gut microbiome compared to FN-fed guts but with similar dispersion. However, these new configurations driven by the deterministic changes induced by NR diets were reflected in rarefied, less structured, and less connected bacterial interactomes. These results suggested that while the dispersion cannot be considered a consistent indicator of the unhealthy state of dysbiotic microbiomes, the capacity of the community members to maintain network connections and stability can be an indicator of the microbial dysbiotic conditions and their incapacity to sustain the holobiont resilience and host homeostasis. IMPORTANCE Changes in diet play a role in reshaping the gut microbiome in animals, inducing dysbiotic configurations of the associated microbiome. Although studies have reported on the effects of specific nutrient contents on the diet, studies regarding the conditions altering the microbiome configurations and networking in response to diet changes are limited. Our results showed that nutrient poor diets determine dysbiotic states of the host with reduction of insect weight and size, and increase of the times for developmental stage. Moreover, the poor nutrient diets lead to changes in the compositional diversity and network interaction properties of the gut microbial communities. Our study adds a new component to the understanding of the ecological processes associated with dysbiosis, by disentangling consequences of diets on microbiome dysbiosis that is manifested with the disruption of microbiome networking properties rather than changes in microbiome dispersion and beta diversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Marasco
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marco Fusi
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Matteo Callegari
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Costanza Jucker
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Mapelli
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Borin
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Savoldelli
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Daffonchio
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Elena Crotti
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Klüber P, Müller S, Schmidt J, Zorn H, Rühl M. Isolation of Bacterial and Fungal Microbiota Associated with Hermetia illucens Larvae Reveals Novel Insights into Entomopathogenicity. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10020319. [PMID: 35208774 PMCID: PMC8878651 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Larvae of the black soldier fly (BSF) Hermetia illucens are polyphagous feeders and show tremendous bioconversion capabilities of organic matter into high-quality insect biomass. However, the digestion of lignocellulose-rich palm oil side streams such as palm kernel meal (PKM) is a particular challenge, as these compounds are exceptionally stable and are mainly degraded by microbes. This study aimed to investigate the suitability of BSF larvae as bioconversion agents of PKM. Since the intestinal microbiota is considered to play a key role in dietary breakdown and in increasing digestibility, the bacterial and fungal communities of BSF larvae were characterized in a culture-dependent approach and screened for their putative entomopathogenicity. The lethality of six putative candidates was investigated using intracoelomal injection. In total, 93 isolates were obtained with a bacterial share of 74% that were assigned to the four phyla Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria. Members of the genera Klebsiella, Enterococcus, and Sphingobacterium are part of the core microbiome, as they were frequently described in the gut of Hermetia larvae regardless of diet, nutritional composition, or rearing conditions. With 75%, a majority of the fungal isolates belonged to the phylum Ascomycota. We identified several taxa already published to be able to degrade lignocelluloses, including Enterococcus, Cellulomonas, Pichia yeasts, or filamentous Fusarium species. The injection assays revealed pronounced differences in pathogenicity against the larvae. While Alcaligenes faecalis caused no, Diutina rugosa weak (23.3%), Microbacterium thalassium moderate (53.3%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae high (≥80%) lethality, Fusarium solani injection resulted in 100% lethality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Klüber
- Branch for Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), 35392 Giessen, Germany; (P.K.); (S.M.); (J.S.); (H.Z.)
| | - Stephanie Müller
- Branch for Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), 35392 Giessen, Germany; (P.K.); (S.M.); (J.S.); (H.Z.)
| | - Jonas Schmidt
- Branch for Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), 35392 Giessen, Germany; (P.K.); (S.M.); (J.S.); (H.Z.)
| | - Holger Zorn
- Branch for Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), 35392 Giessen, Germany; (P.K.); (S.M.); (J.S.); (H.Z.)
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Martin Rühl
- Branch for Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), 35392 Giessen, Germany; (P.K.); (S.M.); (J.S.); (H.Z.)
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-641-9934913
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Li X, Zhou S, Zhang J, Zhou Z, Xiong Q. Directional Changes in the Intestinal Bacterial Community in Black Soldier Fly ( Hermetia illucens) Larvae. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11123475. [PMID: 34944253 PMCID: PMC8697953 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Black soldier fly (BSF) larvae, Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) have emerged as an efficient system for the bioconversion of organic waste. Intestinal microorganisms are involved in several insect functions, including the development, nutrition, and physiology of the host. In order to transform the intestinal bacterial community of BSF directionally, six different potential functional strains (Lysinibacillus sphaericus, Proteus mirabilis, Citrobacter freundii, Pseudocitrobacter faecalis, Pseudocitrobacter anthropi, and Enterococcus faecalis) were added to aseptic food waste, and aseptic food waste was used without inoculants as a blank control to evaluate the changes in the intestinal microbiota of BSF under artificial intervention conditions. These six strains (which were isolated from the larval intestinal tract in selective media and then identified and screened) may be considered responsible for the functional characteristics of larvae. The results imply that the increase in the abundance of Lysinibacillus in the experimental group that was exposed to Lysinibacillus sphaericus was significantly different to the other groups (p < 0.05). The results revealed that it is feasible to transform the intestinal microbiota of BSF directionally; there are differences in the proliferation of different strains in the intestine of BSF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinfu Li
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, China; (X.L.); (S.Z.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Shen Zhou
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, China; (X.L.); (S.Z.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, China;
| | - Zhihao Zhou
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, China; (X.L.); (S.Z.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Qiang Xiong
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, China; (X.L.); (S.Z.); (Z.Z.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Ho PN, Klanrit P, Hanboonsong Y, Yordpratum U, Suksawat M, Kulthawatsiri T, Jirahiranpat A, Deewai S, Mackawan P, Sermswan RW, Namwat N, Loilome W, Khampitak T, Wangwiwatsin A, Phetcharaburanin J. Bacterial challenge-associated metabolic phenotypes in Hermetia illucens defining nutritional and functional benefits. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23316. [PMID: 34857836 PMCID: PMC8639782 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02752-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Black soldier fly (BSF, Hermetia illucens) is popular for its applications in animal feed, waste management and antimicrobial peptide source. The major advantages of BSF larva include their robust immune system and high nutritional content that can be further developed into more potential agricultural and medical applications. Several strategies are now being developed to exploit their fullest capabilities and one of these is the immunity modulation using bacterial challenges. The mechanism underlying metabolic responses of BSF to different bacteria has, however, remained unclear. In the current study, entometabolomics was employed to investigate the metabolic phenoconversion in response to either Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, or combined challenges in BSF larva. We have, thus far, characterised 37 metabolites in BSF larva challenged with different bacteria with the major biochemical groups consisting of amino acids, organic acids, and sugars. The distinct defense mechanism-specific metabolic phenotypes were clearly observed. The combined challenge contributed to the most significant metabolic phenoconversion in BSF larva with the dominant metabolic phenotypes induced by S. aureus. Our study suggested that the accumulation of energy-related metabolites provided by amino acid catabolism is the principal metabolic pathway regulating the defense mechanism. Therefore, combined challenge is strongly recommended for raising BSF immunity as it remarkably triggered amino acid metabolisms including arginine and proline metabolism and alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism along with purine metabolism and pyruvate metabolism that potentially result in the production of various nutritional and functional metabolites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phuc N Ho
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Poramate Klanrit
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.,Khon Kaen University International Phenome Laboratory, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.,Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Yupa Hanboonsong
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Umaporn Yordpratum
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Manida Suksawat
- Khon Kaen University International Phenome Laboratory, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.,Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Thanaporn Kulthawatsiri
- Khon Kaen University International Phenome Laboratory, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.,Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Anyarin Jirahiranpat
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Suthicha Deewai
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Panya Mackawan
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.,Research and Development Center, Betagro Group, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Rasana W Sermswan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Nisana Namwat
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.,Khon Kaen University International Phenome Laboratory, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.,Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Watcharin Loilome
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.,Khon Kaen University International Phenome Laboratory, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.,Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Tueanjit Khampitak
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Arporn Wangwiwatsin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.,Khon Kaen University International Phenome Laboratory, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.,Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Jutarop Phetcharaburanin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand. .,Khon Kaen University International Phenome Laboratory, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand. .,Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand. .,Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|