Changes in Symbiotic Microbiota and Immune Responses in Early Development Stages of Rapana venosa (Valenciennes, 1846) Provide Insights Into Immune System Development in Gastropods

Dietary Clostridium autoethanogenum protein has dose-dependent influence on the gut microbiota, immunity, inflammation and disease resistance of abalone Haliotis discus hannai

Clostridium autoethanogenum protein (CAP) is an eco-friendly protein source and has great application potential in aquafeeds. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary CAP inclusion on the anti-oxidation, immunity, inflammation, disease resistance and gut microbiota of abalone Haliotis discus hannai after a 110-day feeding trial. Three isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets were formulated by adding 0 % (control), 4.10 % (CAP4.10) and 16.25 % (CAP16.25) of CAP, respectively. A total of 540 abalones with an initial mean body weight of 22.05 ± 0.19 g were randomly distributed in three groups with three replicates per group and 60 abalones per replicate. Results showed that the activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in the cell-free hemolymph (CFH) were significantly decreased and the content of malondialdehyde in CFH was significantly increased in the CAP16.25 group. The diet with 4.1 % of CAP significantly increased the activities of lysozyme and acid phosphatase in CFH. The expressions of pro-inflammatory genes such as tumor necrosis factor-α (tnf-α), nuclear factor-κb (nf-κb) and toll-like receptor 4 (tlr4) in digestive gland were downregulated, and the expressions of anti-inflammatory genes such as β-defensin and mytimacin 6 in digestive gland were upregulated in the CAP4.10 group. Dietary CAP inclusion significantly decreased the cumulative mortality of abalone after the challenge test with Vibrio parahaemolyticus for 7 days. Dietary CAP inclusion changed the composition of gut microbiota of abalone. Besides, the balance of the ecological interaction network of bacterial genera in the intestine of abalone was enhanced by dietary CAP. The association analysis showed that two bacterial genera Ruegeria and Bacteroides were closely correlated with the inflammatory genes. In conclusion, the 4.10 % of dietary CAP enhanced the immunity and disease resistance as well as inhibited the inflammation of abalone. The 16.25 % of dietary CAP decreased the anti-oxidative capacity of abalone. The structure of the gut microbiota of abalone changed with dietary CAP levels.

Gut microbiota in parasite-transmitting gastropods

BACKGROUND

Gastropoda, the largest class within the phylum Mollusca, houses diverse gut microbiota, and some gastropods serve as intermediate hosts for parasites. Studies have revealed that gut bacteria in gastropods are associated with various biological aspects, such as growth, immunity and host-parasite interactions. Here, we summarize our current knowledge of gastropod gut microbiomes and highlight future research priorities and perspectives.

METHODS

A literature search was undertaken using PubMed, Web of Science and CNKI for the articles on the gut microbiota of gastropods until December 31, 2022. We retrieved a total of 166 articles and identified 73 eligible articles for inclusion in this review based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria.

RESULTS

Our analysis encompassed freshwater, seawater and land snails, with a specific focus on parasite-transmitting gastropods. We found that most studies on gastropod gut microbiota have primarily utilized 16S rRNA gene sequencing to analyze microbial composition, rather than employing metagenomic, metatranscriptomic, or metabolomic approaches. This comprehensive review provided an overview of the parasites carried by snail species in the context of gut microbiota studies. We presented the gut microbial trends, a comprehensive summary of the diversity and composition, influencing factors, and potential functions of gastropod gut microbiota. Additionally, we discussed the potential applications, research gaps and future perspectives of gut microbiomes in parasite-transmitting gastropods. Furthermore, several strategies for enhancing our comprehension of gut microbiomes in snails were also discussed.

CONCLUSIONS

This review comprehensively summarizes the current knowledge on the composition, potential function, influencing factors, potential applications, limitations, and challenges of gut microbiomes in gastropods, with a specific emphasis on parasite-transmitting gastropods. These findings provide important insights for future studies aiming to understand the potential role of gastropod gut microbiota in controlling snail populations and snail-borne diseases.

Integrated mRNA and miRNA transcriptomic analysis reveals the response of Rapana venosa to the metamorphic inducer (juvenile oysters)

Metamorphosis, as a critical developmental event, controls the population dynamics of most marine invertebrates, especially some carnivorous gastropods that feed on bivalves, whose population dynamics not only affect the maintenance of the ecological balance but also impact the protection of bivalve resources; therefore, the metamorphosis of carnivorous gastropods deserve attention. Here, we investigated the mechanism underlying the response of the carnivorous gastropod Rapana venosa to its metamorphic inducer juvenile oysters through integrated analysis of miRNA and mRNA profiles. According to the results, we speculated that the AMPK signaling pathway may be the critical regulator in the response to juvenile oysters in R. venosa competent larvae. The NF-kB and JAK-STAT signaling pathways that regulated apoptosis were also activated by the metamorphic inducer, which may result in the degeneration of the velum. Additionally, the significant changes in the expression of the SARP-19 precursor gene and protein cibby homolog 1-like gene may indicate that these signaling pathways also regulate growth and development during metamorphosis. This study provides further evidence that juvenile oysters can induce metamorphosis of R. venosa at the transcriptional level, which expands our understanding of the metamorphosis mechanism in carnivorous gastropods.

Symbiotic microbiome and metabolism profiles reveal the effects of induction by oysters on the metamorphosis of the carnivorous gastropod Rapana venosa

Most marine mollusks have a pelagic larval phase, and they need to undergo metamorphosis to develop into adults. Metamorphosis is affected by many factors, including abiotic factors such as temperature, salinity and illumination as well as biological factors such as food and microorganisms. In our previous study, we found that the metamorphosis of Rapana venosa requires induction by juvenile oysters, which are the food source of R. venosa. However, the regulatory mechanism of this induction is largely unknown. In the present study, we evaluated the impacts of induction by juvenile oysters on competent larvae of R. venosa. Competent larvae were experimentally divided into two pools, and scallop shells without juvenile oysters and scallop shells with juvenile oysters were added for 2 h and 12 h to monitor alterations in critical gene expression, symbiotic microbiota and metabolomic responses. The carboxypeptidase gene was increased while the cellulase gene was decreased, which may mean that the food habit transition was induced by juvenile oysters. Meanwhile, critical genes in the neuroendocrine system were also significantly altered in juvenile oysters. Furthermore, dramatic changes in the symbiotic microbiota and metabolism profiles were observed, with many of them associated with the digestive system and neuroendocrine system. In conclusion, juveniles as food resources may induce metamorphosis in R. venosa by regulating the neuroendocrine system and promoting the development of the digestive system and changes in digestive enzymes. This study may provide evidence that induction by juvenile oysters can promote food habit transition and metamorphosis in R. venosa by regulating the metabolome and microbiome and further altering the digestive and neuroendocrine systems of R. venosa, which expands our understanding of the regulatory mechanism of metamorphosis in R. venosa. However, further studies are needed to explore the specific substance inducing metamorphosis released by juvenile oysters.