1
|
Shete A, Ghate M, Iwasaki-Hozumi H, Patil S, Shidhaye P, Bai G, Matsuba T, Pharande P, Mahajan B, Randive A, Mukherjee A, Hattori T. Dynamics of Matricellular Protein Levels in Blood Predict Recovery in Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Tuberculosis Coinfection. Viruses 2024; 16:664. [PMID: 38793546 PMCID: PMC11126111 DOI: 10.3390/v16050664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic immune activation in tuberculosis (TB) associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection (HIV/TB) modifies their clinical course. We prospectively measured osteopontin (OPN), full-length galectin-9 (FL-Gal9), and total-Gal9 (T-Gal9) levels in 32 patients with HIV/TB coinfection treated with anti-tuberculosis and antiretroviral therapies over 6-18 months to determine the amelioration of inflammatory conditions in response to the therapies. We observed a significant time-dependent decrease in FL-Gal9 in both pulmonary TB (PTB, n = 20) and extrapulmonary TB (EPTB, n = 12) patients. The levels of T-Gal9, OPN, and CRP decreased significantly after treatment in only PTB patients. We calculated the inflammatory score (INS) indicating immunologic recovery based on the decline in OPN, FL-Gal9, T-Gal9, and CRP levels. Baseline levels of T-Gal9 and OPN positively correlated with INS in all TB and only PTB patients, respectively, indicating that their levels predict better recovery. In contrast, FL-Gal9 levels at the second visit negatively correlated with INS in EPTB patients. The decrease rate in OPN levels at the second visit also correlated positively with INS in PTB patients. Women showed a higher INS and lower levels of FL-Gal9 than men. The patients with moderate grade severity on chest X-ray had higher CD4 cell numbers than those with limited grade severity. Monitoring these markers will help to predict and assess the response to therapy as well as to devise strategies to reduce the complications caused by chronic immune activation in patients with HIV/TB coinfection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini Shete
- Indian Council of Medical Research—National Institute of Translational Virology and AIDS Research (ICMR-NITVAR, Formerly National AIDS Research Institute), Pune 411026, India; (A.S.); (M.G.); (S.P.); (P.S.); (P.P.); (B.M.); (A.R.); (A.M.)
| | - Manisha Ghate
- Indian Council of Medical Research—National Institute of Translational Virology and AIDS Research (ICMR-NITVAR, Formerly National AIDS Research Institute), Pune 411026, India; (A.S.); (M.G.); (S.P.); (P.S.); (P.P.); (B.M.); (A.R.); (A.M.)
| | - Hiroko Iwasaki-Hozumi
- Research Institute of Health and Welfare, Kibi International University, Takahashi 716-0018, Japan;
| | - Sandip Patil
- Indian Council of Medical Research—National Institute of Translational Virology and AIDS Research (ICMR-NITVAR, Formerly National AIDS Research Institute), Pune 411026, India; (A.S.); (M.G.); (S.P.); (P.S.); (P.P.); (B.M.); (A.R.); (A.M.)
| | - Pallavi Shidhaye
- Indian Council of Medical Research—National Institute of Translational Virology and AIDS Research (ICMR-NITVAR, Formerly National AIDS Research Institute), Pune 411026, India; (A.S.); (M.G.); (S.P.); (P.S.); (P.P.); (B.M.); (A.R.); (A.M.)
| | - Gaowa Bai
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China;
| | - Takashi Matsuba
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kyushu University of Medical Sciences, Nobeoka 882-8508, Japan;
| | - Pratiksha Pharande
- Indian Council of Medical Research—National Institute of Translational Virology and AIDS Research (ICMR-NITVAR, Formerly National AIDS Research Institute), Pune 411026, India; (A.S.); (M.G.); (S.P.); (P.S.); (P.P.); (B.M.); (A.R.); (A.M.)
| | - Bharati Mahajan
- Indian Council of Medical Research—National Institute of Translational Virology and AIDS Research (ICMR-NITVAR, Formerly National AIDS Research Institute), Pune 411026, India; (A.S.); (M.G.); (S.P.); (P.S.); (P.P.); (B.M.); (A.R.); (A.M.)
| | - Aarti Randive
- Indian Council of Medical Research—National Institute of Translational Virology and AIDS Research (ICMR-NITVAR, Formerly National AIDS Research Institute), Pune 411026, India; (A.S.); (M.G.); (S.P.); (P.S.); (P.P.); (B.M.); (A.R.); (A.M.)
| | - Anupam Mukherjee
- Indian Council of Medical Research—National Institute of Translational Virology and AIDS Research (ICMR-NITVAR, Formerly National AIDS Research Institute), Pune 411026, India; (A.S.); (M.G.); (S.P.); (P.S.); (P.P.); (B.M.); (A.R.); (A.M.)
| | - Toshio Hattori
- Research Institute of Health and Welfare, Kibi International University, Takahashi 716-0018, Japan;
- Shizuoka Graduate University of Public Health, Shizuoka City 420-0881, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shete A, Bhat M, Sawant J, Deshpande S. Both N- and C-terminal domains of galectin-9 are capable of inducing HIV reactivation despite mediating differential immunomodulatory functionalities. Front Immunol 2022; 13:994830. [PMID: 36569879 PMCID: PMC9772452 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.994830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The shock-and-kill strategy for HIV cure requires the reactivation of latent HIV followed by the killing of the reactivated cellular reservoir. Galectin-9, an immunomodulatory protein, is shown to induce HIV reactivation as well as contribute to non-AIDS- and AIDS-defining events. The protein is prone to cleavage by inflammatory proteases at its linker region separating the N- and C-terminal carbohydrate-binding domains (N- and C-CRDs) which differ in their binding specificities. It is important to study the activity of its cleaved as well as uncleaved forms in mediating HIV reactivation and immunomodulation in order to understand their role in HIV pathogenesis and their further utilization for the shock-and-kill strategy. Methodology The PBMCs of HIV patients on virally suppressive ART (n = 11) were stimulated using 350 nM of the full-length protein and N- and C-CRDs of Gal-9. HIV reactivation was determined by analyzing gag RNA copies using qPCR using isolated CD4 cells and intracellular P24 staining of PBMCs by flow cytometry. Cytokine responses induced by the full-length protein and N- and C-CRDs of Gal-9 were also assessed by flow cytometry, Luminex, and gene expression assays. Changes in T helper cell gene expression pattern after the stimulation were also determined by real-time PCR array. Results Both N- and C-CRDs of galectin-9 induced HIV reactivation in addition to the full-length galectin-9 protein. The two domains elicited higher cytokine responses than the full-length protein, possibly capable of mediating higher perturbations in the immune system if used for HIV reactivation. N-CRD was found to induce the development of Treg cells, whereas C-CRD inhibited the induction of Treg cells. Despite this, both domains elicited IL-10 secretory response although targeting different CD4 cell phenotypes. Conclusion N- and C-CRDs were found to induce HIV reactivation similar to that of the full-length protein, indicating their possible usefulness in the shock-and-kill strategy. The study indicated an anti-inflammatory role of N-CRD versus the proinflammatory properties of C-CRD of galectin-9 in HIV infection.
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
Disasters such as the magnitude-9 Great East Japan Earthquake occur periodically. We considered this experience while developing measures against a predicted earthquake in the Nankai Trough. This report includes a summary of 10 disastrous infectious diseases for which a countermeasures seminar was held. Thirty-five speakers from twenty-one organizations performed the lectures. Besides infectious diseases, conference topics also included disaster prevention and mitigation methods. In addition, the development of point-of-care tests, biomarkers for diagnosis, and severity assessments for infectious diseases were introduced, along with epidemics of infectious diseases affected by climate. Of the 28 pathogens that became a hot topic, 17 are viruses, and 14 out of these 17 (82%) are RNA viruses. Of the 10 seminars, the last 2 targeted only COVID-19. It was emphasized that COVID-19 is not just a disaster-related infection but a disaster itself. The first seminar on COVID-19 provided immunological and epidemiological knowledge and commentary on clinical practices. During the second COVID-19 seminar, vaccine development, virological characteristics, treatment of respiratory failure, biomarkers, and human genetic susceptibility for infectious diseases were discussed. Conducting continuous seminars is important for general infectious controls.
Collapse
|
4
|
Mortazavi SE, Lugaajju A, Kaddumukasa M, Tijani MK, Kironde F, Persson KEM. Osteopontin and malaria: no direct effect on parasite growth, but correlation with P. falciparum-specific B cells and BAFF in a malaria endemic area. BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:307. [PMID: 34742229 PMCID: PMC8571855 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02368-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The dysregulation of B cell activation is prevalent during naturally acquired immunity against malaria. Osteopontin (OPN), a protein produced by various cells including B cells, is a phosphorylated glycoprotein that participates in immune regulation and has been suggested to be involved in the immune response against malaria. Here we studied the longitudinal concentrations of OPN in infants and their mothers living in Uganda, and how OPN concentrations correlated with B cell subsets specific for P. falciparum and B cell activating factor (BAFF). We also investigated the direct effect of OPN on P. falciparum in vitro. Results The OPN concentration was higher in the infants compared to the mothers, and OPN concentration in infants decreased from birth until 9 months. OPN concentration in infants during 9 months were independent of OPN concentrations in corresponding mothers. OPN concentrations in infants were inversely correlated with total atypical memory B cells (MBCs) as well as P. falciparum-specific atypical MBCs. There was a positive correlation between OPN and BAFF concentrations in both mothers and infants. When OPN was added to P. falciparum cultured in vitro, parasitemia was unaffected regardless of OPN concentration. Conclusions The concentrations of OPN in infants were higher and independent of the OPN concentrations in corresponding mothers. In vitro, OPN does not have a direct effect on P. falciparum growth. Our correlation analysis results suggest that OPN could have a role in the B cell immune response and acquisition of natural immunity against malaria. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12866-021-02368-y.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne E Mortazavi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Allan Lugaajju
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.,College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Mark Kaddumukasa
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Muyideen Kolapo Tijani
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.,Cellular Parasitology Program, Cell Biology and Genetics Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Fred Kironde
- Habib Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Islamic University in Uganda, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Kristina E M Persson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hattori T, Iwasaki-Hozumi H, Bai G, Chagan-Yasutan H, Shete A, Telan EF, Takahashi A, Ashino Y, Matsuba T. Both Full-Length and Protease-Cleaved Products of Osteopontin Are Elevated in Infectious Diseases. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9081006. [PMID: 34440210 PMCID: PMC8394573 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9081006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating full-length osteopontin (FL-OPN) is elevated in plasma from patients with various infectious diseases, such as adult T-cell leukemia, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB), hepatitis virus infection, leptospirosis, acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), AIDS/TB, and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Proteolysis of OPN by thrombin, matrix metalloproteases, caspase 8/3, cathepsin D, plasmin, and enterokinase generates various cleaved OPNs with a variety of bioactivities by binding to different target cells. Moreover, OPN is susceptible to gradual proteolysis. During inflammation, one of the cleaved fragments, N-terminal thrombin-cleaved OPN (trOPN or OPN-Arg168 [OPN-R]), induces dendritic cell (DC) adhesion. Further cleavage by carboxypeptidase B2 or carboxypeptidase N removes Arg168 from OPN-R to OPN-Leu167 (OPN-L). Consequently, OPN-L decreases DC adhesion. In particular, the differences in plasma level over time are observed between FL-OPN and its cleaved OPNs during inflammation. We found that the undefined OPN levels (mixture of FL-OPN and cleaved OPN) were elevated in plasma and reflected the pathology of TB and COVID-19 rather than FL-OPN. These infections are associated with elevated levels of various proteases. Inhibition of the cleavage or the activities of cleaved products may improve the outcome of the therapy. Research on the metabolism of OPN is expected to create new therapies against infectious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Hattori
- Research Institute of Health and Welfare, Kibi International University, Takahashi 716-8508, Japan; (H.I.-H.); (G.B.); (H.C.-Y.); (A.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +81-866-22-9469
| | - Hiroko Iwasaki-Hozumi
- Research Institute of Health and Welfare, Kibi International University, Takahashi 716-8508, Japan; (H.I.-H.); (G.B.); (H.C.-Y.); (A.T.)
| | - Gaowa Bai
- Research Institute of Health and Welfare, Kibi International University, Takahashi 716-8508, Japan; (H.I.-H.); (G.B.); (H.C.-Y.); (A.T.)
| | - Haorile Chagan-Yasutan
- Research Institute of Health and Welfare, Kibi International University, Takahashi 716-8508, Japan; (H.I.-H.); (G.B.); (H.C.-Y.); (A.T.)
- Mongolian Psychosomatic Medicine Department, International Mongolian Medicine Hospital of Inner Mongolia, Hohhot 010065, China
| | - Ashwnini Shete
- ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, 73 G-Block, MIDC, Bhosari, Pune 411026, India;
| | - Elizabeth Freda Telan
- STD AIDS Cooperative Central Laboratory, San Lazaro Hospital, Manila 1003, Philippines;
| | - Atsushi Takahashi
- Research Institute of Health and Welfare, Kibi International University, Takahashi 716-8508, Japan; (H.I.-H.); (G.B.); (H.C.-Y.); (A.T.)
| | - Yugo Ashino
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sendai City Hospital, Sendai 982-8502, Japan;
| | - Takashi Matsuba
- Department of Animal Pharmaceutical Science, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kyusyu University of Health and Welfare, Nobeoka 882-8508, Japan;
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Iwasaki-Hozumi H, Chagan-Yasutan H, Ashino Y, Hattori T. Blood Levels of Galectin-9, an Immuno-Regulating Molecule, Reflect the Severity for the Acute and Chronic Infectious Diseases. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11030430. [PMID: 33804076 PMCID: PMC7998537 DOI: 10.3390/biom11030430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectin-9 (Gal-9) is a β-galactoside-binding lectin capable of promoting or suppressing the progression of infectious diseases. This protein is susceptible to cleavage of its linker-peptides by several proteases, and the resulting cleaved forms, N-terminal carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) and C-terminal CRD, bind to various glycans. It has been suggested that full-length (FL)-Gal-9 and the truncated (Tr)-Gal-9s could exert different functions from one another via their different glycan-binding activities. We propose that FL-Gal-9 regulates the pathogenesis of infectious diseases, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, HIV co-infected with opportunistic infection (HIV/OI), dengue, malaria, leptospirosis, and tuberculosis (TB). We also suggest that the blood levels of FL-Gal-9 reflect the severity of dengue, malaria, and HIV/OI, and those of Tr-Gal-9 markedly reflect the severity of HIV/OI. Recently, matrix metallopeptidase-9 (MMP-9) was suggested to be an indicator of respiratory failure from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as well as useful for differentiating pulmonary from extrapulmonary TB. The protease cleavage of FL-Gal-9 may lead to uncontrolled hyper-immune activation, including a cytokine storm. In summary, Gal-9 has potential to reflect the disease severity for the acute and chronic infectious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Iwasaki-Hozumi
- Department of Health Science and Social Welfare, Kibi International University, Takahashi 716-8508, Japan; (H.I.-H.); (H.C.-Y.)
| | - Haorile Chagan-Yasutan
- Department of Health Science and Social Welfare, Kibi International University, Takahashi 716-8508, Japan; (H.I.-H.); (H.C.-Y.)
- Mongolian Psychosomatic Medicine Department, International Mongolian Medicine Hospital of Inner Mongolia, Hohhot 010065, China
| | - Yugo Ashino
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sendai City Hospital, Sendai 982-8502, Japan;
| | - Toshio Hattori
- Department of Health Science and Social Welfare, Kibi International University, Takahashi 716-8508, Japan; (H.I.-H.); (H.C.-Y.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-866-22-9454
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Plasma Levels of a Cleaved Form of Galectin-9 Are the Most Sensitive Biomarkers of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome and Tuberculosis Coinfection. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10111495. [PMID: 33143141 PMCID: PMC7693693 DOI: 10.3390/biom10111495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) complicated with tuberculosis (TB) is a global public issue. Due to the paucity of bacteria in AIDS/TB, blood-based biomarkers that reflect disease severity are desired. Plasma levels of matricellular proteins, such as osteopontin (OPN) and galectin-9 (Gal-9), are known to be elevated in AIDS and TB. Therefore, full-length (FL)-Gal9 and FL-OPN, and their truncated forms (Tr-Gal9, Ud-OPN), and 38 cytokines/chemokines were measured in the plasma of 24 AIDS (other than TB), 49 TB, and 33 AIDS/TB patients. Receiver-operating characteristic analysis was used to screen molecules that could distinguish either between disease and normal group, among each disease group, or between deceased patients and survivors. Selected molecules were further analyzed for significant differences. Tr-Gal9 had the highest ability to differentiate TB from AIDS or AIDS/TB, while Ud-OPN distinguished multidrug resistance (MDR)-TB from non-MDR TB, and extra-pulmonary TB from pulmonary TB. Molecules significantly elevated in deceased patients included; FL-Gal9, Tr-Gal9, interleukin (IL)-1 receptor antagonist, IL-17A and transforming growth factor-α in AIDS; IL-6, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 in TB; and macrophage inflammatory protein-1β in AIDS/TB. From the sensitivity, specificity, and significant elevation, Tr-Gal9 is the best biomarker of inflammation and severity in AIDS and AIDS/TB.
Collapse
|