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Gaire TN, Scott HM, Noyes NR, Ericsson AC, Tokach MD, William H, Menegat MB, Vinasco J, Nagaraja TG, Volkova VV. Temporal dynamics of the fecal microbiome in female pigs from early life through estrus, parturition, and weaning of the first litter of piglets. Anim Microbiome 2024; 6:7. [PMID: 38383422 PMCID: PMC10882843 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-024-00294-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Age-associated changes in the gastrointestinal microbiome of young pigs have been robustly described; however, the temporal dynamics of the fecal microbiome of the female pig from early life to first parity are not well understood. Our objective was to describe microbiome and antimicrobial resistance dynamics of the fecal microbiome of breeding sows from early life through estrus, parturition and weaning of the first litter of piglets (i.e., from 3 to 53 weeks of age). RESULTS Our analysis revealed that fecal bacterial populations in developing gilts undergo changes consistent with major maturation milestones. As the pigs progressed towards first estrus, the fecal bacteriome shifted from Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group- and UCG-002-dominated enterotypes to Treponema- and Clostridium sensu stricto 1-dominated enterotypes. After first estrus, the fecal bacteriome stabilized, with minimal changes in enterotype transition and associated microbial diversity from estrus to parturition and subsequent weaning of first litter piglets. Unlike bacterial communities, fecal fungal communities exhibited low diversity with high inter- and intra-pig variability and an increased relative abundance of certain taxa at parturition, including Candida spp. Counts of resistant fecal bacteria also fluctuated over time, and were highest in early life and subsequently abated as the pigs progressed to adulthood. CONCLUSIONS This study provides insights into how the fecal microbial community and antimicrobial resistance in female pigs change from three weeks of age throughout their first breeding lifetime. The fecal bacteriome enterotypes and diversity are found to be age-driven and established by the time of first estrus, with minimal changes observed during subsequent physiological stages, such as parturition and lactation, when compared to the earlier age-related shifts. The use of pigs as a model for humans is well-established, however, further studies are needed to understand how our results compare to the human microbiome dynamics. Our findings suggest that the fecal microbiome exhibited consistent changes across individual pigs and became more diverse with age, which is a beneficial characteristic for an animal model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara N Gaire
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - H Morgan Scott
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Noelle R Noyes
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Aaron C Ericsson
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Michael D Tokach
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Hayden William
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Mariana B Menegat
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Javier Vinasco
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - T G Nagaraja
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
| | - Victoriya V Volkova
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
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2
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Dong W, Ricker N, Holman DB, Johnson TA. Meta-analysis reveals the predictable dynamic development of the gut microbiota in commercial pigs. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0172223. [PMID: 37815394 PMCID: PMC10715009 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01722-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The swine gut microbiome undergoes an age-dependent assembly pattern with a developmental phase at early ages and a stabilization phase at later ages. Shorter time intervals and a wider range of data sources provided a clearer understanding of the gut microbiota colonization and succession and their associations with pig growth and development. The rapidly changing microbiota of suckling and weaning pigs implies potential time targets for growth and health regulation through gut microbiota manipulation. Since swine gut microbiota development is predictable, swine microbiota age can be calculated and compared between animal treatment groups rather than relying only on static time-matched comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxuan Dong
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Nicole Ricker
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Devin B. Holman
- Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada
| | - Timothy A. Johnson
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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3
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McCuaig B, Goto Y. Immunostimulating Commensal Bacteria and Their Potential Use as Therapeutics. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15644. [PMID: 37958628 PMCID: PMC10647581 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome is intimately intertwined with the host immune system, having effects on the systemic immune system. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiome has been linked not only to gastrointestinal disorders but also conditions of the skin, lungs, and brain. Commensal bacteria can affect the immune status of the host through a stimulation of the innate immune system, training of the adaptive immune system, and competitive exclusion of pathogens. Commensal bacteria improve immune response through the production of immunomodulating compounds such as microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and secondary bile acids. The microbiome, especially when in dysbiosis, is plastic and can be manipulated through the introduction of beneficial bacteria or the adjustment of nutrients to stimulate the expansion of beneficial taxa. The complex nature of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) ecosystem complicates the use of these methods, as similar treatments have various results in individuals with different residential microbiomes and differential health statuses. A more complete understanding of the interaction between commensal species, host genetics, and the host immune system is needed for effective microbiome interventions to be developed and implemented in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonita McCuaig
- Project for Host-Microbial Interactions in Symbiosis and Pathogenesis, Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8673, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Goto
- Project for Host-Microbial Interactions in Symbiosis and Pathogenesis, Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8673, Japan
- Division of Pandemic and Post-Disaster Infectious Diseases, Research Institute of Disaster Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8673, Japan
- Division of Infectious Disease Vaccine R&D, Research Institute of Disaster Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8673, Japan
- Chiba University Synergy Institute for Futuristic Mucosal Vaccine Research and Development (cSIMVa), Chiba University, Chiba 260-8673, Japan
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4
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Larivière-Gauthier G, Kerouanton A, Mompelat S, Bougeard S, Denis M, Fravalo P. Monophasic Variant of Salmonella Typhimurium Infection Affects the Serum Metabolome in Swine. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2565. [PMID: 37894223 PMCID: PMC10608901 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is the most relevant foodborne zoonotic agent found in swine, and its presence in French herds is significant. Its carriage is asymptomatic, which makes it difficult to detect during rearing, thus increasing the risk of its presence on pork meat. Studies have shown that enteric infection in animals could be associated with changes in the serum metabolome composition, through the immune response or changes in the digestive microbiota composition. We hypothesized that these changes in the serum metabolome composition could be used as markers for the detection of asymptomatic animals infected by Salmonella. Using untargeted analysis by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, we showed that significant differences in the composition of the serum metabolome could be detected between infected or noninfected animals both 1 and 21 days after experimental infection. This serum metabolome composition significantly changed during the 21 days postinfection in the infected animal groups, suggesting an evolution of the impact of infection with time. Despite this evolution, differences in the serum metabolome composition persisted between infected and noninfected animals 21 days after the initial infection. We also showed a possible difference between high-shedding and low-shedding animals 21 days postinfection. Finally, some of the variations in the metabolome were found to be significantly associated with variations of specific members of the fecal microbiota. Thus, excreting and asymptomatic animals, but also high-shedding animals, could be identified on the basis of their serum metabolome composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Larivière-Gauthier
- USC Metabiot, Cnam, 22440 Ploufragan, France;
- USC Metabiot, Anses, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pig Products Unit, 22440 Ploufragan, France;
| | - Annaëlle Kerouanton
- USC Metabiot, Anses, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pig Products Unit, 22440 Ploufragan, France;
| | - Sophie Mompelat
- Anses, Fougères Laboratory, Analysis of Residues and Contaminants Unit, 35133 Fougères, France;
| | - Stéphanie Bougeard
- Anses, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Epidemiology, Health and Welfare Unit, 22440 Ploufragan, France;
| | - Martine Denis
- USC Metabiot, Anses, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pig Products Unit, 22440 Ploufragan, France;
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5
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Papadomichelakis G, Palamidi I, Paraskeuas VV, Giamouri E, Mountzouris KC. Evaluation of a Natural Phytogenic Formulation as an Alternative to Pharmaceutical Zinc Oxide in the Diet of Weaned Piglets. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:431. [PMID: 36766320 PMCID: PMC9913353 DOI: 10.3390/ani13030431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A natural phytogenic formulation (NPF) was tested as an alternative to pharmaceutical zinc oxide (ZnO) in weaned piglets with respect to growth performance, apparent total tract digestibility and faecal microbiota composition and metabolic activity. Two dietary NPF levels (NPF: 1000 and 2000 mg/kg diet) were compared to a positive control (ZnO: 3000 mg ZnO/kg diet) and a negative control (CON: no added ZnO or NPF) using 84 weaned piglets from 29 d to 78 d (days of age). Feed conversion ratio was improved (p < 0.05) in ZnO and NPF piglets were compared to CON at 50 d. Dry matter, organic matter and crude protein (p < 0.05) digestibility was improved in NPF piglets compared to CON at 57 d. Compared to CON, NPF inclusion reduced E. coli (p < 0.05) and increased C. leptum subgroup (p < 0.01) at 57 d and 78 d, and reduced C. perfringens subgroup (p < 0.05; at 78 d). The ZnO reduced (p < 0.001) E. coli and C. perfringens subgroup (p < 0.01) compared to CON at 78 d. Moreover, ZnO and NPF reduced molar ratios of branched chain volatile fatty acids (p < 0.05) compared to CON, while NPF also increased butyric acid (p < 0.05) at 78 d. In conclusion, the NPF appeared to be a promising alternative to pharmaceutical doses of ZnO.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Konstantinos C. Mountzouris
- Laboratory of Nutritional Physiology and Feeding, Department of Animal Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 118 55 Athens, Greece
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6
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Jurburg SD, Eisenhauer N, Buscot F, Chatzinotas A, Chaudhari NM, Heintz-Buschart A, Kallies R, Küsel K, Litchman E, Macdonald CA, Müller S, Reuben RC, da Rocha UN, Panagiotou G, Rillig MC, Singh BK. Potential of microbiome-based solutions for agrifood systems. NATURE FOOD 2022; 3:557-560. [PMID: 37118595 DOI: 10.1038/s43016-022-00576-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie D Jurburg
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Nico Eisenhauer
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - François Buscot
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Soil Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Halle, Germany
| | - Antonis Chatzinotas
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Narendrakumar M Chaudhari
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Aquatic Geomicrobiology, Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Anna Heintz-Buschart
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Soil Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Halle, Germany
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rene Kallies
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kirsten Küsel
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Aquatic Geomicrobiology, Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Elena Litchman
- Kellogg Biological Station, Michigan State University, Hickory Corners, MI, USA
- Ecology, Evolution and Behavior Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Catriona A Macdonald
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Susann Müller
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rine C Reuben
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulisses Nunes da Rocha
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gianni Panagiotou
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Matthias C Rillig
- Institut für Biologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Brajesh K Singh
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, New South Wales, Australia.
- Global Centre for Land-Based Innovation, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia.
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7
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Chen W, Ma J, Jiang Y, Deng L, Lv N, Gao J, Cheng J, Liang JB, Wang Y, Lan T, Liao X, Mi J. Selective Maternal Seeding and Rearing Environment From Birth to Weaning Shape the Developing Piglet Gut Microbiome. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:795101. [PMID: 35547153 PMCID: PMC9083071 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.795101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The acquisition and development of the mammalian microbiome early in life are critical to establish a healthy host-microbiome symbiosis. Despite recent advances in understanding microbial sources in infants, the relative contribution of various microbial sources to the colonization of the gut microbiota in pigs remains unclear. Here, we longitudinally sampled the microbiota of 20 sow-piglet pairs (three piglets per sow) reared under identical conditions from multiple body sites and the surrounding weaning environment from birth to 28 days postpartum (1,119 samples in total). Source-tracking analysis revealed that the contribution of various microbial sources to the piglet gut microbiome gradually changed over time. The neonatal microbiota was initially sparsely populated, and the predominant contribution was from the maternal vaginal microbiota that increased gradually from 69.0% at day 0 to 89.3% at day 3 and dropped to 0.28% at day 28. As the piglets aged, the major microbial community patterns were most strongly associated with the sow feces and slatted floor, with contributions increasing from 0.52 and 9.6% at day 0 to 62.1 and 33.8% at day 28, respectively. The intestinal microbial diversity, composition, and function significantly changed as the piglets aged, and 30 age-discriminatory bacterial taxa were identified with distinctive time-dependent shifts in their relative abundance, which likely reflected the effect of the maternal and environmental microbial sources on the selection and adaptation of the piglet gut microbiota. Overall, these data demonstrate that the vaginal microbiota is the primary source of the gut microbiota in piglets within 3 days after birth and are gradually replaced by the sow fecal and slatted floor microbiota over time. These findings may offer novel strategies to promote the establishment of exogenous symbiotic microbes to improve piglet gut health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- College of Animal Science, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Guangzhou, Chain
| | - Jingyun Ma
- College of Animal Science, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Tropical Agricultural Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiming Jiang
- Institute of Virology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Li Deng
- Institute of Virology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ning Lv
- College of Animal Science, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Guangzhou, Chain
| | - Jinming Gao
- College of Animal Science, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Tropical Agricultural Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Cheng
- College of Animal Science, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Tropical Agricultural Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juan Boo Liang
- Laboratory of Sustainable Animal Production and Biodiversity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Animal Science, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Guangzhou, Chain
| | - Tian Lan
- College of Animal Science, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Guangzhou, Chain
| | - Xindi Liao
- College of Animal Science, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Guangzhou, Chain.,Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiandui Mi
- College of Animal Science, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Guangzhou, Chain
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8
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Niu H, Feng XZ, Shi CW, Zhang D, Chen HL, Huang HB, Jiang YL, Wang JZ, Cao X, Wang N, Zeng Y, Yang GL, Yang WT, Wang CF. Gut Bacterial Composition and Functional Potential of Tibetan Pigs Under Semi-Grazing. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:850687. [PMID: 35464912 PMCID: PMC9023118 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.850687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut bacterial community plays a key role in maintaining host health. The Tibetan pig (Sus scrofa), an ancient breed in China, has been known for its high adaptability to harsh environments and for its meat quality. To understand the underlying mechanisms facilitating to shape these unique features, in this study, 16S rRNA sequencing using pigs feces and subsequent bacterial functional prediction were performed. Also, the gut bacteria of two other breeds of pigs, Barkshire and Landrace, were examined for comparison. It was revealed that the structure of bacterial community in Tibetan pigs appeared to be more complex; the relative abundances of dominant bacterial families varied inversely with those of the other pigs, and the proportion of Firmicutes in Tibetan pigs was lower, but Bacteroides, Fibrobacterota, Lachnospiraceae, Oscillospiraceae, and Ruminococcaceae were higher. Bacterial functional prediction revealed that the dominant flora in the Tibetan pigs was more correlated with functions regulating the hosts’ immune and inflammatory responses, such as NOD-like_receptor_signaling_pathway and vitamin metabolism. In addition, in Tibetan pigs, the taxonomic relationships in the gut bacteria on day 350 were closer than those on earlier stages. Furthermore, gender played a role in the composition and function of bacterial inhabitants in the gut; for boars, they were more correlated to drug resistance and xenobiotics metabolism of the host compared to the sows. In sum, our preliminary study on the gut bacterial composition of the Tibetan pigs provided an insight into the underlying host–microorganism interactions, emphasizing the role of intestinal bacteria in the context of modulating the host’s immune system and host development.
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9
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Juhász Á, Molnár-Nagy V, Bata Z, Tso KH, Mayer Z, Posta K. Alternative to ZnO to establish balanced intestinal microbiota for weaning piglets. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265573. [PMID: 35298549 PMCID: PMC8929640 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A wide range of phytobiotic feed additives are available on the market claiming to have beneficial effects on the growth of the host animal and to promote the development of a balanced microflora. The present study investigated the effects of the phytobiotic-prebiotic mixture of curcumin, wheat germ, and chicory on the growth performance and on the intestinal microflora composition of weaning piglets. Post weaning diarrhea causes significant losses for the producers, most commonly it is prevented by feeding high doses of zinc oxide (ZnO). The effect of a phytobiotic-prebiotic feed additive (1 kg T-1) was compared to a positive control (3.1 kg T-1 ZnO) and to a negative control (no feed supplement) in an in vivo animal trial. There was no significant difference in the final body weight and average daily gain of the trial and positive control groups, and both groups showed significantly (P<0.05) better results than the negative control. The feed conversion ratio of the phytobiotic-prebiotic supplemented group was significantly improved (P<0.05) compared to both controls. Both phytobiotic-prebiotic mixture and ZnO were able to significantly reduce (P<0.05) the amount of coliforms after weaning, even though ZnO reduced the amount of coliforms more efficiently than the trial feed additive, it also reduced the amount of potentially beneficial bacteria. Metagenomic data also corroborated the above conclusion. In the trial and positive control groups, the relative abundance of Enterobacteriaceae decreased by 85 and 88% between 3 weeks and 6 weeks of age, while in the negative control group a slight increase occurred. Lactobacillaceae were more abundant in the trial group (29.98%) than in the positive (8.67%) or in the negative (22.45%) control groups at 6 weeks of age. In summary, this study demonstrated that a phytobiotic-prebiotic feed additive may be a real alternative to ZnO for the prevention of post weaning diarrhea and promote the development of a balanced gut system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ákos Juhász
- Department of Microbiology and Applied Biotechnology, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | - Ko-Hua Tso
- Dr. Bata Ltd, Ócsa, Hungary
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Zoltán Mayer
- Department of Microbiology and Applied Biotechnology, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Katalin Posta
- Department of Microbiology and Applied Biotechnology, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary
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10
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Hallowell HA, Higgins KV, Roberts M, Johnson RM, Bayne J, Maxwell HS, Brandebourg T, Hiltbold Schwartz E. Longitudinal Analysis of the Intestinal Microbiota in the Obese Mangalica Pig Reveals Alterations in Bacteria and Bacteriophage Populations Associated With Changes in Body Composition and Diet. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:698657. [PMID: 34737972 PMCID: PMC8560744 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.698657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to its immunomodulatory potential, the intestinal microbiota has been implicated as a contributing factor in the development of the meta-inflammatory state that drives obesity-associated insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. A better understanding of this link would facilitate the development of targeted treatments and therapies to treat the metabolic complications of obesity. To this end, we validated and utilized a novel swine model of obesity, the Mangalica pig, to characterize changes in the gut microbiota during the development of an obese phenotype, and in response to dietary differences. In the first study, we characterized the metabolic phenotype and gut microbiota in lean and obese adult Mangalica pigs. Obese or lean groups were created by allowing either ad libitum (obese) or restricted (lean) access to a standard diet for 54 weeks. Mature obese pigs were significantly heavier and exhibited 170% greater subcutaneous adipose tissue mass, with no differences in muscle mass compared to their lean counterparts. Obese pigs displayed impaired glucose tolerance and hyperinsulinemia following oral glucose challenge, indicating that a metabolic phenotype also manifested with changes in body composition. Consistent with observations in human obesity, the gut microbiota of obese pigs displayed altered bacterial composition. In the second study, we characterized the longitudinal changes in the gut microbiota in response to diet and aging in growing Mangalica pigs that were either limit fed a standard diet, allowed ad libitum access to a standard diet, or allowed ad libitum access to a high fat-supplemented diet over an 18-week period. As expected, weight gain was highest in pigs fed the high fat diet compared to ad libitum and limit fed groups. Furthermore, the ad libitum and high fat groups displayed significantly greater adiposity consistent with the development of obesity relative to the limit fed pigs. The intestinal microbiota was generally resilient to differences in dietary intake (limit fed vs ad libitum), though changes in the microbiota of pigs fed the high fat diet mirrored changes observed in mature obese pigs during the first study. This is consistent with the link observed between the microbiota and adiposity. In contrast to intestinal bacterial populations, bacteriophage populations within the gut microbiota responded rapidly to differences in diet, with significant compositional changes in bacteriophage genera observed between the dietary treatment groups as pigs aged. These studies are the first to describe the development of the intestinal microbiota in the Mangalica pig, and are the first to provide evidence that changes in body composition and dietary conditions are associated with changes in the microbiome of this novel porcine model of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley A Hallowell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, College of Science and Mathematics, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Keah V Higgins
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, College of Science and Mathematics, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Morgan Roberts
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Robert M Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, College of Science and Mathematics, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Jenna Bayne
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Herris Stevens Maxwell
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Terry Brandebourg
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Elizabeth Hiltbold Schwartz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, College of Science and Mathematics, Auburn, AL, United States
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